Unidad 3 Desarrollo Sustentable

October 4, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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;.6 [DKMJCFC, DYGFLMRFKMÛL [DKMFO

;.6 [dkmjcfc, Drgflmzfkmûl [dkmfo

[dkmjcfc js ul tír`mld quj quj cjskrmij f ul grupd cj mlcmvmcuds `frkfcds pdr ulf kuoturf jl kd`òl, ul kmjrtd ndokodrj y krmtjrmds kd`pfrtmcds quj kdlcmkmdlfl sus kdstuìrjs y jstmod cj vmcf y quj sj rjofkmdlfl jltrj sà jl jo `frkd cj ulf kdùlmcfc. Fulquj ofs sdkmjcfcjs `æs cjsfrrdoofcfs sdl ofs eu`flfs (cj kuyd jstucmd sj jlkfrgfl ofs kmjlkmfs sdkmfojs kd`d of sdkmdodgàf y of fltrdpdodgàf), tfìmíl jxmstjl ofs sdkmjcfcjs flm`fojs (fidrcfcfs cjscj of sdkmd imdodgàf d of jtdodgàf sdkmfo).

Jl jstj òotm`d sjltmcd, pdr tfltd, pdcràf`ds cjkmr quj ofs sdkmjcfcjs cj flm`fojs sdl fqujoofs quj sj vfl kdlstmtuyjlcd cj ulf ndr`f tdtfo`jltj lfturfo. Fsà, cj jstf `fljrf, ul jbj`pod cj od quj jstf`ds sjöfoflcd sjràf jo smgumjltj2 ‟Jo prdnjsdr cj Kmjlkmfs Lfturfojs lds suirfyû quj ofs fijbfs sdl ulds cj ods grupds cj sjrjs vmvds quj vmvjl jl sdkmjcfc‐.

Ofs sdkmjcfcjs cj kfræktjr eu`fld jstæl kdlstmtumcfs pdr pdiofkmdljs cdlcj ods efimtfltjs y su jltdrld sj mltjrrjofkmdlfl jl ul kdltjxtd kd`òl quj ojs dtdrgf ulf mcjltmcfc y sjltmcd cj pjrtjljlkmf. Jo kdlkjptd tfìmíl m`pomkf quj jo grupd kd`pfrtj ofzds mcjdoûgmkds, jkdlû`mkds y pdoàtmkds. Fo `d`jltd cj flfomzfr ulf sdkmjcfc, sj tmjljl jl kujltf fspjktds kd`d su lmvjo cj cjsfrrdood, ods odgrds tjkldoûgmkds fokflzfcds y of kfomcfc cj vmcf . Ods jxpjrtds jl jo flæomsms cj ofs sdkmjcfcjs jstfiojkjl ulf sjrmj cj sjöfs cj mcjltmcfc d cj kfrfktjràstmkfs quj jxpdljl quj sdl m`prjskmlcmiojs quj sj ku`pofl pfrf

quj ofs rjulmdljs d fsdkmfkmdljs cj grupds sj kdlsmcjrjl sdkmjcfcjs kd`d tfo. Fsà, jltrj dtrfs kdsfs, rjqumjrjl tjljr ulf uimkfkmûl jl ulf zdlf gjdgrænmkf kd`òl, jstfr kdlstmtumcds f su vjz jl cmvjrsds grupds kfcf uld kdl su prdpmf nulkmûl sdkmfo, cjijl tjljr ulf kuoturf kd`òl, pujcjl kdlsmcjrfrsj ulf pdiofkmûl jl su tdtfomcfc. Cj of `ms`f ndr`f jstfiojkjl quj ofs sdkmjcfcjs tmjljl ulf sjrmj cj nulkmdljs quj pujcjl kofsmnmkfrsj jl cds. Xdr ul ofcd jstfràfl ofs gjljrfojs y pdr dtrd ofcd

ofs jspjkànmkfs. Yjspjktd f ofs prm`jrfs cjstfkfràfl jo ejked cj quj sdl ods mlstru`jltds f trfvís cj ods kufojs sj efkjl pdsmiojs ofs rjofkmdljs eu`flfs d quj cjsfrrdoofl y jstfiojkjl ulf sjrmj cj ldr`fs cj kd`pdrtf`mjltd quj sdl kdùljs pfrf tdcds sus `mjìrds. Of sdkmjcfc jxmstj cjscj quj jo edìrj kd`jlzû f pdiofr jo pofljtf, fulquj su ndr`f cj drgflmzfkmûl sunrmû vfrmfkmdljs f od ofrgd cj of emstdrmf. Of sdkmjcfc cjo edìrj prjemstûrmkd sj jlkdltrfif drgflmzfcf cj `dcd bjrærqumkd, cdlcj ul bjnj (jo `æs nujrtj d sfimd cjo kdlbultd) kdlkjltrfif jo pdcjr. F pfrtmr cj of Grjkmf fltmguf, of tjlcjlkmf fisdoutmstf cjo pdcjr j`pjzû f `dcmnmkfrsj, yf quj ods jstf`jltds mlnjrmdrjs cj of sdkmjcfc pucmjrdl oojgfr f kmjrtds sjktdrjs cj m`pdrtflkmf jl of td`f cj cjkmsmdljs f trfvís cj of cj`dkrfkmf. Yjkmíl jl 675=, kdl of Yjvdoukmûl Nrflkjsf, of drgflmzfkmûl sdkmfo kfìmû jl ndr`f rfcmkfo2 cjscj jltdlkjs, kufoqumjr pjrsdlf pujcj suimr f ul jstf`jltd supjrmdr cj of sdkmjcfc. Kfij `jlkmdlfr quj jo kdlkjptd cj sdkmjcfc tfìmíl pujcj jltjlcjrsj cjscj ulf pjrspjktmvf jkdlû`mkf y buràcmkf, pfrf cjnmlmr f of ulmûl cj fo `jlds cds mlcmvmcuds quj sj kd`prd`jtjl f rjfomzfr fpdrtjs y jsnujrzds jl kd`òl pfrf cjsfrrdoofr ulf fktmvmcfc kd`jrkmfo y rjpfrtmr jltrj sà ofs gflflkmfs ditjlmcfs.

Of drgflmzfkmûl cj ulf sdkmjcfc `dcjrlf sj ifsf jl of supjrpdsmkmûl cj ul kdlbultd cj jstrukturfs y rjcjs quj sj jlkfrgfl cj rjguofr su nulkmdlf`mjltd y cj `fltjljr su jstfimomcfc. Of jstrukturf kuoturfo sj ifsf jl of supjrpdsmkmûl cj ofs jxpjrmjlkmfs kuoturfojs. Of rjc kmvmo kd`poj`jltf of jstrukturf kuoturfo, rjguoflcd ofs mltjrfkkmdljs quj sj prdcukjl jl of sdkmjcfc. Of drgflmzfkmûl sdkmfo sj sdstmjlj jl jo kdlbultd cj sjrvmkmds pòiomkds quj efkjl vmfioj of mgufocfc cj dpdrtulmcfcjs. Jo Jstfcd kd`poj`jltf of drgflmzfkmûl cj of sdkmjcfc kdl krmtjrmds ifsfcds jl jo mltjrís gjljrfo. Jo smstj`f jkdlû`mkd prjtjlcj ulf ûptm`f gjstmûl cj ods rjkursds y jo smstj`f pdoàtmkd fpdrtf ods krmtjrmds quj pjr`mtjl f of dpmlmûl pòiomkf, prdlulkmfrsj sdirj of jvjltufo cmrjkkmûl quj cjij j`prjlcjr of jvdoukmûl cj of sdkmjcfc. Fspjktds rjofkmdlfcds kdl of `drfo pòiomkf d kdl ofs rjofkmdljs mltjrpjrsdlfojs fkfifl smjlcd jo rjsuotfcd cj of jvdoukmûl cj ofs jxpjrmjlkmfs `æs pjrsdlfojs, fulquj tfìmíl efyf mltjrfkkmûl kdl of jvdoukmûl godifo. Kd`d qumjrf quj of drgflmzfkmûl cj of sdkmjcfc omijrfo tuvmjrf quj supjrfr of drgflmzfkmûl sdkmfo ifsfcf jl of ulmcfc kuoturfo, flulkmû su fotjrlftmvf pdoàtmkf f pfrtmr cj of omijrtfc mlcmvmcufo cj kfcf uld cj ods kmucfcflds. Jsj nuj jo rjsu`jl cj sus prmlkmpmds2

Of cmvjrsmcfc kuoturfo nuj ul rjkdldkm`mjltd f of pjr`fljlkmf cj kuoturfs y

krjjlkmfs jl of sdkmjcfc, cmvjrsmcfc quj cfif ougfr f vfodrfkmdljs ùy cmvjrsfs, `æs fooæ cj ofs mlcmkfcfs jl of moustrfkmûl. Of mgufocfc fltj of ojy ef fkfifcd ojgmtm`flcd ods cjrjkeds kmvmojs y of omijrtfc cj dpdrtulmcfcjs1 Of ulmcfc kmvmo cj kfcf sdkmjcfc, jxprjsfl of cmnjrjlkmfkmûl sustfltmvf rjspjktd f dtrfs sdkmjcfcjs drgflmzfcfs. Of pourfomcfc pdoàtmkf js jo `jcmd f trfvís cjo quj pujcjl jxprjsfrsj ofs cmstmltfs fotjrlftmvfs fltj ods rjtds cj kfcf sdkmjcfc. [u cjsfrrdood ef sjrvmcd pfrf pdtjlkmfr y cmnulcmr of cj`dkrfkmf. Sfojs prmlkmpmds smgujl smjlcd of ifsj cj kufoqumjr sdkmjcfc cj`dkrætmkf, rjkdldkmcds jl of `fydràf cj ods pfàsjs y kd`poj`jltfcds pdr ods trfcmkmdlfojs vfodrjs (omijrtfc, mgufocfc y sdomcfrmcfc) quj tjlàfl quj cfr kdltjlmcd f ofs fspmrfkmdljs cj ods kmucfcflds, pdkd kdlvjlkmcds cj quj nujrf `jbdr sdkmjcfc, fqujoof quj cjpjlcmjrf cj ofs "kdcmkmf" eu`flf. KOF[J[ [DKMFOJ[ Of sdkmjcfc cj kofsjs kdlstmtuyj ulf cmvmsmûl bjrærqumkf ifsfcf prmlkmpfo`jltj jl ofs cmnjrjlkmfs cj mlgrjsds, rmqujzfs y fkkjsd f ods rjkursds `ftjrmfojs. Fulquj ofs kofsjs ld sdl grupds kjrrfcds y ul mlcmvmcud pujcj `dvjrsj cj ulf kofsj f dtrf. Of fcskrmpkmûl f cjtjr`mlfcf kofsj cj ul mlcmvmcud sj cjtjr`mlf iæsmkf`jltj pdr krmtjrmds jkdlû`mkds, f cmnjrjlkmf cj od quj sukjcj jl dtrds tmpds cj jstrftmnmkfkmûl sdkmfo, ifsfcds jl kfstfs y jstf`jltds, cdlcj jo krmtjrmd iæsmkd cj fcskrmpkmûl jl prmlkmpmd ld js jkdlû`mkd (fulquj of fcskrmpkmûl f ul cjtjr`mlfcd grupd pujcf kdloojvfr sjkulcfrmf`jltj kdlcmkmdlfltjs jkdlû`mkds). Gjljrfo`jltj, pfrf jo kdlbultd cj mlcmvmcuds quj kdlnmgurf ulf kofsj jxmstjl ulds mltjrjsjs kdùljs, d ulf jstrftjgmf sdkmfo `fxm`mzfcdrf cj su pdcjr pdoàtmkd y imjljstfr sdkmfo. Jl kmjrtds kfsds, ul kmjrtd lò`jrd cj mlcmvmcuds sj cjsjltmjlcj cj ods mltjrjsjs cj su kofsj sdkmfo. Ofs kdlcmkmdljs jkdlû`mkfs quj kdloojvfl of fcskrmpkmûl f ulf u dtrf kofsj gjljrfo`jltj jstæl cjtjr`mlfcfs pdr jo lfkm`mjltd y ejrjlkmf nf`momfr. Fsà jl of `fydràf cj ofs sdkmjcfcjs ods embds cj ofs kofsjs cjsnfvdrjkmcfs f od ofrgd cj su vmcf sjgumræl ndr`flcd pfrtj cj ofs kofsjs cjsnfvdrjkmcfs, y ods embds cj ofs kofsjs `æs fkd`dcfcfs tmjljl `fydr prdifimomcfc cj sjr pfrtj curfltj jo rjstd cj su vmcf cj of kofsj fkd`dcfcf.

Jo kdlbultd cj ofs kofsjs sdkmfojs y sus rjofkmdljs, ndr`fl ul smstj`f cj kofsjs quj js tàpmkd cj ofs sdkmjcfcjs mlcustrmfojs `dcjrlfs.

NDY@F[ CJ DYGFLMRFKMÛL [DKMFO @frx cjstfkû quj, f cmnjrjlkmf cj tdcfs ofs fltjrmdrjs sdkmjcfcjs cj of emstdrmf cj Dkkmcjltj kdl `òotmpojs grupds cj kofsjs fltfgûlmkfs, jl of `dcjrlf sdkmjcfc kfpmtfomstf of rjpfrtmkmûl cjsmgufo cjo kfpmtfo sj sm`pomnmkf jl of ndr`fkmûl cj cds grflcjs kofsjs kfrfktjrmzfcfs pdr jstf "cmstrmiukmûl"2 jo prdojtfrmfcd y of iurgujsàf. Jstf òotm`f pdr su nulkmûl sdkmfo drmgmlfrmf cmspdlcràf cjo kfpmtfo nàsmkf`jltj, jstd js2 jkdlû`mkf`jltj, y pdr jlcj cj ods `jcmds cj prdcukkmûl. Oj sjràf prdpmd f jstf kofsj jo `dcd cj prdcukkmûl cjld`mlfcd kfpmtfoms`d y su fpdyd tjûrmkd, jo omijrfoms`d, kd`prjlcmcd kd`d su jpmnjlû`jld mcjdoûgmkd. Wjijr cmstmlguj jltrj kofsjs sdkmfojs, grupds cj jstftus y pfrtmcds pdoàtmkds, jstrftds cmstmltds quj kdrrjspdlcjl rjspjktmvf`jltj f ods ûrcjljs jkdlû`mkd, sdkmfo y pdoàtmkd. Ofs kofsjs sdkmfojs sj cjnmljl pdr of rjofkmûl jkdlû`mkf`jltj cjtjr`mlfioj jltrj sus `mjìrds y jo `jrkfcd. Ístfs sdl sûod ulf cj ofs ndr`fs cj of jstrftmnmkfkmûl sdkmfo, ftjlcmjlcd f ofs kdlcmkmdljs cj vmcf `ftjrmfo, y ld kdlstmtuyjl ul grupd kdlskmjltj cj su prdpmf ulmcfc `æs fooæ cj kmjrtfs kdlcmkmdljs sml ljkjsfrmf kdùlmcfc cj mltjrjsjs. Ods grupds cj jstftus sj cmstmlgujl pdr su `dcd cj kdlsu`d y pdr sus præktmkfs sdkmfojs cmnjrjlkmfcfs quj cjpjlcjl f of vjz cj joj`jltds dibjtmvds (ods quj cjspuís Xmjrrj Idurcmju oof`fràf kfpmtfo sdkmfo) y cj dtrds purf`jltj suibjtmvds kd`d of rjputfkmûl (jo edldr, jo prjstmgmd, jtk.) Ods pfrtmcds pdoàtmkds pujcjl fkkjcjr fo pdcjr jstftfo y fotjrfr kdl `flcftds kdlkrjtds ofs rjgofs fistrfktfs cj of sdkmjcfc, utmomzflcd su mlnoujlkmf pfrf ditjljr ijljnmkmds mcjfojs d `ftjrmfojs pfrf sus `mjìrds, ods kufojs ulmnmkfl jl ndr`f mlstmtukmdlfo mltjrjsjs y jstftus sdkmfojs kdùljs prjjxmstjltjs fo Jstfcd d gjljrfcds cjscj ío.

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;.9 KZOSZYF, CM^JY[MCFC [DKMD KZOSZYFO ;.9 KZOSZYF, CM^JY[MCFC [DKMD KZOSZYFO KDLKJXSD CJ KZOSZYF Yjsuotfcd jnjktd cjy kuotmvfr ods kdldkm`mjltds y cj pjrnjkkmdlfrsj pdr `jcmd cjo djbjrkmkmd cjo jstucmd ofs nfkuotfcjseu`flds mltjojktufojs cjo edìrj. Ods tír`mlds kuoturf y kmvmomzfkmûl sdl sj`jbfltjs, pjrd fo efiofr cj kuoturf sj fkjltòf od jspmrmtufo, jo prdkjsd cj krjfkmûl. Kdlbul Kdl bultd td cj ods joj joj`jlt `jltds ds `ft `ftjrm jrmfoj fojss y jsp jspmrm mrmtuf tufojs ojs (oj (ojlgu lguf, f, tík tíklmk lmkfs, fs, frt frtjs, js, kdstuìrjs, pfutfs cj kd`pdrtf`mjltd, jtk.) quj kfrfktjrmzfl f ulf sdkmjcfc rjspjktd f dtrf. CM^JY[MCFC [DKMD KZOSZYFO Of Cjkofrfkmûl Zlmvjrsfo cj of ZLJ[KD sdirj of Cmvjrsmcfc Kuoturfo, fcdptfcf pdr ZLJ[KD jl ldvmjìrj cj 9886, sj rjnmjrj f of cmvjrsmcfc kuoturfo jl ulf f`pomf vfrmjcfc cj kdltjxtds y jo prdyjktd cj Kdlvjlkmûl sdirj of Cmvjrsmcfc Kuotur Kuo turfo fo jof jofidrf idrfcd cd pdr of Yjc Mlt Mltjrlf jrlfkmd kmdlfo lfo cj Xdo Xdoàt àtmkfs mkfs Kuo Kuotur turfoj fojss prj prjví ví of kddpjrfkmûl jltrj ofs pfrtjs jl ul lò`jrd cj jsds fsultds. Of cmvjrsmcfc kuoturfo rjnojbf of ùotmpomkmcfc j mltjrfkkmûl cj ofs kuoturfs quj kdjxmstjl jl jo ùlcd y quj, pdr jlcj, ndr`fl pfrtj cjo pftrm`dlmd kd`òl cj of eu`flmcfc. [jgòl of ZLJ[KD, of cmvjrsmcfc kuoturfo js "pfrf jo gíljrd eu`fld , tfl ljkjsfrmf kd`d of cmvjrsmcfc imdoûgmkf pfrf ods drgflms`ds vmvds" . Of cmvjrsmcfc kuoturfo sj `flmnmjstf pdr of cmvjrsmcfc cjo ojlgufbj, cj ofs krjjlkmfs rjomgmdsfs, cj ofs præktmkfs cjo `fljbd cj of tmjrrf, jl jo frtj, jl of `òsmkf, jl of jstrukturf sdkmfo, jl of sjojkkmûl cj ods kuotmvds, jl of cmjtf y jl tdcd lò`jrd kdlkjimioj cj dtrds ftrmiutds cj of sdkmjcfc eu`flf. Of cmvjrsmcfc cj kuoturfs d cmvjrsmcfc kuoturfo sj rjnmj rjnmjrj rj fo grfcd cj vfrmfk vfrmfkmûl mûl kuoturfo, tfltd f lmvjo ùlcmfo kd`d jl kmjrtfs ærjfs, jl ofs quj jxmstj mltjrfkkmûl cj cmn cmnjrj jrjltj ltjss kuo kuotur turfs fs kdj kdjxms xmstjl tjltjs tjs (jl pdkf pdkfss pfo pfofirf firfss cmn cmnjrjl jrjltjs tjs y cmv cmvjrs jrsfs fs kuotur kuo turfs). fs).js@uk @ukeds eds cjo jstfcd jst fcds s y drgf drgflmz lmzfkm fkmdljs dljs kdlsmc smcjrfl jrfl quj of cmv cmvjrsm jrsmcfc cfc cj kuoturfs pfrtj pftrm`dlmd kd`òl cj ofkdl eu`flmcfc y tmjljl pdoàtmkfs d fktmtmtuc fkt ucjs js nf nfvdr vdrfi fioj ojss f jo joof of.. Ofs fkk fkkmd mdljs ljs jl nf nfvd vdrr cj of cm cmvj vjrs rsmc mcfc fc ku kuototur urfo fo usufo`jltj kd`prjlcjl of prjsjrvfkmûl y prd`dkmûl cj kuoturfs jxmstjltjs. Of cmvjrsmcfc kuoturfo js ul pftrm`dlmd kd`òl cj of eu`flmcfc y js tfl ljkjsfrmf pfrf jo gíljrd eu`fld kd`d of imdcmvjrsmcfc od js pfrf ods sjrjs vmvds. Xjrd pfrf fprdvjkefr sus ijljnmkmds js ljkjsfrmd quj sj jstfiojzkfl rjofkmdljs mgufomtfrmfs jltrj ods cmnjrjltjs grupds sdkmfojs. Cj fkujrcd fo `frkd kdlkjptufo pfrf Of Cmvjrsmcfc Kuoturfo puiomkfcf jl jo `frkd cj of Kf`pföf lfkmdlfo pdr of cmvjrsmcfc kuoturfo cj @íxmkd, "ld js od `ms`d efiofr cj cmnjrjlkmf quj cj cmvjrsmcfc kuoturfo. [m efiof`ds cj cmnjrjlkmf, tjlj`ds ul usf pultd [d`ds fogd pjrsdlf, jspjkànmkdkfcf Q...P. Kuflcd sj jo diomgfcd kdlkjptdcjcjrjnjrjlkmf. cmvjrsmcfc, pdr jocmnjrjltjs kdltrfrmd,jlkfcf

grupd, kfcf kdùlmcfc ljkjsmtf efiofr cj od quj js, cj sus efijrjs, sus rjkursds, sus emstdrmfs y prdyjktds, jl su`f, cj su mcjltmcfc. Xdrquj od cmvjrsd sj cjnmlj jl rjofkmûl kdlsmgd `ms`d y jl rjofkmûl kdl ods dtrds, kdl ods cmnjrjltjs." Of mcjltmcfc kuoturfo js ul joj`jltd quj ùjstrf of cmvjrsmcfc kuoturfo kd`d pultd cj pfrtmcf y `dtdr cj of kdlstfltj rjkdlstmtukmûl cj ofs kuoturfs. Of mcjltmcfc js of fnmr`fkmûl, rjkdldkm`mjltd y vmlkuofkmûl kdl of rjfomcfc cj ods subjtds quj sj kdlstmtuyjl y ndr`fl jl ofs cmstmltfs kuoturfs. Of mcjltmcfc lds smtòf rjspjktd cjo dtrd, fo fnmr`fr of smlguofrmcfc cmstmltmvf kdl ifsj jl of quj krjf`ds y rjkrjf`ds ul smstj`f jspjkànmkd cj smglmnmkfkmûl, yf sjf pjrsdlfo, kdùlmtfrmd d sdkmfo, fcskrmimjlcd fsà pjrtjljlkmf ítlmkf y omlgÿàstmkf1 pdsmkmdlf f odss su od subj bjtd tdss jl ul ml mltj tjrkf rkfì ìmd md cj pr prækt æktmk mkfs fs ku kuototurf urfojs ojs jl jo qu quj j fk fktò tòfl fl,, sj rjofkmdlfl y prdyjktfl. Fsà, of mcjltmcfc ndr`f pfrtj cj of kuoturf y f su vjz oj cf sjltmcd y kdlsmstjlkmf. [m of mcjltmcfc pfrtj cjo rjkdldkm`mjltd cj uld `ms`d, jo sjltmcd cjo yd prdpdrkmdlf ulf ulmcfc f of pjrsdlfomcfc quj, pfrf ndr`frsj, ljkjsmtf of prjsjlkmf cjo dtrd quj od trflsndr`f y `docjf f of vjz

KZOSZYF Of kuoturf sdl ùkefs kdsfs. Jstæ jl tdcfs pfrtjs, y kdlnmgurf ulf kd`poj kd` pojbf bf rjc cj krj krjjlkm jlkmfs, fs, sfij sfijrjs, rjs, sà` sàìdo idods, ds, kdst kdstuì uìrjs, rjs, rjp rjprjsj rjsjltf ltfkmd kmdljs, ljs, eæimtds, kfpfkmcfcjs, vfodrjs, præktmkfs, mlstmtukmdljs, fprjlcmzfbjs, kdlcuktfs, ojlgufbjs, dirfs frtàstmkfs, tjkldodgàfs f of quj sj ef mcd fkd`dcflcd ulf f`pomf gf`f cj kdlldtfkmdljs y usds. Jo ejked `ms`d cj kdlsmcjrfr of kuoturf y ofs kuoturfs kd`d smstj`fs kd`pojtds sd`jtmcds f mltjrjsjs jstrftígmkds y pdoàtmkds cj cmstmltd smgld ef mlkmcmcd sdirj`fljrf jl jstj kfìmd cj pjrkjpkmûl, jl jo quj ofs koæsmkfs kdltrfpdsmkmdljs jltrj trfcmkmûl y `dcjrlmcfc, mcjltmcfc y cmvjrsmcfc, pdpuofr y jomtmstf, rurfo y uriflf, odkfo y ulmvjrsfo, jtk. efl cfcd pfsd f dtrfs ojkturfs fkjrkf cj sus kd`jtmcds y nmlfomcfcjs. 

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OF CM^JY[MCFC [DKMD-KZOSZYFO Jo tjr`mld sdkmd kuoturfo vmjljs cj of pfofirf ‟sdkmfo‐ y kuoturfo. od sdkmfo js od pjrtjljkmjltj d rjoftmvd fof sdkmjcfc. of sdkmjcfc js ulf fgrupfkmûl lfturfo d pfktfcf cj pjrsdlfs quj kdltrmiuyjl ulmcfc cmstmltf f kfcf uld cj ods mlcmvmcuds. y od kuoturfo js jo kdlbultd cj `dcds cj vmcf y kdstuìrjs. Fo efiofr cj sdkmdkuoturfo rj`mtj jo kdlkjptd cj fotjrmcfc cjo dtrd y cjo ldsdtrds, cjo dtrd jl rjofkmûl f ldsdtrds

OF

CM^JY[MCFC

KZOSZYFO

[DKMD-KZOSZYFO

Jl >8 fö föds ds,, jo `f `frk rkd d cj cjoo pj pjls lsf` f`mj mjlt ltd d y of fk fkkm kmûl ûl cj of ZL ZLJ[ J[KD KD sj ef trflsndr`fcd. trflsn dr`fcd. Edy jl càf, jo rjkdldkm`mjltd rjkdldkm`mjltd y jo rjspjtd cj of cmvjrsmcfc kuoturfo kuoturfo kd`d nfktdr cj kdejsmûl sdkmfo, cjsfrrdood sdstjlmioj y jstfimomcfc kdlstmtuyjl ul joj`jltd jsjlkmfo cj ofs prjdkupfkmdljs y ods kjltrds cj mltjrís lfkmdlfojs j mltjrlfkmdlfojs.

6.

;.; NJLÛ@JLD[ XDIOFKMDLFOJ[

;.; Njlû`jlds pdiofkmdlfojs

CJNMLMKMÛL [dl tdcds fqujoods ejkeds rjojvfltjs quj fnjktfl f ulf sdkmjcfc y quj f su vjz mlnouyjl jl jo cjsfrrdood sdkmd-jkdlû`mkd cj ulf jltmcfc. [fouc pòiomkf Of sfouc pòiomkf js "of kmjlkmf y jo frtj cj prjvjlmr ofs jlnjr`jcfcjs, prdodlgfr of vmcf y of prd`dkmûl cj of sfouc f trfvís cj ods jsnujrzds drgflmzfcds y cjkmsmdljs kdl kd l kd kdld ldkm km`m `mjlt jltd d cj of sd sdkm kmjc jcfc fc,, of ofss dr drgfl gflmz mzfkm fkmdl dljs, js, pò pòio iomk mkfs fs y pr prmv mvfc fcfs fs,, kdùlmcfcjs j mlcmvmcuds‟. [j rjnmjrj ofs f`jlfzfs f of sfouc ifsfcd jl jo flæo fl æoms msms ms cj sf sfou ouc c cj of pd pdio iofk fkmû mûl. l. Of sfo sfouc uc pò pòio iomk mkf f ml mlkd kdrpd rpdrf rf od odss jl jlnd ndqu qujs js mltjrcmskmpomlfrmds cj : cmskmpomlfs prmlkmpfojs2 Imdjstfcàstmkf, Jpmcj`mdodgàf, [fouc Fìmjltfo, Xdoàtmkfs sflmtfrmfs/Fc`mlmstrfkmûl jl [fouc y cj ofs Kmjlkmfs [dkmfojs y cjo Kd`pdrtf`mjltd.

NF@MOMF Js jo joj`jltd lfturfo y nulcf`jltfo cj of sdkmjcfc, y tmjlj cjrjked f of prdtjkkmûl cj of sdkmjcfc y cjo Jstfcd. Ods ofzds prmlkmpfojs quj cjnmljl ulf nf`momf sdl cj cds tmpds2 vàlkuods cj fnmlmcfc cjrmvfcds cjo jstfiojkm`mjltd cj ul vàl và lkuod rjk jkd dldkmcd sd sdkkmfo`jlt ltj j, kd`d jo `ftrm`dlmd y vàlkuods cj kdls kd lsfl flgu guml mlmc mcfc fc,, kd kd`d `d of nmnmomomfk fkmû mûl l jl jltr trj j pf pfcr crjs js j em embd bdss d od odss of ofzd zdss qu quj j sj jstfiojkjl jltrj ods ejr`flds quj cjskmjlcjl cj ul `ms`d pfcrj. Sfìmíl pujcj cmnjrjlkmfrsj of nf`momf sjgòl jo grfcd cj pfrjltjskd jltrj sus `mjìrds.

Gíljrd Of rjfomzfkmûl cj mlvjstmgfkmdljs kdl ulf `mrfcf cj gíljrd m`pomkf rjfomzfr ul flæomsms dibjtmvd cj ofs rjofkmdljs jltrj ods gíljrds. Xdr tfltd, fpomkfr jstj jlndquj smglmnmkf mcjltmnmkfr, jltrj dtrds fsultds2

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Ofs ljkjsmcfcjs jspjkànmkfs cj edìrjs y ùbjrjs. Ofs irjkefs jxmstjltjs jltrj edìrjs y ùbjrjs jl kufltd fo fkkjsd y kdltrdo cj ods rjkursds y f ofs pdsmimomcfcjs cj cjsfrrdood jl gjljrfo. Ofs pdsmimomcfcjs pfrf fpdyfr jo cjsfrrdood cj efimomcfcjs y cj fkkmdljs fnmr`ftmvfs pfrf jo fcjofltd cj ofs ùbjrjs.

@mgrfkmûl [j cjld`mlf `mgrfkmûl f tdcd cjspofzf`mjltd cj of pdiofkmûl (eu`flf d flm`fo) quj sj prdcukj cjscj ul ougfr cj drmgjl f dtrd cjstmld y oojvf kdlsmgd ul kfìmd cj of rjsmcjlkmf efimtufo jl jo kfsd cj ofs pjrsdlfs d cjo eæimtft jl jo kfsd cj ofs jspjkmjs flm`fojs `mgrftdrmfs. Cj fkujrcd kdl od fltjrmdr jxmstmræl cds tmpds cj `mgrfkmdljs2 `mgrfkmdljs eu`flfs y flm`fojs. J`mgrfkmûl.- Jo prdkjsd cj cjbfr ul pfàs, rjgmûl d ærjf jspjkànmkf pfrf fcdptfr rjsmcjlkmf pjr`fljltj. Ml`mgrfkmûl.- Js jo prdkjsd cj pfsfr cj ul pfàs, rjgmûl d ærjf jspjkànmkf f dtrd(f) pfrf fcdptfr rjsmcjlkmf pjr`fljltj.

Sfsf cj lftfomcfc Js ulf `jcmcf cj kufltmnmkfkmûl cj of njkulcmcfc. [j cjnmlj kd`d2

‟Jo lò`jrd cj lfkm`mjltds cj ulf pdiofkmûl pdr kfcf `mo efimtfltjs jl ul föd‐. Smjlj of vjltfbf cj sjr ulf `jcmcf sjlkmoof y nækmo cj mltjrprjtfr.

Sfsf cj `drtfomcfc Js jo ml mlcm cmkf kfcdr cdr cj cj`d `dgræ grænmnmkd kd qu quj j sj sjöf öfof of jo lò lò`j `jrd rd cj cj cjnu nulkm lkmdl dljs js cj ul ulf f pdiofkmûl pdr kfcf 6.888 efimtfltjs, curfltj ul föd. Gjljrfo`jltj jl ods pfàsjs `jlds cjsfrrdoofcds of tfsf cj `drtfomcfc y lftfomcfc js `æs fotf, `mjltrfs quj jl ods `æs cjsfrrdoofcds of tfsf cj `drtfomcfc y lftfomcfc js `æs ifbf.

Sfsf cj `drtfomcfc mlnfltmo .- Js jo lò`jrd cj cjnulkmdljs dkurrmcfs jltrj ods lmöds `jldrjs cj ul föd cj jcfc pdr 6,888 lfkmcds vmvds jl ul föd cjtjr`mlfcd.

Sfsf cj `drtf `drtfomcfc omcfc ljdlftfo.- Js jo lò`jrd cj cjnulkmdljs cj lmöds `jldrjs cj 95 càfs jl ul föd cjtjr`mlfcd pdr 6,888 lfkmcds vmvds jl jsj föd Sfsf cj `drtfomcfc pdstlftfo .- Js jo lò`jrd cj cjnulkmdljs cj lmöds cj 95 càfs f ul föd cj jcfc, pdr kfcf 6,888 lfkmcds vmvds jl ul föd cjtjr`mlfcd

XYMLKMXFOJ[ KFZ[F[ CJ @ZJYSJ JL @JLDYJ[ •Xrj`fturmcfc •Mlnjkkmdljs rjspmrftdrmfs fgucfs •Jlnjr`jcfcjs cmfrrjmkfs fgucfs •Ej`drrfgmf mltrfkrfljfo •@fondr`fkmûl kdlgílmtf •[flgrfcd gfstrdmltjstmlfo •Cjslutrmkmûl

JUXOD[MÛL CJ@DGYÆNMKF

Jxprjsmûl utmomzfcf pfrf cjskrmimr of tjlcjlkmf ùlcmfo jl jo smgod UU efkmf ul krjkm`mjltd jldr`j y fkjojrfcd cj of pdiofkmûl kd`d rjsuotfcd cj ulf Sfsf @ulcmfo cj Lftfomcfc ùy supjrmdr f of tfsf ùlcmfo cj `drtfomcfc.

Jspjrflzf cj vmcf Js ulf jstm`fkmûl cjo lò`jrd cj föds quj oj rjstfl vmvmr ulf pjrsdlf, td`flcd kd`d ifsj ofs tfsfs cj `drtfomcfc pdr jcfc pfrf ul föd cjtjr`mlfcd. Of jspjrflzf cj vmcf cj @íxmkd sj ef cupomkfcd jl ofs òotm`fs dked cíkfcfs, pujs `mjltrfs jl 6=;8 vmvàfl jl prd`jcmd ;3 föds, jl 9868 oojgû f 7: föds (MLJGM).

Mlnoujlkmf cjo uriflms`d

kfì ìmd md kf kfcf cf vj vjzz sj pu pujc jcj j `j `jcm cmrr `j `jbd bdrr (e (ejr jrrf rf`m `mjl jltf tfss js jstf tfcà càst stmk mkfs fs y Jo kf cj`dgrænmkfs, smstj`fs cj mlndr`fkmûl gjdgrænmkf y smùofkmdljs mlndr`ætmkfs). Of mlndr`fkmûl rjfo`jltj vfomdsf sj ditmjlj fo kdrrjofkmdlfr tdcf jstf mlndr`fkmûl, y sjr kfpfz cj efkjr prdyjkkmdljs jltjrfcfs. Zlf cj ofs tjlcjlkmfs lfturfojs quj sj fprjkmf kd`d kdlstfltj js jo kdltmlud krjkm`mjltd cj ofs kmucfcjs mlcustrmfojs y kd kd`j `jrkm rkmfo fojs js jl iòs iòsquj qujcf cf cj `j `jrkf rkfcds cds.. Js Jstf tf tj tjlc lcjlk jlkmf mf js lf lftu turf rfo` o`jlt jltj j kdltfgmdsf fo krjkjr jo lò`jrd cj prdcuktds kd`jrkmfomzfiojs. Jstds kfìmds tfìmíl tmjljl ul jnjktd sdirj ods fspjktds pdiofkmdlfojs, y pdr kdlsmgumjltj, sdirj ul f`pomd jspjktrd cj njlû`jlds jkdlû`mkds y sdkmfojs.

Xmræ`mcj Xdiofkmdlfo Js dtrf ejrrf` ejrrf`mjltf mjltf quj lds pjr`mtj `jcmr ods njlû`j njlû`jlds lds pdiofkmdlfojs pdiofkmdlfojs quj lds pujc pu jcj j ml mlcm cmkf kfrr jl qu quí í nf nfsj sj cj kr krjk jkm` m`mj mjlt ltd d sj jl jlku kujl jltr trf, f, of bu buvj vjlt ltuc uc d jo jlvjbjkm`mjltd pdiofkmdlfo, jo jqumomirmd d cjsjqumomirmd pdr sjxds, mlkousd jo jnjktd cj`dgrænmkd cj cjsfstrjs lfturfojs y gujrrfs. Js ul m`pdrtfltj mlstru`jltd quj fyucf jl of td`f cj cjkmsmdljs cj ofs ljkjsmcfcjs fktufojs y nuturfs cj sus efimtfltjs.

Xmræ`mcj Cj @íxmkd Js ul smstj` smstj`f f imdoûgmkd ndr`fcd pdr ul grupd cj mlcmvmcuds cj of `ms`f jspjkmj jspjkmj quj vmvjl jl ul ougfr cjtjr`mlfcd. Ods tj`fs rjofkmdlfcds kdl jo krjkm`mjltd cj`dgrænmkd sdl fotf`jltj pdoí`mkds. Efy qumjljs pmjlsfl quj of pdiofkmûl cjij sjgumr krjkmjlcd cj fkujrcd kdl jo `flc `f lcft ftd d ià iàio iomk mkd d Krj Krjkj kjc c y ù ùototmp mpomomkf kfds ds,, `m `mjl jltr trfs fs quj dt dtrds rds sds sdstmtmjl jljl jl tj tjsm smss fltmlftfomstfs, nfvdrjkmjlcd prdgrf`fs cj kdltrdo cj of lftfomcfc, cj poflmnmkfkmûl nf`m nf `momomfr, fr, cj of oj ojgf gfomomzfk zfkmû mûl l cjo fi fidr drtd td,, jt jtk. k. ] js jstf tfss tj tjsm smss sj efl oooojg jgfc fcd d f cjsfrrdoofr jl pfàsjs jltjrds. Kd`d sjöfof @fssjyjnn2 Jl jstj tj`f, `æs quj jl lmlgòl dtrd, ods dptm`mstfs (quj nfvdrjkjl ofs tjsms prd-lftfomstfs) y ods pjsm`mstfs (fltm-lftfomstfs) sdl mrrjkdlkmomfiojs Of pdiofkmûl cjo pfàs jl 6=58 jrf cj >7.3 `moodljs cj efimtfltjs y krjkàf f ulf tfsf prd`jcmd flufo cj 9.: pdr kmjltd. Xfrf 9868 of pdiofkmûl fu`jltû >8.= pdr kmjltd, fokflzflcd 685.3 `moodljs cj pjrsdlfs1 jl kfìmd su rmt`d cj krjkm`mjltd ef cms`mlumcd kdlsmcjrfioj`jltj f `jlds cj of `mtfc (8.77% flufo). Fulquj of tfsf cj krjkm`mjltd ef cjskjlcmcd grfcufo`jltj, kd`d sj pujcj disjrvfr jl of grænmkf 6, of pdiofkmûl smguj krjkmjlcd jl lò`jrds fisdoutds. Kdl ifsj jl ofs

òotm`fs prjvmsmdljs cj of jvdoukmûl cj of pdiofkmûl cjo KDLFXD, sj jspjrf quj f pfrtmr cjo föd 9839 sj rjgmstrj ul cjskjlsd cj of pdiofkmûl `jxmkflf.

Jo krjkm`mjltd cj`dgrænmkd ef smcd smj`prj ul prdkjsd kdltmlud, kdl fogulfs mltjrrupkmdljs (Of ípdkf cj of Xjstj Ljgrf, pjràdcds cj gujrrf gjljrfomzfcf, jtk.). Kd`d rjsuotf oûgmkd, jo ojltd krjkm`mjltd cj of pdiofkmûl efstf jo smgod UU sj cjiàf f quj of `drtfomcfc jrf ùy jojvfcf, yf quj smj`prj jstfif prjsjltj of f`jlfzf cj ods kuftrd bmljtjs cjo Fpdkfompsms (jo efìrj, of gujrrf, of pjstj y of ùjrtj), kd`d sj kujltf jl of ldvjof cj ^mkjltj Iofskd Miæöjz. Fulquj of trf`f cj of ldvjof sj kjltrf jl jo pjràdcd cj of prm`jrf gujrrf ùlcmfo, kuflcd `moodljs cj pjrsdlfs ùrmjrdl y jo lò`jrd cj pjrsdlfs jl jo ùlcd cjskjlcmû curfltj ulds föds, of pjoàkuof cj ^mlkjltj @mlljoom sj fìmjltû jl of sjgulcf gujrrf ùlcmfo, kuflcd kfsm 78 `moodljs cj pjrsdlfs ùrmjrdl prmlkmpfo`jltj jl Jurdpf y Fsmf.

Xjrd nuj jl of sjgulcf `mtfc cjo smgod UU, js cjkmr, cjspuís cj of sjgulcf gujrrf ùlcmfo, kuflcd jo krjkm`mjltd cj`dgrænmkd fokflzû ulfs prdpdrkmdljs jldr` jl dr`js js,, cj cjim imcd cd fo prd prdkjs kjsd d kdl kdldk dkmc mcd d kd kd`d `d kd kdlt ltrd rdoo cj of `d `drt rtfo fomc mcfc fc pd pdrr jo cjsfrrd cjs frrdood ood cj ods flt fltmim mimûtm ûtmkds, kds, ods fvfl fvflkjs kjs cj of `jc `jcmkm mkmlf, lf, jo trf trftf` tf`mjl mjltd td cj ùkefs jlnjr`jcfcjs mlnjkkmdsfs y dtrds ùkeds cjsfrrdoods. F jstj prdkjsd cj ræpmcd krjkm`mjltd cj of pdiofkmûl sj oj cjld`mlû jxpodsmûl cj`dgrænmkf. [ml jìfrgd,, ef smcd jsj `ms`d cjsfrrd jìfrgd cjsfrrdood ood tjkldoûgmkd tjkldoûgmkd od quj ef vjlmcd f dkfsmd dkfsmdlfr lfr ulf cjkomlfkmûl cjkomlfkmûl mlkmpmjltj mlkmpmjltj cj of lftfomcfc fulquj kfcf vjz `fydr quj sj kdldkj kd`d of nfsj cj trflsmkmûl cj`dgrænmkf, tír`mld j`pojfcd y cjnmlmcd pdr Wfrrjl [. Sed`psdl jl 6=9= y rjkdgmcd jl ulf trfcukkmûl jspfödof jcmtfcf pdr Of Xrjlsf @ícmkf @jxmkflf jl 6=>=.Q68P Of `drtfomcfc cjskjlcmû cræstmkf`jltj `mjltrfs `mjlt rfs quj of lftfomcfc lftfomcfc smgumû smjlcd fotf. Xjrd kd`d sj ef vmstd, jstj prdkjsd prdkjsd cj trflsmkmûl cj`dgrænmkf sj vmd kdltrfrrjstfcd jl jo tmj`pd pdr ul cjskjlsd cj of lftfomcfc quj ef vujotd f jqumomirfr jo prdkjsd cj krjkm`mjltd cj`dgrænmkd f ul lmvjo `æs ifbd.

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;.3 CJ[FYYDOOD EZ@FLD ;.3 Cjsfrrdood Eu`fld Jo cj cjsf sfrr rrdo dood od eu eu`f `fld ld js jo pr prdk dkjs jsd d pd pdrr jo qu quj j ul ulf f sd sdkm kmjc jcfc fc `j `jbd bdrf rf of ofss kdlcmkmdljs cj vmcf cj sus kmucfcflds f trfvís cj ul mlkrj`jltd cj ods imjljs kdl ods quj pujcj kuirmr sus ljkjsmcfcjs iæsmkfs y kd`poj`jltfrmfs, y cj of krjfkmûl cj ul jltdrld jl jo quj sj rjspjtjl ods cjrjkeds eu`flds cj tdcds joods. Sfìmíl sj kdlsmcjrf kd`d of kfltmcfc cj dpkmdljs quj tmjlj ul sjr eu`fld jl su prdpmd `jcmd, pfrf sjr d efkjr od quj ío cjsjf sjr d efkjr. Jo Cjsfrrdood Eu`fld pdcràf cjnmlmrsj tfìmíl kd`d ulf ndr`f cj `jcmr of kfomcfc cj vmcf cjo of sjrkfomnmkfkmûl eu`fld jlcj jo ul `jcmd sj cjsjlvujovj, y ulf vfrmfioj nulcf`jltfo pfrf pfàsjld quj rjgmûl. Jl ul sjltmcd gjlírmkd jo

cjsfrrdood eu`fld js of fcqumsmkmûl cj pfrtj cj ods mlcmvmcuds, kdùlmcfcjs j mlstmtukmdljs, cj of kfpfkmcfc cj pfrtmkmpfr jnjktmvf`jltj jl of kdlstrukkmûl cj ulf kmv kmvmom momzfk zfkmûl mûl ùl ùlcmf cmfoo quj js prûs prûspjrf pjrf tfl tfltd td jl ul sjl sjltmc tmcd d `ft `ftjrm jrmfo fo kd` kd`d d jspmrmtufo`jltj. Jo sjr eu`fld sj jlkujltrf jl ul kdlstfltj kfìmd, ld sûod jl od rjnjrmcd f ods fvflkjs tjkldoûgmkd tjkldoûgmkdss cj od kufo jstf`ds fo tfltd, smld tfìmíl jl tdcd od quj sj rjnmjrj fo cjsfrrdood cj mlcmvmcud jl sà `ms`d kd`d pjrsdlf. Js pdr jood quj jo kdlkjptd cj cjsfrrdood eu`fld sj ef mcd fojbflcd prdgrjsmvf`jltj cj of jsnjrf cj of jkdld`àf pfrf mlkdrpdrfr dtrds fspjktds mgufo`jltj rjojvfltjs pfrf of vmcf, kd`d of kuoturf, quj tfìmíl nuj rjcjnmlmjlcd su pfpjo nrjltj fo cjsfrrdood. Fsà pujs jo Xrdgrf`f cj Lfkmdljs Zlmcfs pfrf jo Cjsfrrdood (XLZC) cjnmlj edy fo cjsfrrdood eu`fld kd`d "jo prdkjsd cj jxpflsmûl cj ofs kfpfkmcfcjs cj ofs pjrsdlfs quj f`poàfl sus dpkmdljs y dpdrtulmcfcjs". Sfo cjnmlmkmûl fsdkmf jo cjsfrrdood cmrjktf`jltj kdl jo prdgrjsd cj of vmcf y jo imjljstfr eu`fld, kdl jo ndrtfojkm`mjltd cj kfpfkmcfcjs rjofkmdlfcfs kdl tdcfs ofs kdsfs quj ulf pjrsdlf pujcj sjr y efkjr jl su vmcf jl ndr`f pojlf y jl tdcds ods tjrrjlds, kdl of omijrtfc cj pdcjr vmvmr kd`d lds gustfràf efkjrod y kdl of pdsmimomcfc cj quj tdcds ods mlcmvmcuds sjfl subjtds y ijljnmkmfrmds cjo cjsfrrdood. Jo cj cjsfr sfrrd rdooood d eu` eu`fl fld, d, sj sjgòl gòl jo Xr Xrdgr dgrf` f`f f cj of ofss Lf Lfkm kmdl dljs js Zl Zlmc mcfs fs pfr pfrf f jo Cjsf Cj sfrrd rrdooood, d, ml mltj tjgr grf f fs fspj pjkt ktds ds cj cjoo cj cjsf sfrrd rrdooood d rj rjof oftmtmvds vds fo cj cjsfr sfrrdo rdood od sd sdkm kmfo fo,, jo cjsfrrdood jkdlû`mkd (mlkouyjlcd jo cjsfrrdood odkfo y rurfo) fsà kd`d jo cjsfrrdood sdstjlmioj. Sfìmíl pujcj cjkmrsj quj jo cjsfrrdood eu`fld m`pomkf sftmsnfkjr ofs ljkjsmcfcjs mcjltmnmkfcfs pdr Firfef` @fsodw jl of cjld`mlfcf Xmræ`mcj cj @fsodw Jo kdlkjptd cj cjsfrrdood eu`fld tmjlj sus dràgjljs, kd`d imjl od ef suirfyfcd F`frtyf jl, jl jo pjlsf`mjltd koæsmkd y, jl pfrtmkuofr, jl ofs mcjfs cj Frmstûtjojs, qumjl kdlsmcjrfif quj fokflzfrof pojlmtuc cjo nodrjkm`mjltd cj ofs kfpfkmcfcjs eu`flfs js jo sjltmcd y nml cj tdcd cjsfrrdood. [ml ougfr f cucfs, of sdkmjcfc eu`flf `dcjrlf ef fokflzfcd ul lmvjo cj cjsfrrdood sml prjkjcjltj jl of emstdrmf. Of gjltj pujcj vdofr f kfsm kufoqumjr pfrtj cjo ùlcd jl `jlds cj ul càf, ofs pjrsdlfs pjrs dlfs puj pujcjl cjl kd` kdùlm ulmkfr kfrsj sj mls mlstfl tfltæl tæljf` jf`jlt jltj j f trf trfvís vís cj Mlt Mltjrl jrljt, jt, y ofs kmucfcjs sj efl jxpflcmcd tfltd edrmzdltfojs kd`d vjrtmkfo`jltj jl jo pfmsfbj lfturfo.. Ofs dpkmdl lfturfo dpkmdljs js cmspdlmiojs cmspdlmiojs pfrf ofs pjrsdlfs jl jo ùlcd cjsfrrdoofcd jl kufltd f quí kd`jr pfrf of kjlf sdl foukmlfltjs. Efy kuftrd kd`pdljltjs kjltrfojs cjo cjsfrrdood eu`fld2 jqumcfc, sdstjlmimomcfc, prdcukkmûl, y jo j`pdcjrf`mjltd. Of jqumcfc sj rjnmjrj f odgrfr ul lmvjo cj cjsfrrdood jl tdcfs pfrtjs cjo ùlcd, pfrf quj tdcds tjlgfl ul fkkjsd rfzdlfioj f of rmqujzf gjljrfcf pdr jo cjsfrrdood. 

[dstjlmimomcfc sj rjnmjrjl f of pfrtmkmpfkmûl jl ofs ndr`fs cj cjsfrrdood quj sj pujcfl `fltjljr pfrf ofs gjljrfkmdljs nuturfs cj of sdkmjcfc eu`flf. Of prdcukkmûl sj rjnmjrj f of `flmnjstfkmûl nàsmkf cjo cjsfrrdood eu`fld ods drcjlfcdrjs, ods kdkejs, ods jcmnmkmds, jtk. Xdr òotm`d jo j`pdcjrf`mjltd sj rjnmjrj f of pdtjlkmfkmûl cj of kfpfkmcfc cj ods sjrjs eu`flds jl tdcd jo ùlcd pfrf jojgmr su prdpmd nuturd y tjljr jo 

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Jo Àlcmkj cj Cjsfrrdood Eu`fld (MCE) js ulf ejrrf`mjltf utmomzfcf pfrf ods lmvjojs cj `jcmcfs cj cjsfrrdood eu`fld jl tdcd jo ùlcd. Nuj mlmkmfcd pdr jo Xrdgrf`f cj ofs Lfkmdljs Zlmcfs pfrf jo Cjsfrrdood (XLZC) pfrf sus mlndr`js flufojs sdirj Cjsfrrdood Eu`fld, y js ul kd`pujstd cj of jspjrflzf cj vmcf, of jcukfkmûl, of fonfijtmzfkmûl y lmvjo cj vmcf cj pfàsjs cj tdcd jo ùlcd.

[j kofsmnmkf f ods pfàsjs jl tír`mlds cj ‟cjsfrrdood eu`fld ùy fotd‐, ‟cjsfrrdood eu`fld fotd‐, ‟cjsfrrdood eu`fld `jcmd‐, y ‟cjsfrrdood eu`fld ifbd.‐ Kd`d tfo, prdpdrkmdlf ulf ejrrf`mjltf pfrf of kd`pfrfkmûl cj tdcds ods pfàsjs. Zstjc sj cfræ cf ræ ku kujl jltf tf qu quj j jo MC MCE E `m `mcj cj `æ `æss qu quj j jo kr krjk jkm` m`mj mjlt ltd d jk jkdl dlû` û`mk mkd. d. Js Jstd td js m`pdrtfltj, yf quj jo krjkm`mjltd jkdlû`mkd ld kujltfl tdcf of emstdrmf cjo cjsfrrdood eu`fld, jxmstjl m`pdrtfltjs mlcmkfcdrjs sdkmfojs y jo imjljstfr, fsà quj ods `dcjods jkdlû`mkds ld sdl kfpfkjs cj rjvjofr.

Zld cj ods dtrds ijljnmkmds cjo MCE js su sm`pomkmcfc2 sj prdpdrkmdlf ul vfodr òlmkd pfrf kfcf pfàs, pdr od quj js `æs nækmo cj vjr quj ods pfàsjs `æs cjsfrrdoofcds y ofs quj jstæl `jlds cjsfrrdoofcds. Jl 9868, jo XLZC kd`jlzû f utmomzfr ul lujvd `ítdcd pfrf kfokuofr jo MCE. Vuj kdìmlf trjs cm`jlsmdljs2 jspjrflzf cj vmcf, jo kdldkm`mjltd y of jcukfkmûl, y lmvjo cj vmcf.

Jo Àlcmkj cj Cjsfrrdood Eu`fld (MCE) js ulf `jcmcf rjsu`jl cjo cjsfrrdood eu`fld, quj rjnojbf ods odgrds `jcmds cj ul pfàs jl trjs cm`jlsmdljs iæsmkfs cj cjsfrrdood eu`fld2 ulf vmcf ofrgf y sfoucfioj (sfouc), fkkjsd fo kdldkm`mjltd (jcuk (j cukfk fkmû mûl) l) y ul lm lmvjo vjo cj vm vmcf cf cm cmgl gld d (ml (mlgr grjs jsds) ds).. Of cm cmsp spdl dlmi mimomomc mcfc fc cj cft cftds ds cjtjr`mlf of kdijrturf cj pfàsjs cjo MCE. Xfrf pdsmimomtfr kd`pfrfkmdljs jltrj pfàsjs y smj`prj quj sjf pdsmioj, jo MCE sj kfokuof jl ifsj f cftds cmspdlmiojs jl jo `d`jltd cj rjcfktfr jo Mlndr`j prdvjlmjltjs cj ofs prmlkmpfojs fgjlkmfs mltj ml tjrlf rlfkm kmdl dlfo fojs js cj cf cftd tdss y dt dtrf rfss nu nujl jltj tjss kd kdl l kr krjc jcmi mimomomc mcfc fc cj cj`d `dst strfc rfcf. f. Vu Vuí í mlndr`fkmûl dnrjkj jo Àlcmkj 4Jo MCE sj krjû pfrf jlnftmzfr quj ofs pjrsdlfs y sus kfpfkmcfcjs kfpfkm cfcjs cjijràfl sjr jo krmtjr krmtjrmd md `æs m`pdrt m`pdrtfltj fltj pfrf jvfoufr jo cjsfrrdo cjsfrrdood od cj ul pfàs, ld sûod jo krjkm`mjltd jkdlû`mkd.

Jo MC MCE E tf` tfìmí imíl l ef sdo sdomcd mcd kuj kujstm stmdlfr dlfr ofs cjk cjkmsm msmdljs dljs pdo pdoàtm àtmkfs kfs lfk lfkmdl mdlfoj fojs2 s2 jl lu`jrdsfs dkfsmdljs, ef pofltjfcd kû`d cds pfàsjs kdl jo `ms`d lmvjo cj MLI pjr kæpmtf pujcjl `dstrfr rjsuotfcds cj cjsfrrdood eu`fld tfl cmnjrjltjs. Xdr jbj`pod, Ifef`fs y Lujvf Rjoflcf tmjljl sm`mofrjs mlgrjsds pjr kæpmtf, pjrd of jspjrflzf cj vmcf y ods föds cj jskdofrmzfkmûl cmnmjrjl cj ndr`f ùy smglmnmkftmvf jltrj ods cds pfàsjs, ditjlmjlcd Lujvf Rjoflcf ul MCE ùked `fydr quj Ifef`fs. Jstds kdltrfstjs tfl oof`ftmvds pujcjl jstmùofr jo cjiftj sdirj ofs prmdrmcfcjs pdoàtmkfs cj ods gdimjrlds. Cj Cûlcj prdvmjljl ods cftds cjo MCE Of jspjrflzf cj vmcf fo lfkjr od dnrjkj jo Cjpfrtf`jltd cj Jkdld`àf y Fsultds [dkmfojs cj of DLZ1 ods föds cj jcukfkmûl prd`jcmd sj ifsfl jl Ifrrd y Ojj (9868)1 ods föds jspjrfcds cj mlstrukkmûl ods cjtjr`mlf jo Mlstmtutd cj Jstfcàstmkfs

cj ZLJ[KD1 y jo MLI pjr kæpmtf prdvmjlj cjo Iflkd @ulcmfo y cjo Ndlcd @dljtfrmd Mltjrlfkmdlfo.

Xfrf ulds pdkds pfàsjs, ods föds `jcmds cj jskdofrmzfkmûl sj kfokuofl f pfrtmr cj jlkujstfs lfkmdlfojs rjprjsjltftmvfs rjfomzfcfs jl ods edgfrjs y, jl jo kfsd cj dtrds pdkds, jo MLI sj ef ditjlm ditjlmcd cd cj of ifsj cj cftds cj Xrmlkmpfojs Xrmlkmpfojs Fgrjgfcds Fgrjgfcds cjoo [L cj [LF F cj of DL DLZ. Z. Cj td tdcf cfss nd ndr` r`fs fs,, td tdcf cfvà vàf f jx jxms mstj tjl l jl jldr dr`j `jss of ofgu gulf lfss jstfcà jst fcàstm stmkfs kfs,, mlk mlkous ousd d jl ærjf ærjfss ùy iæs iæsmkfs mkfs cj ods mlc mlcmkfc mkfcdrjs drjs cj cjs cjsfrrd frrdood ood eu`fld. Fulquj sj fidguj fktmvf`jltj pdr `jbdrfr of kfomcfc cj ods cftds sdirj jo cjsfrrdood eu`fld, tfltd kd`d prmlkmpmds kd`d pdr rfzdljs præktmkfs, of Dnmkmlf cjo Mlndr`j sdirj Cjsfrrdood Eu`fld ld rjkdgj cmrjktf`jltj ods cftds cj ods pfàsjs m`pomkf of pdsmimomcfc cj rjuimkfr rjkursds efkmf jo cjsfrrdood eu`fld.

ettp2//ecr.ulcp.drg/js/kdltjlt/jo-%K;%FClcmkj-cj-cjsfrrdood-eu`fld-mce ettp2//js.wmampjcmf.drg/wmam/%K;%5ClcmkjTcjTcjsfrrdoodTeu`fld ettp2//www.ulcp.drg.`x/M@G/pcn/MlcmkjTcjTCjsfrrdoodTEu`[email protected]

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;.3.9 MLCMKJ CJ ;.3.9 ÀLCMKJ CJ CJ[FYYDOOD CJ[FYYDOOD [DKMFO [DKMFO

Jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo js ul prdkjsd cj `jbdrf`mjltd j mgufofkmûl cj ofs kdlcmkmdljs gjljrfojs cj imjljstfr cj of pdiofkmûl quj pjr`mtj ulf `jbdr kfomcfc cj vmcf y of rjcukkmûl smglmnmkftmvf jl ofs irjkefs jxmstjltjs jl ofs cm`jlsmdljs jkdlû`mkf, sdkmfo, fìmjltfo, pdoàtmkf y kuoturfo, jl pfrtmkuofr, jl fspjktds kd`d fom`jltfkmûl, sfouc, jcukfkmûl, vmvmjlcf, j`pojd, sfofrmds y sjgurmcfc sdkmfo, jltrj dtrds.

Jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo tfìmíl sj kdlkjptufomzf kd`d ul kf`mld cj prdgrjsd efkmf lmvjojs cj vmcf `æs jojvfcds kd`d ods pfræ`jtrds kdrrjspdlcmjltjs f sdkmjcfcjs cj `fydr cjsfrrdood, kdl ulf `fydr mgufocfc cj dpdrtulmcfcjs y of kdlsjkukmûl cj ods cjrjkeds eu`flds iæsmkds. Fulquj sj fkjptf quj jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo cjij fcjkufrsj fcjkufrs j f ofs kdlcmkmdljs kdlcmkmdljs sdkmdj sdkmdjkdlû` kdlû`mkfs mkfs jspjkànmkfs jspjkànmkfs cj kfcf pfàs, tfìm tfìmíl íl jxms jx mstj tjl l

fogu fo guld ldss u` uìr irfo fojs js ml mltj tjrl rlfk fkmd mdlf lfoj ojss

kdls kd lsmc mcjr jrfc fcds ds ‟` ‟`jt jtfs fs sd sdkm kmfo fojs js

cjsjfiojs‐.

[m imjl jxmstjl cmnjrjltjs mltjrprjtfkmdljs, gjljrfo`jltj jo odgrd cjo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo supdlj of cms`mlukmûl cj of pdirjzf y of cjsmgufocfc jl jo mlgrjsd. Jo cjsfrrd cjs frrdood ood sdkm sdkmfo fo tf` tfìmí imíl l m`p m`pomk omkf f ulf vfo vfodrfk drfkmûl mûl cj ods fsp fspjkt jktds ds pds pdsmtm mtmvds vds f cmnjrjlkmf cmnjrj lkmf cj ods kdlkjpt kdlkjptds ds quj cjstfk cjstfkfl fl of pfrtj ljgftmvf ljgftmvf d cj rjzfgds sdkmfojs kd`d ods cj pdirjzf, `frgmlfkmûl, jxkousmûl d cjsmgufocfc. Jstj js ul kfìmd cj jlndquj fo pdljr jo fkjltd jl ofs `jbdrjs kdlcmkmdljs cj vmcf, fisdoutfs d rjoftmvfs.

Jl jo `frkd cjo jlndquj cj ods Cjrjkeds Eu`flds cj sjgulcf gjljrfkmûl, jstfio jst fiojkm jkmcds cds jl jo Xfk Xfktd td Mlt Mltjrlf jrlfkmd kmdlfo lfo ods Cjrj Cjrjked kedss Jkd Jkdlû` lû`mkd mkds, s, [dk [dkmfo mfojs js y Kuototurf Ku urfojs ojs (CJ (CJ[K [K), ), sj jlk jlkujl ujltr trfl fl od odss cj cjrjk rjked edss fo tr trfi fifb fbd, d, of nd ndr` r`fk fkmû mûl l cj smlcmkftds, of sjgurmcfc sdkmfo, of sfouc, of fom`jltfkmûl, of jcukfkmûl prm`frmf y sjkulcfrmf grftumtf, jo vjstmcd, of vmvmjlcf, of fsmstjlkmf `ícmkf y ods sjrvmkmds sdkmfojs sdkmfo js ljkjsfrmds pfrf odgrfr ulf vmcf cmglf. Of `fydrà `fydràf f cj jstds cjrjkeds sj pujcjl uimkfr jl jo jspfkmd gjdgrænmkd fulquj ld smj`prj jxmstj of mlndr`fkmûl ljkjsfrmf pfrf jofidrfr jstf rjprjsjltfkmûl. Kdl jo rjkdldkm`mjltd buràcmkd cj jstds cjrjkeds sdkmfojs, fsà kd`d su ku`pom`mjltd sj kdlsdomcf of ldkmûl cjo Jstfcd [dkmfo cj Cjrjked. Jl jo prdkjsd cj kdlsjkukmûl cjo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo jo pfpjo cjo Jstfcd rjsuotf nulcf`jltfo kd`d prd`dtdr y kddrcmlfcdr cj ofs fkkmdljs cj ods fktdrjs sdkmfojs, pòiomkds y prmvfcds. Jo Jstfcd fcqumjrj ul pfpjo kjltrfo pfrf gfrfltmzfr ods `jkflms`ds cj rjcmstrmiukmûl cj of rmqujzf sdkmfo efkmf ods grupds sdkmfojs y ods jspfk js pfkmd mdss gj gjdgr dgræn ænmk mkds ds qu quj j sj jlk jlkuj ujlt ltrf rfl l jl cjs cjsvj vjlt ltfb fbf f d fo `f `frgj rgjl l cj od odss ijljnmk ijlj nmkmds mds cjo cjsf cjsfrrdo rrdood. od. Jst Jstj j rdo js jst jstrft rftígm ígmkd kd nrj nrjltj ltj f ofs cjs cjsmgu mgufoc focfcjs fcjs sdkmd sdk mdjk jkdlû dlû`m `mkf kfss em emst stûr ûrmk mkfs fs d kd kdyu yult ltur urfo fojs js qu quj, j, kd kdì ìml mlfc fcfs fs jl jo tmtmj` j`pd, pd, prdcukjl irjkefs gjdgrænmkfs quj om`mtfl ofs dpkmdljs pfrf `jbdrfr of kfomcfc cj vmcf cj of pdiofkmûl y fnjktfl jo cjsfrrdood lfkmdlfo.

Xfrf fogulds futdrjs, jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo, js cjkmr, ‟jo prdkjsd cj prd`dkmûl cjo imjljstfr cj ofs pjrsdlfs ‛sj cjij cfr- jl kdlbulkmûl kdl ul prdkjsd cmlæ`mkd cj cjsfrrdood jkdlû`mkd‐ (@mcgojy, 6==:). Jo krjkm`mjltd jkdlû`mkd sj fsu`j jltdlkjs kd`d ulf kdlcmkmûl ljkjsfrmf, fulquj ld sunmkmjltj, pfrf fokflzfr jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo. ] tfìmíl sj oof`f of ftjlkmûl sdirj of kfomcfc cj cmked krjkm`mjltd, krjkm` mjltd, jl jo sjltm sjltmcd cd cj quj ístj sjf mlkouyjltj, mlkouyjltj, jqumtftmvd y quj kdltrmiuyf fo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo, fsm`ms`d sj mlkdrpdrf su kfræktjr sustjltfioj.

Jl @í @íxm xmkd, kd, od odss cj cjrjk rjkeds eds sd sdkm kmfo fojs js nu nulc lcf` f`jl jltf tfoj ojss js jstæ tæl l js jstf tfio iojk jkmc mcds ds jl of Kdlstmtukmûl Xdoàtmkf cj 6=67, jl pfrtmkuofr jl ods frtàkuods ;¸, 3¸, 9: y 69;, fsà kd`d jl ofs sukjsmvfs rjndr`fs f of prdtjkkmûl sdkmfo. Ld distfltj, efy cmskusmûl sdirj of ndr`f cj gfrfltmzfr jo ku`pom`mjltd cj tfojs cjrjkeds y sdirj ods uìrfojs `àlm`ds kdrrjspdlcmjltjs f kfcf uld cj joods. Jl ods tír`mlds cj of Ojy cj Cjsfrrd Cjsfrrdood ood [dkmfo cjo Cmstrmtd Njcjrfo, Frtàkuod Frtàkuod ;, Nrfkkmû Nrfkkmûl l ^M, jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo ‟js jo prdkjsd cj rjfomzfkmûl cj ods cjrjkeds cj of pdiofkmûl `jcmfltj jo kufo sj nd`jltf jo `jbdrf`mjltd mltjgrfo cj ofs kdlcmkmdljs y kfomcfc cj vmcf‐ (Gfkjtf Dnmkmfo CN, 9888).

ettp2//www.jvfouf.cn.gdi.`x/nmojs/mlcmkj/mlcTmln.pcn ettp2/www.mtjskf`.jcu.`x/prmlkmpfo/syofius/npci/rjkursds/r5>:39.XXS

Xuiomkfcd pdr Jskjlfrmd sdkmd-kuoturfo jl 6;26= 6;26=   Jlvmfr pdr kdrrjd jojktrûlmkdJskrmij jojktrûlmkdJskrmij ul iodgKd`pfrtmr iodgKd`pfrtmr kdl Swmttjr Kd`pfrtmr Kd`pfrtmr kdl NfkjiddaKd`pfrtmr jl Xmltjrjst NfkjiddaKd`pfrtmr Xmltjrjst Ld efy kd`jltfrmds2 Xuiomkfr ul kd`jltfrmd ;.3.9 MLCMKJ CJ CJ[FYYDOOD [DKMFO ;.3.9 ÀLCMKJ CJ CJ[FYYDOOD [DKMFO

Jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo js ul prdkjsd cj `jbdrf`mjltd j mgufofkmûl cj ofs kdlcmkmdljs gjljrfojs cj imjljstfr cj of pdiofkmûl quj pjr`mtj ulf `jbdr kfomcfc cj vmcf y of

rjcukkmûl smglmnmkftmvf jl ofs irjkefs jxmstjltjs jl ofs cm`jlsmdljs jkdlû`mkf, sdkmfo, fìmjltfo, pdoàtmkf y kuoturfo, jl pfrtmkuofr, jl fspjktds kd`d fom`jltfkmûl, sfouc, jcukfkmûl, vmvmjlcf, j`pojd, sfofrmds y sjgurmcfc sdkmfo, jltrj dtrds.

Jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo tfìmíl sj kdlkjptufomzf kd`d ul kf`mld cj prdgrjsd efkmf lmvjojs cj vmcf `æs jojvfcds kd`d ods pfræ`jtrds kdrrjspdlcmjltjs f sdkmjcfcjs cj `fydr cjsfrrdood, kdl ulf `fydr mgufocfc cj dpdrtulmcfcjs y of kdlsjkukmûl cj ods cjrjkeds eu`flds iæsmkds. Fulquj sj fkjptf quj jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo cjij fcjkufrsj fcjkufrs j f ofs kdlcmkmdljs kdlcmkmdljs sdkmdj sdkmdjkdlû` kdlû`mkfs mkfs jspjkànmkfs jspjkànmkfs cj kfcf pfàs, tfìm tfìmíl íl jxms jx mstj tjl l

fogu fo guld ldss u` uìr irfo fojs js ml mltj tjrl rlfk fkmd mdlf lfoj ojss

kdls kd lsmc mcjr jrfc fcds ds ‟` ‟`jt jtfs fs sd sdkm kmfo fojs js

cjsjfiojs‐.

[m imjl jxmstjl cmnjrjltjs mltjrprjtfkmdljs, gjljrfo`jltj jo odgrd cjo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo supdlj of cms`mlukmûl cj of pdirjzf y of cjsmgufocfc jl jo mlgrjsd. Jo cjsfrrd cjs frrdood ood sdkm sdkmfo fo tf` tfìmí imíl l m`p m`pomk omkf f ulf vfo vfodrfk drfkmûl mûl cj ods fsp fspjkt jktds ds pds pdsmtm mtmvds vds f cmnjrjlkmf cmnjrj lkmf cj ods kdlkjpt kdlkjptds ds quj cjstfk cjstfkfl fl of pfrtj ljgftmvf ljgftmvf d cj rjzfgds sdkmfojs kd`d ods cj pdirjzf, `frgmlfkmûl, jxkousmûl d cjsmgufocfc. Jstj js ul kfìmd cj jlndquj fo pdljr jo fkjltd jl ofs `jbdrjs kdlcmkmdljs cj vmcf, fisdoutfs d rjoftmvfs.

Jl jo `frkd cjo jlndquj cj ods Cjrjkeds Eu`flds cj sjgulcf gjljrfkmûl, jstfio jst fiojkm jkmcds cds jl jo Xfk Xfktd td Mlt Mltjrlf jrlfkmd kmdlfo lfo ods Cjrj Cjrjked kedss Jkd Jkdlû` lû`mkd mkds, s, [dk [dkmfo mfojs js y Kuototurf Ku urfojs ojs (CJ (CJ[K [K), ), sj jlk jlkujl ujltr trfl fl od odss cj cjrjk rjked edss fo tr trfi fifb fbd, d, of nd ndr` r`fk fkmû mûl l cj smlcmkftds, of sjgurmcfc sdkmfo, of sfouc, of fom`jltfkmûl, of jcukfkmûl prm`frmf y sjkulcfrmf grftumtf, jo vjstmcd, of vmvmjlcf, of fsmstjlkmf `ícmkf y ods sjrvmkmds

sdkmfojs js ljkjsfrmds pfrf odgrfr ulf vmcf cmglf. Of `fydrà `fydràf f cj jstds cjrjkeds sj sdkmfo pujcjl uimkfr jl jo jspfkmd gjdgrænmkd fulquj ld smj`prj jxmstj of mlndr`fkmûl ljkjsfrmf pfrf jofidrfr jstf rjprjsjltfkmûl. Kdl jo rjkdldkm`mjltd buràcmkd cj jstds cjrjkeds sdkmfojs, fsà kd`d su ku`pom`mjltd sj kdlsdomcf of ldkmûl cjo Jstfcd [dkmfo cj Cjrjked. Jl jo prdkjsd cj kdlsjkukmûl cjo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo jo pfpjo cjo Jstfcd rjsuotf nulcf`jltfo kd`d prd`dtdr y kddrcmlfcdr cj ofs fkkmdljs cj ods fktdrjs sdkmfojs, pòiomkds y prmvfcds. Jo Jstfcd fcqumjrj ul pfpjo kjltrfo pfrf gfrfltmzfr ods `jkflms`ds cj rjcmstrmiukmûl cj of rmqujzf sdkmfo efkmf ods grupds sdkmfojs y ods jspfk js pfkmd mdss gj gjdgr dgræn ænmk mkds ds qu quj j sj jlk jlkuj ujlt ltrf rfl l jl cjs cjsvj vjlt ltfb fbf f d fo `f `frgj rgjl l cj od odss ijljnmk ijlj nmkmds mds cjo cjsf cjsfrrdo rrdood. od. Jst Jstj j rdo js jst jstrft rftígm ígmkd kd nrj nrjltj ltj f ofs cjs cjsmgu mgufoc focfcjs fcjs sdkmd sdk mdjk jkdlû dlû`m `mkf kfss em emst stûr ûrmk mkfs fs d kd kdyu yult ltur urfo fojs js qu quj, j, kd kdì ìml mlfc fcfs fs jl jo tmtmj` j`pd, pd, prdcukjl irjkefs gjdgrænmkfs quj om`mtfl ofs dpkmdljs pfrf `jbdrfr of kfomcfc cj vmcf cj of pdiofkmûl y fnjktfl jo cjsfrrdood lfkmdlfo.

Xfrf fogulds futdrjs, jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo, js cjkmr, ‟jo prdkjsd cj prd`dkmûl cjo imjljstfr cj ofs pjrsdlfs ‛sj cjij cfr- jl kdlbulkmûl kdl ul prdkjsd cmlæ`mkd cj cjsfrrdood jkdlû`mkd‐ (@mcgojy, 6==:). Jo krjkm`mjltd jkdlû`mkd sj fsu`j jltdlkjs kd`d ulf kdlcmkmûl ljkjsfrmf, fulquj ld sunmkmjltj, pfrf fokflzfr jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo. ] tfìmíl sj oof`f of ftjlkmûl sdirj of kfomcfc cj cmked krjkm`mjltd, krjkm` mjltd, jl jo sjltm sjltmcd cd cj quj ístj sjf mlkouyjltj, mlkouyjltj, jqumtftmvd y quj kdltrmiuyf fo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo, fsm`ms`d sj mlkdrpdrf su kfræktjr sustjltfioj.

Jl @í @íxm xmkd, kd, od odss cj cjrjk rjkeds eds sd sdkm kmfo fojs js nu nulc lcf` f`jl jltf tfoj ojss js jstæ tæl l js jstf tfio iojk jkmc mcds ds jl of Kdlstmtukmûl Xdoàtmkf cj 6=67, jl pfrtmkuofr jl ods frtàkuods ;¸, 3¸, 9: y 69;, fsà kd`d jl ofs sukjsmvfs rjndr`fs f of prdtjkkmûl sdkmfo. Ld distfltj, efy cmskusmûl sdirj of ndr`f cj gfrfltmzfr jo ku`pom`mjltd cj tfojs cjrjkeds y sdirj ods

uìrfojs `àlm`ds kdrrjspdlcmjltjs f kfcf uld cj joods. Jl ods tír`mlds cj of Ojy cj Cjsfrrd Cjsfrrdood ood [dkmfo cjo Cmstrmtd Njcjrfo, Frtàkuod Frtàkuod ;, Nrfkkmû Nrfkkmûl l ^M, jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo ‟js jo prdkjsd cj rjfomzfkmûl cj ods cjrjkeds cj of pdiofkmûl `jcmfltj jo kufo sj nd`jltf jo `jbdrf`mjltd mltjgrfo cj ofs kdlcmkmdljs y kfomcfc cj vmcf‐ (Gfkjtf Dnmkmfo CN, 9888).

ettp2//www.jvfouf.cn.gdi.`x/nmojs/mlcmkj/mlcTmln.pcn ettp2/www.mtjskf`.jcu.`x/prmlkmpfo/syofius/npci/rjkursds/r5>:39.XXS

Xuiomkfcd pdr Jskjlfrmd sdkmd-kuoturfo jl 6;26= 6;26=   Jlvmfr pdr kdrrjd jojktrûlmkdJskrmij jojktrûlmkdJskrmij ul iodgKd`pfrtmr iodgKd`pfrtmr kdl Swmttjr Kd`pfrtmr Kd`pfrtmr kdl NfkjiddaKd`pfrtmr Nfkjidda Kd`pfrtmr jl Xmltjrjst Xmltjrjst Ld efy kd`jltfrmds2 Xuiomkfr ul kd`jltfrmd ;.3.9 MLCMKJ CJ CJ[FYYDOOD [DKMFO ;.3.9 ÀLCMKJ CJ CJ[FYYDOOD [DKMFO

Jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo js ul prdkjsd cj `jbdrf`mjltd j mgufofkmûl cj ofs kdlcmkmdljs gjljrfojs cj imjljstfr cj of pdiofkmûl quj pjr`mtj ulf `jbdr kfomcfc cj vmcf y of rjcukkmûl smglmnmkftmvf jl ofs irjkefs jxmstjltjs jl ofs cm`jlsmdljs jkdlû`mkf, sdkmfo, fìmjltfo, pdoàtmkf y kuoturfo, jl pfrtmkuofr, jl fspjktds kd`d fom`jltfkmûl, sfouc, jcukfkmûl, vmvmjlcf, j`pojd, sfofrmds y sjgurmcfc sdkmfo, jltrj dtrds.

Jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo tfìmíl sj kdlkjptufomzf kd`d ul kf`mld cj prdgrjsd efkmf lmvjojs cj vmcf `æs jojvfcds kd`d ods pfræ`jtrds kdrrjspdlcmjltjs f sdkmjcfcjs cj `fydr cjsfrrdood, kdl ulf `fydr mgufocfc cj dpdrtulmcfcjs y of kdlsjkukmûl cj ods cjrjkeds eu`flds iæsmkds. Fulquj sj fkjptf quj jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo cjij fcjkufrsj fcjkufrs j f ofs kdlcmkmdljs kdlcmkmdljs sdkmdj sdkmdjkdlû` kdlû`mkfs mkfs jspjkànmkfs jspjkànmkfs cj kfcf pfàs, tfìm tfìmíl íl jxms jx mstj tjl l

fogu fo guld ldss u` uìr irfo fojs js ml mltj tjrl rlfk fkmd mdlf lfoj ojss

kdls kd lsmc mcjr jrfc fcds ds ‟` ‟`jt jtfs fs sd sdkm kmfo fojs js

cjsjfiojs‐.

[m imjl jxmstjl cmnjrjltjs mltjrprjtfkmdljs, gjljrfo`jltj jo odgrd cjo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo supdlj of cms`mlukmûl cj of pdirjzf y of cjsmgufocfc jl jo mlgrjsd. Jo cjsfrrd cjs frrdood ood sdkm sdkmfo fo tf` tfìmí imíl l m`p m`pomk omkf f ulf vfo vfodrfk drfkmûl mûl cj ods fsp fspjkt jktds ds pds pdsmtm mtmvds vds f cmnjrjlkmf cj ods kdlkjpt cmnjrjlkmf kdlkjptds ds quj cjstfk cjstfkfl fl of pfrtj ljgftmvf ljgftmvf d cj rjzfgds sdkmfojs kd`d ods cj pdirjzf, `frgmlfkmûl, jxkousmûl d cjsmgufocfc. Jstj js ul kfìmd cj jlndquj fo pdljr jo fkjltd jl ofs `jbdrjs kdlcmkmdljs cj vmcf, fisdoutfs d rjoftmvfs.

Jl jo `frkd cjo jlndquj cj ods Cjrjkeds Eu`flds cj sjgulcf gjljrfkmûl, jstfio jst fiojkm jkmcds cds jl jo Xfk Xfktd td Mlt Mltjrlf jrlfkmd kmdlfo lfo ods Cjrj Cjrjked kedss Jkd Jkdlû` lû`mkd mkds, s, [dk [dkmfo mfojs js y Kuototurf Ku urfojs ojs (CJ (CJ[K [K), ), sj jlk jlkujl ujltr trfl fl od odss cj cjrjk rjked edss fo tr trfi fifb fbd, d, of nd ndr` r`fk fkmû mûl l cj smlcmkftds, of sjgurmcfc sdkmfo, of sfouc, of fom`jltfkmûl, of jcukfkmûl prm`frmf y sjkulcfrmf grftumtf, jo vjstmcd, of vmvmjlcf, of fsmstjlkmf `ícmkf y ods sjrvmkmds sdkmfojs sdkmfo js ljkjsfrmds pfrf odgrfr ulf vmcf cmglf. Of `fydrà `fydràf f cj jstds cjrjkeds sj pujcjl uimkfr jl jo jspfkmd gjdgrænmkd fulquj ld smj`prj jxmstj of mlndr`fkmûl ljkjsfrmf pfrf jofidrfr jstf rjprjsjltfkmûl. Kdl jo rjkdldkm`mjltd buràcmkd cj jstds cjrjkeds sdkmfojs, fsà kd`d su ku`pom`mjltd sj kdlsdomcf of ldkmûl cjo Jstfcd [dkmfo cj Cjrjked.

Jl jo prdkjsd cj kdlsjkukmûl cjo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo jo pfpjo cjo Jstfcd rjsuotf nulcf`jltfo kd`d prd`dtdr y kddrcmlfcdr cj ofs fkkmdljs cj ods fktdrjs sdkmfojs, pòiomkds y prmvfcds. Jo Jstfcd fcqumjrj ul pfpjo kjltrfo pfrf gfrfltmzfr ods `jkflms`ds cj rjcmstrmiukmûl cj of rmqujzf sdkmfo efkmf ods grupds sdkmfojs y ods jspfk js pfkmd mdss gj gjdgr dgræn ænmk mkds ds qu quj j sj jlk jlkuj ujlt ltrf rfl l jl cjs cjsvj vjlt ltfb fbf f d fo `f `frgj rgjl l cj od odss ijljnmk ijlj nmkmds mds cjo cjsf cjsfrrdo rrdood. od. Jst Jstj j rdo js jst jstrft rftígm ígmkd kd nrj nrjltj ltj f ofs cjs cjsmgu mgufoc focfcjs fcjs sdkmd sdk mdjk jkdlû dlû`m `mkf kfss em emst stûr ûrmk mkfs fs d kd kdyu yult ltur urfo fojs js qu quj, j, kd kdì ìml mlfc fcfs fs jl jo tmtmj` j`pd, pd, prdcukjl irjkefs gjdgrænmkfs quj om`mtfl ofs dpkmdljs pfrf `jbdrfr of kfomcfc cj vmcf cj of pdiofkmûl y fnjktfl jo cjsfrrdood lfkmdlfo.

Xfrf fogulds futdrjs, jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo, js cjkmr, ‟jo prdkjsd cj prd`dkmûl cjo imjljstfr cj ofs pjrsdlfs ‛sj cjij cfr- jl kdlbulkmûl kdl ul prdkjsd cmlæ`mkd cj cjsfrrdood jkdlû`mkd‐ (@mcgojy, 6==:). Jo krjkm`mjltd jkdlû`mkd sj fsu`j jltdlkjs kd`d ulf kdlcmkmûl ljkjsfrmf, fulquj ld sunmkmjltj, pfrf fokflzfr jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo. ] tfìmíl sj oof`f of ftjlkmûl sdirj of kfomcfc cj cmked krjkm`mjltd, krjkm` mjltd, jl jo sjltm sjltmcd cd cj quj ístj sjf mlkouyjltj, mlkouyjltj, jqumtftmvd y quj kdltrmiuyf fo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo, fsm`ms`d sj mlkdrpdrf su kfræktjr sustjltfioj.

Jl @í @íxm xmkd, kd, od odss cj cjrjk rjkeds eds sd sdkm kmfo fojs js nu nulc lcf` f`jl jltf tfoj ojss js jstæ tæl l js jstf tfio iojk jkmc mcds ds jl of Kdlstmtukmûl Xdoàtmkf cj 6=67, jl pfrtmkuofr jl ods frtàkuods ;¸, 3¸, 9: y 69;, fsà kd`d jl ofs sukjsmvfs rjndr`fs f of prdtjkkmûl sdkmfo. Ld distfltj, efy cmskusmûl sdirj of ndr`f cj gfrfltmzfr jo ku`pom`mjltd cj tfojs cjrjkeds y sdirj ods uìrfojs `àlm`ds kdrrjspdlcmjltjs f kfcf uld cj joods. Jl ods tír`mlds cj of Ojy cj Cjsfrrd Cjsfrrdood ood [dkmfo cjo Cmstrmtd Njcjrfo, Frtàkuod Frtàkuod ;, Nrfkkmû Nrfkkmûl l ^M, jo cjsfrrdood sdkmfo ‟js jo prdkjsd cj rjfomzfkmûl cj ods cjrjkeds cj of pdiofkmûl `jcmfltj jo kufo sj nd`jltf jo `jbdrf`mjltd mltjgrfo cj ofs kdlcmkmdljs y kfomcfc cj vmcf‐ (Gfkjtf Dnmkmfo CN, 9888).

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Jo jlkfrgfcd cj rjfomzfrofs jl ofs grflcjs urijs, js jo sjktdr prmvfcd, y jl pfrtj jo Jstfcd pdr mltjr`jcmd cjo @ulmkmpmd. Jstj `dcjod kjltrf su jlndquj jl kdlstrumr dirfs y jcmnmkmds quj sftmsnfgfl of cj`flcf ml`jcmftf y gjljrjl gflflkmfs jkdlû`mkfs1 ld td`f jl kujltf ulf vmsmûl cj nuturd1 sdod ulf vmsmûl cj kdrtd pofzd1 ld prjví pdr jbj`pod ods rmjsgds quj m`pomkf kdlstrumr jcmnmkmds ml`jlsds jl zdlfs sàs`mkfs1 sml sjrvmkmds cj fguf y kdojktdrjs pfrf cjsfgÿj sunmkmjltjs.

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Jpmcj`mdodgàf 6.- Jl jpmcj`mdodgàf, jo jstmod cj vmcf, eæimtd cj vmcf d ndr`f cj vmcf js ul kdlbultd cj kd`pdrtf`mjltds d fktmtucjs quj cjsfrrdoofl ofs pjrsdlfs, quj f vjkjs sdl sfoucfiojs y dtrfs vjkjs sdl ldkmvfs pfrf of sfouc. Jl ods pfàsjs cjsf cj sfrr rrd doooofc fcds ds ods js jsttmomods ds cj vmc mcf f pd pdkd kd sf sfou oucf cfio iojs js kf kfus usfl fl lu lu`j `jrd rdsf sfss jlnjr` jln jr`jcf jcfcjs. cjs. Cjl Cjltrd trd cjo trm trmælg ælguod uod jpm jpmcj` cj`mdo mdoûgmk ûgmkd d kfu kfusflt sfltj j cj jln jlnjr`j jr`jcfc cfc,, jstfràf mlkoumcd cjltrd cjo nfktdr euíspjc.  Kdlsu`d cj sustflkmfs tûxmkfs2 tfifkd, fokdedo y dtrfs crdgfs.  Jbjrkmkmd nàsmkd.  [ujöd ldkturld.  Kdlcukkmûl cj vjeàkuods.  Jstrís.  Cmjtf.  Emgmjlj pjrsdlfo.  @flmpuofkmûl cj ods fom`jltds.  Fktmvmcfcjs cj dkmd d fnmkmdljs.  Yjofkmdljs mltjrpjrsdlfojs.  @jcmd fìmjltj.  Kd`pdrtf`mjltd sjxufo.            

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Gjdgrænmkf`jltj ul f` fìm imjl jltj tj ru rurf rfoo kd kdlt ltrf rf ul ulf f `j `jtr trûp ûpdo domm ur urif iflf lf kr krjf jfrà ràf f rjsuotfcds cmnjrjltjs. Jstj nfktdr js od `æs m`pdrtfltj pdrquj cjltrd cjo æìmtd urifld ul ifrrmd pfrtmkuofr sj kd`pdrtf kd`d ul nfktdr cjkmsmvd cjimcd f vfrmfcds lmvjojs cj fnoujlkmf y prdxm`mcfc f jspfkmds fimjrtds. Xdr jbj`pod jl ofs rjgmdljs kdl prdxm`mcfc prdxm`mcfc fo `fr, ulf kuoturf d ul jstmod cj vmcf cj surnjfr jstæl prjsjltjs nrjk nr jku ujl jlttj` j`jl jlttj. Jo kd kdlk lkj jpt ptd d cj gj gjst stmû mûl l cj js jsttmod cj vm vmcf cf ef kr krjk jkmc mcd d ifstfltj`jltj jl of òotm`f cíkfcf cjimcd fo jlndquj jl of `fljrf jl quj vmvm`ds Jo cj cjsf sfnà nàd d cj cjoo `f `fra rajt jtml mlg g cj kdldkjr y jltjlcjr fo komjltj tfl imjl quj jo prdcuktd d sjrvmkmd sj fcjkòj cj `fljrf pjrtmljltj f ístj y sj vjlcf sdod, kd`d od pr prdp dpdl dlàf àfl l od odss ko koæs æsmk mkds ds cj cjoo `f `fra rajt jtml mlg, g, js ul ulf f kd kdls lstf tflt ltj j qu quj j cj cj`f `flc lcf f jstrftjgmfs jstrft jgmfs y `jtdc `jtdcdodgà dodgàfs fs `æs jnmkf jnmkfkjs kjs pfrf krjfr y `fltjl `fltjljr jr mltjrkfìmds mltjrkfìmds quj sftmsnfgfl cj `fljrf rjkàprdkf dibjtmvds cj ods kdlsu`mcdrjs y cj ofs j`prjsfs. Jstmod Jst odss cj vm vmc cf Jl of sjg jg`j `jlt ltfk fkmmûl cj `j `jrrkf kfc cds cj kd kdls lsu` u`d d , of sjg`jltfkmûl pmktdgrænmkf cmvmcj f ods kd`prfcdrjs jl cmnjrjltjs grupds, kdl ifsj jl su jstmod cj vmcf, pjrsdlfomcfc y vfodrjs. Jl of kdlcuktf cj kd`prf cj ods kdlsu kd lsu`m `mcd cdrjs rjs sj rjk rjkdl dldk dkj j qu quj j ml mlnonouyj uyjl l nf nfkt ktdr drjs js tf tfoj ojss kd kd`d `d od odss ku kuototur urfoj fojs, s, sdkmfojs, pjrsdlfojs y psmkdoûgmkds, kdl ods kufojs sj pujcj kdlndr`fr jo `dcjod cj kdlcuktf cjo kd`prfcdr. Jltrj ods nfktdrjs pjrsdlfojs jstæ jo oof`fcd jstmod cj vmcf. Jo jstmod cj vmcf sj cjnmlj kd`d ‟jo pftrûl cj vmcf cj of pjrsdlf jl jo ùlcd, jxprjsfcd jl sus fktmvmcfcjs, mltjrjsjs y dpmlmdljs. Jo jstmod cj vmcf ùjstrf f of pjrsdlf jltjrf, mltjrfktuflcd kdl su jltdrld‐. Jo kdlkjptd cj jstmod cj vmcf ‟iuskf prdvjjr cj smglmnmkfcd gjljrflcd pftrdljs cj kd`pdrtf`mjltd, mcjltmnmkflcd fspmrfkmdljs cjo kdlsu`mcdr y nfktdrjs cj cjkmsmûl j`pojfcds jl of jojkkm jojkkmûl cj ods prdcuktds‐. prdcuktds‐ . [j cjnmlj cjnml jjlods jstmods s cj vmcf kd`d ‟ods `dcds cj vmvmr cj odsûl kdlsu`mcdrjs quj sj rjnojbfl susjstmod fktmtucjs, mltjrjsjs y dpmlmdljs‐.

Jstmods cj vmcf sustjltfiojs  Jvmtfr y rjcukmr rjsmcuds, y fu`jltfr of rjutmomzfkmûl y jo rjkmkofbj.  Gjstmdlfr y trftfr rjsmcuds cj fkujrcd kdl ods krmtjrmds cj iujlfs præktmkfs  Jvmtfr jo kdlsu`d cj jljrgàf mlljkjsfrmd y `jbdrfr of jnmkmjlkmf jl jo usd nmlfo cj of jljrgàf.  Kd`prd`jtjrsj f efkjr fcqumsmkmdljs sdstjlmiojs  

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Of ojgfomcfc supdlj, fcj`æs, jl tír`mlds cj`dkrætmkds, of mgufocfc cj tdcds ods kmucfcflds fltj of ojy. Of ojy prjtjlcj ulmvjrsfomzfr cjrjkeds y diomgfkmdljs y ldr`fr, jl jstj kfsd, of vmcf pdoàtmkf. Jsf mgufocfc fltj of ojy -quj trfskmjlcj ofs cmnj cm njrjl rjlkm kmfs fs cj rm rmqu qujz jzf, f, pr prdp dpmj mjcf cfc, c, sj sjxd, xd, rjo rjomg mgmû mûl, l, mc mcjd jdod odgà gàff- rd rd`p `pj j kd kdl l od odss prmvmojgmds jstf`jltfojs y kdrpdrftmvds cj ofs sdkmjcfcjs prj-`dcjrlfs y prj cj`dkrætmkfs, kdlstruyjlcd ulf lujvf nmgurf2 jo kmucfcfld.

Jsf mgufocfc buràcmkf quj ld fkfif kdl ofs cjsmgufocfcjs rjfojs (y quj fogulfs kdrrmjltjs efl kdlsmcjrfcd, pdr jood, ulf `jrf nmkkmûl), js jo ifsf`jltd f pfrtmr cjo kufo sj pujcj kdlstrumr ul jltrf`fcd cj`dkrætmkd sdpdrtfcd pdr edìrjs y ùbjrjs quj fcqumjrjl su rjkdldkm`mjltd kd`d kmucfcflds.

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KMZC KM ZCFC FCFL FLÀF ÀF Jl js jsj j `f `frkd rkd,, jo pr prjs jsupu upujs jstd td iæ iæsm smkd kd js qu quj j jx jxms mstj tjl l jl ul ulf f sdkmjcfc `dcjrlf edìrjs kdl kfpfkmcfc cj cmskjrlmr rfkmdlfo`jltj jltrj ofs dnjrtfs quj sj ojs prjsjltfl, quj pujcjl kdltrmiumr kdl su dpmlmûl f of td`f cj fkujrcds, quj joods `ms`ds pujcjl fgrupfrsj pfrf pfrtmkmpfr jl ods fsultds pòiomkds pòiomk ds y quj kd`d mlcmvmcuds mlcmvmcuds gdzfl cj ulf sjrmj cj cjrjkeds. Jl ulf pfofirf, quj ods mlcmvmcuds sdl kdlsmcjrfcds kmucfcflds. Of nf`momfrmcfc quj jstf pfofirf ef fcqumrmcd efkj pjlsfr quj ods kmucfcflds smj`prj efl jxmstmcd.

[ml jìfrgd, pfrjkj ljkjsfrmd suirfyfr quj of kdlstrukkmûl cj kmucfcflds js ul prdkjsd emstûrmkd quj prjkmsf`jltj sj jlgfrzf kdl of `dcjrlmcfc y tmjlj su kfifo jxprjsmûl jl ul rígm`jl cj`dkrætmkd. Jo kmucfcfld, pmjcrf cj tdquj cjo jcmnmkmd cj`d cj `dkræ krætmtmkd, kd, tmtmjl jlj j ul ulf f sj sjrmj rmj cj cj cjrj rjke keds ds y di diomomgf gfkm kmdl dljs js22 cj cjrj rjked kedss km kmvm vmoj ojs, s, pdoàoàtmtmkd pd kdss y sd sdkm kmfo fojs js,, y di diomomgfk gfkmd mdljs ljs jl js jsds ds tr trjs js tj tjrrj rrjld lds. s. Od Odss rj rjgà gà`j `jlj ljss futdrmtfrmds prjkmsf`jltj suprm`jl fogulds d tdcds ods cjrjkeds kmucfcflds. Fsà, ld js rfrd quj ods gdopjs `momtfrjs, fsdlfcfs y kufrtjofzds sjfl ml`j ml `jcm cmft ftf` f`jl jltj tj su sukj kjcm cmcd cdss pd pdrr of supr suprjs jsmû mûl l cj fo fogu guld ldss cj od odss cj cjrj rjke keds ds kmuc km ucfc fcfld fldss iæ iæsm smkds kds,, pd pdrr jb jbj` j`po pod, d, jo cj cjrj rjked ked cj rju rjulm lmûl, ûl, cj fs fsdk dkmf mfkm kmûl ûl,, cj puiomkfkmûl, jtkítjrf. F cmnjrjlkmf cj dtrds rjgà`jljs, cdlcj ods mlcmvmcuds sdl kdlsmcjrfcds kdlsmc jrfcds sm`pojs jlgrflfbjs jlgrflfbjs pfrf of rjprdcu rjprdcukkmûl kkmûl cjo drcjl m`pjrfltj, m`pjrfltj, jl of cj`dkrfkmf ístds gdzfl cj ulf sjrmj cj gfrfltàfs quj sdl kdlsustflkmfojs f of ndr`f cj drgflmzfkmûl cj`dkrætmkf.

Jo nf`dsd pdoàtmkd irmtælmkd Wmlstdl Keurkemoo cmbd ulf vjz2 ‟of cj`dkrfkmf js of pjdr ndr`f cj gdimjrl gdimjrld, d, jxkjptd tdcfs ofs cj`æs quj sj efl prdifcd. prdifcd.‐‐ Jstf kmtf pfrjkj tjljr fogòl `írmtd edy jl càf, kdl tdcds ods prdioj`fs fpfrjltj`jltj sml sdoukmûl jl jo ùlcd y ofs krmsms. [ml jìfrgd, f pjsfr cj ods prdioj`fs cj edy, jo pfsfcd nuj cjnmlmcd pdr ods `dlfrkfss quj sj prjdkupfif pdkd pdr sus sòicmtds, yf quj jstd prdpfgd gujrrf `dlfrkf kdlstfltj. Ods oàcjrjs cj edy jl jo ùlcd dkkmcjltfo pdr od `jlds sdl ul pdkd `fss rj `f rjsp spdls dlsfi fioj ojss flt fltj j su suss km kmuc ucfcf fcflds lds.. Of cj cj`d `dkrf krfkm kmf f sj `j `jlk lkmd mdlf lf kdl nrjkujlkmf kd`d ulf pmjcrf flguofr cj of sdkmjcfc dkkmcjltfo.

F pjsfr cj quj td`f ndr`fs omgjrf`jltj cmnjrjltjs jl ougfrjs cmnjrjltjs, su prmlkmpfo dibjtmvd js cfr f tdcds ods kmucfcflds jl ul jstfcd pfrtmkuofr, ulf vdz jl kû`d su pfàs sj gdimjrlf. Jstd js sdirj tdcd nrjkujltj jl of ndr`f cj jojkkmdljs, cdlcj ods kmucfcflds vdtfl pdr ods oàcjrjs pdoàtmkds quj smjltjl quj efkjl jo `jbdr trfifbd.

Fulquj ld js pjrnjktd, smguj smjlcd jo smstj`f pdoàtmkd `æs mlkousmvd cj of emstdrmf y cjijl sjr prdtjgmcds kdl jo nml cj gfrfltmzfr ul nuturd `æs jqumtftmvd. Jo kdlkjptd kdlkjpt d cj ‟kmucf ‟kmucfcflàf‐ cflàf‐ js f `jlucd kdlsmcjrfcd kdlsmcjrfcd kd`d ul fspjktd m`pdrtfltj cj ulf cj`dkrfkmf jl nulkmdlf`mjltd fcjkufcd. Ods cds nmoûsdnds pdoàtmkds kdltj`pdræljds Wmoo Ayòmkaf y Wfylj Ldr`fl mlcmkfl ods kuf kuftrd trd joj` joj`jlt jltds ds cj of kmu kmucfcf cfcflàf làf22 of kmu kmucfc cfcflà flàf f kd` kd`d d jst jstftu ftuss ojg ojgfo, fo, of kmucfcflàf kd`d of mcjltmcfc, of kmucfcflàf kd`d of sdomcfrmcfc y of kmucfcflàf kd`d vmrtuc kàvmkf. Of kmucfcflàf kd`d jstftus ojgfo sugmjrj quj pfrf tdcds ods kmucfcflds cj ul pfàs jl pfrtmkuofr sj efl cjtjr`mlfcd ods cjrjkeds y cjijrjs kmvmojs quj jstæl prdtjgmcds pdr of ojy.

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Of kmucfcflàf kd`d ulf vmrtuc kàvmkf m`pomkf quj tdcds ods kmucfcflds tmjljl ulf pfrtj d fkkmûl cj ulf cjtjr`mlfcf sdkmjcfc, y pdr od tfltd cjij ku`pomr kdl kmjrtds cjrjkeds y rjspdlsfimomcfcjs kd`d `mjìrds fktmvds cj jstj grupd. Jstd mlkouyj fyucfr jl ofs kdùlmcfcjs, jo tmj`pd cj trfifbd vdoultfrmd, d cj vdtfkmûl curfltj ofs jojkkmdljs. Kdl jo nml cj sjr ul kmucfcfld jxmtdsd jl of sdkmjcfc, of pjrsdlf cjij fsjgurfrsj cj quj ku`pojl kdl kfcf joj`jltd cj of kmucfcflàf. [ml jìfrgd, jl ul ùlcd kfcf vjz `æs godifomzfcd, of kmucfcflàf ld sûod cjij cjtjljrsj cjtjlj rsj jl ofs nrdltjrfs cj su pfàs. Jo tír`mld ‟kmucfcflàf ‟kmucfcflàf godifo‐ sj rjnmj rjnmjrj rj fo kdlkjptd cj of pfz jl dtrfs pfrtjs cjo pofljtf, y fktmvf`jltj quj ofs fkkmdljs cj uld ld mlnrmlbfl ods cjrjkeds cj ods cj`æs jl tdcd jo ùlcd. Vuj rjprjsjltf ulf prjdkupfkmûl ítmkf pdr tdcf of eu`flmcfc, y of kd`prjlsmûl cj quj tdcds ods sjrjs eu`flds jstæl kdljktfcds y kd`pfrtmr ul nuturd kd`òl jl jo pofljtf tmjrrf.

Xfrf sjr ul kmucfc kmucfcfld fld cjo ùlcd, ulf vjz cjij `dstrfr prjdkupfkmûl prjdkupfkmûl fktmvf pdr jo kdlnomktd jl jo ùlcd y pfrtmkmpfr jl fktmvmcfcjs pfrf fomvmfr fogulds cj ods prdioj`fs cjo ùlcd. Fulquj ulf cj ofs ndr`fs `æs jvmcjltjs cj ku`pomjlcd kd`d ul kmucfcfld godifo m`pomkfràf jo vdoultfrmfcd jl ofs zdlfs pdirjs cjo ùlcd, smld quj tfìmíl pdcràf mlkoumr kdsfs tfl sm`pojs kd`d of rjcukkmûl cj lujstrf eujoof cj kfridld d of kd`prf cj prdcuktds prdcukmcds ítmkf`jltj.

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tdc tdcds ds ods m`p m`pomk omkfcd fcds, s, mls mlstmt tmtukmd ukmdljs, ljs, tík tíklmk lmkds ds y pdi pdiofk ofkmûl mûl,, pjr pjrd d kdl ojl ojlgufb gufbjs js fcfptfcds. Kddrcmlfkmûl2 [ml kddrcmlfkmûl ld efy mltjrvjlkmûl kdùlmtfrmf. Kfcf fktdr sdkmfo cjkmcj su lmvjo y pdsmimomcfcjs cj m`pomkfkmûl1 mltjgrælcdsj f od quj yf sj vmjlj vmj lj efk efkmjl mjlcd cd cjsc cjscj j dtr dtrds ds æì æìmtd mtdss (pò (pòiom iomkds kds,, prm prmvfc vfcds, ds, drgf drgflmz lmzfkm fkmdljs dljs ld guijrlf`jltfojs, jtk.) jvmtflcd cj jstf `fljrf supjrpdsmkmdljs y pdr od tfltd, ul cjimomtf`mjltd tfltd cj ofs jstrftjgmfs kd`d cj ods rjkursds. Xfrf gfrfltmzfr of kdltml kdl tmlumc umcfc, fc, of m`p m`pomk omkfkm fkmûl ûl js cjo rjku rjkursd rsd d mls mlstmt tmtukmû ukmûl l ld cj ofs pjrs pjrsdlfs dlfs.. Of kddrcmlfkmûl cjo pjrsdlfo tíklmkd cjij kdltfr kdl jo fpdyd cj of Mlstmtukmûl f of quj pjrtjljkj. Xfrt Xf rtmk mkmp mpfk fkmû mûl l km kmucf ucfcf cflf, lf, kd kd`d `d pr prdk dkjs jsd d y kd kd`d `d kj kjsm smûl ûl cj pd pdcj cjr2 r2 Jo pdsmkmdlfrlds kd`d kmucfcflds, kdl cjrjkeds y cjijrjs, js od quj pjr`mtj of 

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pdsmimomcfc pfsfrcjsfrrdood, cj sjr ulcjo «kdlsu`mcdr± cj prjstfkmdljs f uldrgflmzfcf. kmucfcfld fgjltj cj sucjprdpmd kmucfcfld mlcmvmcufo ulf pdiofkmûl Jstd Js td m` m`po pomk mkf f ul pr prm` m`jr jr `d `dvm vm` `mj mjlt ltd d fo ml mlttjr jrld ld cj od odss jq jqum umpd pdss cj sf sfou ouc. c. Ćjnjlcj`ds Ćjnj lcj`ds lujstrds cjrjkeds kd`d trfifb trfifbfcdrjs4 fcdrjs4 ´[d`ds kfpfkjs cj pfsfr cj of qujbf f of fkkmûl4 Jo prdkjsd kdùlmtfrmd js kd`pojbd y cmnàkmo, fpfrjkjl distækuods tíklmkds y `jtdcdoûgmkds rjofkmdlfcds kdl ulf jskfsf ndr`fkmûl jl jstf tj`ætmkf pdr pfrtj cj ùkeds trfifbfcdrjs cjo æìmtd cj sfouc, y kdl jo quj sj prjtjlcj pdljr jl `frkef fkkmdljs quj vfl f kdltrfkdrrmjltj cjo `dcjod m`pjrfltj. Ofs cmnmkuotfcjs jlkdltrfcfs jl kfcf ulf cj ofs jtfpfs sj pujcjl mr sdoukmdlflcd f pfrtmr cjo trfifbd y kdofidrfkmûl cj tdcfs ofs pjrsdlfs m`pomkfcfs jl jo prdkjsd y of kdlvmkkmûl cj jstfr cjsfrrdooflcd ul trfifbd sjrmd y kdl rmgdr.

Cj jstf `fljrf sj jltmjlcj quj fqujood quj js distækuod d kdlnomktd ùkefs vjkjs js of dpdrtulmcfc dpdrtulmcfc cj rjpjlsfr fkkmdljs fkkmdljs y cj lujvds pdsmkmdlf`mjltd pdsmkmdlf`mjltdss quj pjr`mtjl fvflzfr efkmf mltjrvjlkmdljs `æs jnjktmvfs. Mltjrvjlkmûl, Of psmkdodgàf, y jl gjljrfo dtrfs cmskmpomlfs, iuskfl sdoukmdlfr prdioj`fs u dptm`mzfr prdkjsds f pfrtmr cj ulf sjrmj cj prdkjcm`mjltds oojvfcds f kfid smstj`ætmkf`jltj. Jstj prdk pr dkjs jsd d sj pu pujc jcj j kd kd`p `prj rjlc lcjr jr kd kd`d `d 'm'mlt ltjr jrvj vjlk lkmû mûl' l'.. Fu Fulq lquj uj of ld ldkm kmûl ûl cj "mltjrvjlkmûl" ef smcd fsdkmfcf f ndr`fs cj kdlstrukkmûl rjofkmdlfojs fsdkmfcfs fo `dcjod jxpjrtd/cjstmlftfrmd, jo tír`mld jxprjsf ods `dcjods cj jstrftjgmfs `æs utmomzfcds jl ods quj of "mltjrvjlkmûl jxtjrlf" prdcukj kfìmds. Kf`pds cj "mltjr "ml tjrvjlk vjlkmûl mûl"" Xrdy Xrdyjkt jktds ds sdkm sdkmfoj fojss (Cjs (Cjsfrrd frrdood ood [dk [dkmfo mfo Odk Odkfo, fo, sdkm sdkmdjkd djkdlû` lû`mkd, mkd, kuotur kuo turfo fo y psmk psmkdsd dsdkmf kmfo) o) Xrd Xrdyjkt yjktds ds cj Kdls Kdlstru trukkm kkmûl ûl cj Kmu Kmucfc cfcflà flàf. f. (Jq (Jqumc umcfc, fc, pfrtmkmpfkmûl kdùlmtfrmf, cjsfrrdood cj rjcjs sdkmfojs y kdùlmtfrmfs). F pjsfr cj ods `fydrjs prdioj`fs quj jlnrjltf jo ùlcd sdl cj lfturfojzf godifo, of `jbdr `fljrf cj fsjgurfr ul nuturd jqumtftmvd y jo cjsfrrdood sdstjlmioj

js f trfvís cj ulf pdoàtmkf cj rjodkfomzfkmûl y cj rjdrmjltfkmûl cj of kdùlmcfc. Yjodkfomzfk Yjodkf omzfkmûl mûl smglmnmkf of mltjg mltjgrfkmûl rfkmûl cj of pfrtmkmpfkmûl pfrtmkmpfkmûl odkfo jl of gdijrlf gdijrlflzf lzf y of ndrùofkmûl cj pdoàtmkfs y fsjgurfr quj ofs kdùlmcfcjs tjlgfl vdz jl ul ùlcd turiuojltd y ùkefs vjkjs kfûtmkd. Cjspuís cj tdcd, pjrsdlfs odkfojs kdldkjl su uimkfkmûl gjdgrænmkf y fsà jstæl `æs mltjrjsfcds jl nd`jltfr jo cjsfrrdood, quj js kdlskmjltj cj sus mltjrjsjs. [ml jìfrgd, jl ul ùlcd kfcf vjz `æs godifo, js tfìmíl m`pdrtfltj `fltjljr ulf pjrspjktmvf godifo sdirj of pfrtmkmpfkmûl cj of kdùlmcfc. Sdcd jsnujrzd cjij efkjr ef kjrsj sj pf pfrf rf kd kdls lsjg jgum umrr qu quj j od odss ef efim imtf tflt ltjs js od odkfo kfojs js f pj pjlsf lsfrr tf tflt ltd d sd sdirj irj of kdùlmcfc jl quj vmvjl y jo ùlcd quj ojs rdcjf. [j ojs cjij flm`fr f pjlsfr jl kû`d kdltrmiumr f of jkdld`àf ùlcmfo y kû`d sus fkkmdljs `frkfl of cmnjrjlkmf. Zlf irjvj `mrfcf f kû`d ofs odkfomcfcjs dpjrfl fedrf lds pujcj cfr jspjrflzfs pfrf jo nuturd. F pjsfr cj quj of kddpjrfkmûl mltjrlfkmdlfo pfrjkj cmnàkmo cj fokflzfr y ods gdimjrlds ld efl smcd kfpfkjs cj mltjgrfr pojlf`jltj of sdstjlmimomcfc jl sus pdoà pd oàtm tmkf kfs, s, ofs km kmuc ucfc fcjs js ef efl l pf pfsf sfcd cd f pr prm` m`jr jr po pof fld kd kdl l fo fogu gulf lfss mc mcjf jfss vjrcfcjr vjrc fcjrf`jl f`jltj tj prd prdgrjs grjsmst mstf. f. Jl kfc kfcf f kmu kmucfc cfc jl pfrt pfrtmku mkuofr, ofr, kd` kd`d d ^fl ^flkdu kduvjr, vjr, Xdrtoflc, Sdrdltd y Kdpjlefguj, sj efl nmbfcd `jtfs fìmkmdsfs pfrf odgrfr of sdstjlmimomcfc jl ofs prûxm`fs cíkfcfs. Jl pfrtmkuofr, of cj Kdpjlefguj ef cj`dstrfcd ul grfl kd`prd`msd jl of oukef kdltrf jo kfìmd kom`ætmkd, y sj ef nmbfcd jo dibjtmvd cj odgrfr of ljutrfomcfc cjo kfridld tdtfo jl jo föd 989:. Js cjkmr, Kdpjlefguj pdlj jl præktmkf pdoàtmkfs cj mlvjrtmr jl mlnrfjstrukturf pfrf fsjgurfr quj ld vf f fu`jltfr of fcmkmûl cj kfridld f of ft`ûsnjrf jl jo föd 989:. Sfìmíl ef mlmkmfcd prdyjktds cj ods Lmöds Idsquj Kom`ætmkd, quj rjòlj f ods lmöds jl jcfc jskdofr pfrf pofltfr æridojs kfcf föd - efstf jo `d`jltd 5,666 ærido ær idojs js ef efl l sm smcd cd po poflt fltfc fcds ds.. Km Kmucf ucfcjs cjs kd` kd`d d Kd Kdpjl pjlef efgu guj, j, puj pujcj cj sj sjrvm rvmrr cj mlspmrfkmûl pfrf efkjr nrjltj f ods cjsfnàds quj jlnrjltf`ds, y rjvjof kû`d kfcf odkfomcfc, cj ejked, pujcj odgrfr kfìmds curfcjrds pfrf jo ùlcd nuturd. Xfrtj cj jstj jsnujrzd cjij mlkoumr of rjodkfomzfkmûl cj fogulds cj ods prmlkmpmds quj ej`ds efiofcd fltjrmdr`jltj jl jstf Zlmcfc. Zld cj ods prmlkmpmds `æs m`pdrtfltjs js gfrfltmzfr quj jo `jcmd fìmjltj cjij sjr tjlmcd jl kujltf fcjku fc jkufc fcf` f`jl jltj tj kd kd`d `d od odss sj sjrj rjss eu` eu`fl flds ds kdl kdltmtmlò lòfl fl cjs cjsfrr frrdo dooæ oælc lcds dsj. j. Js Jstd td smglmnmkf nd`jltfr ofs fktmvmcfcjs quj fyucfl fo `jcmd fìmjltj (kd`d of `jbdrf cj of jnmkmjlkmf jljrgítmkf) y pjlfomzflcd ofs fktmvmcfcjs quj pjrbucmkfl jo `jcmd fìmjltj (kd`d ods rjsmcuds d of kdltf`mlfkmûl quj j`mtjl). [ml j` [ml jìf ifrg rgd, d, of ofss j` j`pr prjsf jsfss pu pujcj jcj tj tjlj ljrr ul sj sjlt ltmc mcd d jk jkdl dlû` û`mk mkd d rjc rjcuk ukmr mr od odss rjsmcuds. Jstj js jo kfsd cdlcj ods futdrjs Xfuo Efwajl, F`dry Odvmls, Eultjr Odvmls prjsjltfl su kdlkjptd cj ‟Lfturfo Kfpmtfoms`‐. Kfpmtfoms`d lfturfo smglmnmkf vfodrfr cjimcf`jltj ods sjrvmkmds cj ods jkdsmstj`fs d jo kfpmtfo lfturfo cjo `jcmd

fìmjltj (vm`ds irjvj`jltj jo kfpmtfo lfturfo jl jo tj`f 9.>) j m`mtfr jo kmkod lfturfo. Xdr jbj`pod, kuflcd ul ærido kfj jl jo idsquj, ld js mlòtmo. Jl su ougfr, sj cjskd`pdlj y fpdrtf lutrmjltjs pfrf jo sujod pfrf oojgfr f sjr òtmo pfrf dtrfs pofltfs. Efwajl, Odvmls y Odvmls frgu`jltfl quj ofs j`prjsfs pujcjl fedrrfr cmljrd `jcmfltj of rjcukkmûl cj rjsmcuds y jo rjkmkofbj cj ods prdcuktds sdirfltjs jl dtrf kdsf quj sjf òtmo. Xdr jbj`pod, ofs j`prjsfs quj `jbdrjl su jnmkmjlkmf jljrgítmkf fedrrfl cmljrd jl sus nfkturfs cj jljrgàf. Fulquj jo kfpmtfoms`d lfturfo js f `jlucd prjsjltfcd jl jo ùlcd cj ods ljgdkmds kd`d ul mcjfo pfrf jo cjsfrrd cjsfrrdood ood sdstjlmioj, sdstjlmioj, ofs mcjfs kjltrfo kjltrfojs js cj of mltjgr mltjgrfkmûl fkmûl cjo `jcmd fìmjltj fìmjltj jl of fktmvmcfc eu`flf sj pujcj m`poj`jltfr jl kufoqumjr ougfr. Jo ùlcd sj jlnrjltf fktufo`jltj f grfvjs prdioj`fs fìmjltfojs y sdkmfojs quj pfrjkjl sjr smstj`ætmkf`jltj frrfmgfcds jl jo cjsfrrdood eu`fld. F nml cj odgrfr ul nut utur urd d `æs sd sdst stjl jlmi mioj oj,, of ofss fk fkttmv mvmmcf cfcj cjss eu eu`f `flf lfss cj cjij ijl l cfr ku kujl jlttf fcjkufcf`jltj cj jo `jcmd fìmjltj y oukefr pdr ulf cmstrmiukmûl `æs jqumtftmvf cj of rmqujzf jl tdcd jo ùlcd. Xfrtj cj of `fljrf cj odgrfr jstd js f trfvís cj ul jsnujrzd cj of rjodkfomzfkmûl j mltjgrfr `æs of pfrtmkmpfkmûl cj of kdùlmcfc. Ld sûod sdl ofs kdùlmcfcjs cjijl jstfr imjl jqumpfcfs pfrf omcmfr kdl ods prdioj`fs prdioj `fs quj ojs fnjktfl `æs, joofs cjijl jstfr imjl prjpfrfcds pfrf efkjr ul m`pfktd jl jo ùlcd jl su oukef pdr odgrfr jo cjsfrrdood sdstjlmioj.

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