HNRMTGN1 Jndgfgbn Jndgfgbnbms bms Bgrmktgvns GG. ENKGFGRNBLT1 @unbnfupm Hmfçcbmz Îfvnrmz NF]HCN1 NF ]HCN1 Bmhmtrgl. Ncn Krgstgcn Knfgxtl ]CGBNB RMHNRGKN GGG1 Enkuftnhgmctl y Bmfm`nkgûc. RTNDNAL[1 l Knsls _rîktgkls bm Enkuftnhgmctl. bm Bmfm`nkgûc bmf Rrndnal. l Knsls _rîktgkls bm l Kunbrl Klhpnrntgvl1 Enkuftnhgmctl y Bmfm`nkgûc.
Klfnsj sldrm fls enktlrms qum gcjgdmc mc mf Enkuftnhgmctl.
l
2tl.. [MHM[ 2tl [MHM[RTM RTM
@T]_L1 @T]_L1 ‖N‘
Cl. BM KLCRTLF1 KLCRTLF1 >00>??>= EMKJN1
Aucgl bm 4?>7
GCBGKM.
Gctrlbukkgûc……………………………………………………………………….. ; Knsls prîktgkls blcbm uc bgrmktgvl npfgqum mf Enkuftnhgmctl…......……...… 2 Knsls prîktgkls blcbm uc bgrmktgvl npfgqum fn bmfm`nkgûc bmf trndnal……… 5 Kunbrl klhpnrntgvl mstndfmkgmcbl fns bgemrmckgns mctrm mf Enkuftnhgmctl W Bmfm`nkgûc………………….…………………………………………………… : Klffn`m sldrm fls enktlrms qum gcjgdmc mf Enkuftnhgmctl …….……………… 7 Klckfusgûc……………………………………………………………………… .… >? èn………………………………………………………..…………… .… Dgdfgl`rne èn………………………………………………………..……………
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4
GCRTLB]KKGÛC.
Enkuftnhgmctl sg`cgegkn prlplrkglcnr fgdmrtnb n fns pmrslcns pnrn rmnfgznr klc çxgtl fl qum mffls bmsmmc, hîs qum jnkmrfls qum jn`nc fl qum Ymf bgrmktgvlX qugmrm.‘
(Pjmttmc & Knhmrlc, 4??=, p. 2?>). Nf jndmr enkuftnhgmctl mf klfndlrnblr tgmcbm n1 [mctgr gctmrçs y pnsgûc plr fns tnrmns nsg`cnbns, fns klcsgbmrn kmrkncns n sus prlpgls gbmnfms y mstîcbnrms, krmm qum plsmm fns knpnkgbnbms y fns klhpmtmckgns pnrn rmnfgznrfns, sgmctmc qum slc mffls qugmcms bmkgbmc sldrm fn rmnfgznkgûc bm fns hgshns, tgmcmc klctrlf sldrm fls rmsuftnbls bm msns nktgvgbnbms y plr mffl fl`rnrîc fls ldamtgvls prlpumstls (Pjmttmc & Knhmrlc, 4??=) W fn bmfm`nkgûc bmf trndnal gckfuym fn nktgvgbnb bm trndnal n ltrns pmrslcns, y ms ucn
nktgvgbnb gcjmrmctmhmctm rmfnkglcnbn klc fns plsgkglcms bgrmktgvns.‘ (Pjmttmc &
Knhmrlc, 4??=, p. 2>7) Bmctrl bm ucn lr`ncgznkgûc l gcstgtukgûc fn bmfm`nkgûc drgcbn vmctnans pnrn dmcmegkgl mctrm mffns mstîc1
Bmctrl bmf enkuftnhgmctl sm pumbm bmfm`nr nutlrgbnb n fls mhpfmnbls pnrn qum tlhmc bmkgsglcms tmcbmckgnfms pnrn plbmr fl`rnr fn sntgsenkkgûc bm fls kfgmctms qum ntgmcbmc l fn ldtmckgûc bm fls ldamtgvls mstndfmkgbls, sgc cmkmsgbnb bm rmkurrgr n klcsuftnrr klc cgvmfms supmrglrms. klcsuftn
;
Kn Knsls sls
prîktgkls p rîktgkls blcbm bl cbm uc bgrmktgvl npfgqum npfgqu m mf mf enkuftnhgmctl.
Knsl >1 Krmnkgûc bm Klcegnczn. Mc fn mhprmsn ‖Klkn klfn‘ fls mhpfmnbls trndnanc bèn n bèn pnrn plbmr tmcmr ucn knctgbnb bm prlbuktls y snknrfls n fn vmctn pnrn plbmr tmcmr hîs prlbuktgvgbnb prlbuktgvgb nb pmrl bmctrl bm fn mhprmsn mf mcknr`nbl bm uc îrmn tgmcm mf tmhlr bm rmplrtnr nf`ucns gcqugmtubms qum ffm`nc n sukmbmr plrqum tmhm n qum fl rm`nþmc m gckfusl ffm`umc n klrrmr bm fn mhprmsn y mstl prlvlkn qum ffm`umc n sukmbmr klsns qum cl dmcmegkgmc n fn mhprmsn y sm ffm`umc n krmnr klcefgktls, pnrn mffl mf bgrmktgvl fl hncbn n ffnhnr pnrn pfntgknr klc mf mcknr`nbl sldrm fns gcqugmtubms qum sukmbmc bm ucn elrhn pnkèegkn bm tnf hncmrn qum mf mcknr`nbl mstm mc uc nhdgmctm bm klcegnczn pnrn plbmr trndnanr mc klcauctl klc mf bgrmktgvl y nsè plbmr bnr sus lpgcglcms auctl n sus klhpnþmrls bm trndnal pnrn plbmr nyubnrfms n tlhnr dumcns bmkgsglcms y jnkmr qum fn mhprmsn euckglcm nbmkunbnhmctm y tmc`n hîs prlbukkgûc klc uc nhdgmctm bm trndnal pnkèegkl y nbmkunbl.
2
Knsl 41 _rlplrkgûc bm Gcelrhnkgûc. Mc ucn lr`ncgznkgûc mf bgrmktgvl duskn n ucl bm sus pmrslcnfms qum `ustm rmnfgznr uc trndnal, mf kunf bgkjl trndnal ms bm suhn ghplrtnckgn, yn qum klc fn nyubn bm msm trndnal sm tlhnrnc bmkgsglcms pnrn plbmr nuhmctnr fn prlbuktgvgbnb y plbmr gcclvnr bm tnf hncmrn qum sm krmmc dmcmegkgls n envlr bm tlbl mf pmrslcnf pnrn trndnanr mc uc nhdgmctm bm trndnal krmntgvl, pnrn msl mf bgrmktgvl bmdm drgcbnr y mstnr nsm`urnbl bm qum nf mhpfmnbl sm fm bm tlbn fn gcelrhnkgûc rmfmvnctm y rmqumrgbn pnrn plbmr rmnfgznr fn nktgvgbnb, mstl nyubnrn mc `rnc pnrtm nf mhpfmnbl pnrn qum pumbn smr pnrtgkgpm mc fn tlhn bm bmkgsglcms y sm `mcmrm klcegnczn n sè hgshl, yn qum mf trndnal fl mstî jnkgmcbl plr `ustl prlpgl y cl plr ldfg`nkgûc y klcelrhm vnyn nvnczncbl klc mf trndnal sm vnyn rmplrtncbl nf bgrmktgvl pnrn qum bm mstn hncmrn sm rmvgsm, y sg jny gcelrhnkgûc cumvn qum gctm`rnr sm jn`n klc fn egcnfgbnb bm qum nf egcnf bmf trndnal tlbn fn gcelrhnkgûc mstm gctm`rnbn y cl enftm cnbn y sm prmvmc`n qum sukmbnc hnfls mctmcbgbls l gcqugmtubms qum ffm`umc n krmnr klcsmkumckgns l prldfmhns bmctrl bm fn lr`ncgznkgûc, mstl nyubn tnhdgçc mc `rnc pnrtm nf mhpfmnbl bm hncmrn qum sm vnyn hlbmfncbl bm elrhn nbmkunbn nbmkun bn y klrrmktn y plr mcbm smr pnrtgkgpm mc fns nktgvgbnbms krmncbl uc `rnc nhdgmctm bm klcegnczn ffm`ncbl n ldtmcmr mf çxgtl, klhl tnhdgçc nyubn n qum fls pmrslcnfms elhmctmc y tmc`nc mxpmrgmckgns cumvns y mstl fls nfgmctm n trndnanr mc mqugpl bm ucn hncmrn nbmkunbn.
=
Kn Knsls sls
prîktgkls p rîktgkls blcbm bl cbm uc bgrmktgvl npfgqum npfgqu m fn bmfm`n bmfm`nkgûc kgûc bmf trndnal.
Knsl >1 Bmfm`nkgûc mc elrhn klcsgstmctm. Fn mhprmsn Nbgbns mstî krmncbl cumvls hlbmfls bm prmcbns bm vmstgr pnrn plbmr ffmvnrfns nf hmrknbl pmrl burnctm fn smhncn su hlbgstn suergû uc nkkgbmctm y plr msm hltgvl cl plbrî trndnanr burnctm vnrgls hmsms y mf bgrmktgvl cl pumbm pnrnr l bmanr njè mf trndnal qum mstîc rmnfgzncbl y pnrn plbmr slfukglcnrfl bmfm`n n ucl bm sus mhpfmnbls pnrn plbmr dusknr dusknr n uc cumvl hlbgstn qum fls nyubm n tmrhgcn tmrhgcnrr mf trndnal qum sm mstî rmnfgzncbl y nsè cl ntrnsnrsm pnrn sm`ugr klc mffl, mf mhpfmnbl qum sm mfg`gû bmdm bm dusknr nf hmalr kncbgbntl pnrn plbmr tmrhgcnr mf trndnal y pnrn msl rmnfgzn ucn smfmkkgûc mctrm tlbls fls kncbgbntls mf ñcgkl gcklcvmcgmctm ms qum nf qum sm bmfm`û pnrn rmnfgznr mf trndnal fm gcklhlbn mstnr duskncbl dusk ncbl pmrslcnfms pmrl klhl su trndnal ms msl, tgmcm qum nsuhgr fn rmsplcsndgfgbnb y dusknr fns hmalr prlpumstn y kuhpfgr bm elrhn nbmkunbn su trndnal y plbmr klctgcunr klc mf trndnal qum sm tgmcm bmsbm uc prgckgpgl.
5
Knsl 41 Bmfm`nkgûc klhpfmtnhmctm.
Fn klhpnþèn bm ‖Humdfms [.N bm K.U. ‘ cmkmsgtn rmnfgznr uc gcelrhm sldrm fns vmctns qum sm jnc rmnfgznbl burnctm tlbl mf nþl mf bgrmktgvl cl pumbm rmnfgznr bgkjl bgkj l gcelrhm yn qum tgmcm qum vgnanr n fn kgubnb bm Hçxgkl n kmrrnr nf`ucns klctrntls klc ucls gcvmrsglcgstns pnrn msl bmfm`n n ucl bm sus mhpfmnbls pnrn plbmr rmnfgznr mf gcelrhm qum ms bm suhn ghplrtnckgn yn qum klc mf blkuhmctl sm tlhnrnc bmkgsglcms pnrn ghpfmhmctnr cumvns klsns bmctrl bm fn mhprmsn y plr msl ms ghplrtnctm qum mf mhpfmnbl qum fl rmnfgkm kuhpfn klc kgmrtls rmqugsgtls y kuhpfn klc msn `rnc rmsplcsndgfgbnb bm tnf hncmrn qum mf gcelrhm mstm rmnfgznbl bm elrhn nbmkunbn y mxkmfmctm pnrn mffl mf bgrmktlr nctms bm grsm mhpgmzn n rmnfgznr ucn smrgm bm nktgvgbnbms y prumdns pnrn plbmr smfmkkglcnr nbmkunbnhmctm nf gcbgknbl , nf kunf sm fm gcbgknrnc y drgcbnrî tlbn fn gcelrhnkgûc cmkmsnrgn, nsè klhl nf`ucns rmklhmcbnkglcms y kgmrtns rmstrgkkglcms pnrn qum nf egcnf sm fm gcelrhm nf bgrmktgvl sldrm mf rmsuftnbl egcnf y bm mstn hncmrn smn pnrtgkgpm mc fn tlhn bm bmkgsglcms bm fn mhprmsn. Nf rmnfgznr fn bmfm`nkgûc bmf trndnal nyubn n qum mf pmrslcnf bm trndnal sm hltgvm y smn mf prûxghl mc nyubnr nf bgrmktgvl n rmnfgznr nf`ñc trndnal qum smn bm `rnc ghplrtnckgn.
0
Kun Kunbrl brl
klhpnrntgvl mstndfmkgmcbl fns bgemrmckgns bgemrmckgns mctrm mf Enkuf En kuftnhgmctl tnhgmctl y Bmfm`nkgûc. Enkuftnhgmctl
[m fms pprlplrkglcn rlplrkglcn fgdmrtnb n fns pmrslcns pnrn rmnfgznr klc çxgtl fl qum mffls bmsmnc. Fls mhpfmnbls enkuftnbls slc hîs emfgkms y prlbuktgvls. Nyubn n qum fn lr`ncgznkgûc pmrhncmzkn efmxgdfm y sm nbnptm n fls knhdgls. _rlvlkn qum fls `mrmctms sm sgmctnc nhmcnznbls y fl klcsgbmrnc ucn pçrbgbn bm plbmr. Nyubn
n bmsnrrlffnr uc smctghgmctl bm klcegnczn pmrslcnf. Nyubn n supmrnr smctghgmctls bm ghpltmckgn. Fls mhpfmnbls rmnfgznc sus nktgvgbnbms plrqum sm sgmctmc ntrnèbls y cl ldfg`nbls. _nrn fn mhprmsn sm rmbukmc fls klstls bm fn mstrukturn, nsè klhl tnhdgçc njlrrn tgmhpl y `mstgûc.
_mrhgtm pltmckgnr knpnkgbnbms `mrmckgnfms. Ms nbnptndfm, efmxgdfm y nutûclhn. Kmbm mf klctrlf y pmrhgtm qum fls bmhîs tlhmc bmkgsglcms.
Bmfm`nkgûc
uc prlkmsl plr mf sm fm Ms nsg`cn nktgvgbnbms bmkunf trndnal,
rmsplcsndgfgbnbms y nutlrgbnb n gcbgvgbuls bmctrl bm ucn lr`ncgznkgûc. [m elhmctn fn klhpmtmckg klhpmtmckgnn mctrm fls mhpfmnbls. Gckrmhmctn fn kllrbgcnkgûc m gctm`rnkgûc bmf trndnal bmctrl bm ucn lr`ncgznkgûc l mhprmsn. Elhmctn fn gctm`rnkgûc bmf trndnal hmbgnctm fn kllrbgcnkgûc bm uc `mrmctm hncmrn qumsus njlrrnc tgmhplbmpnrn rmnfgznr trndnals. Nyubn n bmsnrrlffnr mf klclkghgmctl bm fls mhpfmnbls gckrmhmctncbl su klhprlhgsl. Jny ucn bmhlstrnkgûc bm klcegnczn mctrm fls mhpfmnbls y mf `mrmctm. Fls mhpfmnbls tgmcbmc n smr ldfg`nbls n rmnfgznr sus nktgvgbnbms pnrn plbmr kuhpfgr klc susn trndnals. Nyubn fls bgrmktgvls n kuhpfgr klc hîs trndnal bmf qum plbrènc fl`rnr. Nuhmctn fn megkgmckgn bm fns bmkgsglcms y hmhlrnc fn tlhn bm bmkgsglcms.
:
Klffn`m
sldrm fls enktlrms qum gcj gdmc mf En Enkuftnhgmctl. kuftnhgmctl.
7
KLCKF][GÛC.
Mf enkuftnhgmctl sg`cgegkn nyubnr n bmsnrrlffnr mc fls bmhîs uc smctgbl bm nutlmegknkgn, nutlbmtmrhgcnkgûc, klctrlf pmrslcnf, sg`cgegknbl y rmsplcsndgfgbnb. Mf mctlrcl bm cm`lkgls nktunf cl ms pnrtgkufnrhmctm klhpntgdfm klc fls prgckgpgls bmf enkuftnhgmctl bgrmktgvl. Bmdgbl n fns kgrkucstnckgns turdufmctns, klhpfmans y klhpmtgtgvns qum hukjns lr`ncgznkglcms mcermctnc, fls bgrmktgvls klc ermkumckgn mxpmrghmctnc hmclr tmcbmckgn nf enkuftnhgmctl hîs qum hnylr. Kuncbl fls bgrmktgvls sm sgmctmc nhmcnznbls, sm vumfvmc rè`gbls y dusknc hnylr klctrlf sldrm sus mhpfmnbls, cl hmclr. [gc mhdnr`l, sgc mhpfmnbls enkuftnbls, fns lr`ncgznkglcms cl pumbmc tmcmr çxgtl n fn fnr`n.
Rnhdgçc ms ghplrtnctm qum bmctrl ucn mhprmsn u lr`ncgznkgûc sm smpn bmfm`nr n fls mhpfmnbls bm hncmrn nbmkunbn pnrn qum klc mf pnsl bmf tgmhpl sm krmm dmcmegkgls y cl mxgstnc prldfmhns l gcqugmtubms pnrn qum bm mstm hlbl fn mhprmsn sg`n hnrkjncbl dgmc y pumbn tmcmr hîs prlbuktgvgbnb. _lr fl qum ms ghplsgdfm pnrn uc bgrmktgvl rmnfgznr tlbl mf trndnal cmkmsnrgl pnrn kuhpfgr fn hgsgûc bm ucn lr`ncgznkgûc, nsè qum mf trndnal y fn rmsplcsndgfgbnb plr rmnfgznr bmdmc smr bmfm`nbls n fls bmhîs. _lr fl tnctl tlbls fls bgrmktgvls rmqugmrmc enkuftnr n sus mhpfmnbls sg jnc bm kuhpfgr klc fns nktgvgbnbms bm fn lr`ncgznkgûc. [gc fn bmfm`nkgûc y mf enkuftnhgmctl qum fn bmdm nklhpnþnr, cgc`ucn lr`ncgznkgûc y cgc`ñc bgrmktgvl pumbmc bgserutnr bm uc çxgtl n fnr`l pfnzl. Fn bmfm`nkgûc gckfuym fn nktgvgbnb bm trndnal n ltrns pmrslcns, y ms ucn nktgvgbnb gcjmrmctmhmctm rmfnkglcnbn klc tlbns fns plsgkglcms bgrmktgvns.
>?
Dgdfgl`rneèn.
jttps1//ms.skrgdb.klh/bl jttps1//ms.skrgd b.klh/blk/;?:??;4 k/;?:??;4>;/Bgemrm >;/Bgemrmckgns-Mctrm-Bmfm`n ckgns-Mctrm-Bmfm`nr-y-Enkuftnr r-y-Enkuftnr jttps1//ms.sfgbmsjnrm.c jttps1//ms.sfgb msjnrm.cmt/snddyvnf/:mt/snddyvnf/:-enkuftnhgmct enkuftnhgmctl-y-bmfm`n l-y-bmfm`nkgc kgc jttp1//s`pwm.gzt.unh.hx/egfms/usmr jttp1//s`pwm.gzt.unh. hx/egfms/usmrs/unhg/arhk/knp s/unhg/arhk/knpgtufl:\ gtufl:\ENK]FRNHGMCRL\W\BM ENK]FRNHGMCRL\W\BM
[email protected] jttps1//ms.sfgbmsjnrm.cmt/pnmzjs/enkuftnhgmctl-y-bmfm`nkgc jttps1//prmzg.klh/gt7cqng5dgz\/;;-enktlrms-qum-gcjgdmc-mf-enkuftnhgmctl/
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