Unidad 2

 

AKYPAPTPF ^FEAPÁIKAIF KMIAFKME

DYITDEM YT^D\AF\ @D IFGD\IAF Q M@GAKAYP\MIAÙK TKA@M@ YMKPF PFGMY

^EMKDMIAÙK DYP\MPÁBAIM @D EM IFGTKAIMIAÙK AKPDB\ME

TKA@M@ AA ^\F@TIIAÙK @D GD@AFY @D @AOTYAÙK B\ÍOAIM Q FKEAKD

 

Ed 12> Edm` m`dr drlf lfmr mr` ` em emrb rbd. d. ^ud`d mpmrdidr mrralm, dk de gd`af f mlmjf `de sataf.

9>> x \ditíkbuef fkeakd. ^ud`d mpmrdidr  mrralm, me ifstm`f f mlmjf `d em píbakm.

 

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= x ?>> Ycysirmpdr. ^ud`d mpmrdidr dk de em`f azquadr`f f `drdihf `d em píbakm.

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=?> x ?>> Ycyirmpdr   mkihf. Me abume qud de mktdrafr, pud`d mpmrdidr me em`f azquadr`f f `drd rdiihf `d em píbakm.

 

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9>> x ?>> M` `d gd`am píbakm.

 

Gd`a`ms `d efs `avdrsfs tapfs `d lmkkdrs

 

DJDG^EF @D LMKKD\Y DK AKPD\KDP =. =.-- _fec _f ecsw swmb mbdk dk

_fe cswmbdk _fecswm bdk ford fordiid uk judbf udbf m efs vasatmktds qud eedbmk m píbakms wdl dk ems ems qu qud d gu guds dstr trmk mk dstd dstd lm lmkk kkdr dr.. Ifgf sa sd trmtmsd `d uk puzed sd mkagm me usumraf m ifefimr tf`ms ems padz padzms ms `d em imrr imrrdt dtdr drm m `d gmkd gmkdrm rm ifrrditm ifrrdit m pmrm qud ástms dkimjdk y msç de ifihd pud`m hmidr su rdifrra`f. ^mrm qud de judbf sdm gís `avdrta`f em dg dgpr prds dsm m pf pfk kd uk eçg eçgatd atd `d 9> sdbuk`fs pmrm rdmeazmr de rf rfgp gpdi dimld mldzm zms. s. Tkm Tkm gm gmkd kdrm rm a` a`dme dme `d akifrpfrmr de ifkidptf `d urbdkiam m uk lmkkdr   ifgpedtmgdktd aktdrmitavf.

 

_dktmkm dgdrbdktd De tárgakf `dkfgakm m ems vdktmkms qud dgdrbdk mutfgítaimgdktd (bdkdrmegdktd sak qud de usumraf ef sfeaiatd). M gdku`f, ems vdktmkms dgdrbdktds sd utaeazmk ifk de fl fljd jdtf tf `d gf gfst strm rmrr uk mv mvas asf f pu pule leai aiatatmra mraf f `d gm gmkd kdrm rm ak aktr trus usav avm. m. Tk Tkm m tá táika ikaim im rdemiafkm`m rdemia fkm`m m dstm ds em `dkfga `dkfgakm`m km`m pfp-uk`d pfp-uk`drr (qud ifksas ifksastd td dk mlrar `d gmkdrm aktdgpdstavm kudvms vdktmkms qud sd satúmk `dtrís `d em vdktmkm dk usf). Yd utaeazm dspdiamegdktd dk em puleaia`m` `d aktdrkdt. Efs mkukiafs pfp-up sd utaeazmk guihf dk em puleaia`m`, mukqud kf pfr deef quadrd `diar qud sdmk ems táikaims gís rdktmleds, gfstrmk`f mvasfs puleaiatmrafs pfr gd`af `d dstm pmktmeem. @dla`f m qud em puleaia`m` dk ofrgmtf vdktmkm dgdrbdktd ds ifksa`drm`m gfedstm pfr guihfs usumra usumrafs, fs, ifktakumg ifktakumgdktd dktd mpmrdidk táikaims y prfbrmgms prfbrmgms qud, lmjf de kfglrd ifgúk `d mkta pfp-ups f dk akbeás pfp-up Caeedrs f pfp-up leficdr, dvatmk em mpmraiaùk `d dstd tapf `d vdktmkms dgdrbdktds. @ds`d >0, mebukfs `d efs sata satafs fs wd wdl l gí gíss ag agpf pfrt rtmk mktd tdss ifgd ifgdkz kzmr mrfk fk m eaga eagatm tmrr de usf usf `d ems ems vdkt vdktmk mkms ms dgdrbdktds dgdrbdk tds pfr ifksa` ifksa`drmrems drmrems uk ofrgmt ofrgmtf f pulea puleaiatmra iatmraf f `dgms `dgmsam`f am`f aktrusavf. Pme ds de imsf `d GYK.

¶Iùgf sd utaeazmk dk efs satafs `d ifgdriaf deditrùkaif6 Yd utaeazmk pfr ef bdkdrme pmrm rdmeazmr sfk`dfs, ifksdbuar kudvms susirapiafkds m em kdwsedttdr, imptmr kudvfs omks dk ems rd`ds sfiameds, prfgfiafkmr ukm fodrtm dspdiame

 

Efs pfp-ups, uk mrgm `d `fled oaef Hmy qud rdimeimr qud efs aktdrkmutms sudedk rdmiiafkmr idrrmk`f mutfgítaimgdktd de pfp-up, `d mhç em agpfrtmkiam `d pdksmr ladk de gdksmjd qud sd vm m trmksgatar.  M`dgís, sa sd quadrd akstmemr pfp-ups dk uk sataf wdl, `dlds sdr ifksiadktd `d efs radsbfs vakiuem`fs m uk gme usf. Eagatmiafkds - Imríitdr akvmsavf pfrqud sd mlrd mutfgítaimgdktd y prdiasm ukm miiaùk pfr  pmrtd `de aktdrkmutm - Gmem rdputmiaùk pfr efs kugdrfsfs mkukiafs pfif aktdrdsmktds qud utaeazmk dstd ofrgmtf - Tkm gmem utaeazmiaùk pud`d gfedstmr m efs vasatmktds y pdrju`aimr tu tadk`m

_dktmjms Ems miiafkds qud prfpfkdk efs pfp-ups gudstrmk uk çk`aid `d ifkvdrsaùk guihf gís metf qud iumk`f sd prdsdktmk dk uk sdkiaeef mkukiaf dk de sataf. Kf hmy `u`m `d qud dstd ofrgmtf `d gdksmjd, qud sd agpfkd mktd em vastm `de vasatmktd, eemgm su mtdkiaùk. _dktmjm ds qud sa kf dxastd dstd tapf `d oaetrfs em puleaia`m` sd mimlmrí vadk`f, sd quadrm f kf, pfr ef qud pud`d `mr gdjfrd gdjfrdss rdsuetm`fs y gmyfrds vdktms f gftav gftavmr  mr  m efs usumrafs sa dstík ladk `asdým`ms f sfk dspdiamegdktd mtrmitavms, sflrd tf`f sa sd lusimk kudvfs rdbastrfs. Ifksabud uk gmyfr agpmitf, y dstf sa em puleaia`m` ds ludkm pud`d akia`ar dk gdjfrds rdsuetm`fs. M`dgís dstf, sus prdiafs sudedk sdr akodrafrds, ef qud akia`d dk ukm gmyfr kdidsa`m` `d `d ifktrmtmr dstfs sdrvaiafs.

 

@dsvdktmjms Dk fimsafkds, em vdktmkms dgdrbdktds f pfp-ups, mitavmk kudvms vdktmkms, ef qud pud`d `mr eubmr m uk luied akoakatf, sdm aktdkiafkm`f f kf. Tkm `d ems prakiapmeds `dsvdktmjms `d dstd tapf `d puleaia`m` ds qud dxastdk prfbrmg prfb rmgms ms lef lefqudm qudm`frd `frdss `d vdk vdktmk tmkms ms dgd dgdrbdk rbdktds tds,, m`d m`dgís gís `d qud guihfs guihfs kmvdbm`frds dk em mitumea`m` dstík prdpmrm`fs pmrm kf `djmr mpmrdidr kudvms vdktmkms vdktmk ms kf `dsdm`m `dsdm`ms, s, ef qud hmid qud dk guihms fimsafkds dstm puleai puleaia`m` a`m` kf sd gudstrd y `dlm sdr ifksa`drm`m juktf ifk ftrfs ofrgmtfs puleaiatmrafs.  ¶]uá tdkdr dk iudktm m em hfrm `d hmidr f ifktrmtmr puleaia`m` ifk pfp-up6 De ifktdka`f, ifktdka`f, msç ifgf de `asdýf `de mkukia mkukiaf f `dld sdr mtrmitavf mtrmitavf.. Pf`f `dld dstmr  dspdiamegdktd iua`m`f pmrm qud de usumraf dkiudktrd ukm vdktmjm trms dstfs mkukiafs, y kf uk sagped mkukiaf gfedstf gís. Yd `dld iua`mr guy ladk `ùk`d sd pfkd em puleaia`m`, pmrm qud efs mkukiafs sdmk rdedvmktds pmrm de púleaif qud eedbm m deefs.pfr ^frqud kf hmy qud qudqud dstd tapf `d puleaia`m` pud`difk eedbmr sdr f`am`m efs usumrafs, msç feva`mr qud hmy ifktrmrrdstmr dstd doditf ukmm puleaia`m` guy gd`atm`m.

 

IM\PM @D _DKPMY Dk de gmrcdtakb, sflrd tf`f, dk de gmrcdtakb fkeakd, de ifkidptf `d imrtm `d vdktms ds uk tárgakf guy utaeazm`f y, lísaimgdktd, sd rdoadrd me ifkjuktf `d tdxtfs y bríoaifs qud ifgpfkdk em prdsdktmiaùk `d ukm fodrtm `d uk prf`uitf, sdrvaiaf f rdiursf dk ukm píbakm wdl. Em im imrt rtm m `d vd vdkt ktms ms gm gmkt ktad adkd kd uk ukm m ds dstr trui uitu turm rm jd jdrm rmrq rqua uazm zm`m `m dk `a `aod odrd rdkt ktds ds ifgpmrtagdktfs ifk fljdtavfs `aodrdkiam`fs pmrm im`m ukf `d deefs y iuyf oak úetagf ds eedvmr me prfspditf m tfgmr ukm `dtdrgakm`m miiaùk: f ladk susirapiaùk f ladk ifgprm. Dstfs sfk efs mpmrtm`fs qud `dld ifktdkdr:

=.- Lefqud dkimldzm`f Ds de pragdr lefqud dk em imrtm `d vdktms y su fljdtavf ds eemgmr em mtdkiaùk sflrd de prfspditf. Dstd lefqud dstí lmsm`f dk uk pírrmof `d tdxtf `dkfgakm`f tatuemr y ofrgmtdm`f dk ukm edtrm brmk`d pmrm qud sdm oíiaegdktd edç`f de tdxtf mktds `d efs pragdrfs sdbuk`fs `ds`d qud de vasatmktd mlrd em píbakm. M`dgís, sd pud`d ifglakmr ifk uk dkimldzm`f bríoaif y tmglaák suded ifktdkdr uk sultçtuef qud tadkd ifgf fljdtavf prakiapme prakiapme dxpeaimr de tatue tatuemr mr y mugdkt mugdktmr mr de aktdr aktdrás ás `de prfspdit prfspditf f pmrm qud sd sabm edydk`f em imrtm `d vdktms.