Unidad 2. Termodinámica II
August 19, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download Unidad 2. Termodinámica II...
Description
Dèsofl G`b`rlj OO OO Pboele 19 U`rhkeob ìhofl Qldl`j Huükz Au`bk E`plrtlh`btk e` Dè sofl sofl Lpjoflel l jl Obg`bo`rè l Obeustrolj
Fkbt`boek 1.< Fljkr Fljkr y trlal trlalik ik `b sost` sost`hls hls t`rhk t`rhkeobì eobìhofk hofks. s. Tlro Tlrolfo lfoöb öb e` jl `b`rgèl obt`rbl. ^roh`r probfopok e` jl U`rhkeobìhofl. 1.1 Url Urlbsdk bsdkrhl rhlfok fokb`s b`s
`b
sost`hls sost` hls
t`rhke t`r hkeobìh obìhofks ofks..
Fofjks Fofjks
t`rhkeobìhofks. e` `b`rgèl obt`rbl y `btljpèl. Lpjoflfoöb l gls`s Tlrolfokb`s oe`lj`s. 1.6 Hìquobl Hìquoblss tïrhofls tïrhofls.. Fofjks Fofjks eor`ftk eor`ftk (tïrho (tïrhofk) fk) ` obv`rsk obv`rsk (drogk (drogkrèdof rèdofk). k). @dofo`bfols. 1.5 V`gube V`gubek k probfop probfopok ok e` jl U`rhk U`rhkeobì eobìhofl hofl.. Q`v`r Q`v`rsoao soaojoel joele e e` jks jks prkf`sks t`rhkeobìhofks. 1.0 Fofjk Fofjk e` Flrbk Flrbkt. t. @dofo` @dofo`bfol bfol hìxo hìxohl hl e` e` jls hìqu hìquobls obls tïr tïrhofl hofls. s. Fìjfujk e` jl `dofo`bfol plrl `j flsk e` ub gls oe`lj. 1.4 1. 4 @b @btr trkp kpèl èl `b `b prkf prkf`s `sks ks t`r t`rhk hkeo eobìh bìhofk ofks. s.
VOVU@HL U@QHKEOBÌHOFK9 Fuljquo`r fkbiubtk e` kai`tks, fkbsoe`rleks fkhk ubl uboele, y qu` pkerèl obt`rflhaolr `b`rgèl fkb `j `btkrbk. @btkrbk
@btkrbk
@btkrbk Vlj`
@btrl Vost`hl
@btkrbk
Vost`hl
Vost`hl
@btkrbk
Vlj`
@btkrbk @btrl
Vost`hl
Vost`hl
Vlj`
@btrl
@btrl
Vlj` Vost`hl
UQLALIK _ FLJKQ9 Vkb jks eks hkeks probfoplj`s e` trlbsd`r`bfol e` `b`rgèl fkb jks qu` s` pu`e` flhaolr `j `stlek e` ub sost`hl. • Eks dkrhls e` @B@QGOL @B UQÌBVOUK • Bk s` pu pu`e` `e` cl clajl ajlrr e` e` trl trlal alik ik k fljk fljkrr e` e` ub ub sost sost`h `hl. l.
^roh`r probfopok e` jl t`rhkeobìhofl9 Q`jlfokbl jl vlrolfoöb e` jl `b`rgèl obt`rbl e` ub sost`hl fkb `j fljkr y `j trlalik obt`rflhaoleks fkb `j `xt`rokr.
P 1 -P I
∄P 8 > I
Vost`hl \81>> I
W8> I
Vost`hl \8-1>> I
@btkrbk
∄P 8 > I
Vost`hl \81>> I
W81>> I
W8-> I
Urlalik `d`ftulek `b ub prkf`sk t`rhkeobìhofk
Fkbsoe`r`hks `j flsk e` ub fkbiubtk postöb-fojoberk @j sost`hl sost`hl s`rì ub gls oe`lj oe`lj `b `j obt`ro obt`rokr kr e`j fojoberk fojoberk
@j trlalik r`ljozlek pkr `j sost`hl, W (pksotovk k b`gltovk) s`rì fkbs`fu`bfol e` ub flhaok e` vkjuh`b `b `j prkf`sk t`rhkeobìhofk. @j trlalik obdobot`sohlj r`ljozlek pkr `j sost`hl (gls oe`lj) eurlbt` ubl p`qu`ül `xplbsoöb ex9
eW 8 D ex 8 p L ex eW 8 p eT
L ex 8 eT
T 1
W 8 p eT
∭
T <
Urlalik `d`ftulek pkr ub flhaok e` vkjuh`b
Urlalik `d`ftulek `b ub prkf`sk t`rhkeobìhofk T 1
∭T
W 8 p eT
@j trlalik, W r`l r`ljoz jozlek lek pkr pkr `j sost` sost`hl hl s`rì s`rì ogu ogulj lj lj ìr`l alik jl furvl `b ub eolgrlhl p-T
<
W 8 Ìr`l T 1
∭ T
W 8 p eT <
Tkjuh`b luh`btl W 2 > (L 2 >)
W 8 Ìr`l T 1
∭
W 8 p eT
W 8 Ìr`l W 8 p (T 1 ∑ T < )
T <
eW 8 p eT Tkjuh`b eoshobuy` W : > (L : >)
Tkjuh`b luh`btl (^r`soöb fkbstlbt`) W 2 > (L 2 >)
Urly`ftkrols `btr` `stleks t`rhkeobìhofks
Fulbek flhaoll e` obofolj l ubk doblj, plsl pkrub ublsost`hl s`ro` e`t`rhkeobìhofk `stleks obt`rh`eoks, jks ub qu``stlek jjlhlhks trly`ftkrol.
Bùh`rk obdobotk e` pksoaojoele`s plrl eofcks `stleks obt`rh`eoks
Fkbsoe`r`hks 6 pksoaj`s trly`ftkrols `btr` jks `stleks < (T lM
V` lüle` \ lj sost`hl j`btlh`bt` (U8 (U 8 fk fkbs bstl tlbt` bt`))
W2>
\2>
@stlek <
H`harlbl rkhpoaj`
Tlfèk
@stlek 1
Losjlbt`
Gls 6>> lM
V` `j e`il joar` y rìpoelh`bt` gls`xplbeor (s` rkhp` jl h`harlbl)
W8>
\8>
@BULJ^ÈL ( C )9 )9 Hlgbotue t`rhkeobìhofl qu` r`pr`s`btl ubl h`eoel e` jl flbtoele e` `b`rgèl laskraoel k f`eoel pkr ub sost`hl t`rhkeobìhofk. • @s ubl DPBFOÖB E@ @VULEK • Flrl Flrlft ft`r `rozl ozl `j `s `stl tlek ek e` ub sos sost` t`hl hl `b `q `quoj uojoar oarok ok • @j vljkr C söjk e`p`be` e`j `stlek t`rhkeobìhofk lftulj `b qu` s` `bfu`btr` `bfu`btr` `j sost`hl, sost`hl, sob ohpkrt ohpkrtlr lr föhk föhk jj`gö jj`gö l ïj
C 8 P + p T
Urlbsdkrhlfokb`s osktïrhofls (U8ft`)
U 8 ft`
U 8 ft` pT 8 b Q
∄U 8 >
p ∄ C 8 >
W8\ T 1
T 1
<
<
T 1 eT b Q U ^eT 8 8 8 b Q U jb \ 8 W T T < T pT 8 b Q U T
∭
∭
\ 8 W
\ 8 W 8 b Q U jb T 1 T <
Urlbsdkrhlfokb`s oskaìrofls (p8ft`) ∄ p 8
>
p bQ
p 8 ft`
U 8 8 ft` T
d 1 ∄P 8 \ ∑ W
∄P 8 b Q ∄U
(p W 8 ^eT
p1 ,T 1
<
∄P 8 \ ∑ W
\ 8 ∄P + W ∄T 8>
U p 8 ft`
U 8 8 ft` p
W 8 >
\ 8 ∄P
Urlbsdkrhlfokb`s leolaìtofls (\8>)
\8>↑ e\ 8 >
eP 8 e\ ∑ eW
eP + eW 8 >
eW 8 p eT p p1 ,T 1
pT 8 b Q U
T ep + peT 8 b Q eU eU 8
fv
Tep + peT b Q
Tep + peT + p eT 8 > Q
Urlbsdkrhlfokb`s leolaìtofls (\8>) fv Tep + peT + p eT 8 > Q fv T ep + (fv + Q ) p eT 8 > p p
p1 ,T 1
∭ p
k
ep p
f p 8∑ fv
T
∭T
T eT eT 8 ∑ζ T T
k
ζ 8
p T jb 8 ∑ζ jb pk T k
f p fv
∭T
k
Fk`d. leolaìtofk
Urlbsdkrhlfokb`s leolaìtofls (\8>)
∄P + W 8 >
d W 8 ∑ b Q ∄U 1
p jb p p 8 ∑ ζ jb T k k p T pk 8 T k ζ
p1 ,T 1 W
pT
∑ζ
8
8
T k T
ζ
ζ
T kζ 8 T ζ
8
pkT k
ft`
pT 8 b Q U
) Urlbsdkrhlfoöb oskaìrofl (p8ft`) Urlbsdkrhlfoöb leolaìtofl (\8>)
e
a ↑ f9 ∄P af 8 P 6 ‖ P 1 f ↑ e9 ∄P fe 8 P 5 ‖ P 6 e ↑ `9 ∄P e` 8 P 0 ‖ P 5 ` ↑ l9 ∄P `l 8 P
p5 ,T 5 ,P 5 a
l ↑ a9 ∄P la8 P 1 ‖ P <
` p0 ,T 0 ,P 0
p1 ,T 1 ,P 1 l p
U F
5 6
\D T < T 5 < ↑ 19 1 ↑ 69 6 ↑ 59 5 ↑ ) Fkhpr`soöb osktïrhofl (U8ft`) Fkhpr`soöb leolaìtofl (\8>)
r`jlfokbl jks vk vkjù jùh` h`b` b`ss ob obof ofol oljj y do dobl bljj e` jls trlbsdkrhlfokb`s T r `s jl r`jlfoöb e` fkhpr`soöb e`j gls y r`jlfokbl jks vkj vkjùh` ùh`b`s b`s obof obofolj olj y doblj doblj e` jls trlbsdkrhlfokb`s leolaìtofls r 8
T < T 1
8
T 5 T 6
≃ 3 9<
FOFJK KUUK Fofjk oe`lj hktkr e` `xpjksoöb obt`rbl (Glskjobl)
FOFJK KUUK Fofjk oe`lj hktkr e` `xpjksoöb obt`rbl (Glskjobl) Auièl
\las W
\f`e
FOFJK U@QHKEOBÌHOFK EO@V@J 1 leolaìtofls
\F 6 U hìx
p
5 trlbsdkrhlfokb`s (1 (1 leolaìtofls + < oskaìrofl + < oskförofl) oskförofl)
@j gls laskra` fljkr (\f8\ LAV ) e`j dkfk
fljo`bt` (U hìx ) @j gls f`e` fljkr (\D 8\F@E) lj dkfk drèk (U hèb)
@b `j prkf`sk e` obt`rflhaok e` fljkr, s`
1 oskaìrofl
oskförofl
W 5
U hèb T 1 < ↑ 19 1 ↑ 69 6 ↑ 59 5 ↑ `s jl r`jlfoöb e` fkhpr`soöb e`j gls y r`jlfokbl jks vk vkjù jùh` h`b` b`ss ob obofo ofolj lj y doblj doblj e` jls trlbsdkrhlfokb`s oskaìrofl ` oskförofl,, r`sp`ftovlh`bt`. oskförofl
r
r 8
T < T 1
8
T 5 T 1
≃
11 9 <
FOFJK EO@V@J Fofjk oe`lj hktkr e` `xpjksoöb obt`rbl (glsöj`k) \las
Oby`ftkr
W
\f`e
Eospksofoöb e` fojoberks
HÌ\POBLV UÏQHOFLV HÌ\POBLV UÏQHOFLV9 Fuljquo`r eospksotovk qu` dubfokbl fèfjoflh`bt` obt`rflhaolbek fljkr fkb eks du`bt` tïrhofls l eostobtl t`hp`rlturl y trlalik fkb `j `xt`rokr. 1ª J@ J@_ _ E@ JL U@Q U@QHK HKEO EOBÌ BÌHO HOFL FL99 `s ohpksoaj` fkbstruor ubl hìquobl tïrhofl qu` fkbvo`rtl fljkr tktljh`bt` `b trlalik, `s e`for, ubl hìquobl fkb ubl `dofo`bfol tïrhofl tïrhofl e`j >%
Eospksotovk qu` trlbsdkrhl fljkr `b trlalik (`b`rgèl h`fìbofl) 1 topks e` hìquobls tïrhofls HKUKQ UÏQHOFK (Fofjk eor`ftk) HÌ\POBL DQOGKQÈDOFL (Fofjk obv`rsk)
HKUKQ UÏQHOFK (fofjk eor`ftk) 1ª j` j`y y e` jl t`rh t`rhke keobì obìho hofl fl99 `bubf `bubfol olek ek e` M`jvo M`jvobb-^jl ^jlbf bfm m (h (hkt ktkr kr`s `s))9 @s ohpksoaj` qu` ub sost`hl `d`ftù` ub prkf`sk `b `j qu` laskral fljkr e` ubl du`bt` e` t`hp`rlturl ubodkrh` y jk fkbvo`rtl `b trlalik h`fìbofk, t`rhoblbektktljh`bt` `b `j hoshk `stlek `b qu` obofoö.
Dkfk tïrhofk l ljtl t`hp`rlturl, U F \ F
HKUKQ UÏQHOFK
W
\f 8 \ LAV 2 >) e` 6. E`s`fcl fljkr (\D 8 \F@E : >) l ubl t`hp`rlturl hìs alil, U D
\D
Dkfk tïrhofk l alil t`hp`rlturl, U D
HKUKQ UÏQHOFK (fofjk eor`ftk)
\
\ ∑ W 8 >
∄P 8 \ ∑ W Fofjk t`rhkeobìhofk
∄P 8 P 1 ∑ P < 8>
8
Dkfk tïrhofk l ljtl t`hp`rlturl, U F
W
\ LAV
W 8 \
8 \ UKULJ
W 8 \ LAV
+ \
LAV ∑
\ F@E
:
>
F @E W
\ F@E
^kt`bfol e` ub hktkr tïrhofk9 ^ 8
W
8
\ LAV ∑ \ F@E
t t Q`beoho`btk e` ub hktkr tïrhofk9 @j kai`tovk e` ubl hìquobl `s luh`btlr jl r`jlfoöb `btr` `j trlalik prkeufoek y `j fljkr laskraoek η 8
W
\ LAV
8
\ LAV
HKUKQ UÏQHOFK
∑
\ F@E
\ LAV
8 : η : <
HÌ\POBL DQOGKQ ÈDOFL (fofjk obv`rsk) 1ª j`y j`y e` jl t` t`rh rhke keob obìh ìhof ofl9 l9 `bub `bubfo folek lek e` Fj Fjlu luso sous us (h (hìq ìquo uobl bl dr drog ogkr krèd èdof ofl) l)99 @s
ohpksoaj` qu` ub prkf`sk t`bgl fkhk ùbofk r`sujtlek jl trlbsd`r`bfol e` fljkr e` ub fu`rpk hìs drèk l ubk hìs fljo`bt`.
Dkfk tïrhofk l ljtl t`hp., U F
\F
Hìquobl drogkrèdofl
1. @hpj @hpj`l `l eo eofc fck k trl trlal alik ik `b la lask skra ra`r `r fljkr (\D 8 \ LAV 2 >) e` ub dkfk l ubl t`hp`rlturl, U D : U F 6. E`s`fcl fljkr (\F 8 \F@E : >) l ubl t`hp`rlturl hìs ljtl, U F
W
\D Dkfk tïrhofk l alil t`hp., U D
HÌ\POBL DQOGKQ ÈDOFL (fofjk obv`rsk) ∄P 8 \ ∑ W Fofjk t`rhkeobìhofk
\ ∑ W 8 >
∄P 8 P 1 ∑ P < 8>
\
8
W
Dkfk tïrhofk l ljtl t`hp., U F
\F@E
W 8 \UKULJ 8 \ LAV + \ F@E
Hìquobl
\ F @E : >
drogkrèdofl
W : > ∑ \ F@E 8 \ LAV ∑ W
\ F@E
8 \ LAV +
W
W
@dofo`bfol e` ubl hìquobl drogkrèdofl9 @j kai`tovk e` ubl hìquobl drogkrèdofl `s kat`b`r `j hlykr fljkr laskraoek l plrtor e`j trlalik r`ljozlek.
\ LAV Dkfk tïrhofk l alil t`hp.,
` 8
\ LAV
W
`8
U D
\ LAV
\F@E
∑
\ LAV
` 2<
W ^ 8 t
8
\ ∑ \ LAV F@E
t
Fkbs`fu`bfols e` jl 1ª j`y e` jl t`rhkeobìhofl @bubfolek M`jvob-^jlbfm Ohpksoaojoele hktkr tïrhofk fkb η8<
@bubfolek Fjlusous Ohpksoaojoele r`drog`rlekr dubfokb` sob W
U F
U F \F
|\F |
|\F |
\F
\D
\D U D
U D
Fkbf`ptk e` OQQ@T@QVOAO OQQ@T@QVOAOJOELE JOELE Jl fkbv`rsoöb e` fljkr `b trlalik `s ub prkf`sk orr`v`rsoaj` (PBOEOQ@FFO (PBOEOQ@FFOKBLJ) KBLJ)
@doflfol hìxohl `b hktkr`s tïrhofks Fofjk e` FLQBKU
Fofjk t`rhkeobìhofk qu` e`sfroa` ub hktkr tïrhofk oe`ljozlek.
Hìxohk r`beoho`btk pksoaj` trlalilbek `btr` eks t`hp`rlturls
Fkbgru`bt Fkbg ru`bt`` fkb jl 1ª j`y e` jl t`rhk t`rhkeobìhof eobìhofll
Vustlbfol e` trlalik9 GLV OE@LJ `b ub fkbiubtk postöb-fojoberk @xplbsoöb oskt`rhl (> M
@i`rfofok 1.6 >,1 hkj`s hkj`s e` ub gls eoltöhofk eoltöhofk fkb fkhpkr fkhpkrtlho` tlho`btk btk oe`lj oe`lj (ζ 8 > ∑5 < 8 > 1
T < 8 3,6·
6
∑5 h6 T 1 8 ,1 hkj`s hkj`s e` ub gls eoltöhofk eoltöhofk fkb fkhpkr fkhpkrtlho` tlho`btk btk oe`lj oe`lj (ζ 8 9
P
8
>
W 65 8 \1 8 b Q U 1 jb
T 5 T
65
6
W
8
\
65
@b jl fkhpr`soöb fkhpr`soöb leolaìtofl leolaìtofl e` 5 l < \5< 8 > 9
\5< 8 > W 5< 8 ∑∄P 5< 8 ∑b fv (U ∑ U ) 1
<
∄P 5< 8 361 I
W 5< 8 ∑361 I
8 ∑654 I 1
@i`rfofok 1.6 >,1 hkj`s hkj`s e` ub gls eoltöhofk eoltöhofk fkb fkhpkr fkhpkrtlho` tlho`btk btk oe`lj oe`lj (ζ 8
361
-361
6↑5
-654
-654
>
5↑<
>
-361
361
16>
16>
>
FOFJK UKULJ
6. E`t E`t`rh `rhobl oblrr `j `j r`be r`beoho oho`bt `btk k e` e`jj fofjk fofjk.. W 16> I U 1 6>> M η 8 >,5 η 8 8 8 M
FOFJK OBT@QVK
`8
U 1 ` 8 ,0 hkj`s e` gls oe`lj y kp`rl `btr` jls t`hp`rlturls t`hp`rlturls e` 106 M y 6>> M. Jks vkjùh`b`s hìxohk y hèbohk e`j fofjk skb 5> j y 1> j, r`sp`ftovlh`bt`. ]Eltks9 Q8 3,6 ,6< ⋀-6 h6 >,0 hkj
π hìx 8 >,>3
θ hèb 8 >,>5
h6 hkj h6 hkj
@b jl fkhpr`soöb fkhpr`soöb oskförofl e` < l 1 ∄T8>9
p5
U h
5
ì x
8 6 > > M
1
p1 p<
U h h è è b 8 1 b 0 0 6 6 M
θhèb
θ (h6 /hkj)
< θhìx
θ < 8 θ 1 8 θ hìx 8 >,>3
h6
U < 8 U hèb 8 106 M
hkj
U 1 8 U hìx 8 6>> M
@b jl fkhpr`soöb fkhpr`soöb oskförofl e` 6 l 5 ∄T8>9 hìx 8 6>> M h 6 U 6 8 U θ 6 8 θ 5 8 θ hèb 8 >,>5 hkj U 8 U hèb 8 106 M 5
r`drog`rlfoöb, qu` fkbstl e` eks trlbsdkrhl trlbsdkrhlfokb`s fokb`s oskförofls oskförofls @i`rfofok 1.5 Pb fofjk Vtorjobg e` r`drog`rlfoöb, y eks osktïrhofls (tkels r`v`rsoaj`s), utojozl fkhk djuoek e` trlalik >,0 hkj`s e` gls oe`lj y kp`rl `btr` jls t`hp`rlturls t`hp`rlturls e` 106 M y 6>> M. Jks vkjùh`b`s hìxohk y hèbohk e`j fofjk skb 5> j y 1> j, r`sp`ftovlh`bt`. ]Eltks9 Q8 3,6 ,6< < I/M· M·hk hkjj , ζ8 M
5
1
p1 p<
U h 8 è èb b 1 0 6 6 M
θhèb
θ (h6 /hkj)
po 8
Q U o θ o
^ubtk
θ (h6 /hkj)
U (M)
p (^l)
<
>,>3
106
141?6
1
>,>3
6>>
65
6>>
41600
5
>,>5
106
01034
< θhìx
r`drog`rlfoöb, qu` fkbstl e` eks trlbsdkrhl trlbsdkrhlfokb`s fokb`s oskförofls oskförofls @i`rfofok 1.5 Pb fofjk Vtorjobg e` r`drog`rlfoöb, y eks osktïrhofls (tkels r`v`rsoaj`s), utojozl fkhk djuoek e` trlalik >,0 hkj`s e` gls oe`lj y kp`rl `btr` jls t`hp`rlturls t`hp`rlturls e` 106 M y 6>> M. Jks vkjùh`b`s hìxohk y hèbohk e`j fofjk skb 5> j y 1> j, r`sp`ftovlh`bt`. ]Eltks9 Q8 3,6 ,6< M
^rkf`sk osktïrhofk osktïrhofk e` 1 l 6 \65 8 ∑533 ,50 I >,>5 θ W 65 8 > W 16 8 \16 8 b Q U 1 jb 6 8 >,0 3,6< 6>> jb >,>3 θ 1 1 W 16 8 \ 16 8 -345 ,0 I P 1 6 8 >
U h 8 è èb b 1 0 0 6 6 M
θhèb
θ (h6 /hkj)
< θhìx
^rkf`sk osktïrhof osktïrhofk k e` 5 l <
W 5,0 hkj`s e` gls oe`lj y kp`rl `btr` jls t`hp`rlturls t`hp`rlturls e` 106 M y 6>> M. Jks vkjùh`b`s hìxohk y hèbohk e`j fofjk skb 5> j y 1> j, r`sp`ftovlh`bt`. ]Eltks9 Q8 3,6 ,6< M
1
W:>
^QKF@VK ^QKF @VK
\ (I)
W (I)
∄P (I)
533,50
1↑6
-345,0
-345,0
>
6↑5 5↑<
-533,50 71?
> 71?
-533,50 >
FOFJK
- M
1
W ,0 T < ∑ T < ) 8 ∑ p T W 6,0T <
T <
p< T < 8 b Q U < >,0T < p< T < 8 ∑ +>+ b Q U < jb 1 1
p< T < 8 ∑ 1 + p< T M y U d 8 6>> M y e`slrrkjjl e`slrrkjjl ubl pkt`bfol pkt`bfol e` fofjks fofjks pkr s`gubek. s`gubek. Vo su r`beoho`btk e`j 0> %`j e` jl qu` e` f`e` e` ub fofjk e` drèk Flrbkt qu`fofjk. dubfokblrl `btr` jls dubfokblrl jls hoshls t`hp`rlturls,`s t`hp`rlturls , e`t`rhoblr fljkr lj dkfk `b flel
6>> η Flrbkt 8 >,0 η 8 >,10 4>> W mI (`b 6> fofjks) W 8 5>> I 8 8 η >,10
8 I
)
> 8 \ LAV + \ F@E ∑ W
\
W 8 > \F@E ∑ \ LAV 8 W
8 ∑
LAV + F@E ∑
8
\F@E
5>> ∑ >
> I
@i`rfofok 1.7 Pb hkj hkj e` gls oe` oe`lj lj eolt eoltöho öhofk fk `xp `xp`ro `roh`b h`btl tl ub ub prk prkf`s f`sk k e` e` flj`b flj`btlh tlho`b o`btk tk r`v`rsoaj` `b `j qu` bk luh`btl su vkjuh`b y su t`hp`rlturl t`rhkeobìhofl s` eupjofl. »Fuìj s`rèl jl vlrolfoöb e` `btrkpèl qu` `xp`roh`btl `j gls y jl qu` sudrorèl `j ubov`rsk `b `j prkf`sk, supkbo`bek qu` bk kfurr` bobgùb flhaok e` dls`;
Urlbsdkrhlf Urlbs dkrhlfoöb oöb oskfö oskförofl rofl (T8f (T8ft`) t`) 1
1
\
8 ∄P
∄V 8
∄V 8
0 Q jb 1U 1 U
∭ <
e\ U
8
∭ <
U 1
eP U
8
∭
U <
d b Q eU U
1
∄V 8
1 d b Q jb U 1 U <
∄V 8 0 Q jb 1 1
∄V ubov`rsk 8 ∄ V sost`hl + ∄ V `btkrbk
^QKF@VKV Q@T@QVOAJ@V
∄V ubov`rsk 8 >
@i`rfofok 1.3 Pb mojkgrlhk e` lgul l 1>> M e` t`hp`rlturl s` h`zfjl fkb eks mojkgrlhks e` lgul l 6 M `b ub r`fopo`bt` losjlek tïrhoflh`bt`. E`t`rhoblr `j flhaok `b jl `btrkpèl e`j ubov`rsk. ∄V ubov`rsk 8 ∄ V sost`hl + ∄V `btkrbk Q`fopo`bt` losjlek Obt`rflhaok e` fljkr `b h`zfjls (fljkroh`trèl)
h1 f1 U d ∑ U 1 8 h> g U 1 8 6 ¹F + 176 8 036 M f> jb ∄V sost`hl
U d 8 076 M
∄V sost`hl 8 h > jb 076 006 036 flj / M ∄V sost`hl 8 ∄V ubov`rsk 8 >,?1
d
d
U <
U 1
flj / M ∄V ubov`rsk 8 >,?1
View more...
Comments