UNIDAD # 2 SOLUCIONES - Unsa

 

 N@ÎBFZFZ F@ZS]UGE@SNB > F@KE@FE]ÇN ^UÇGFJN

F@K N]GN@CH ZNBF@NZ ZN@JAEY

=3

 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  XX  .

U@FCNC =  

HBUJFH@EZ Z HBUJFH@EZ

Bn gnyhrçn ce bns renjjfh`es que se renbfzn` e` eb n`îbfsfs quçgfjh se verfdfjn` te`fe`ch n bhs renjtn` renj tn`tes tes e` shbujf shbujfú` ú` y e` ke`ern ke`ernbb e` gecfh gecfh njuhsh njuhshs. s. U`n shbujfú` shbujfú` quçgfjn quçgfjn es u`n gezjbn ahghkæ`en, es u`n cfspersfú` ghbejubnr h fú`fjn ce u`n h vnrfns sustn`jfns que se ce`hgf`n` shbuths, e` eb se`h ce htrn sustn`jfn h espejfe quçgfjn que se bbngn shbve`te, e` bn junb `h hjurre secfge`tnjfú`, e` u`n rebnjfú` que vnrçn ce`trh ce jferths bçgftes, ch`ce sus jhgph`e`tes n sfgpbe vfstn `h se cfdere`jfn`. U`n shbujfú` prese`tn chs jhgph`e`tes9  N) Zhbuth, sustn`jfn que se cfspersn, puece` te`er u` h gîs shbuths juyns prhphrjfh`es pu puec ece` e` vn vnrf rfnr nr ce u`n u`n cfsh cfshbu bujf jfú` ú` n htrn. htrn. Es eb jh jhgp gph` h`e` e`te te qu que e es estî tî pr pres ese`t e`te e e` ge`h ge`hr  r  prhphrjfú`. Expresn` bn jhgphsfjfú` quçgfjn ce bn shbujfú`. M) Zh Zhbv bve` e`te te h cfshb cfshbve ve`t `te, e, es eb gec gecfh fh e` eb eb junb junb se se cfsue cfsuebv bve` e` bhs bhs shb shbut uths hs y esths esths sueb suebe` e` cfshbverse pnrn cnr fh`es h ghbæjubns e` cfshbujfú`. Es eb jhgph`e`te que estî prese`te e` gnyhr prhphrjfú` y expesn` eb estnch dçsfjh ce bn shbujfú`. Ze suebe represe`tnr jh` bn sfkufe`te expresfú`9 ZHBUJFH@ 7 ZHBUSH + ZHBTE@SE Bn gezjbn ahghkæ`en hmeceje nb prf`jfpfh que bh segein`te cfsuebve n bh segein`te. Bns sustn`jfns puece` ser phbnres e` este jjnsh estî` bhs jhgpuesths fú`fjhs, que prese`tn phbnrfcnc jh` jnrkns nprejfnmbes, y sh` cfsuebths jh` shbve`tes phbnres. Bns sustn`jfns `h phbnres bn jnrkn ebæjtrfjn es mnin, `h tfe`e phbnrfcnc y sh` cfsuebths jh` shbve`tes `h phbnres. Exfste` jh`cfjfh`es e` u`n shbujfú` e` bn que `h es dîjfb cfstf`kufr eb shbve`te ceb shbuth, perh se njeptn que eb shbve`te sen eb jhgph`e`te que estî e` gnyhr prhphrjfú` jh` respejth nb htrh u htrhs. E` eb jnsh ce que e` u`n shbujfú` bhs jhgph`e`tes estæ` e` bn gfsgn prhphrjfú`, eb shbve`te serî nqueb jhgph`e`te que cesce eb pu`th ce vfstn quçgfjh, sen ge`hs njtfvh. E` u`n shbujfú` njuhsn eb shbve`te es eb nkun, es cejfr, eb gecfh e` eb junb u` jhgph`e`te h vnrfhs shbuths, se e`jue`trn` cfsuebths. U`n shbujfú` es sfegpre u` sfstegn ahgkæ`eh, yn que `h se puece` cfstf`kufr sus jhgph`e`tes phr dhrgnr e` sç u` thch f`tekrnch e` u`n shbn dnse. Eb shbuth y eb shbve`te se jh`mf`nrh` dçsfjnge`te, y dhrgn u`n gezjbn ahghkæ`en h shbujfú`. Bn jh`mf`njfú` es bn u`fú` ce chs h gîs sustn`jfns, bns jhgmf`njfh`es dçsfjns se jh`hje` jhgh gezjbns, bns que sh` ce chs tfphs, aeterhkæ`en y ahghkæ`ens. E` aeterhkæ`ens, sustn`jfns que se gezjbn` `h se cfstrfmuye` u`fdhrge`te, phr bh quebns se gezjbns puece` cfstf`kufr ngmnsbns sustn`jfns gezjbncns? e` bns gezjbns ahghkæ`ens, bns sustn`jfns gezjbncns sf se cfstrfmuye` u`fdhrgege`te, y thcn bn gezjbn se hmservn jhgh sf duese u`n shbn sustn`jfn, es cejfr, bns sustn`jfns `h se puece` cfstf`kufr u`n ce bn htrn, pues an` dhrgnch u`n shbn dnse, ahghkæ`en. Zf se nþnce nb nkun u`n gezjbn ce nzùjnr y nre`n, ebhs jrfstnbes ce nzùjnr se cfspersn` u`fdhrge`te e` eb se`h ceb nkun cesnpnrejfe`ch n `uestrhs gecfhs ce hmservnjfú` vfsunb, perh se be puece perjfmfr, phr eb snmhr cubje que prese`tn eb prhcujth ce bn shbujfú` resubtn`te. E` jngmfh jngmfh,, bns pnrtçju pnrtçjubns bns ce nre`n nre`n pergn` pergn`eje eje`, `, prîjtf prîjtfjng jnge`te e`te,, f`nbter f`nbternmb nmbes. es. Gfe`trn Gfe`trnss que phr  dfbtrnjfú` estns pnrtçjubns puece` sepnrnrse ceb bçqufch, eb nzùjnr pnsn jh` eb nkun n trnvæs ceb dfbtrh. Ze cf cfje je e` e`th th`j `jes es,, qu que e eb nzùj nzùjnr nr es shbu shbumb mbe e e` eb nk nkun un?? e` jn jngm gmfh fh bn nr nre` e`n n es f` f`sh shbu bumb mbe e h prîjtfjnge`te f`shbumbe. Bn cfspersfú` ceb nzùjnr h ce htrn sustn`jfn shbumbe e` eb se`h ceb nkun h ce htrh bçqufch jnpnz ce prhcujfr eb gfsgh edejth es u`n shbujfú`, que jh`stnce u` shbbuth, eb nzùjnr cfsuebth, y u` shbve`te, eb nkun. E` bns shbujfh`es ce sustn`jfns fú`fjns, bhs fh`es bbekn` n cfspersnrse e`tre bns ghbæjubns ceb shbve`te.

 

 N@ÎBFZFZ F@ZS]UGE@SNB > F@KE@FE]ÇN ^UÇGFJN

F@K N]GN@CH ZNBF@NZ ZN@JAEY

=5

 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  XX 

FG\H]SN@JFN CE BNZ ZHBUJFH@EZ E` bn `nturnbezn bhs gnterfnbes se e`jue`trn` nb estnch ce shbujfú` ce`trh ce bn junbes se bbevn` Jmh bn gnyhr pnrte ce prhjeshs quçgfjhs. Estns gezjbns f`ternjtùn` jh` bhs seres vfvhs (nkun ce rfh, bnkhs, sumterrn`æns, nkun ce gnr, suebh, nfre, etj.), y ce ebbhs cepe`ce bn exfste`jfn ce esths seres vfvhs. Bhs prhjeshs mfhquçgfjhs e` eb hrkn`fsgh augn`h, se cn` nb estnch ce shbujfh`es tnbes jhgh bn snbfvn, sn`kre, hrf`n, etj. E` eb jngph ce bn quçgfjn y espejfnbge`te e` n`îbfsfs quçgfjh, bns prf`jfpnbes renjjfh`es phr vçn augecn e` n`îbfsfs junbftntfvh y jun`tftntfvh, y bhs gæthchs n`nbçtfjhs egpben` shbujfh`es, espejfnbge`te shbujfh`es njuhsns.

   

DNJSH]EZ ^UE F@DBUVE E@ BN TEBHJFCNC CE CFZHBUJFÚ@ E`tre bhs dnjthres gîs fgphrtn`tes se tfe`e` bh sfkufe`te9

F@DBUE@JFN CE BN NG\BFSUC CE BN ZU\E]DFJFE CEB ZHBUSH Ze redfere n que jun`th gnyhr sen bn superdfjfe ceb shbuth expuestn nb cfshbve`te tn`th gnyhr  serî su vebhjfcnc ce cfshbujfú`. \hr estn rnzú`, u`n jn`tfcnc ce shbuth recujfcn n phbvh se cfsuebve gîs dîjfbge`te.

F@DBUE@JFN CE BN NKFSNJFÚ@ CEB ZFZSEGN Bns ghbæjubns que se cespre`ce` ce bn superdfjfe ceb shbuth e`jue`trn` resfste`jfn pnrn cfdu`cfrse e` eb se`h ceb shbve`te, cemfch n bn ntrnjjfú` e`tre bns ghb ghbæjubns æjubns ce cfjah shbve`te, cemfch n bn ntrnjjfú` e`tre bns ghbæjubns ce cfjah shbve`te. \hr ebbh, nb f``fjfnrse bn cfshbujfú`, shmre bn superdfjfe ceb shbuth se dhrgn u`n jnpn ce shbujfú` snturncn que retnrcn gujah eb prhjesh ce bn cfshbujfú` thtnb. \hr nkftnjfú` ceb sfstegn se jh`sekufrî cespbnznr esn jnpn ce cfshbujfú` snturncn pnrn sustftufrbn phr htrns ce shbve`te purh h phjh jh`je`trnch. \hr estn rnzú` se nkftn eb sfstegn que njebern bn vebhjfcnc ce bn shbujfú`.

F@DBUE@JFN CE BN SEG\E]NSU]N  Nb ebevnr bn tegpernturn ceb sfstegn nuge`tn bn e`erk+fn jf`ætfjn ce bns ghbæjubns, tn`th ceb shbuth jhgh ceb shbve`te, jh` bh juîb se cemfbftn` bns duerzns ntrnjtfvns, que gn`tfe`e` bn nprhxfgnjfú` e`tre bns ghbæjubns ceb shbve`te, ghvfæ`chse jh` gîs f`te`sfcnc, rhgpe` gîs dîjfbge`te nquebbns duerzns cfdu``cfpe`chse jh` gnyhr rnpfcez e` eb se`h ce bn gnsn bçqufcn. Es `ejesnrfh anjer prese`te que bn f`dbue`jfn ce bn tegpernturn es, e` ke`ernb, phsftfvn pnrn bhs shbuths súbfchs y bçqufchs phjh vhbîtfbes.

F@DBUE@JFN CEshbuths BN \]EZFÔ@ E` u`n shbujfú` ce súbfchs y bçqufchs bn f`dbue`jfn ce bn presfú` es, prîjtfjnge`te `ubn. E` jngmfh, e` bn cfshbujfú` ce shbuths knsehshs esn f`dbue`jfn es gn`fdfestn.

SF\HZ CE ZHBUJFH@EZ Ze jbnsfdfjn` e` mnse n jrfterfhs que sh` bhs sfkufe`tes9

ZEKÙ@ EB SF\H CE ZHBUSH ZHBUSH E@ EZSNCH BÇ^UFCH ZHBUSH

ZHBTE@SE

EIEG\BH

bçqufch

bçqufch

Kbfjerf`n h nbjhahb e` nkun

bbççq qu uffc ch h

skúnbsfch

M Te n` phjer `che en`kuynhceh` seúb bnfcfrhe

 

 N@ÎBFZFZ F@ZS]UGE@SNB > F@KE@FE]ÇN ^UÇGFJN

F@K N]GN@CH ZNBF@NZ ZN@JAEY

=4

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ZHBUSH E@ EZSNCH CE KNZ ZHBUSH

ZHBTE@SE

EIEG\BH

kns kns kns

kns súbfch bçqufch

Afrtúke`h cfsuebth e` esph`in ce pnbncfh Bhs knses jhgph`e`tes ceb nfre Îjfch jbhraçcrfjh e` nkun

ZHBUSH E@ EZSNCH ZHBFCH ZHBUSH

ZHBTE@SE

EIEG\BH

shbfch súbfch súbfch

súbfch bçqufch kns

Bns nbenjfh`es Znbes shbumbes n` nkun \nrtçjubns súbfcns nb tngnþh ghbejubnr e` eb nfre

Cesce u` pu`th ce vfstn ke`ernb se puece` cfstf`kufrse tres jbnses ce shbujfh`es9

ZHBUJFH@EZ KNZEHZNZ Zh Zh` ` su sust stn` n`jf jfns ns knse knsehs hsns ns cfsp cfsper ersh shss e` htrh htrhss kn knse ses, s, ce cemf mfch ch n qu que e th thch chss bh bhss kn knse sess sh sh` ` jhgpbetnge`te gfsjfmbes e`tre sf, es cejfr, que se gezjbn` e` thcns prhphrjfh`es, junbqufer gezjbn ce knses es u`n shbujfú`, eiegpbh ce ebbh es eb nfre.

ZHBUJFH@EZ BF^UFCNZ Zh` nquebbns e` bns que shbuths knsehshs, knsehshs, bçqufchs bçqufchs h súbfchs súbfchs estî` cfspershs cfspershs e` u` shbvete bçqufch. E` ke`ern ke`ernb,b, prese` prese`tn` tn` bns prhpfecn prhpfecnces ces jnrnjt jnrnjterçs erçstfj tfjns ns ce bhs bçq bçqufc ufchs. hs. Eb nkun tfe`e u`n krn` jnpnjfcnc pnrn cfshbver u`n krn` vnrfecnc ce shbuths, phr esh se be jh`sfcern jhgh eb shbve`te bçqufch gîs jhgù`, bns shbujfh`es que dhrgn` se bbngn` shbujfh`es njuhsns.

ZHBUJFH@EZ ZHBFCNZ Zh` nquebbns e` bns junbes bns pnrtçjubns ce u`n sustn`jfn se e`ue`trn` cfspersns e` bn rec jrfstnbf`n ce htrn sustn`jfnn y ce u`n gn`ern ahhkæ`en. Jun`ch, e` bn dhrgnjfú` ce bn nbenjfh`es, se jnbfe`tn jh`iu`tnge`te chs h gîs getnbes, jh` drejue`jfn eb prhcujth resubtn`te es u`n shbujfú` súbfcn. Bns shbujfh`es shbujfh`es bçqufcns bçqufcns sh` bns ce gnyhr fgphrtn`jfn fgphrtn`jfn e` eb trnmnih trnmnih n`nbçtfjh, n`nbçtfjh, espejfnbge`te espejfnbge`te bns shbujfh`es njuhsns.

ZEKÙ@ BN JN@SFCNC CE ZHBUSH 







CFBUFCN,   jh`tfe`e pequeþn jn`tfcnc ce shbuth. Zh` nquebbns e` bns que any guy phjn CFBUFCN, jn`tfcnc ce shbuth cfsuebth, eb shbve`te puece sekufr ncgftfe`ch gîs shbuth. Eiegpbh, bn jn`tfcnc ce gf`ernbes e` eb nkun gf`ernb, tfe`e jn`tfcnces `uy mnins que `hs pergfte nsfgfbnrbns ncejuncnge`te. JH@JE@ JH@ JE@S]N S]NCN, CN, prese`tn ebevnch jh`te`fch ce shbuth. Zh` nquebbns e` bns que any jn`tfcnc ce shbuth cfsuebth, perh eb shbve`te thcnvçn puece sekufr ncgftfe`ch gîs shbuth. Eiegpbh, eb nkun ce gnr jh`tfe`e krn` jn`tfcnc ce snb cfsuebtn, perh thcnvçn serçn phsfmbe cfshbver gîs jn`tfcnc ce snb ZNSU]N ZNS U]NCN, CN, jun`ch se bbekn n bn gîxfgn jn`tfcnc ce shbuth jnpnz ce cfshbverse. Zh` nquebbns e` bs que `h se puece sekufr ncgftfe`ch gîs shbuth, eb cfshbve`te yn `h bh puece cfshbver. Zf bn tegpernturn nuge`tn, bn jnpnjfcnc pnrn ncgftfr gîs shbuth nuge`tn. Bn shbujfú` snturncn es nquebbn e` bn que se an cfsuebth bn gîxfgn jn`tfcnc ce krnghs ce shbuth que eb shbve`te puece njhker  ZHM]EZNSU]NCN, se cfsuebve gî shbuth shmrepnsn`ch bn jh`cfjfú` ce snturnjfú` phr  ebevnjfú` ce bn tegpernturn. Zh` nquebbns shbujfh`es e` bns que se an nþncfch gîs shbuth ceb que puece ser cfsuebth e` eb shbve`te, phr tnb ghtfvh, se hmervn que u`n pnrte ceb shbuth

 

 N@ÎBFZFZ F@ZS]UGE@SNB > F@KE@FE]ÇN ^UÇGFJN

F@K N]GN@CH ZNBF@NZ ZN@JAEY

=;

 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  XX  vn nb dh`ch ceb rejfpfe`te. Bn jnpnjfcnc ce cfsbhver eb shbuth e` exjesh nuge`tn jh` bn tegpernturn, sf jnbe`tnghs bn shbujfú`, es phsfmbe cfshbver thch eb shbuth. Ze te`crî u`n shbujfú` f`snturncn jun`ch aeghs cfsuebth uu`n jn`tfcnc ce shbuth ge`hr n bn jn`tfcnc gîxfgn que phceghs cfshbver. Bn jn`tfcnc gîxfgn ce shbuth que phceghs cfshbver e` u` cetergf`nch shbve`te es u` cnth que `hs prhphrjfh`n bn shbumfbfcnc. Bn tegpernturn tfe`e u` edejth cfrejth shmre bn shbumfbfcnc ce u` shbuth e` u` shbve`te. Bn jn`tfcnc ce shbuth `ejesnrfn pnrn dhrgnr u`n shbujfú` snturncn e` u`n jn`tfcnc cncn ce shbve`te rejh`hje jhgh bn shbumfbfcnc gîxfgn ce ese shbuth. h

Bn shbumfbfcnc @nJb ce e` @nJb nkun que n =5 krnghs ce @n Jb e` > F@KE@FE]ÇN ^UÇGFJN

F@K N]GN@CH ZNBF@NZ ZN@JAEY

=1

 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  XX  Ebevnjfú` ceb pu`th ce emubbfjfú` Any htrns prhpfecnces dçsfjns ce bns shbujfh`es que cepe`ce` ce bn `nturnbezn ce bns pnrtçjubns ceb shbuth y sh`9 vfsjhsfcnc, te`sfú` superdfjfnb y ce`sfcnc. 

JH@JE@S]NJFÚ@ Bn jh`je`trnjfú` ce u`n shbujfú` se puece expresnr junbftntfvn h jun`tftntfvnge`te. Ze egpben` bhs tærgf`hs cfbufcn y jh`je`trncn pnrn cesjrfmfr u`n shbujfú` ce dhrgn junbftntfvn, u`n shbujfú` jh` u`n jh`je`trnjfú` mnin ce shbuth se cesjrfme jhgh cfbufcn? u`n jh` u`n jh`je`trnjfú` ebevncn se cesjrfme jhgh jh`je`trncn. Bn jh`je`trnjfú` ce u`n shbujfú`, es bn rebnjfú` que exfste e`tre u`n jn`tfcnc cedf`fcn ce u` shbuth cfsuebtn e` u`n cetergf`ncn jn`tfcnc ce shbve`te. Estn rebnjfú` puece expresnrse e` u`fcnces dçsfjns dçsf jns h quçgfj quçgfjns. ns. E` eb bnmhrn bnmhrnthrf thrfh h y e` bn f`cust f`custrfn rfn,, se utf utfbfz bfzn` n` mîsfjn mîsfjnge`t ge`te e bns sfkufe`t sfkufe`tes es expresfh`es9 Bns u`fcnces dçsfjns estnmbeje` bn jhgphsfjfú` ce u`n shbujfú` e` tærgf`hs ceb pesh ce shbuth que estî e` u` cetergf`nch pesh h vhbuge` ce shbve`te. (\esh ce shbuth phr u`fcnc ce pesh h ce vhbuge` ce shbve`te. \hr eiegpbh, :< k ce subdnth ce jhmre e` 5  > + n=

n> > 7 jn`tfcnc ce shbuth h gnsn ce bn sustn`jfn cfsuebtn n= 7 jn`tfcnc ce cfshbve`te h gnsn ce cfshbve`te m7 jn`tfcnc ce shbujfú` Ze puece expresnr ce bhs sfkufe`tes ghchs9 \hrje`tnie e` pesh (%, \/\)  , f`cfjn eb `ùgerh ce krnghs ce shbuth cfsuebth e` >< k ce @nJb e` >< ce snb gîs 6< k ce nkun. \hrje`tnie \esh/vhbuge` (%\/T ) f`cfjn eb `ùgerh ce krnghs ce shbuth phr >< ce jbhrurh ce shcfh e` >< krnghs ce shbuth jbhrurhce shcfh, e` 1< k ce nkun cestfbncn.

ZHBUJFH@ 7 ZHBUSH + ZHBTE@SE ZHBUJFÚ@ 7 >< k (><

+ 1>.>>%

 

 N@ÎBFZFZ F@ZS]UGE@SNB > F@KE@FE]ÇN ^UÇGFJN

F@K N]GN@CH ZNBF@NZ ZN@JAEY

=6

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SF\HZ CE ZHBUJFH@EZ Bhs quçgfjhs expresn` bns jh`je`trnjfh`es ce bns shbujfh`es ce vnrfns gn`erns, nbku`ns gîs ùtfbes que htrns e` bhs jîbjubhs jun`tftntfvhs. Bns u`fcnces ce jh`je`trnjfú` que se utfbfzn` jh` gîs drejue`jfn e` bhs n`îbfsfs vhbugætrfjhs sh` bn ghbnrfcnc y bn `hrgnbfcnc y e` ge`hr f`jfce`jfn bns shbujfh`es egpçrfjns. Eb tærgf`h phr jfe`th e` peshs se egpben jhgù`ge`te pnrn expresnr bn jh`je`trnjfú` nprhxfgncn ce bhs renjtfvhs ce bnmhrnthrfh. 

 ZHBUJFH@EZ GHBN]EZ Eb jh`jepth ce ghb es ùtfb pnrn expresnr jh`je`trnjfh`es ce shbujfh`es, espejfnbge`te e` n`îbfsfs quçgfj quç gfjh, h, ch`ce ch`ce es `ejesn `ejesnrfh rfh jh`hje jh`hjerr bns reb rebnjf njfh`e h`ess vhbugæt vhbugætrfj rfjns ns e` bns que renjjf renjjfh`n h`nrî` rî` shbujfh`es ce cfdere`tes sustn`jfns. U`n shbujfú` u`h ghbnr se cedf`e jhgh bn que jh`tfe`e u` ghb ce sustn`jfn e` jncn bftrh ce esn shbujfú`. Ïstn se prepnrn cfshbvfe`ch u` ghb ce bn sustn`jfn e` eb shbve`te y cfbuye`ch anstn u` vhbuge` df`nb ce u` bftrh e` u` gntrnz vhbugætrfjh, h mfæ` se puece cfshbver u`n drnjjfú` h u` gùbtfpbh ceb ghb y cfbufrbh anstn bn drnjjfú` h gùbtfpbh ce bftrh jhrresph`cfe`te (phr eiegpbh, < gb). Bn jh`je`trnjfú` ghbnr ce bn shbujfú` ce bn espejfe quçgfjn Q es eb `ùgerh ce ghbes ce estn espejfe que estî jh`te`fch e` u` bftrh ce bn shbujfú`. Bn u`fcnc ce jh`je`trnjfú` ghbnr es bn ghbnrfcnc (G), bn junb tfe`e cfge`sfh`es ce ghb / bftrh. Ze expresn ce bn sfkufe`te gn`ern9

 

G

7

@¹ GHBEZ CE---------ZHBUSH ----------------------------------------------------7 THBUGE@ CE ZHBUJFH@ E@ BFS]HZ

ghb ------------B

Sngmfæ` se puece expresnr ce bn gn`ern sfkufe`te9      

G

7

Gfbfghbes ce shbuth gghb -------------------------------------- ------------------ 7 --------------Gfbfbftrhs ce shbujfú` gb

\nrn edejtunr jîbjubhs e` n`îbfsfs vhbugætrfjh se ceme gn`fpubnr expresfh`es e` bns junbes npnrezjn` ghbes y shbujfh`es ghbnres. Eb bftrh es u`n u`fcnc phjh prîjtfjn pnrn bns jn`tfcnces rebntfvnge`te pequeþns que se e`jue`trn` e` bns tftubnjfh`es, phr bh que `hrgnbge`te se trnmnin jh` gfbfbftrhs. Bhs jîbjubhs ce ghbnrfcnc exfke` u` jh`hjfgfe`th ce bn estequfhgetrçn ce bns renjjfh`es, es cejfr, bn rebnjfú` e` bn que renjjfh`n` bns sustn`jfns. ]esubtn fgphrtn`te eb egpbeh ceb sfstegn ghbnr e` bn expresfú` ce bn que jh`je`trnjfú` ceu`n un nhbujfú` phrque, sf bn gecfrse ghbnrfcnc ce edejtunr u`n shbujfú` es jh`hjfcn, es dîjfb snmer vhbuge` ce sbujfú` cncn cemerî pnrn u`n renjjfú` cetergf`ncn e` bn que ceme f`terve`fr, `ejesnrfnge`te, u` jferth ce ghbes, ghbæjubns, h fh`es ceb shbuth que dhrgn esn shbujfú`. Bn rebnjfú` jun`tftntfvn que se tfe`e e` este tfph ce shbujfh`es, phr prf`jfpfh, vhbùge`es fkunbes ce shbujfh`es equfghbejubnres jh`tfe`e` eb gfsgh `ùgerh ce ghbes h ce ghbæjubns, sf eb shbuth es ghbejubnr y sf bns ghbæjubns `h experfge`tn` jngmfh quçgfjh nb cfshbverbns. Bhs quçgfjhs usn` nbku`ns vejes eb tærgf`h dhrgnbfcnc (D) pnrn shbujfh`es ce snbes fú`fjns que `h exfste` jhgh ghbæjubns e` estnch súbfch `f e` shbujfú`. Bn dhrgnbfcnc es `ùgerfjnge`te fkunb n bn ghbnrfcnc. Htrn u`fcnc ce jh`je`trnjfú` es bn Ghbnbfcnc (g), u`n shbujfú` es u`h ghbnb jun`ch jh`tfe`e u` ghb phr >==.> k/ ghb) estî` jh`te`fchs e` 5 krnghs ce îjfch purh8 @ùgerh ce ghbes 5 k Q > ghb >==.>

7 k

=> gb ce AJb y bbevnr n u` vhbuge` ce u` bftrh e` dfhbn. m) Eb tftubh n pnrtfr ce bn sustn`jfn que se cetergf`n.   F`cfjn eb `ugerh ce krnghs ce sustn`jfn que se cetergf`n, jhrresph`cfe`te n >gb. ce shbujfú` pntrú`.  S A=ZH3/ JnH 7