Unidad 1

 

Gvdludc`ój

4

WJ@HDH 4 - IWJHDOGJXFS HG LD GYDLWDC@ÓJ

GSXWH@DJXG; Eg`l`s Ofjrfy Lópgz

XWXF^; Sdjhrd O`lgjd Adlv`s

Arupf; 8=43=8V43

WJ@YG^S@HDH JDC@FJDL DN@G^XD P D H@SXDJC@D – WJDH GSCWGLD HG C@GJC@DS HG LD GHWCDC@ÓJ L@CGJC@DXW^D GJ ]GHDAFAÏD @JIGJX@L ^`fbdcbd/Odrzf

 

Gvdludc`ój

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4. S` uj prfcgs prfcgsf f hg dprgjh`z dprgjh`zdkg dkg gs dutójfof, dutójfof, lds gstrdtg gstrdtga`d a`dss qug gl gstuh`d gstuh`djtg jtg s`aug s`aug pdrd pdrd dprgjhgr t`gjgj qug vgr cfj ld cfjsfl`hdc`ój hg ld `jifrodc`ój qug sfnrg gl tgod t`gjg d h`spfs`c`ój. Lugaf hg ujd lgcturd cfoprgjs`vd gstdnlgcg ld hgi`j`c`ój hg lfs cfjcgptfs, lds rgldc`fjgs gjtrg gllfs y bdstd ld hgtgro`jdc`ój hg oàtfhfs y prfcgh`o`gjtfs qug idvfrgzcdj su dpl`cdc`ój gj ld sfluc`ój hg lfs prfnlgods hg ld rgdl`hdh. Hgshg gstd  pgrspgct`vd, gj uj pärrdif gxprgsg su dprgc`dc`ój sfnrg gl rfl qug tgjhrïd ld gvdludc`ój, tdjtf cfof bgrrdo`gjtd cfof gstrdtga`d ogtdcfaj`t`vd, pdrd cfjsfl`hdr gsg dprgjh`zdkg . Gl rfl hg ld gvdludc`ój cfof bgrrdo`gjtd gj gstg prfcgsf hg dprgjh`zdkg dutójfof gs vgr`i`cdr y cfji`rodr qug gl gstuh`djtg bdyd dhqu`r`hf lfs cfjfc`o`gjtfs, bdn`l`hdhgs y cfopgtgjc`ds jgcgsdr`ds hgl tgod ogh`djtg ld sfluc`ój hg prfnlgods qug pughdj sgr rgsugltds hg odjgrd frdl y gscr`td y qug lg pgro`td dl gstuh`djtg fnsgrvdr f nsgrvdr sus ifrtdlgzds, bdn`l`hdhgs y hgn`l`hdhgs gj su  prfcgsf hg dprgjh`zdkg. Lfs prfcgsfs hg dprgjh`zdkg sfj lds dct`v`hdhgs qug rgdl`zdj lfs gstuh`djtgs pdrd cfjsgau`r gl lfarf hg lfs fnkgt`vfs ghucdt`vfs qug prgtgjhgj y cfjst`tuygj ujd dct`v`hdh `jh`v`hudl, dujqug sg hgsdrrflld gj uj cfjtgxtf sfc`dl y culturdl, qug sg prfhucg d trdvàs hg uj prfcgsf hg `jtgr`fr`zdc`ój gj gl qug cdhd gstuh`djtg cfjc`l`d lfs jugvfs cfjfc`o`gjtfs gj sus gstructurds cfaj`t`vds prgv`ds5 hgng `opl`cdrsg dct`vdogjtg rgcfjc`l`djhf lf qug sdng y crgg cfj ld jugvd `jifrodc`ój y cfof tdl ld cfjstrucc`ój hgl cfjfc`o`gjtf t`gjg  pugs hfs vgrt`gjtgs ujf pgrsfjdl y ftrd sfc`dl. Hgshg ld pgrspg Hgshg pgrspgct` ct`vd vd hgl dprgjh` dprgjh`zdk zdkgg dutójfo dutójfof, f, gl odjgkf odjgkf hg lds gstrdt gstrdtga` ga`ds ds cfaj`t cfaj`t`vd `vdss y ogtdcfaj`t`vds hg dprgjh`zdkg sg cfjv`grtgj gj uj glgogjtf cldvg qug pgro`tg dl gstuh`djtg fr`gjtdrsg gj ld `jifrodc`ój h`spfj`nlg ogh`djtg su fradj`zdc`ój, clds`i`cdc`ój g `jtgrprgtdc`ój, dsï cfof ld fradj`zdc`ój, supgrv`s`ój y gvdludc`ój hgl prfp`f prfcgsf hg dprgjh`zdkg. Lds gstrdtga`ds cfaj`t`vds pughgj hgi`j`rsg cfof cfopfrtdo`gjtfs pldj`i`cdhfs qug sglgcc`fjdj y fradj`zdj ogcdj`sofs cfaj`t`vfs, digct`vfs y oftr`cgs cfj gl i`j hg gjirgjtdrsg d s`tudc`fjgs  prfnlgod, alfndlgs f gspgcïi`cds, hg dprgjh`zdkg (Our`d, 4008). Wjd iujc`ój pr`ofrh`dl gj tfhf prfcgsf hg dprgjh`zdkg, dnfrhd gl tgod hg ld ogtdcfaj`c`ój cfof ujd dltgrjdt`vd v`dnlg pdrd ifrodr dluojfs dutójfofs, sfnrg ld ndsg hg ujd ghucdc`ój qug  pftgjc`d ld cfjc`gjc`d sfnrg lfs prfp`fs prfcgsfs cfaj`t`vfs y ld dutfrrgauldc`ój hg lfs o`sofs  pfr pdrtg hg lfs gstuh`djtgs, hg odjgrd tdl, qug lgs cfjhuzcd d uj "dprgjhgr d dprgjhgr", gs hgc`r, d dutf h`r`a`r su dprgjh`zdkg y trdjsigr`rlf d ftrfs äon`tfs hg su v`hd. Cfof pdrtg hg jugstrd hfcgjc`d, hgngofs `jtgjtdr, cfof yd crgf qug oucbfs lf `jtgjtdofs, gjsgôdr pdrd ld trdjsigrgjc`d, pdrd idvfrgcgr ld dutfrrgauldc`ój y ld dutfjfoïd hg lfs gstuh`djtgs,  prfofv`gjhf gl djäl`s`s, gl hgndtg y ld rgilgx`ój crït`cd. Hgngofs bdcgr dl dluojf cfjsc`gjtg hg cóof dprgjhg, hg cóof pldj`i`cd y hg cóof llgvd d cdnf su dprgjh`zdkg. Hgng sgr cdpdz hg gvdludr y trdjsigr`r gstrdtga`ds d ftrfs cfjtgxtfs. Hgng sgr cdpdz hg nuscdr ld ogkfr sfluc`ój  prfcgh`ogjtdl pdrd cdhd fcds`ój. Hgng sgr cdpdz hg gvdludr su prfp`f rgjh`o`gjtf .

 

Gvdludc`ój

3

>. Gj ld vgr`i`cdc` vgr`i`cdc`ój ój hgl dprgjh`zdk dprgjh`zdkgg dutójfof dutójfof lfardhf pfr pfr uj gstuh`djt gstuh`djtgg cudjhf dirfjtd dirfjtd gl gstuh`f hg uj hgtgro`jdhf tgod, gl hfcgjtg sg prgfcupd pfr sglgcc`fjdr f h`sgôdr `jstruogjtfs hg gvdludc`ój qug lg pgro`tdj p gro`tdj tgjgr gv`hgjc`ds pdrd gldnfrdr ku`c`fs hg vdlfr sfnrg gl hgsgopgôf hgl gstuh`djtg odj`igstdhf gj ld cfjsfl`hdc`ój hg su dprgjh`zdkg. D pdrt`r hg ld di`rodc`ój djtgr`fr, gj uj pärrdif, gxprgsg lds vgjtdkds y lds hgsvgjtdkds qug ustgh cfjs`hgrg t`gjg gl usdr s`goprg uj o`sof t`pf hg `jstruogjtf f rgdl`zdr ld cfon`jdc`ój hg vdr`fs pdrd bdcgr hg gsg ku`c`f hg vdlfr dlaf cfji`dnlg y väl`hf. Ld dutfjfoïd gj gl dprgjh`zdkg gs ld idcultdh qug lg pgro`tg tfodr hgc`s`fjgs qug lg cfjhuzcd d rgauldr su prfp`f dprgjh`zdkg gj iujc`ój hg ujd hgtgro`jdhd ogtd y d uj cfjtgxtf f cfjh`c`fjgs gspgcïi`cds hg uj dprgjh`zdkg, ld cudl ld dutfjfoïd jfs prfpfrc`fjd ld l`ngrtdh, cdpdc`hdh crït`cd, l`hgrdzaf, odjgkf gj rgilgx`ój fnsgrvdc`ój, ogkfr dutfgst`od, g `jhgpgjhgjc`d. Sgr prfpfs`t`vf g `jjfvdhfr, t`gjg ld cdpdc`hdh hg `jvgst`adr ld rgdl`hdh y sus igjóogjfs, cdpdc`hdh hg nuscdr cfjfc`o`gjtfs, rgsfluc`ój hg prfnlgods, dhqu`grg ogkfrgs tàcj`cds y gstrdtga`ds hg dprgjh`zdkgs, Ygjtdkds. Ifogjtd ld cur`fs`hdh, ld `jvgst`adc`ój y sfnrg tfhf ld dutfh`sc`pl`jd. Sg dprgjhg d rgsflvgr prfnlgods pfr ujf o`sof. 

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Xgjgofs ld l`ngrtdh hg hgc`h`r d qug lg`jtgràs. hgh`cdrgofs oäs t`gopf, gs hgc hgc`r `r tgods qug sg  pughgj h`i`cultdr f qug sfj hg jugstrf Gl dluojf gs oäs cfjstruct`vf.  Jf sflf pgro`tg dhqu`r`r f hgsdrrflldr ujd bdn`l`hdh gj cfjcrgtf, s`jf ifrodr  pgrsfjdl`hdh hg ifrodr pfs`t`vd y h`jäo`cd. Sg gs oäs cfopgt`t`vf gj cudlqu`gr ärgd qug rgdl`cg sus dct`v`hdhgs.

Hgsvgjtdkds.  Jf tfhfs tgjgofs lds bgrrdo`gjtds f tàcj`cds pdrd hgc`h`r qug ld `jifrodc`ój qug cfop`ldofs dl `jvgst`adr gs i`dnlg f s` gs rgdlogjtg fnkgt`vd. fn kgt`vd. Hgn`hf d gstf oucbfs dsgaurdj qug gl dprgjh`zdkg hgng rgdl`zdrsg au`dhfs pfr pgrsfjds `hójgds gj ld odtgr`d d trdvàs hg lfs h`igrgjtgs j`vglgs.  D hgoäs pfr oäs qug dutfdprgjh`zdkg tgjad `jifrodc`ój ût`l y cfrrgctd pfr pdrtg hgl dutfh`hdctd y ld pgrodjgjtg gst`ouldc`ój hg su `jtgl`agjc`d, cfrrg cfj ld hgsvgjtdkd hg jf tgjgr uj dvdl sfc`dl cfof lf t`gjg uj tïtulf fi`c`dl y su cfjsgcugjtg vdl`hgz gj gl äon`tf ldnfrdl y dcdhào`cf. Ld idltd hg cfoprfo`sf qug t`gjg gl gstuh`djtg, gstf cfj ld odld dho`j`strdc`ój hgl t`gopf qug lg hd dl gstuh`f. Ld idltd hg bgrrdo`gjtd pdrd tgjgr dccgsf d `jifrodc`ój, cfof ld idltd hg cfjcgjtrdc`ój g `jtgràs gj gl prfpós`tf hg dprgjh`zdkgs 

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Gvdludc`ój

8

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@jh`v`hudl 4. ¶Cfjs`hgrd qug gl prfigsfr ^fkds t`gjg yd tfhd ld `jifrodc`ój pdrd hgsdrrflldr gl prfygctf6 S` jf gs dsï, ¶quà `jifrodc`ój gspgcïi`cd rgqugr`rïd6 Gl prfigsfr rfkds cfj tfhd ld gxpgr`gjc`d qug t`gjg, sdng y qu`grg tgjgr gl ogkfr gqu`pf hg trdndkf, ld cudl ogh`djtg ld nûsqughd hg uj gqu`pf hg trdndkf, hgng gstdr `jifrodhf hg lds cdpdc`hdhgs hgl gstuh`djtg, qug lg pgro`td tgjgr uj sgau`o`gjtf hg gvdludc`ój hgl gargsdhf d trdvàs ld hfcuogjtdc`ój rgqugr`hd. Gl pldj d sgau`r gs gstdnlgcgr lds gstrdtga`ds pghdaóa`cds hgl ]G@ hg ld `jst`tuc`ój, cfj gl prfpós`tf hg nr`jhdrlgs fr`gjtdc`fjgs pdrd ld ifrodc`ój hgl prfygctf ghucdt`vf `jst`tuc`fjdl, qug idc`l`td ld pldjgdc`ój, ld ifrodc`ój y gl dprgjh`zdkg hg lds h`sc`pl`jds hg lfs gstuh`djtgs. Gs jgcgsdr`f tgjgr uj pldj hg gstuh`f y prfcgh`o`gjtfs qug hgngj dpfydrsg cfj ifrodc`ój y cfjfc`o`gjtfs tgór`cd tgór`cd hg lfs odgstrfs, gs rgqu`s`tf `jh`spgjsdnlg `jh`spgjsdnlg pdrd qug lfs h`st`jtfs dctfrgs sg s`gjtdj cfoprfogt`hfs cfj lfs prfcgsfs hg gjsgôdjzds y dprgjh`zdkgs. P pfr ûlt`of, ld `hgd hg cfjfcgr gl pldj hgl cursf hg gvdludc`ój hg ld `jst`tuc`ój hg ld WJDH, gs ujd `hgd qug lg pgro`tg nuscdr gstrdtga`ds hg sgjs`n`l`zdc`ój, d lds gstrdtga`ds, cfj gl i`j hg nuscdr ftrfs cfjfc`o`gjtfs g `jvflucrdr ftrds `jst`tuc`fjgs. `jst`tuc`fjgs.

>. ¶Gs jgcgsdr`f h`v`h`r gl prfnlgod hg gvdludr ld `jst`tuc`ój gj vdr`fs fnkgtfs hg gvdludc`ój6 S` gs dsï, ¶quà fnkgtfs hg gvdludc`ój sg tgjhrïdj qug hgi`j`r pdrd pfhgrlfs gvdludr6 Sglgcc`fjg 4 y gxpl`qug ¶Tuà pdsfs f gtdpds rgcfogjhdrïd pdrd pfhgr gvdludrlf6

S` gs dsï, gl O`j`stgr`f hg Ghucdc`ój Jdc`fjdl, gs gl gjcdradhf hg ifrouldr ld pflït`cd hg ghucdc`ój jdc`fjdl y ifogjtdr gl hgsdrrfllf hg ujd ghucdc`ój cfopgt`t`vd y hg cdl`hdh cfj gl  prfpós`tf qug agjgrg fpfrtuj`hdhgs hg prfardods y prfspgr`hdh. Sg tgjhräj lfs s`au`gjtgs `jstruogjtfs hg gvdludc`ój hg agst`ój, Dcdhào`cf, Dho`j`strdt`vf y i`jdjc`drd, hgjtrf hg lfs  prfcgsfs qug sg llgvdj pdrd ld fntgjc`ój hg lfs gstäjhdrgs hg cdl`hdh hgi`j`hfs cfof jgcgsdr`fs hgjtrf hg lds `jst`tuc`fjgs, sg hgstdcd, pfr su pdrt`culdr `opfrtdjc`d, ld gvdludc`ój hgl prfcgsf hg gjsgôdjzd dprgjh`zdkg. Wjds hg lds odjgrds hg gvdludr ld gvfluc`ój hg lds `jst`tuc`fjgs gs cdhd agst`ój gs. 4. Gvdlud Gvdludc`ó c`ój j y ogk ogkfrd frd hg hg ld `jst `jst`t `tuc` uc`ój. ój. >. ^gcfp`ldc`ój ^gcfp`ldc`ój hg hdtfs hdtfs y cälculf cälculfss hg hg `jh`cdh `jh`cdhfrgs. frgs. 3. Gvdl Gvdlud udc` c`ój ój hg hgll prf prfar ardo dodd  

Gvdludc`ój hg gi`cdc`d (cdl`hdh) Gvdludc`ój hg gi`cdc`d (gcfjfoïd)

 

Gvdludc`ój

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Gvdludc`ój hg agst`ój.

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Gvdludc`ój hg rgsultdhfs.

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Gvdludc`ój hg `opdctf

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¶Cfjs`hgrd qug ld gvdludc`ój hgng sgau`r s`gjhf ujd ogtfhflfaïd r`aurfsd f sg hgng h`spfjgr hg ujd tgfrïd gspgcïi`cd6 Sustgjtg su rgspugstd. ]`gjsf qug ld gvdludc`ój hgng sgr r`afrfsd, bd s`hf h`sgôdhd pdrd qug tfhfs lfs hfcgjtgs pughdj hdrlg ut`l`hdh qug rgspfjhdj d lds jgcgs`hdhgs hg ld ghucdc`ój. Gj ld dctudl`hdh sfj dct`v`hdhgs qug sg rgdl`zdj gj gl prfcgsf ghucdt`vf hfjhg lfs gstuh`djtgs hgsdrrflldj h`igrgjtgs bdn`l`hdhgs y hgstrgzd hgpgjh`gjhf hgl gsiugrzf qug rgdl`zdj  pdrd lfardr ujd cdl`hdh ghucdt`vd y su dutfifrodc`ój, pgrf oft`vdrlg d lfs gstuh`djtgs qug gl bdcgr ujd gvdludc`ój jf hgng cdusdr hdôf gj gl `jtgr`fr cfof gl tgrrfr, tr`stgzd f ndkd dutfgst`od dl sdngr s` sgrä jgadt`vf f pfs`t`vf lfs rgsultdhfs. rgsultdhfs. Ld gvdludc`ój gs `opfrtdjtg pfrqug gs uj bgrrdo`gjtd qug pgro`tg dl hfcgjtg vdlfrdr gl cfjfc`o`gjtf qug pfsgg gl gstuh`djtg gs dpl`cdnlg gj h`igrgjtgs ifrods.