Unidad 1

 

YHLNCN 3 Istunles y trckcoes privles 3.3  Ifi`ihtes ni uh preyidte ni ckcstidl`lihte

Fes slsti`cs pcrc ckcstidl`lihte ni cguc petckfi dehstch ni nlvirses de`pehihtis? dcptcdlôh, dehnuddlôh, petcklflzcdlôh, nislhbiddlôh, rigufcdlôh, cf`cdihc`lihte y nlstrlkudlôh: ih dcnc uhe si dehstruyih fcs ekrcs hidiscrlcs pcrc qui sus ekoitlves pcrtldufcris sich cfdchzcnes ni ber`c sctlsbcdterlc. Fc dcptcdlôh si ribliri c fc ixpfetcdlôh nif cguc ih fcs peslkfis buihtis: fc ni dehnuddlôh cf trchsperti nif ridurse acstc if puhte ni ihtrigc pcrc su nlspesldlôh pestirler, fc rigufcdlôh y cf`cdihc`lihte tlihi per ekoite trchsber`cr if rìgl`ih ni cfl`ihtcdlôh nif cguc previhlihti ni fc buihti qui gihircf`ihti is dehstchti, ih rìgl`ih ni ni`chnc vcrlckfi qui riquliri fc pekfcdlôh y if i f ekoitlve ni fc nlstrlkudlôh, is preperdlehcr ih if ne`ldlfle ni fes usucrles, deh fcs prislehis cniducncs pcrc fes uses rislnihdlcfis, de`irdlcfis i lhnustrlcfis her`cfis, cf lgucf if ni su`lhlstrcr if ckcstidl`lihte hidiscrle pcrc fc pretiddlôh dehtrc lhdihnles ih fc zehc ni ni`chnc, urkchc e rurcf. If prepôslte prlhdlpcf ni uh slsti`c ni ckcstidl`lihte ni cguc is su`lhlstrcr cguc sigurc pcrc if dehsu`e au`che c uh deste rczehckfi. If grcne ni trctc`lihte y fc de`klhcdlôh ni fes predises ni petcklflzcdlôh nipihnih ni fc buihti ni cguc y ni su dcflncn. Fc dchtlncn ni cguc pcrc `chtihir fc vlnc ni uhc pirsehc is piquióc, pire cf cgrupcrsi ber`chne de`uhlncnis, fc dchtlncn si lhdri`ihtc. Yh slsti`c ni nlstrlkudlôh ni cguc cg uc petckfi si preyidtc pcrc su`lhlstrcr uh vefu`ih subldlihti ni cguc c uhc prislôh cniducnc y deh uhc dcflncn cdiptckfi, nisni fc buihti ni su`lhlstre acstc fes dehsu`lneris. Fc pfchicdlôh, nlsióe, buhdlehc`lihte, dehstruddlôh y epircdlôh ni fes `enirhes slsti`cs urkches ni cgucs y cgucs rislnucfis, seh i`priscs de`pfiocs. If bcdter ni l`pertchdlc he is tch sefe fc i`prisc ni Lhgihliràc, slhe fc `cnuriz pefàtldc, sedlcf i lhnustrlcf. If niscrreffe ni fes preyidtes ni cguc y cgucs rislnucfis nipihni ni lhber`cdlôh ni`egrãbldc, alnrefôgldc, gienìsldc y giefôgldc: giefôgld c: qui puinc tihirsi cf cfdchdi, ektihlnc c trcvìs ni nìdcncs ni ernihcnc eksirvcdlôh, riglstre y chãflsls slsti`ãtlde. Yh slsti`c kãslde nifcckcstidl`lihte ni dehnldlehis cguc petckficdiptckfis, lhdfuyi fc lhbrcistrudturc hidiscrlcprivle pcrc dcptcr if cguc nisni buihti qui riÿhc rricflzcr icflzcr uh trctc`lihte pcrc fuige dehnudlrfc, cf`cdihcrfc y nlstrlkulrfc c fc de`uhlncn ni uhc ber`c rigufcr. If cguc petckfi dukri fcs slgulihtis hidislncnis prl`ernlcf`ihti?        

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Klefôgldcs Alglihi pirsehcf Lhnustrlcfis y de`irdlcfis Bcdlfltcr óc fl`plizc, tchte urkchc de`e de`irdlcf i lhnustrlcf.

 

 

3.;  Istunles prifl`lhcris

Lhber`cdlôh kãsldc privlc cf preyidte Yh slsti`chidiscrlc kãslde nipcrc ckcstidl`lihte ni cguc lhdfuyi lhbrcistrudturcqui (ekrc ni dcptcdlôh) dcptcr if cguc nisnipetckfi fc buihti ni fc ckcstidl`lihte riÿhc dehnldlehis cdiptckfis. [icflzcr uh trctc`lihte (pfchtc petcklflzcnerc) privle pcrc fuige dehnudlrfc (fàhic ni dehnuddlôh), cf`cdihcrfc (ekrc ni cf`cdihc`lihte e ni rigufcrlzcdlôh) y nlstrlkulrfc (rin ni nlstrlkudlôh) c fc de`uhlncn ih ber`c rigufcr (si pritihni ebirtcr cguc ni dcflncn ih dchtlncn subldlihti, deh fc prislôh hidiscrlc, c tenc aerc y ih tenes fes puhtes ni fc pekfcdlôh). Istunles prifl`lhcris   Dctigeràc pefàtldc. Tl is dcpltcf, dckidirc `uhldlpcf, `uhldlple e fedcflncn.   Nctes alstôrldes. Bidac ni buhncdlôh, sus buhncneris, rczôh ni iffc, slghlbldcne nif he`kri ni fc pekfcdlôh y cdehtidl`lihtes alstôrldes l`pertchtis.   Deernihcncs giegrãbldcs. Tus vcferis.

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  Ykldcdlôh. [iglôh, if dô`e ffigcr c iffc y perqui `inle.

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  Istunle sedleidehô`lde. ^lpes ni pekfcdlôh, dcffis, dcscs, destu`kris, cguc petckfi, nrihcoi, ifidtrldlncn, `irdcne, dfàhldcs, rcstre, i`priscs, pekfcdlôh cdtlvc y cfbckitlzcnc, itd.   Istunle ni bcdtlklflncn. Ti nitir`lhc dehedlihne fc pekfcdlôh cdtucf, netcdlôh, scfcrle `àhl`e, hu`ire prekckfi ni te`cs ne`ldlflcrlcs.   Giefôgldes. ^lpe ni prevlhdlc y suksuife.   Tuifes. ^lpes.

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Rigitcdlôh. Rcrlincn. Bcuhc. Ispidlis. Yse nif suife. Cdtlvlncn prine`lhchti y tihnihdlc ni fc tlirrc. Alnregrcbàc. Fedcflzcdlôh ni buihtis ni ckcstidl`lihte sigÿh istunles alnrefôgldes e giefôgldes: privlihne fc dcflncn y dchtlncn.   ^epegrãbldes. [idehedl`lihte ni fcs ãrics ni dcptcdlôh, dehnuddlôh, pfchtc petcklflzcnerc, dcsitc ni dfercdlôh, tchquis ni rigufcrlzcdlôh e cf`cdihc`lihte, fàhics ni cfl`ihtcdlôh y pekfcdlôh. Fivchtc`lihte tepegrãblde y ni pirblfis. df l`c, nlriddlôh ni vlihtes y   Dfl`ctefôgldes. Istunle ni `ãxl`es, `àhl`es y `inlcs nif dfl`c, pridlpltcdlehis.   Tehnies, cberes y te`c ni `uistrcs ni cguc. Cbercr fcs buihtis ni ckcstidl`lihte ni cguc slgulihne fcs ispidlbldcdlehis nif fckercterle ih duchte c fcs dcrcdtiràstldcs ni ihvcsi, prebuhnlncn ni `uistrie, `ene dirrcne, siffcne, trchspertcdlôh ni fcs

      

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`uistrcs c nlstlhtcs prebuhnlncnis.   Dcrcdtiràstldcs ni ihirgàc ifìdtrldc. Reftcoi, briduihdlc, dldfe.   ]uhte ni te`c ni fc derrlihti. ]crc fes nlstlhtes riquirl`lihtes nif slsti`c.   Istunle ni rislstlvlncn. Nitir`lhcr if petihdlcf ifìdtrlde nif tirrihe pcrc pretigir if iqulpe.   _ehcs ni dridl`lihte buture. Nitir`lhcrfe.   @ctirlcfis y `che ni ekrc nlspehlkfis. Ih fc zehc e buirc ni iffc.   Bfitis y picois. @enlbldc destes sl is peslkfi.   Ektihdlôh ni pfches. Sui dehtihgch prinlcf, pcvl`ihtes, lhstcfcdlôh ni cguc petckfi cdtucf, cfdchtcrlffcne, lhstcfcdlehis ifìdtrldcs, tifibôhldcs, gcs, tepegrãbldcs, itd.   Chãflsls ni `uistrcs ni cguc.   ]irlene idehô`lde. idehô`lde. ]irlene ‖h‐ ni cóes ih qui fes llhgrises hgrises y igrises sich lgucfis. Ih

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uhc pekfcdlôh nehni he is bcdtlkfi if slsti`c ni ckcstidl`lihte ni cguc petckfi ixlstihti y si pritihnc `enlbldcr if slsti`c, si te`crãh de`e pirlenes ni istunle 9, 3= y 39 cóes nitir`lhchne if pirlene idehô`lde figlkfi. Ti nikirãh te`cr uh pirlene idehô`lde ni 2 c 39 cóes, ni cduirne deh fc `cghltun ni fc pekfcdlôh y dcrcdtiràstldcs dfl`ctefôgldcs prlhdlpcf`ihti ni fc fedcflncn per istckfidir, csà de`e nif deste prekckfi ni fcs ekrcs per ioidutcr. Gihircf`ihti si te`ch 3= cóes pcrc fedcflncnis urkchcs, `inlchcs y piquiócs.   Istunle ni netcdlôh. Netcdlôh is fc dchtlncn ni cguc cslghcnc per pirsehc y per nàc (fts/Ack/n), pcrc kikir, cfl`ihtes, csie pirsehcf, ni repc y aegcr: csà de`e rlige, dehtrc lhdihnles y si dfcslbldc ih dehsu`e ne`ìstlde, pukflde, lhnustrlcf, de`irdlcf, bugcs y nispirnldles. Fc netcdlôh si istckfidi ih if [igfc`ihte ni Dehstruddlôh.   Istunle ni`egrãblde. Ti chcflzc if dridl`lihte ni fc pekfcdlôh ih fes pcscnes ;= cóes.

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3.4   NI^I[@LHCDLEH NI FC ]EKFCDLEH NI ][E\ID^E 3.4

 

]crc fc nitir`lhcdlôh ni fc pekfcdlôh ni preyidte si dehslnirc uh pirlene idehô`lde ni 2 c 39 cóes, ni cduirne deh fc `cghltun ` cghltun ni pekfcdlôh y dcrcdtiràstldcs ddfl`ctefôgldcs fl`ctefôgldcs prlhdlpcf`ihti, ni fc fedcflncn per istckfidir: csà de`e nif deste prekckfi ni fcs ekrcs per ioidutcr. Gihircf`ihti si te`ch 3= cóes pcrc fedcflncnis fe dcflncnis urkchcs, `inlchcs y piquiócs. Ti dcfdufc nitir`lhchne fc pekfcdlôh ixlstihti ih f pcscne, istckfidlihne if dridl`lihte y nitir`lhchne if `ls`e pcrc 3= cóes cnifchti. ^c`klìh si dehslnirc if dridl`lihte ni fc riglôh pcrc nitir`lhcr if `ls`e lhdri`ihte ih ;= cóes: nipihnlihne fc vlnc ÿtlf nif preyidte nisicne. Fes slsti`cs nif dãfdufe puinih sir per fes `ìtenes crlt`ìtlde, gie`ìtrlde per perdihtcoi, gie`ìtrlde per lhdri`ihte `inle tetcf, @cftaus, ixtihslôh grãbldc, ihtri etres.

3.>   IT^YNLET NI NE^CDLÔH \ DEHTY@E 3.> IT^YNLET NI NE^CDLÔH Fc netcdlôh istã niblhlnc per if [igfc`ihte ni _ehlbldcdlôh nif Istcne rispidtlve nif @uhldlple, y vcràc nipihnlihne nif use qui si nistlhi if lh`uikfi: punlihne sir?

 

 

 

 

 

  Dfl`c dãflne. Duyc ti`pircturc `inlc chucf bfudtÿc ihtri ;= ½D c 4= ½D.   Dfl`c ti`pfcne. Duyc ti`pircturc `inlc chucf bfudtÿc ihtri 32 ½D c ;= ½D.   Dfl`c brle. Duyc ti`pircturc `inlc chucf bfudtÿc ihtri fes 3= ½D c fes 32 ½D.

 

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Istunles ni vcrlcdlehis ni dehsu`e ^ene if slsti`c niki privir cftircdlehis ih su buhdlehc`lihte, pire if `ãs l`pertchti seh fcs vcrlcdlehis ni dehsu`e, puis fc pekfcdlôh sefldltc nlstlhtes gcstes nurchti tene if nc, qui vcràc nurchti if `is, fc si`chc e lhdfuse nurchti if cóe. If puhte dràtlde pcrc istcs vcrlcdlehis sirã if tchqui t chqui ni rigufcrlzcdlôh e cf`cdihc`lihte. ]crc preyidtcr cpreplcnc`ihti fcs tukiràcs ni ckcstidl`lihte, fes nipôsltes ni cf`cdihc`lihte y fcs fàhics ni dehnuddlôh, nikih dehedirsi fcs vcrlcdlehis her`cfis nif dehsu`e qui puinih ixpriscrsi de`e nes deibldlihtis duye vcfer si te`crc ni cduirne c fcs dcrcdtiràstldcs ni fc riglôh y fc pekfcdlôh ih duistlôh, nldaes deibldlihtis seh?   Deibldlihti ni vcrlcdlôh nlcrlc (D.R.N.). Is fc rifcdlôh ihtri if vcfer nif dehsu`e `ãxl`e nlcrle riglstrcne ih uh cóe y if dehsu`e `inle nlcrle rifctlve c isi cóe ih isc fedcflncn, fes vcferis `ãs briduihtis uscnes tlihih uh ã`klte ni vcrlcdlôh ni 3.; c 3.9 (pre`inle 3.>).   Deibldlihti ni vcrlcdlôh aercrlc (D.R.A.). Fcs vcrlcdlehis aercrlcs nif dehsu`e nch erlgih c isti deibldlihti derrispehnlihti c fc aerc ni `ãs ni`chnc. D.R.A. is fc rifcdlôh ihtri if vcfer nif dehsu`e `ãxl`e ` ãxl`e aercrle riglstrcne ih uh cóe y if dehsu`e `ãxl`e nlcrle rifctlve c isi cóe, de`ÿh`ihti isti vcfer bfudtÿc ihtri 3.9 c ;.= (pre`inle 3.1). Cni`ãs ni dehslnircr fes deibldlihtis chtis `ihdlehcnes nikirã ackir `ãrgihis cniducnes pcrc fc ni`chnc dehtrc lhdihnle, sl fc fedcflncn ih istunle csà fe riquliri.

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GCT^ET NI NLTIÓE Teh fes nlbirihtis gcstes deh fes qui buhdlehcrc huistre slsti`c y prlhdlpcf`ihti seh fes slgulihtis?   Gcste `inle nlcrle. Is fc dchtlncn d chtlncn ni cguc riquirlnc pcrc sctlsbcdir fcs hidislncnis ni uhc pekfcdlôh ih uh nàc ni dehsu`e pre`inle ih uh cóe. S`in 0 (]*N)/ 12>== Nehni

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S`in Gcste `inle nlcrle ih fts/sig ]  Hÿ`ire ni ackltchtis N  Netcdlôh ih fts/ack/nàc 12>==  Tiguhnes / nàc

  Gcste `ãxl`e nlcrle. Is if dcuncf qui niki preperdlehcr fc buihti ni ckcstidl`lihte y si utlflzc pcrc nlsiócr: fcs ekrcs ni dcptcdlôh, petcklflzcdlôh, dehnuddlôh y si ektlihi fc dcpcdlncn ni rigufcrlzcdlôh. S.`.n. 0 (S`in * D.R.N.) Nehni S.`.n.  Gcste `ãxl`e nlcrle ih fts/ sig D.R.N.  Deibldlihti ni vcrlcdlôh nlcrlc (ni 3.; c 3.9) S`in Gcste `inle nlcrle ih fts/sig

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  Gcste `ãxl`e aercrle. Is if gcste riquirlne pcrc sctlsbcdir fcs hidislncnis ni fc pekfcdlôh ih if nlc y c fc aerc ni `ãxl`e dehsu`e. Ti nlsióc fc fàhic ni cfl`ihtcdlôh c fc rin (nispuìs nif tchqui ni rigufcrlzcdlôh) y fcs rinis ni nlstrlkuddleh. S.`.a.0 (S.`.n.) ( D.R.A.) Nehni S.`.a.  Gcste `ãxl`e aercrle ih fts/sig D.R.A.  Deibldlihti ni vcrlcdlôh aercrlc (3.9 c ;.=) S.`.n.  Gcste `ãxl`e nlcrle ih fts/sig

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  Gcste riquirlne dehtrc lhdihnle. Is fc dchtlncn ni cguc riquirlnc pcrc de`kctlr uh ehdihnle. Tl si riquliri alnrchtis ih fc fedcflncn ni istunle si te`crc ih duihtc if gcste riquirlne dehtrc lhdihnle. S.l. 0 4=% (S.`.a.) Nehni S.l.  Gcste riquirlne dehtrc lhdihnle 4=%   Drltirle Hertic`irldche (Dehsioe Hcdlehcf ni Csigurcnercs Dehtrc Lhdihnles).

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3.9   LH^IG[CDLEH NI FET NC^ET NIF ][E\ID^E 3.9 ][ E\ID^E Dehslnircdlehis kãsldcs nif preyidte pcrc zehcs urkchcs ni fc [ipÿkfldc @ixldchc?

 

 

CD^LRLNCNIT   Lhvistlgcr µSuì is uh istunle niblhltlve5   [icflzcr uh isqui`c ni ckcstidl`lihte ni cguc petckfi deh > buihtis nlbirihtis.   Ti vc c niscrreffcr uh istunle niblhltlve ni Cguc petckfi ih fc ^ihihdlc ni Biflpi Dcrrlffe ]uirte (Fc [uchc): `uhldlple ni Kuihc Rlstc ^e`ctfãh: cprevidachne de`e buihti ni ckcstidl`lihte ni cguc ‖Cgucs suktirrãhics‐  µSuì prebislehlstcs si utlflzcrãh sl si vc c ixpfetcr uh peze prebuhne5

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IOI[DLDLE T 3.  3.  Ti riquliri dehedir fc dchtlncn ni tukes ni 3; ‐ ni nlã`itre ni ]RD qui si hidisltch ih Cgulflffc: pcrc uh trc`e ni 7;;4.9= `: sl fes tukes i`kehch ni 3; c 31 d` ih fcs uhlehis. ;.  ;.  Duchtes @f ni tukes ni 3= ‐  ni nlã`itre si hidisltch pcrc uh slsti`c ni Ckcstidl`lihte ni Cguc ih fc fedcflncn ni ^czu`kes deh 7>;1.; ‐  ni nlã`itre y i`kehc sefe 2 d`: µDuãhtes tukes riqulirih pinlr slhe ackrã nispirnldle5 >.  >.  Chc y Dlhtayc qulirih ricflzcr uhc ekrc ih ]crcducre: yc qui fis gustc if dfl`c y cprevidachne fes `chtes vch c ricflzcr uhc rin ni Cguc ni 1.9 `: iste niklne c qui seh tukes ni uh grch pise y si vuifvi nlbàdlf `chlekrcr deh ìf pcrc su lhstcfcdlôh. Fc lhstcfcdlôh nif tuke ni ]vd sl is ni dc`pchc is c prislôh y si usc uh fukrldchti (cdilti) pcrc qui riskcfi y sic `udae `ãs bãdlf lhtrenudlr fc isplgc nif tuke nihtre ni fc dc`c: fes tukes ni ]vd qui he tlihih dc`pchc, fc uhlôh is per `inle ni deepfis ih fes ducfis ni si fi defedc pigc`ihte pcrc tukiràc, `lihtrcs qui fc tukiràc ni dehdrite is sefe c prislôh. Is l`pertchti ridcfdcr qui c fc aerc ni defedcr uh tuke, prl`ire si niki defedcr uhc dcpc ni crihc qui si fi dehedi de`e dc`c, sekri istc vc if tuke y sli`pri fc lhber`cdlôh nif tuke (dcpcdlncn, rislstihdlc, bidac ni ifckercdlôh) vc acdlc fc pcrti supirler ni fc ixdcvcdlôh pcrc fc aerc qui si edupi ripcrcr si puini eksirvcr qui tlpe ni tuke is y he tihgch qui ckrlr uhc zchoc ni `cyer tc`cóe: chtis ni riffihcr fc ixdcvcdlôh cf tuke ni fi defedc uh pede ni crihc per fes destcnes y c iste ni ffc`c destlffie: is pcrc ivltcr qui if tuke si ruini.