Unidad 1 M1 Radiación Solar V8

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Fúaulg >; Y`jursg Zglnr y Q`jdglgcæns

Pdeana >; Ynaenjeúd Zglnr

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p. 9

_r`s`dtnjeúd; @d `stn udeana edtrgaujefgs tgags lgs jgdj`ptgs vedjulnags n ln rnaenjeúd sglnr, r`jgrr`fgs lgs fga`lgs fnt`fîtejgs uteleznags pnrn `l prgj`sg a`l jîljulg y `stuaenfgs lns ins`s a` antgs jgd lns qu` jgdtnfgs mgy pnrn edtrgaujer n aejmgs fga`lgs. @l jîljulg a`l r`jursg sglnr `s udn a` lns predjepnl`s vnrenil`s `d `l aes`þg a` ud sest`fn sglnr. Pdn a` lns hu`dt`s a` fnygr vnrenieleana `d ln a`t`rfednjeúd a` ln c`d`rnjeúd a` `d`rcæn a` ud pnrqu` sglnr / sest`fn sglnr tårfejg `s ln vnrenieleana a`l r`jursg sglnr. _gr `da`, r`sultn a` fîxefn efpgrtndjen `stuaenr lgs aeh`r`dt`s fga`lgs a` git`djeúd a` lgs antgs a` rnaenjeúd jgd lns r`sp`jtevns supgsejegd`s y r`strejjegd`s.

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p. :

Gik`tevgs; û` lgs pnrtejepndt`s; 

Edjgrpgr`d aeh`r`dt`s jgdj`ptgs r`lnjegdnags n ln rnaenjeúd ssglnr glnr y ln r` r`lnjeúd lnjeúd c`gfåtrejn lgs `dtr` ln rnaenjeúd y ln sup`rheje` jnptnjeúd. Jgdgzjnd lgs aeh`r`dt`s fga`lgs fnt`fîtejgs fnt`fîtejgs uteleznags2 uteleznags2 s`pn s`pnd d juîl`s ins`s a a` ` antgs puà`d jgdsultnr pnrn git`d`r lgs antgs a` rnaenjeúd sglnr mgrezgdtnl.



Edt`rpr`t`d ln s`ju`djen a` jîljulg jîljulg a` ln rnaenj rnaenjeúd eúd sglnr `d ud plndg edjlednag.



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p. 1

Ilgqu`s t`fîtejgs; >. Ynaenjeúd Zglnr. 9. C`gf`træn Zgl-Qe`rrn. :. _redjepnl`s fga`lgs a` trndspgsejeúd. 1. Ins`s a` antgs.

IN. J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN.

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p. 0

Jgdsecdns pnrn `l npr`daeznk` jglnigrntevg @d `stn Pdeana lgs pnrtejepndt`s s` `djgdtrnrîd jgd aeh`r`dt`s tepgs a` njteveana`s qu`, `d `l fnrjg a` lgs l gs hudanf`dtgs a`l F@J*, lgs r`h`r`djenrîd n tr`s jgfudeana`s a` npr`daeznk`, qu` pgdar`fgs `d hudjegdnfe`dtg `d `stn edstndjen a` hgrfnjeúd, n lgs l gs `h`jtgs a` nprgv`jmnrlns pàncúcejnf`dt`; pàncúcejnf `dt`; Lgs hgrgs prgnjtevgs nsgjenags n jnan jnan udn a` lns ud udeana`s. eana`s.



Ln Sì 9.?.



Lgs jgdt`xtgs a` a`s`fp`þg a`s`fp`þg a` lgs pnrtejepndt`s.



@s efpgrtndt` qu` tgags lgs pnrtejepndt`s r`nlej`d nlcudns a` lns njteveana`s suc`reans y jgfpnrtnd `d lgs hgrgs lgs r`sultnags r `sultnags git`deags. Na`fîs, tnfieåd s` prgpgdarîd prgpgdarîd r`hl`xegd`s, dgtns `sp` `sp`jenl`s jenl`s y vedjulnjegd`s vedjulnjegd`s n ieilegcrnhæn y setegs wì. @l jnrîjt`r jgdstrujtevestn y jglnigrntevg a`l F@J dgs `xec` qu` tgans lns njteveana`s r`nleznans pgr lgs pnrtejepndt`s s`nd jgfpnrteans `d lgs hgrgs.

@l F@J F@J `s `s `l fga`lg a` @-l`nrdedc @-l`nrdedc jglnigrntevg jglnigrntevg a` du`strg du`strg J`dtrg. J`dtrg.



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p. 8

dgtn;; Qgf`d dgtn

Lns njteveana`s sgd gpjegdnl`s y puà`d r`nleznrs` `d hgrfn edaeveaunl, p`rg se`fpr` `s a`s`nil` qu` s` lns r`nlej` `d `quepg, jgd ln hednleana a` `stefulnr y hnvgr`j`r `l trninkg jglnigrntevg y `l npr`daeznk` `dtr` pnr`s. Q`dcn `d ju`dtn qu`, se ie`d lns njteveana`s sgd gpjegdnl`s, su r`nleznjeúd `s a` vetnl efpgrtndjen pnrn `l lgcrg a` lgs gik`tevgs a` npr`daeznk` a` `stn edstndjen a` hgrfnjeúd. Ze su te`fpg dg l` p`rfet` r`nleznr tgans lns njteveana`s, pgr lg f`dgs r`nlej` nlcudn, `s hudanf`dtnl qu` lg mncn. Ze jnan udg a` lgs pnrtejepndt`s r`nlezn nlcudn, `l hgrg, qu` `s udn edstndjen jlnv` `d `st` tepg a` jursgs, t`darî udn njteveana fuy `drequ`jàgrn.

Nsefesfg, tnfieåd t`dcnd `d ju`dtn jundag trnink`d `d ln Sì, qu` `d `lln mny a` tgag, jgsns `xj`l`dt`s, fuy iu`dns, iu`dns, r`culnr`s, fnlns y fuy fnlns. _gr `sg, `s d`j`snreg nplejnr heltrgs jrætejgs pnrn qu` lns edv`stecnje edv`stecnjegd`s gd`s y iûsquàns s` `djnfed`d n ln `xj`l`djen. Ze te`d`d auans jgd nlcudg a` lgs antgs r`jgl`jtnags, dg a`k`d a` jgdsultnr nl prgh`sgr-tutgr. Qnfieåd nprgv`jm`d `d `l hgrg prgnjtevg lns gpedegd`s a` sus jgfpnþ`rgs a` jursg y jgl`cns.

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p. 3

>. Ynaenjeúd Zglnr

IN. J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN.

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p. =

>. Ynaenjeúd Zglnr _nrn `l a`snrrgllg a` lns `xpr`segd`s fnt`fîtejns s` utelezn ln secue`dt` dgf`djlnturn; C; Xnlgr edstndtîd`g a` ln rnaenjeúd sglnr (errnaendjen) S/f9



E; Xnlgr a` ln errnaenjeúd err naenjeúd sglnr `vnlunag `d udn mgrn bbSm/f Sm/f9



M; Xnlgr a` ln errnaenjeúd sglnr `vnlunag `d ud aæn bSm/f 9.aæn



Lgs vnlgr`s fàegs s`rîd jgd ln fesfn dgf`djlnturn, p`rg jgd udn læd`n r`jtn mgrezgdtnl sgir` ln l`trn. , , `tj.

>.>.

  

Ln jgdstndt` ZglnrCsj

@l sgl puà` s`r jgdsea`rnag jgfg ud `fesgr a` ju`rpg d`crg n 0=?? B. @l `sp`jtrg `feteag pgr `l sgl y `h`jtevnf`dt` fàeag pgr aeh`r`dt`s fàegs sgpgrtn ln f`djegdnan supgsejeúd (v`r Hecurn >.>.>) >.>.>).. @l vnlgr a` errnaendjen qu` surc` a` ln edt`crnjeúd a` ln `d`rcæn fàean `d tgans lns lgdcetua`s a` gdan y qu` nrrgknd lns fàejegd`s fîs nj`ptnans `s a` >:83 S/f 9. @st` vnlgr s` jgdgj` jgfg jgdstndt` sglnr y `stî a`hedeag jgfg `l vnlgr a` errnaendjen sglnr qu` edjea` sgir` udn sup`rheje` p`rp`daejulnr n ln aer`jjeúd a`l mnz a` luz a`l sgl. Anag qu` `d `l `spnjeg `xt`regr dg mny ntfgsh`rn, `st` vnlgr sglg s` v` nh`jtnag pgr ln vnrenjeúd a` lns aestndjens te`rrn-sgl qu` vnrænd n lg lnrcg a`l nþg.

Hecurn >.>.>Errnaendjen sglnr `sp`jtrnl S/f 9.μf

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p. 5

>.9.

Xnrenjeúd a` ln jgdstndt` sglnr

Aìeag n ln `xj`dtrejeana a` ln úrietn a` ln te`rrn qu` `s a` nprgxefnanf`dt` :,:%, `xest` udn a`p`da`djen a` ln jgdstndt` sglnr jgd ln aestndjen te`rrn-sgl. Z` fu`strnd n jgdtedunjeúd ags fga`lgs pnrn git`d`r lgs vnlgr`s a` ln jgdstndt` sglnr pnrn jnan aæn a`l nþg, n sni`r, `l fga`lg a` (Eqinl, >5=:) y `l fga`lg a` (Zp`dj`r, >53>), a`hedeags pgr ln `junjegd`s ( >.9.>) y ( >.9.9) r`sp`jtevnf`dt`, agda` d `s `l aæn a`l nþg Kulendg se`dag `l aæn > `l > a` `d`rg y `l aæn :80 `l :> a` aeje`fir`;

  

           ∙    6

:8?

> + ?,? ?,?::

(Eqinl, >5=:)

:80

>,???> >,? ??>> > + ?,?:19 ?,?:199>jgs 9>jgs + ?,??>9 ?,??>9= = + 6 ?,????33 33 (9 ) (Zp`dj`r, >53>) ?,???3>5jgs 9 + ?,????

6(

>)

:8?

:80

( >.9.>) >.9.>)

( >.9.9) >.9.9)

( >.9.:) >.9.:)

Lgs fga`lgs s` crnhejnd `d ln ln Hecurn >.9.>

Hecurn >.9.>Xnrenjeúd a` ln errnaendjen sglnr `xtrnt`rr`str` jgd `l fgf`dtg a`l nþg.

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p. >?

>.:.

Ynaenjeúd @xtrnt`rr`str` sgir` Zup`rheje` Mgrezgdtnl

Ln `junjeúd ( >.9.>) edaejn ln vnrenjeúd a` ln rnaenjeúd sglnr `xtrnt`rr`str` p`rp`daejulnr `d `l tgp` a` ln ntfúsh`rn, `d hudjeúd a`l aæn a`l nþg.



@l prgaujtg a` ln `junjeúd ( >.9.>) y `l p`rfet` jgdgj`r ln rnaenjeúd `xtrnt`rr`str` edjea`dt` `d udn sup`rheje` mgrezgdtnl pnrn junlque`r fgf`dtg a`l nþg `dtr` `l nfnd`j`r y `l ntnra`j`r, ntnr a`j`r, jgfg lg edaejnd lns `junjegd`s `junjegd`s ( ( >.:.>) y ( >.:.9)

   6

> + ?,? ?,?::

   6

  ν   :8? :80

.jgs

:8? :80

z

9

( >.:.>) >.:.>)

√ α ϐ υ α  ϐ

> + ?,?: ?,?:: :

jgs jgs

jgs

.sed sed 9

( >.:.9) >.:.9)

_nrn git`d`r ln rnaenjeúd `xtrnt`rr`str` sgir` sup`rheje` mgrezgdtnl aurndt` `l aæn, Mg, s` edt`crn ln `junjeúd ( >.:.9) sgir` `l te`fpg `dtr` ln snlean y ln pu`stn a`l sgl, git`de`dag ln `junjeúd ( `junjeúd ( >.:.:)



υ; Îdculg

Mgrnreg, `l junl `s ecunl n j`rg nl fàegaæn sglnr y naque`r` ud vnlgr

a` >0» a` lgdcetua l gdcetua pgr jnan mgrn, se`dag d`cntevg `d lns fnþndns y pgsetevg `d lns tnra`s. _gr `k`fplg, υ 6-:?» n lns >?;?? y υ 6+>0» n lns >:;??.







  

; `s `l îdculg j`detnl

;îdculg a` a`jlednjeúd ; Îdculg a` lntetua

d; `s `l dûf`rg a` aæn a`l nþg, pgr lg qu` >



≡≡ d

:80.

Dgtn; `d lgs pudtgs secue`dt`s s` a`hederî jnan udg a` `stgs îdculgs.

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p. >>

        υ α ϐ ℄  α ϐ υ 6

91.

> + ?,?: ?,?:: : +

>=?

:8? :80

sed sed

. jgs jgs 9.

æ

sed

( >.:.:) >.:.:)



Pd vnlgr efpgrtndt` `s MG, `l junl puà` `vnlunrs` n pnrter a` ln `junjeúd ( >.:.:) s`l`jjegdndag pnrn jnan f`s, `l aæn a`l nþg `d `l qu` ln rnaenjeúd aenren `xtrnt`rr`str` `s dufårejnf`dt` dufårejnf`d t` ecunl `d hgrfn nprgxefnan nl vnlgr fàeg `d `s` f`s. X`r   Qniln 9.>.>. @d ln Hecurn >.:.> s` gis`rvn ln rnaenjeúd sglnr `xtrnt`rr`str` pnrn jnan f`s y aeh`r`dt`s lntetua`s.

Hecurn >.:.>Ynaenje Ynaenjeúd úd Zglnr ` `xtrnt`rr`str`, xtrnt`rr`str`, M`fesh`reg Zur.

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p. >9

>.1.

Ynaenjeúd Aer`jtn, aehusn y r`hl`knan

A ; @d`rcæn rnaendt` prgv`de`dt` a`l sgl, qu` ll`cn n ln sup`rheje` t`rr`str` sedM edt`rnjtunr jgd ln ntfgsh`rn

Ynaenjeúd Aer`jtn

M aa  ; Hrnjjeúd

a` ln rnaenjeúd sglnr qu` edt`rnjtûn jgd ln ntfúsh`rn `d h`dúf`dgs a` aesp`rseúd. Ln rnaenjeúd aesp`rsnan pgr lgs jgfpgd`dt`s ntfgshårejgs qu` dg te`d` udn aer`jjegdnleana a`hedean s` jgdgj` jgfg rnaenjeúd aehusn y prgve`d` a` tgan ln l n iúvàn j`l`st`.

Ynaenjeúd Aehusn

Ynaenjeúd r`hl`knan

M r r ; Ynaenjeúd aehusn r`hl`knan pgr `l su`lg. @s hudjeúd a` lns

prgpeàna`s a`l su`lg. Zufn a` lns rnaenjegd`s aehusn, aer`jtn y r`hl`knan r`jeiean Ynaenjeúd Qgtnl M t ; pgr udn sup`rheje`.

Ynaenjeúd ClginlM ; Ynaenjeúd sglnr jgfpr`daean `d `l `sp`jtrg a` ?,: n : fejrgd`s.

>.0.

Ædaej` a` jlnreana BQ

@l ædaej` (g jg`heje`dt`) a` jlnreana ntfgshårejg `s ud vnlgr qu` s` gite`d` n pnrter a`l jgje`dt` `dtr` ln rnaenjeúd sglnr qu` ll`cn n ln pnrt` `xt`regr a` ln ntfúsh`rn y ln rnaenjeúd qu` ll`cn n ln sup`rheje` t`rr`str`2 `st` ædaej`, dgs p`rfet` `stefnr `l vnlgr a` ln jndteana a` `d`rcæn qu` s` aesepn y s` trndshgrfn `d aeh`r`dt`s prgj`sgs pgr `l pnsg a` ln rnaenjeúd y `stî hæsejnf`dt` r`lnjegdnag jgd `l jnfedg a` ln rnaenjeúd n trnvås a` ln ntfúsh`rn mnstn edjeaer sgir` udn sup`rheje` n dev`l t`rr`str` g a`l fnr. @l BQ puà` s`r udn r`lnjeúd a` vnlgr`s a` pgt`djen g a` `d`rcæn y vnlgr`s fàegs.







  

6 6 6

 ℄  ℄  /

?

/

?

/

?

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p. >:

9. C`gf`træn Zgl-Qe`rrn

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p. >1

9. C`gf`træn Zgl Qe`rrn 9.>.

A`jlednjeúd

Ln a`jlednjeúd a`hed` ln nlturn sglnr/îdculg j`detnl a`l sgl nl fàegaæn sglnr, `s a`jer `d `l fgf`dtg `d qu` `l sgl `stî `d `l j`det, jgd r`sp`jtg nl plndg a`l `junagr.

Hecurn 9.>.>Xnrenjeúd a` ln a`jlednjeúd n trnvås a`l nþg

Ln a`jlednjeúd a`p`da` a`p`da` a`l aæn a`l nþg (d). N jgdtedunjeúd jgdtedunjeúd s` `xpgd` `l fga`lg a` (Jggp`r, >585), anag pgr ln `junjeúd ( `junjeúd ( 9.>.>) y `l fga`lg a` (Zp`dj`r, >53>) anag pgr ln `junjeúd ( `junjeúd ( 9.>.9).

∕  ∕ 

( 9.>.>) 9.>.>)

 ∙ ∙         ∙    

( 9.>.9) 9.>.9)

 

6 9:, 9:,10 sed :8?

9=1 + :80

6 (> (>=? =?/ / )(?,??85>= ?,:555>9 + ?, ?,?3 ?3?9 ?903 03 ?,??830= 9 + ?,?? ?,???5 ?5?3 ?3 9 ?,??9853 : + ?,?? ?,??>1 >1= = : )

Ln Hecurn 9.>.9 fu`strn `l jnfieg a` ln a`jlednjeúd n trnvås a` lgs aestedtgs f`s`s a`l nþg Ln pnrn nfigs fga`lgs.

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p. >0

Hecurn 9.>.9 Xnrenjeúd a` ln a`jlednjeúd n trnvås a`l nþg

_rîjtejnf`dt` dg mny aeh`r`djens `dtr` lgs fga`lgs. Ln Qniln 9.>.> fu`strn lgs vnlgr`s jgrr`spgdae`dt`s pnrn jnan fga`lg a`snrrgllnag.

Qniln 9.>.> A`jlednjeúd pnrn lgs aæns fàegs a` jnan f`s F`s @d`rg Hìr`rg Fnrzg Nirel Fnyg Kudeg Kuleg Ncgstg Z`pte`fir` Gjtuir` Dgve`fir` Aeje`fir`

Aæn fàeg >3 >8 >8 >0 >0 >>

d >3 13 30 >?0 >:0 >89

>3 >8 >0 >0 >1 >?

>5= 99= 90= 9== :>= :11

α Zp`dj`r (>53>) (>53>) α Jggp`r >585 >585 -9?,=5 -9?,59 ->9,=: ->9,50 -9,>1 -9,19 5,88 5,1> >=,=? >=,35 99,5: 9:,?5 9>,93 >1,>? :,:= -=,:8 ->=,?8 -99,83

9>,>= >:,10 9,99 -5,8? ->=,5> -9:,?0

Lgs fga`lgs fnt`fîtejgs ndnleznags ndt`regrf`dt` a` (Jggp`r, >585), y a` (Zp`dj`r, >53>) qu` a`hed`d lgs vnlgr`s a` ln a`jlednjeúd n lg lnrcg a`l nþg, dg pgs``d udn aeh`r`djen secdehejntevn. @l fga`lg a` (Zp`dj`r, >53>) `s udg a` lgs fîs nj`ptnags pnrn r`nleznr ln `stefnjeúd a` lgs vnlgr`s.

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p. >8

9.9.

Nlturn/`l`vnjeúd sglnr ξs

@s ln nlturn ndculnr a`l sgl `d `l je`lg fàean a`sa` ln mgrezgdtnl. Ln nlturn sglnr `s ?¿ nl nfnd`j`r y 5?¿ jundag `l sgl `stî aer`jtnf`dt` `d `l jådet (lg qu` gjurr`, pgr `k`fplg, `d `l `junagr `d lgs `quedgjjegs a` prefnv`rn y gtgþg).

Hecurn 9.9.> Nlturn Zglnr

9.:.

J`det Zglnr ν[;

@l îdculg j`detnl `s `l îdculg `dtr` `l Zgl y ln v`rtejnl. @l îdculg j`detnl `s `l îdculg jgfpl`f`dtnreg n ln nlturn sglnr, s` fea` a`sa` ln l n v`rtejnl `d lucnr a` a`sa` ln mgrezgdtnl, jgd lg qu` `l îdculg j`detnl ν[6 5? ¿ - ξs.

Hecurn 9.:.>J`det Zglnr

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p. >3

9.1.



Njefut Zglnr ϙ ;

@l îdculg njefutnl fea` juîd a`splnznag `stî `l sgl r`sp`jtg nl Dgrt`. Nl fàegaæn, `st` îdculg `s j`rg (`l sgl `stî `d `l Dgrt`). @l îdculg njefutnl pnrn ln mgrn a` snlean a`l sgl vnræn jnan aæn a`l nþg.

Hecurn 9.1.> Njefut Zglnr

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p. >=

9.0.

Îdculg a` Edjea`djen a` Ynaenjeúd Aer`jtn

Dgtn; Ln edt`dseana a` ln luz a`l Zgl qu` ll`cn n ln sup`rheje` t`rr`str` (Errnaendjen) aesfeduy` jundag `l sgl s` nl`kn a` ln pgsejeúd v`rtejnl (j`det). @stg gjurr` pnrn ags rnzgd`s;

Xnrenjegd`s `d ln `xt`dseúd a`l îr`n rnaenan; Jgdhgrf` `l Zgl s` nl`kn a`l z`det (m <



5?») lgs rnygs sglnr`s s` prgy`jtnd sgir` `l plndg nuf`dtndag `l îr`n errnaenan fe`dtrns s` fndte`d` ud hlukg a` `d`rcæn jgdstndt`.

Lgdcetua a`l jnfedg r`jgrreag. Ln lgdcetua a`l jnfedg qu` r`jgrr` `l rnyg a` Zgl



nuf`dtn jgdhgrf` aesfeduy` ln nlturn sglnr y jgfg s` a`splnzn n trnvås a` ud crgsgr fîs crnda` a` ntfúsh`rn tnfieåd nuf`dtn ln påraean a` `d`rcæn pgr nisgrjeúd y r`hl`xeúd.

@d ln s`jjeúd secue`dt` s` a`tnllnd lns húrfulns pnrn t`d`r `d ju`dtn `l îdculg a`



edjea`djen a`l sgl sgir` `l plndg.

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p. >5

edjea`djen pnrn sup`rheje`s sup`rheje`s hekns 9.0.>. Ndculg a` edjea`djen

@l îdculg a` edjea`djen `s `l îdculg qu` hgrfn ln dgrfnl a` ln sup`rheje` a` jnptnjeúd jgd `l îdculg j`detnl sglnr. Ze `l plndg a` jnptnjeúd `s mgrezgdtnl `l vnlgr a`l îdculg a` edjea`djen edjea`djen `s ecunl nl îdculg îdculg j`detnl. Ln r`lnjeúd `dt `dtr` r` `l îdculg a` edjea`djen sgir` ud plndg, jgd lgs a`fîs îdculgs `stî anan pgr ln `junjeúd ( `junjeúd ( 9.0.>).

ν αα ϐϐ ιι √ υα ϐ ι √ αα ιϐ ι υ υ

jgs 6 sed + jgs jgs + jgs

sed jgs sed jgs jgs jgs jgs sed sed jgs ϙ jgs sed sed ϙ sed

ν



sed jgs ϙ

( 9.0.>) 9.0.>)

Aúda`;

υ; Îdculg Mgrnreg, `l junl `s ecunl n j`rg nl fàegaæn sglnr y naque`r` ud vnlgr a` >0» a` lgdcetua pgr jnan mgrn, se`dag d`cntevg `d lns fnþndns y pgsetevg `d lns tnra`s. _gr `k`fplg, υ 6 -:?» n lns >?;?? y υ 6 +>0» n lns l ns >:;??. >:;??.









  

; Îdculg a` lntetua.

; Îdculg a` a`jlednjeúd. ; Edjlednjeúd a`l plndg a` jnptnjeúd jgd r`sp`jtg nl plndg mgrezgdtnl.

dgrt`-sur. sur. ; Îdculg a` njefut sglnr, jgd r`sp`jtg n ln læd`n dgrt`-

ϙ

_nrn `l m`fesh`reg sur s` uteleznd lgs secdgs + y - r`sp`jtevnf`dt`, fe`dtrns qu` pnrn `l m`fesh`reg dgrt` s` usnd lgs secdgs - y +.

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p. 9?

9.0.9. Jnsgs pnrtejulnr`s Xnregs jnsgs pnrtejulnr`s a` ln `junjeúd ( 9.0.>) sgd a` edt`rås pnrn jnljulnr pgst`regrf`dt` ln rnaenjeúd `d ud plndg edjlednag y gre`dtnag nrietrnrenf`dt`.

Zup`rheje` Mgrezgdtnl; pnrn `st` jnsg ι6?» y ν6 νz. Agda` νz `s `l îdculg qu` hgrfn `l mnz a` rnaenjeúd aer`jtn jgd ln dgrfnl nl plndg mgrezgdtnl. Ei,m 6 Ei,j Ei

νz 6ν ι6?

Hecurn 9.0.>_lndg mgrezgdtnl

ν α ϐ√ α ϐ υ

jgs z 6 sed sed

jgs jgs

jgs

( 9.0.9) 9.0.9)

Zup`rheje` edjlednan mnjen `l `junagr; Jundag udn sup`rheje` s` `dju`dtrn ferndag mnjen `l `junagr, `l îdculg njefutnl a` ln fesfn `s ecunl n j`rg, (ϙ ( ϙs 6 ?»). Gis`rvndag ln Hecurn 9.0.9 `l îdculg a` edjea`djen ν `s eaådtejg qu` `d udn sup`rheje` mgrezgdtnl uiejnan `d udn lntetua ecunl n (ϐ ( ϐ - ι) pnrn `l m`fesh`reg dgrt` y (ϐ (ϐ + ι) pnrn `l m`fesh`reg sur. ϐ+ι mgrezgdtnl Dgrfnl

n  l   l   r  f   D g

ι

ν

ϐ

  ν

Ei

  i   E  i

Dgrfnl

n  l   r  f   D g

ν Ei

  ν

ϐ-ι

@junagr

ϐ

  i   E  i

Hecurn 9.0.9 Îdculg a` edjea`djen edjea`djen `d a ags gs lntetua`s aeh`r`dt`s

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p. 9>

jgs 6 sed sed(

) + j g s jgs(

)jgs

( 9.0.:) 9.0.:)

ν α ϐ√ι α ϐ√ι υ

Zup`rheje` v`rtejnl gre`dtnan nl `junagr; Jundag udn sup`rheje` s` `dju`dtrn ferndag mnjen `l `junagr, `l îdculg njefutnl a` ln fesfn `s ecunl n j`rg, (ϙ ( ϙs 6 ?»). Qnfieåd `d `st` jnsg ι 6 5?». 5?».

ν √ α ϐ√ α ϐ υ

jgs 6

sed jgs

jgs sed

jgs

J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN. IN.

( 9.0.1) 9.0.1)

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p. 99

9.8. Hnjtgr c`gfåtrejg Yi  ‚ ‚ Y`lnjeúd `dtr` ln rnaenjeúd aer`jtn `d ud plndg edjlednag y udn sup`rheje` mgrezgdtnl @l hnjtgr c`gfåtrejg Yi, a`t`rfedn ln r`lnjeúd `dtr` ln rnaenjeúd aer`jtn sgir` udn sup`rheje` edjlednan , y ln rnaenjeúd aer`jtn sgir` sup`rheje` mgrezgdtnl pnrn ud edstndt` anag y hu`rn a` ln ntfúsh`rn. _nrn git`d`r `l hnjtgr `d ln sup`rheje` t`rr`str`, aìe`rn mni`r udn jgrr`jjeúd aìeag n ln trndsfetndjen a` ntfúsh`rn, sed `finrcg, (Leu2 Kgrand, >589) sucere`rgd qu` `l hnjtgr `xtrnt`rr`str` `s udn `stefnjeúd instndt` pr`jesn. _gr lg tndtg, `l hnjtgr c`gfåtrejg `stî anag pgr ln `junjeúd ( `junjeúd ( 9.8.>);

 



    α ϐα √ ιϐ 6

,

,

6

,

νν νν αα ϐϐ √ ιυ υ

jgs

jgs

6

jgs

jgs

( 9.8.>) 9.8.>)

Z` r`fplnznd lns hudjegd`s jgs`dg, jgfg elustrn ln `junjeúd ( `junjeúd ( 9.8.9) 6

sed sed(

sed sed

) + jgs jgs( + jgs jgs

) jgs jgs

jgs

Ei,m Ei

νz

( 9.8.9) 9.8.9)

Ei,j Ei

ν ι

Hecurn 9.8.> Îdculg j`detnl y îdculg `dtr` ln dgrfnl a`l plndg edjlednag y `l mnz a` rnaenjeúd aer`jtn.

Lg qu` r`nlf`dt` dgs edt`r`sn `s `l vnlgr fàeg f`dsunl a` ln rnaenjeúd aer`jtn sgir` ln sup`rheje` a` jnptnjeúd. _nrn `llg, `s d`j`snreg edt`crnr ln `junjeúd ( 9.0.>) pnrn lgs p`regags a` te`fpg nprgpenags. @s a`jer, a`sa` ln v`rana`rn snlean y pu`stn a`l sgl pnrn ln sup`rheje` mgrezgdtnl y a`sa` ln snlean y pu`stn a` sgl npnr`dt` pnrn ln sup`rheje` edjlednan. Edt`crndag y jgdsea`rndag lg ndt`regr s` gite`d` `l hnjtgr c`gfåtrejg fàeg f`dsunl a` rnaenjeúd sgir` sup`rheje` edjlednan pnrn sup`rheje`s gre`dtnans nl `junagr jgfg edaejn ln `junjeúd ( `junjeúd ( 9.8.:)

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p. 9:

 ϐ √ ι α ϐ α υ   jgs(

)jgs sed

6

jgs

Aúda`;

jgs sed

6 fed

“fed‖   s`

υ   ϏϏ  υ  ϐ √ ι α υ    υ ϐ α ∙ ϐ α ∙ ϐ ι α +

+

>=?

>=?

s`d(

s`d

)sed

( 9.8.:) 9.8.:)

sed

nrjgs ( tnd tnd ) nrjgs ( tnd( + ) tnd )

( 9.8.1) 9.8.1)

r`he`r` nl vnlgr fædefg qu` surc` a` r`sglv`r lns ags `xpr`segd`s qu` `stîd

a`dtrg a` lgs jgrjm`t`s.

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p. 91

9.3.

Îdculg mgrnreg a` snlean y pu`stn a`l sgl

A` lns `junjegd`s ndt`regr`s `s pgseil` git`d`r `l îdculg mgrnreg a` pu`stn a`l sgl υs y `l a` snlean a` a`ll sgl υr. Mnje`dag gp`rnjegd`s trecgdgfåtrejns trecgdgfåtrejns jundag νz 6 5?», s` gite`d`d lns `xpr`segd`s ( `xpr`segd`s ( 9.3.>) y ( 9.3.9)

υ ∙ ϐϐ αα ∙ ϐ α υ ∙ ∙ ϐϐ αα ∙ ∙ ϐ α s

r

9.=.

6 nr nrjg jgss

6

nrjgs

sed

sed

jgs

jgs

sed

sed

jgs

jgs

6 nr nrjg jgss ( tnd tnd )

6

nrjgs ( tnd tnd )

( 9.3.>) 9.3.>)

( 9.3.9) 9.3.9)

Aurnjeúd Q`úrejn a`l aæn

_gr rnzgd`s a` sef`træn, y t`de`dag `d ju`dtn qu` jnan mgrn r`nlezn ud inrreag a` >0», s` puà` jnljulnr tnfieåd ln lgdcetua a`l aæn, `s a`jer `l fîxefg dûf`rgs a` mgrns a` nsgl`nfe`dtg aenreg.

 υ 6

9.5.

9

>0

s

6

9 >0

∙ ϐ α

nrjgs ( tnd tnd )

( 9.=.>) 9.=.>)

Qe`fpg Zglnr

@l te`fpg sglnr `s `l te`fpg insnag `d `l npnr`dt` fgvefe`dtg ndculnr a`l Zgl n trnvås a`l je`lg, jgd `l fàegaæn sglnr `d `l edstndt` `d qu` `l Zgl jruzn `l f`reaendg a`l gis`rvnagr. @l te`fpg sglnr `s usnag `d tgans lns r`lnjegd`s a` îdculgs sglnr`s y dg jgedjea` jgd ln mgrn lgjnl. @s d`j`snreg jgdv`rter `l te`fpg `stîdanr n te`fpg sglnr, (I`jbfnd, Kgmd N. nda Auhhe`, Sellenf N., 9?>:) @l te`fpg sglnr s` gite`d` nl nplejnr ags jgrr`jjegd`s. Ln pref`rn r`jtehejn ln aeh`r`djen `dtr` `l f`reaendg a`l gis`rvnagr y `l f`reaendg `d `l junl `l te`fpg `stîdanr lgjnl `stî insnag. Ln s`cudan jgrr`jjeúd tgfn `d ju`dtn lns vnrenjegd`s a` v`lgjeana `d ln rgtnjeúd a` ln Qe`rrn n lg lnrcg a`l nþg, yn qu` J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN. IN.

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p. 90

`stns vnrenjegd`s r`p`rjut`d `d `l te`fpg qu` l` tgfn nl Zgl pnsnr pgr `l f`reaendg a`l gis`rvnagr. Ln aeh`r`djen `d fedutgs `stnil`jean `dtr` `l te`fpg sglnr y `l te`fpg `stîdanr s` edaejn `d ln `junjeúd ( `junjeúd ( 9.5.>);

 ∙   ∙   

+

61

 



( 9.5.>) 9.5.>)



`l f`reaendg `stîdanr pnrn ln Agda` `s `l te`fpg sglnr, `l te`fpg ghejenl, zgdn a` te`fpg lgjnl y ln lgdcetua a` ln lgjnjeúd `d ju`steúd. Ln `junjeúd ( `junjeúd ( 9.5.9) a` te`fpg @ `stnil`jean `d fedutgs `s a`t`rfednan pgr (Eqinl, >5=:) y (Zp`dj`r, >53>)

 ∙ ∙

∙

 

@ 6 99 995,9 5,9 (?,? (?,??? ???3 ?30 0 + ?, ?,?> ?>=8 =8= = jgs jgs ?,?:9? ?,?: 9?33 33 sed ?,?> ?,?>18 18>0 >0 jgs jgs 9 ?,?1?=5 ?,?1? =5 sed 9

( 9.5.9) 9.5.9)

Agda` I `s `l `xpu`stg `d ln `junjeúd ( >.9.:) `stnil`jean `d crnags y d `s `l dûf`rg a` aæn a`l nþg, pgr lg qu` > d :80.

≡≡

@d ln Hecurn ln Hecurn 9.5.> s` puà` gis`rvnr ln `junjeúd a`l te`fpg `d hudjeúd a`l aæn a`l nþg.

Hecurn 9.5.>@junjeúd a`l Qe`fpg

IN. J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN.

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p. 98

fga `lgs a` trndspgsejeúd :. _redjepnl`s fga`lgs

IN. J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN.

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p. 93

:. _redjepnl`s fga`lgs a` trndspgsejeúd :.>.

@stefnjeúd a` ln Fàen F`dsunl a` ln Ynaenjeúd Zglnr Aenren

Lgs antgs a` fàejegd`s r`nl`s a` rnaenjeúd sglnr sgd sed auan ln f`kgr hu`dt` a` edhgrfnjeúd. Zed `finrcg, `s hr`ju`dt` dg jgdtnr jgd lgs fesfgs y d`j`snreg `stefnr ln fàen f`dsunl n pnrter a` gtrns fàejegd`s `x `xest`dt`s. est`dt`s. Ptelezndag ln edhgrfnjeúd a` rnaenjeúd a` lns ins`s a` antgs (s` a`tnllnrîd `d `l jnpætulg secue`dt` lns ins`s a` antgs `xest`dt`s `d ln Nrc`dtedn), `l pnsg qu` secu` `s r`nleznr `l jîljulg a` ln errnaenjeúd aer`jtn y aehusn fàen f`dsunl pnrn ln gre`dtnjeúd ` edjlednjeúd a`l sest`fn qu` s` `stî ndnlezndag.

Jgfpgd`dt`s aer`jtn y aehusn a` ln rnaenjeúd fàen :.9. f`dsunl. @s efpgrtndt` `d `l `stuaeg a` ln `d`rcæn sglnr, pga`r s`pnrnr ln jndteana a` rnaenjeúd tgtnl r`jeiean `d sus aestedtns jgfpgd`dt`s (aer`jtn, aehusn y r`hl`knan). Lg fîs efpgrtndt` `s pga`r `stefnr quå pnrt` a` ln rnaenjeúd tgtnl jgrr`spgda` n rnaenjeúd aehusn yn qu` ln jgfpgd`dt` r`hl`knan `s udn hudjeúd led`nl a` ln rnaenjeúd tgtnl a`p`dae`dag sglg a` ln r`hl`jteveana r`hl `jteveana (nliàg) a`l su`lg. _nrn `st` trninkg `s hudanf`dtnl fga`lnr tgans lns vnrendt`s y `l`cer ln fîs p`rted`dt`. Jgd r`sp`jtg n `stg, aev`rsgs nutgr`s mnd `djgdtrnag jgrr`lnjegd`s `dtr` ln fàen f`dsunl a`l hnjtgr a` trndspnr`djen ntfgshårejn, y ln prgpgrjeúd a` rnaenjeúd sglnr aehusn f`dsunl r`jeiean, / .



 

:.9.>. Jgrr`lnjeúd a` Leu y Kgrand (>58?) a`

@d `l trninkg a` Leu y Kgrand s` nkustú `xp`ref`dtnlf`dt` udn jurvn n lgs vnlgr`s / y pnrn git`d`r ln secue`dt` jgrr`lnjeúd jgr r`lnjeúd

     6

6 >,:5? ,:5?

∙  1,?93

+ 0,0: 0,0:> >

 ∙  9

:,>?=

IN. J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN.

:

( :.9.>) :.9.>)

Fàrndg 50> 9ag pesg (>>35) // Q`l. +01 >> 1=83 30=5 / Hnx +01 >> 1?:9 ?>1= www.sjù.hrin.utd.àu.nr/`-l`nrdedc

p. 9=

:.9.9. Jgrr`lnjeúd a` _nc` (>58>)

Ln rnaenjeúd sglnr aehusn puà` s`r `stefnan pgr udn húrfuln `fpærejn qu` jgrr`lnjegdn ln jgfpgd`dt` aehusn a` rnaenjeúd sglnr fàen n ln fàen f`dsunl a` ln rnaenjeúd sglnr t`rr`str` tgtnl aenren. @l fga`lg a` r`cr`seúd led`nl s` edaejn `d ln secue`dt` `junjeúd;

  ∙  6

6 >

>,>:

( :.9.9) :.9.9)

:.9.:. Jgrr`lnjeúd a` Eqinl (>535)

_gst`regrf`dt` Eqinl prgpusg `d ins` n lgs antgs a` Qgrgdtg (1:»1=―D) - Fgdtr`nl (10»:?―D) ln secue`dt` ln secue`dt` jgrr`lnjeúd;



6



6 ?,5 ?,50=

∙  ?,509

( :.9.:) :.9.:)

:.9.1. Jgrr`lnjeúd a` Jgllnr`s-_`rèrn y Ynil (>535)

@stn jgrr`lnjeúd edjluy` ud hnjtgr a` `stnjegdnleana qu` s` `xpr`sn `d hudjeúd a`l , s`cûd s` `xpgd` `d ln îdculg mgrnreg a` pu`stn a` sgl pnrn `l aæn fàeg a`l f`s, secue`dt` `junjeúd;

   ∙ 6



6 ?,3 ,33 30 + ?,?? ?,??8? 8?8 8 >?:)

5?

?,0? ?,0?0 0 + ?, ?,?? ??10 100 0

 ∙  ∙ 

5? jgs (>>0

 ∙ 

( :.9.1) :.9.1)



:.9.0. Jgrr`lnjeúd a` @ris, @ris, Auhhe` y I`jbfnd I`jbfnd (>5=9) @ris tnfieåd edjluyú udn `stnjegdnleana. _nrn edve`rdg, s` gite`d`d f`dgr`s hrnjjegd`s aehusns aìeag n ln f`dgr mufàna nfie`dtnl y f`dgr jndteana a` pnrtæjulns `d susp`dseúd `d `l ner`. N jgdtedunjeúd, s` `xpgd`d lns `junjegd`s; _nrn

 ≡  ≡  ≡ =>,1»

?,:

?,=

IN. J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN.

Fàrndg 50> 9ag pesg (>>35) // Q`l. +01 >> 1=83 30=5 / Hnx +01 >> 1?:9 ?>1= www.sjù.hrin.utd.àu.nr/`-l`nrdedc

p. 95

_nrn

  

6

4 =>,1 =>,1»» 6

 ∙   ≡  ∙≡   6 >,:5> ,:5>

:,08?

+ 1,>= 1,>=5 5

?,=

?,:

6 >,:>> ,:>>

:,?99

+ :,19 :,193 3

 ∙   ∙  9

9,>:3

:

( :.9.0) :.9.0)

9

>,=9>

:

( :.9.8) :.9.8)

:.9.8. Y`suf`d a` Jgrr`lnjegd`s a` hrnjjeúd aehusn fàen

@d ln secue`dt` hecurn he curn s` r`suf`d lgs aestedtgs fga`lgs a` jgrr`lnjeúd

Hecurn :.9.>Fga`lgs a` rnaenjeúd aehusn fàen

IN. J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN.

Fàrndg 50> 9ag pesg (>>35) // Q`l. +01 >> 1=83 30=5 / Hnx +01 >> 1?:9 ?>1= www.sjù.hrin.utd.àu.nr/`-l`nrdedc

p. :?

@d ln secue`dt` hecurn he curn s` r`suf`d lgs aestedtgs fga`lgs a` jgrr`lnjeúd

Qniln :.9.> Aeh`r`dt`s Fga`lgs a` hrnjjeúd aehusn fàen f`dsunl.

BQ

Leu y kgrand (>58?)

_nc` (>58>)

Jgllnr`s _`r`yrn Ynil (>535)

?,> ?,9 ?,: ?,1 ?,0 ?,8 ?,3 ?,=

?,:9 ?,3= ?,8? ?,13 ?,:3 ?,95 ?,99 ?,>9

?,:3 ?,33 ?,88 ?,00 ?,11 ?,:9 ?,9> ?,>?

?,19 ?,33 ?,88 ?,00 ?,18 ?,:5 ?,:1 ?,:?

@ris, Blèd y Auhhe` (>5=9) ?,:3 ?,=: ?,88 ?,0: ?,1: ?,:1 ?,90 ?,>0

?,5 >,?

?,:9 ?,:9

?,:3 ?,:3

?,19 ?,19

?,:3 ?,:3

Eqinl (>535)

DNZN*

?,19 ?,33 ?,83 ?,0= ?,1= ?,:5 ?,95 ?,9?

?,:8 ?,=? ?,83 ?,00 ?,1: ?,:9 ?,9> ?,>>

?,19 ?,19

?,:8 ?,:8

Du`vnf`dt` tgags lgs fåtgags f`djegdnags pr`s`dtnd vnlgr`s sefelnr`s. @l fga`lg a` Jgllnr`s-_`rèrn y Ynil (>535) `s udg a` lgs fîs uteleznag n dev`l fudaenl.

:.9.3. Jîljulg a` ln jgfpgd`dt` jgfpgd`dt` aer`jtn n pnrter a` ln aehusn Ndt`regrf`dt` s` ndnleznrgd aestedtgs aestedtgs fåtgags pnrn git`d`r ` `ll s` puà` jnljulnr a` ln secue`dt` fnd`rn;



    ∙   6



._gr lg tndtg nmgrn

U hednlf`dt` ln jgfpgd`dt` aer`jtn s` gite`d` pgr aeh`r`djen, jgfg s` gis`rvn n jgdtedunjeúd; 6

IN. J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN.

Fàrndg 50> 9ag pesg (>>35) // Q`l. +01 >> 1=83 30=5 / Hnx +01 >> 1?:9 ?>1= www.sjù.hrin.utd.àu.nr/`-l`nrdedc

p. :>

:.:.

@stefnjeúd a` ln rnaenjeúd mgrnren n pnrter a` antgs aenregs

Nl ecunl qu` jgd ln `stefnjeúd a` ln rnaenjeúd ae aehusn husn n pnrter a` ln rnaenjeúd tgtnl, `stg dg `s ud prgj`sg `xnjtg. _gr `k`fplg, lgs vnlgr`s a` rnaenjeúd tgtnl aenren `d `l edt`rvnlg fàeg `dtr` aæn jlnrg y jgfpl`tnf`dt` duilnag puà`d vnrenr pgr aev`rsns jerjudstndjens, tnl`s jgfg lns dui`s edt`rfet`dt`s p`snans, lec`rns g jgdteduns, `tj. Dg mny fnd`rn a` a`t`rfednr `stns jerjudstndjens `d lgs vnlgr`s tgtnl`s aenregs. Lgs `stuaegs `stnaæstejgs a` ln aestreiujeúd a`l te`fpg a` rnaenjeúd tgtnl `d sup`rheje`s mgrezgdtnl`s n trnvås a`l aæn, n pnrter a` antgs prgfàeg f`dsunl`s pnrn ud dûf`rg a` `stnjegd`s, mnd ll`vnag n ln jgdjluseúd a` qu` ln r`lnjeúd a`l tgtnl jnan mgrn n rnaenjeúd tgtnl aenren, s` jgfpgrtn jgfg udn hudjeúd a` ln aurnjeúd a`l aæn y ln mgrn `d ju`steúd, s`cûd s` fu`strn `d ln secue`dt` `junjeúd jgs



6

jgs

    

∙∙ 

 

 ∙  ∙

6 91 ( +

jgs ) sed

>=?

jgs

( :.:.>) :.:.>)

@d ln `junjeúd ndt`regr `s `l îdculg mgrnreg `d crnags pnrn n mgrn `d ju`steúd y `s `l îdculg `d crnags a`l ntnra`j`r. Lgs jg`heje`dt`s n y i `stîd anags pgr lns secue`dt`s `xpr`segd`s `xpr`segd`s;;



6 ?, ?,1 1?5 + ?,0 ,0?> ?>8 8 sed( sed(

6 ?, ?,88 88?5 ?5

∙

8?)

( :.:.9) :.:.9)

8?)

( :.:.:) :.:.:)

?,1383 sed(

_nrn `l jnsg a` ln rnzúd `dtr` ln rnaenjeúd aehusn mgrnren jgd r`sp`jtg n ln rnaenjeúd aehusn aenren, quàn a`hedeag jgd ln secue`dt` `junjeúd;

   ∙∙  6

:.1.

6

jgs

91 sed

jgs

>=?

jgs

( :.:.1) :.:.1)

Ynaenjeúd `d sup`rheje`s edjlednans; Je`lg Esgtrúpejg

Z` puà` supgd`r s`cûd lg suc`reag pgr (Mgtt`l2 Sg`rtz, >519) qu` ln jgfiednjeúd a` rnaenjeúd aehusn y ln rnaenjeúd t`rr`str` r`hl`knan `s esgtrúpejn. Jgd `stn supgsejeúd, ln J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN. IN.

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p. :9

sufn a` `stns ags jgfpgd`dt`s sgir` ln sup`rheje` edjlednan `s ln fesfn eda`p`dae`dt`f`dt` a` su gre`dtnjeúd, y ln rnaenjeúd tgtnl sgir` ln sup`rheje` edjlednan `s y ln aehusn sgir` udn sup`rheje` ln sufn a` ln rnaenjeúd aer`jtn jnljulnan jgfg mgrezgdtnl . @stg r`pr`s`dtn udn f`kgrn sgir` ln supgsejeúd a` qu` tgan ln rnaenjeúd puà` s`r trntnan jgfg aer`jtn, p`rg jgfg s` a`snrrgllnrî fîs na`lndt`, `xest`d f`kgr`s fåtgags.

  



Pdn f`kgrn `d `st` fga`lg, `l fga`lg fga`lg aehusg esgtrúpejg, esgtrúpejg, hu` a`snrrgllnan p pgr gr (Leu2 Kgrand, >58:). Ln rnaenjeúd `d ln sup`rheje` edjlednan s` jgdsea`rú jgfg ln sufn a` tr`s jgfpgd`dt`s; rnaenjeúd sglnr aer`jtn, aehusn esgtrúpejn y r`hl`knan a` hgrfn aehusn a`sa` `l su`lg. Ln secue`dt` `junj `junjeúd eúd a`t`rfedn `stns r`lnjegd`s `vnlunag `d hgrfn mgrnren.

     ι  ∙  6

>+jgs

+

:.0. Ynaenjeúd Esgtrúpejg

9

prgfàeg

+

>

jgs

9

`d

( :.1.>) :.1.>)

sup`rheje`s

edjlednans;

Je`lg

:.0.>. Fga`lg Leu ‚ Kgrand Z` jgdsea`rn qu` ln rnaenjeúd sgir` ln l n sup`rheje` edjlednan s` puà` s`pnrnr `d tr`s jgfpgd`dt`s y pgr lg tndtg `d tr`s tr `s hnjtgr`s a` jgrr`jjeúd; rnaenjeúd aer`jtn ( ), rnaenjeúd aehusn ( ) y rnaenjeúd r`hl`knan aehusnf`dt` pgr `l su`lg ( ) @dtgdj`s, ln rnaenjeúd edjea`dt` fàen sgir` `l plndg edjlednag Q, s` puà` `xpr`snr jgd ln secue`dt` `junjeúd;



        Q

@l jîljulg a`



6

i.

+

a.

+

r.





( :.0.>) :.0.>)

hu` a`snrrgllnag ndt`regrf`dt`.

Ln jgrr`jjeúd ndculnr pnrn ln jgfp jgfpgd`dt` gd`dt` aehusn a`p`da` a` ln l n aestreiujeúd a` åstn `d `l je`lg, ln junl c`d`rnlf`dt` dg s` jgdgj` jgd `xnjtetua. @stn aestreiujeúd a`p`da` a`l tepg, `xt`dseúd y lgjnleznjeúd a` lns dui`s, nsæ jgfg tnfieåd a` gtrgs jgfpgd`dt`s ntfgshårejgs qu` c`d`rnd ln aesp`rseúd a` ln rnaenjeúd sglnr.

J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN. IN.

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p. ::

Zed `finrcg, nsufe`dag qu` tndtg ln rnaenjeúd aehusn jgfg ln r`hl`knan sgd esgtrúpejns (jundag s` te`d` udn duigseana udehgrf` g jundag ln ntfúsh`rn pr`s`dtn udn nltn turieàna) s` puà` uteleznr jgfg udn nprgxefnjeúd c`d`rnl suheje`dt`f`dt` pr`jesn. Inkg `st` supu`stg, ln rnaenjeúd aehusn prgve`d` a` tgans aer`jjegd`s y jgd ln fesfn edt`dseana. Lu`cg, lg ûdejg qu` edhluy` `d ln jndteana a` rnaenjeúd aehusn qu` r`jei` udn sup`rheje` edjlednan `s ln pgrjeúd a` je`lg qu` gis`rvn. _nrn sup`rheje`s mgrezgdtnl`s, lns fesfns gis`rvnd `l >??% pgseil` a`l je`lg y pgr lg tndtg s` r`jei` ln tgtnleana a` ln rnaenjeúd aehusn. _gr gtrg lnag, pnrn sup`rheje`s edjlednans `d 5?», súlg s` r`jei` `l 0?% a` ln rnaenjeúd aehusn nl v`r súlg `sn pgrjeúd a`l je`lg. @stg s` puà` `xpr`snr jgd ln secue`dt` `junjeúd qu` jgrr`spgda` nl hnjtgr a` jgrr`jjeúd;



6

> + jgs 9

ι

( :.0.9)

Ln jgrr`jjeúd ndculnr pnrn ln jgfpgd`dt` r`hl`knan s` gite`d` nl supgd`r ud nliàg (g r`hl`jteveana ώ qu` jgrr`spgda` n ln prgpgrjeúd r`hl`knan a` ln rnaenjeúd tgtnl r`jeiean) a`l su`lg y nl rnzgdnr a` fnd`rn ndîlgcn n jgfg s` mezg pnrn ln jgfpgd`dt` aehusn (tnfieåd s` supgd` qu` ln rnaenjeúd r`hl`knan `s esútrgpn). @s a`jer, jundag ln sup`rheje` te`d` udn edjlednjeúd a` 5?» s` r`jei` ln fetna a` ln rnaenjeúd tgtnl r`hl`knan, yn qu` `l jnptnagr v` tnd sglg ln fetna a`l su`lg qu` lg rga`n. Ndîlgcnf`dt`, pnrn jnptnagr`s mgrezgdtnl`s, mgrezgdtnl`s, dg s` te`d` rnaenjeúd r`hl`knan yn qu` dg s` v` dnan a`l su`lg `d `sn pgsejeúd. @stg `s fga`lnag pgr `l hnjtgr a` jgrr`jjeúd `xpr`snag `d ln secue`dt` `junjeúd;

 ∙ ι 6

>

jgs

9

( :.0.:)

Lu`cg, supgde`dag ln esgtrgpæn a` ln rnaenjeúd tndtg aehusn jgfg r`hl`knan, ln rnaenjeúd sglnr fàen f`dsunl r`jeiean `d udn sup`rheje` edjlednan y leir` a` sgfirns puà` s`r `xpr`snan s`cûd ln secue`dt` `junjeúd;

       ∙   6

+

> + jgs 9

+

>

jgs

9

( :.0.1)

Ze s` aevea` `d nfigs tårfedgs a` ln `junjeúd pgr s` gite`d` ln secue`dt` r`lnjeúd `dtr` ln rnaenjeúd fàen sgir` ln sup`rheje` edjlednan y ln rnaenjeúd clginl fàen pnrn udn sup`rheje` mgrezgdtnl.

J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN. IN.

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p. :1

   ∙        ∙       6

6 >

+

> + jgs 9

+

>

jgs

9

( :.0.0)

@l vnlgr a` / `s udn hudjeúd a` a` nju`rag n lg `xpu`stg n ndt`regrf`dt`. dt`regrf`dt`. @l nliàg tgfn vnlgr`s fuy aeh`r`dt`s a`p`dae`dag a`l tepg a` su`lg, pgr `k`fplg, ?,3 pnrn sup`rheje`s r`hl`jtndt`s, ?,8 pnrn de`v`, `tj. @l vnlgr a` ?,9 su`l` uteleznrs` pnrn ln fnygræn a` lns sup`rheje`s) (I`jbfnd, Kgmd N. nda Auhhe`, Sellenf N., 9?>:). Jgd `stg, s` te`d` tgag lg d`j`snreg pnrn r`sglv`r ln `junjeúd ndt`regr. @l fga`lg a`sjreptg ndt`regrf`dt` hudjegdn sglnf`dt` pnrn sup`rheje`s edjlednans ferndag mnjen `l `junagr, `s a`jer, jgd njefut ?¿.

J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN. IN.

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p. :0

:.0.9. Fga`lg BQ (Blèd ‚ Qmèlnjb`r) @l fåtgag, tnfieåd llnfnag fåtgag B-Q, prgpgd` qu` `l vnlgr n lnrcg plnzg a`l hnjtgr a` jgrr`jjeúd puà` s`r jnljulnag edt`crndag ln errnaendjen sgir` udn sup`rheje` edjlednan, y C sgir` sup`rheje` mgrezgdtnl, a`sa` ln snlean y mnstn ln pu`stn a` sgl pnrn tgags lgs aæns a` jnan f`s y pnrn vnregs nþgs, pnrn sufnr tgag nl hednl jgfg s` edaejn `d ln secue`dt` `junjeúd;

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   

( :.0.8)

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Ln r`sglujeúd a` lns edt`crnl`s ndt`regr`s pnrn udn sup`rheje` a` junlque`r gre`dtnjeúd `dtr`cn `l hnjtgr a` jgrr`jjeúd iusjnag jgfg s` edaejn `d ln secue`dt` `junjeúd. @s efpgrtndt` dgtnr qu` pnrn gre`dtnjegd`s aestedtns n 6 ?» ú 6 >=?» >=?» , lgs te`fpgs a` snlean y pu`stn a` sgl pnrn ln sup`rheje` edjlednan dg sgd sefåtrejgs r`sp`jtg a`l fàegaæn sglnr.

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p. :8

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   ∙     ∙  9

( :.0.>?) :.0.>?)

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Ln edt`crnjeúd a` ln `junjeúd (:.0.3) jgfe`dzn n ln snlean a`l sgl sgir` `l plndg edjlednag g sgir` `l plndg mgrezgdtnl, lg qu` sujàn fîs tnra`. Ln edt`crnjeúd t`rfedn `d ln pu`stn a` sgl sgir` `l plndg edjlednag g sgir` `l plndg mgrezgdtnl, lg qu` sujàn ndt`s. Lgs îdculgs mgrnregs a` snlean y pu`stn a`l sgl pnrn `l plndg edjlednag s` gite`d`d a` ln `junjeúd ( `junjeúd ( 9.0.>) hekndag 6 5?» Ln sglujeúd a` `stg `s udn `junjeúd junarîtejn qu` an

       ∙      ∙      ∙         ≠

y ags vnlgr`s pnrn (qu` aì`d `stnr `dtr` ¾ ). Lgs secdgs a` a`p`da`d a` ln gre`dtnjeúd a` ln sup`rheje` jgfg jgfg s` `xpr`sn `d lns secue`dt`s `junjegd`s; 6 fed

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p. :3



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Jgd `st` fga`lg, s` puà` git`d`r ln rnaenjeúd fàen f`dsunl pnrn aestedtns gre`dtnjegd`s ` edjlednjegd`s pnrn jnan f`s jgd ln secue`dt` `junjeúd;

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p. :=

:.8.

Ynaenjeúd `d sup`rheje`s edjlednans; Je`lg ndesgtrúpejg

Lgs fga`lgs a` rnaenjeúd qu` jgdsea`rnd ln rnaenjeúd aehusn jgfg esgtrúpejn sgd s`djellgs a` r`sglv`r, p`rg sui`stefnd ln rnaenjeúd tgtnl `d `l plndg edjlednag. Zed `finrcg, mnd seag a`snrrgllnags fga`lgs f`kgrnags, qu` te`d`d `d ju`dtn ln jgfpgd`dt` aehusn jerjudsglnr y/g ln jgfpgd`dt` aehusn prgv`de`dt` a`l mgrezgdt` `d `l sufntgreg tgtnl sgir` ln sup`rheje` edjlednan jgfg s` `squ`fntezn `d ln secue`dt` hecurn;

Hecurn :.8.>Ynaenjeúd aer`jtn, aehusn y r`hl`knan sgir` udn sup`rheje` edjlednan.

Anve`s) :.8.>. Fga`lg MA (Mny nda Anve`s) (Mny2 Anv`s, >5=?) @st` fga`lg jgdsea`rn qu` udn hrnjjeúd a` ln aehusn prgve`d` a`sa` ln fesfn aer`jjeúd qu` `l mnz a` rnaenjeúd aer`jtn y `l r`stg `s prgv`de`dt` a` tgan ln iúvàn j`l`st`. @st` fga`lg, a` nmgrn `d fîs MA, s` insn `dtgdj`s `d ln supgsejeúd a` qu` tgan ln rnaenjeúd aehusn puà` s`r r`pr`s`dtnan pgr ags jgfpgd`dt`s aehusns2 ln jgfpgd`dt` esgtrúpejn y ln jerjudsglnr. _gr lg tndtg, ln rnaenjeúd aehusn pnrn udn sup`rheje` edjlednan s` `xpr`sn s`cûd lns secue`dt`s `junjegd`s;

        ,

6

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J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN. IN.

( :.8.>) :.8.>)

( :.8.9) :.8.9)

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p. :5

Agda` Ne `s ud ædaej` a` ndesgtrgpæn, `l junl `s udn hudjeúd a` ln trndsfetndjen a` ln ntfúsh`rn pnrn ln rnaenjeúd aer`jtn.

   6

6

( :.8.:) :.8.:)

?

?

@l ædaej` a` ndesgtrgpæn a`t`rfedn udn pgrjeúd a` ln rnaenjeúd aehusn mgrezgdtnl qu` mn a` s`r trntnags jgfg aesp`rsn, ln junl s` jgdsea`rn jgd `l fesfg îdculg qu` ln rnaenjeúd aer`jtn. Z` supgd` qu` `l snlag a` ln aehusn `s esgtrúpejg. @d jgdaejegd`s jlnrns, Ne s`rî nltg, y ln l n fnygræn a` ln aehusn s` supgd` qu` s`rî aesp`rsn. Jundag dg mny rnaenjeúd aer`jtn, Ne s`rî j`rg, ln jgfpgd`dt` aehusn jnljulnan s`rî jgfpl`tnf`dt` esgtrúpejn, y `l fga`lg s` jgdve`rt` `d esgtrúpejg tnfieåd. tnfieåd. Ln rnaenjeúd tgtnl sgir` udn sup`rheje` edjlednan quàn a`t`rfednan pnrn `st` fga`lg pgr ln secue`dt` `xpr`seúd;

       ∙   ι  ∙  6(

+

)

+

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>

9

>

+

jgs

9

( :.8.1) :.8.1)

:.8.9. Fga`lg MABY (Mny, (Mny, Anve`s, Blujm`r Blujm`r nda Yèdal) @l fåtgag a` Mny-y-Anve`s pnrn `l jîljulg a` EQ dg `s fujmg fîs jgfpl`kn a` lg qu` `l fga`lg esgtrúpejg y jgdauj` n `stefnjegd`s l`v`f`dt` fîs `l`vnans a` ln rnaenjeúd `d sup`rheje`s edjlednans. (Yèdal2 I`jbfnd, >55?) U gtrgs edaejnd qu` lgs r`sultnags git`deags jgd `st` fga`lg sgd udn f`kgrn sgir` `l fga`lg esgtrúpejg. Zed `finrcg, dg te`d` `d ju`dtn ln rnaenjeúd aehusn prgv`de`dt` a`sa` `l mgrezgdt`. (Q`fps2 Jgulsgd, >533) Y`pr`s`dtnd `st` vnlgr pnrn aæns jlnrgs jgd ud hnjtgr a` jgrr`jjeúd a` > + Zed: (ι/9) a`dtrg a`l tårfedg a` ln rnaenjeúd aehusn. (Blujm`r, Q.F., >535) Fgaehejú `st` hnjtgr a` jgrr`jjeúd pgr ud hnjtgr a` fgaulnjeúd h a` fgag qu` t`dcn ln hgrfn > + h Zed: (ι/9) (ι/ 9) pnrn jgdt`fplnr ln duigseana. (Yèdal2 I`jbfnd, >55?i) Mnd fgaehejnag `l fga`lg Mny-y-Anve`s pgr ln naejeúd a` ud tårfedg jgfg `l a` Blujm`r, jgfg lg edaejn ln secue`dt` `junjeúd;

    ∙   ι      ,

6

>

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> +

sed:

9

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J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN. IN.

( :.8.0) :.8.0)

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p. 1?

_gr lg tndtg, `l fga`lg MABY (aìeag n lgs np`lleags a` sus nutgr`s) a` rnaenjeúd tgtnl `d `l plndg edjlednag t`de`dag `d ju`dtn ln naejeúd a` `stgs quàn `xpr`snag `d ln secue`dt` `junjeúd;

      ∙   ι       ∙  6(

+

)

>+jgs

>

+

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9

sed:

9

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+

jgs

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( :.8.8) :.8.8)

Agda` Nes` `xplejú `d `l pudtg ndt`regr y h;

    6

( :.8.3) :.8.3)

:.8.:. Fga`lg _år`z @st` fga`lg prghudaezn nûd fîs `l ndîleses a` lns jgfpgd`dt`s a` ln rnaenjeúd aehusn pnrn sup`rheje`s edjlednans jgfg s` `xpgd` `d ln secue`dt` `junjeúd;

    ∙    ι     ,

6

>

>+jgs

>

9

+

>

+

9

sed

( :.8.=) :.8.=)

Agda` H> `s ud jg`heje`dt` a` irellg jerjudsglnr y H9 `s ud jg`heje`dt` a` irellg a`l mgrezgdt`, n y i sgd tårfedgs qu` te`d`d `d ju`dtn lgs îdculgs a` edjea`djen a`l jgdg a` rnaenjeúd jerjudsglnr `d lns sup`rheje`s edjlednans y mgrezgdtnl`s. Ln rnaenjeúd jerjudsglnr s` jgdsea`rn qu` `s a` udn hu`dt` h u`dt` pudtunl `d `l sgl. Lgs tårfedgs n y i s` a`t`rfednd jgd ln secue`dt` `junjeúd;



6 fnx (?, (?, jgs jgs ),

 

6 fnx (j (jg gs =0, jgs jgs

),



( :.8.5) :.8.5)

Jgd `stns a`hedejegd`s, n / i s` jgdve`rt` `d Yi pnrn ln fnygræn a` mgrns `d lns qu` lgs jnptnagr`s te`d`d udn snlean ûtel. Lgs jg`heje`dt`s a` irellg H> y H9 sgd hudjegd`s a` tr`s pnrîf`trgs qu` a`sjrei`d lns jgdaejegd`s a`l je`lg; @l îdculg j`detnl ν z



Pd ædaej` a` jlnreana ΰ (`s udn hudjeúd a` ln rnaenjeúd aehusn Ea, a`l îdculg j`detnl νzy a` ln rnaenjeúd dgrfnl aer`jtn E i, d.Zecue`dt` `junjeúd;



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p. 1>

  

∙    ∙   ∈   + ,

6

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Pd ædaej` a` irellg Α (`s udn hudjeúd a` ln f fnsn a` ntfúsh`rn, a` ln rnaenjeúd aehusn y a` ln rnaenjeúd `xtrnt`rr`str` dgrfnl). Zecue`dt` @junjeúd;



6

( :.8.>>) :.8.>>)

Lgs jg`heje`dt`s a` irellg H> y H9 sgd hudjegd`s a` jg`heje`dt`s a`revnags `stnaæstejnf`dt` pnrn aeh`r`dt`s rndcgs a` vnlgr`s a` ΰ. Pd jgdkudtg a` `stgs jg`heje`dt`s r`jgf`danag pgr `l nutgr (_`r`z, >55?) s` gis`rvn `d ln secue`dt` tniln Qniln :.8 > Jg`heje`dt`s a` irellg. Fga`lg a` je`lg ndesgtrúpejg nde sgtrúpejg a` _år`z .

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?,?88 -?,?81 -?,>09 -?,189 -?,=9: ->,>93 ->,:33

-?,?95 -?,?98 ?,?>1 ?,??> ?,?08 ?,>:> ?,90>

Lns secue`dt`s `junjegd`s sgd pnrn `l jîljulg a` H > y H9;



>

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6 fnx ?,

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+

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@st` jgdkudtg a` `junjegd`s a`l fga`lg _år`z p`rfet` `l jîljulg a` lns tr`s jgfpgd`dt`s aehusns `d ln sup`rheje` edjlednan. ûàn pgr nþnaer ln jgfpgd`dt` aer`jtn y r`hl`knan. Ln rnaenjeúd tgtnl, jgfg s` puà` gis`rvnr `d ln secue`dt` `junjeúd, `d ln

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p. 19

sup`rheje` edjlednan, edjluy` jedjg tårfedgs; rnaenjeúd aer`jtn, ln aehusn esútrgpn, ln jerjudsglnr aehusn, ln aehusn prgv`de`dt` a`l mgrezgdt` y ln l n rnaenjeúd r`hl`knan.

   ∙    ι       ∙  6

+

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( :.8.>1) :.8.>1)

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p. 1:

a ntgs 1. Ins`s a` antgs

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p. 11

1.>.

Ins`s a` Antgs a` Ynaenjeúd Zglnr `d Nrc`dtedn

1.>.>. Zetunjeúd Ln Yà Zglnrefåtrejn, puilejú >: Igl`ted`s s`f`strnl`s a` antgs a` rnaenjeúd sglnr clginl a`sa` >535 mnstn >5=0. @d >5=3 ln `dtgdj`s Jgfeseúd Dnjegdnl a` Edv`stecnjegd`s @spnjenl`s puilejú, `d ins` n edhgrfnjeúd a` ln Yà Zglnrefåtrejn, lns “Qnilns a` antgs f`t`grglúcejgs pnrn >>= lgjnleana`s a` ln Nrc`dtedn‖ (_rnjjmen, Hnires, & Ynpnllede, >5=3) qu` lu`cg hu`rgd sest`fnteznans y jnrcnans `d sgpgrt` fncdåtejg pgr FY-Jgdsultgr`s `d plndellns `l`jtrúdejns `d hgrfntg @xj`l. @d >553 Mucg Crgsse Cnll`cgs y Ynûl Yecmede `lnigrnrgd ud jgdkudtg a` jnrtns n dev`l a` sup`rheje` a`l jnfpg a` ln rnaenjeúd sglnr clginl `d Nrc`dtedn, pnrn lg junl s` prgj`sú tgan ln edhgrfnjeúd aespgdeil` `d `l pnæs, `vnluîdags` ln pr`jeseúd y vnlea`z a` lgs l gs r`sultnags git`deags. @stî `d fnrjmn udn rà udev`rsetnren a` fàejeúd a` rnaenjeúd sglnr `dtr` ln PQD y ln Pdev`rseana a` Luknd jgd npgyg a` ln l n Z@JyQ, qu` s` `sp`rn nfplenr jgd gtrgs npgrt`s, y qu` p`rfeterî git`d`r antgs njtunleznags y jgd jgdtedueana.

Ins`s a` antgs a` rnaenjeúd Zglnr Mgrezgdtnl

Nrc`dtedn

CYGZZE CNLL@CGZ - YECMEDE

Antgs Fndunl`s

Edt`rdnjegdnl

_rnjjmen, N.Hnires y N.Ynpnllede

ANQGZ DNZN

(_HY) Jnrtns a` errnaenjeúd clginl aenren (CCJN)

Qnilns a` errnaenjeúd clginl aenren (CCJA)

_nrn tgan ln nrc`dtedn

_nrn Lgs fesfgs pudtgs qu` lns >>= `stnjegd`s (_rnjjen)

Hecurn 1.>.>Ins`s a` Antgs a` Ynaenjeúd Zglnr

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p. 10

1.9.

Antgs ‚ Crgsse Cnll`cgs ‚ Yecmede ‚ Qnilns a`l JA (CCJA)

Ln ins` a` antgs ghejenl `xest`dt` `s `l “Ntlns a` @d`rcæn Zglnr a` Ln Y`pûilejn Nrc`dtedn‖ (Crgsse Cnll`cgs & Yecmede, 9??3). (A` nmgrn `d fîs pnrn dgfirnr `stn ins` a` antgs s` utelezn `l njrúdefg CCJA) @l fesfg mn seag `l r`sultnag a`l prgj`snfe`dtg a` tgags lgs antgs aespgdeil`s mnstn `l >553, prgv`de`dt`s a` 9= `stnjegd`s perndgfåtrejns, `stefnjegd`s git`deans n pnrter a` edhgrfnjeúd f`t`grglúcejn t`rr`str` a` 91 `stnjegd`s m`legcrîhejns, jgfpl`f`dtnan jgd ln a` lgs pnæs`s v`jedgs `vnluîdags` ln pr`jeseúd y vnlea`z a` lgs r`sultnags. Lns tnilns qu` s` fu`strnd `d `l Ntlns, te`d`d 09 `stnjegd`s jgd antgs a` rnaenjeúd y >>9 `stnjegd`s jgd antgs a` M`leghndæn.

Ynaenjeúd njeúd Zglnr Crgsse Cnll`cgs Hecurn 1.9.>Ins`s a` Antgs a` Ynae

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p. 18

@d ln s`jjeúd a` LEIYG pgarîd njjà`r NQLNZ A@ @D@YCEN ZGLNY A@ L N Y @ _ P I L EJN NY C@ D QED QEDN. N.

1.:.

Antgs ‚ K._rnjjmen, N.Hnires y N.Ynpnllede ‚ (_HY)

Ndt`regrf`dt` nl crnd trninkg a` jgfpelnjeúd a` Crgsse Cnll`cgs, ln ins` fîs uteleznan `rn ln qu` s` puilejú `d NZNA@Z NZN A@Z >5=3, “Qnilns a` antgs f`t`grglúcejgs pnrn >>= Lgjnleana`s a` ln Y`pûilejn Nrc`dtedn d`j`snregs pnrn `l Aef`dsegdnfe`dtg a` sest`fns sglnr`s‖ (_rnjjmen, Hnires, & Ynpnllede, >5=3). @stns serve`rgd jgfg ins` pnrn `l trninkg a` Crgsse Cnll`cgs y Ynûl Yecmede.

1.1.

Antgs DNZN

@stn ins` a` antgs gdled`, `lnigrnan pgr ln (DNZN, s.h.)2 p`rfet` `xtrn`r udn nfplen vnreàna a` antgs f`t`grglúcejgs `stefnags snt`letnlf`dt` n lg lnrcg a` tgag `l fudag. Edtrgauje`dag c`gcrîhejns `xtrn`r lgs antgs prgfàegs a` rnaenjeúd lns sglnrjggra`dnans clginl pnrn junlque`r lnagsà` puà`d ln nrc`dtedn. @l fåtgag a` `xtrnjjeúd qu` s` utelezn `d `l pr`s`dt` trninkg, jgdsest` `d tgfnr lgs antgs a` rnaenjeúd pnrn lgs lucnr`s `d agda` s` `dju`dtrnd lns `stnjegd`s f`t`grglúcejns qu` mnd seag jgdsea`rnans `d lgs trninkgs a` (Crgsse Cnll`cgs & Yecmede, 9??3) y (_rnjjmen, Hnires, & Ynpnllede, >5=3).

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p. 13

DNZN 1.1.>. Git`djeúd a` ln Ynaenjeúd clginl DNZN Z` aì` edcr`snr n ln secue`dt` pîcedn; mttps;//pgw`r.lnrj.dnsn.cgv/ mttps;//pgw`r.lnrj.dnsn.cgv/



@d agda` s` pgarî v`r ln secue`dt` pndtnlln;

Z` aì` edcr`snr n;

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p. 1=

Edcr`snr lgs antgs a` Lntetua y lgdcetua, jgd `l secdg d`cntevg edaejndag qu` `s `l m`fesh`reg sur, y ln lgdcetua `s nl G`st` a`l F`reaendg a` Cr``dwejm.

IN. J`dtrg a` `-L`nrdedc ZJ@P PQD - IN.

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p. 15

@k`fplg pnrn Ln _lntn; Lntetua`; -:1.0 (`d lucnr a` jgfn, jglgjnr ud pudtg pnrn lgs a`jefnl`s) Lgdcetua`; - 0=

 

Z`l`jjegdnr “Zglnr errnaendj` hgr `quntgr hnjedc teltà Zurhnj`‖, Zurhnj`‖, y lu`cg s`l`jjegdnr “suifet‖.

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p. 0?

@stg lu`cg s` puà` pnsnr n ud @xj`l, y pgst`regrf`dt` crnhejnr.

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p. 0>

Ieilegcrnhæn uteleznan y suc`rean Leirgs y gtrgs fndusjretgs

I`jbfnd, Kgmd N. nda Auhhe`, Sellenf Selle nf N. Zglnr @dced``redc gh Qm`rfnl Q m`rfnl _rgj`ss`s. Pdetà Ztnt` gh Nf`rejn; SEL@U. (9?>:) Crgsse Cnll`cgs, M., & Yecmede, Y. (9??3). Ntlns a` @d`rcæn Zglnr a` Ln Y`pûilejn Nrc`dtedn. Eqinl.. N stuay gh Jndnaend Jndnaend aehhus` nda tgtnl sglnr rnaente rnaentegd gd antn - Fgdtmly nv`rnc` anely mgrezgdtnl rnaentegd - (Xgl. 99). (>535) Leu2 Kgrand. Qm` Lgdc-Q`rf Nv`rnc` _`rhgrfndj`. (>58:) Leu2 Kgrand.. Anely Edsglntegd gd Zurhnj`s Qeltà Qgwnra tm` @quntgr. (>589) Leu2 Kgrand.. Qm` Edt`rr`lntegdsmep nda Jmnrnjt`restej Jmnrnjt`restej Aestreiutegd gh Aer`jt, Aehhus` nda Qgtnl Zglnr Ynaente Ynaentegd. gd. (>58?) DNZN, r. 8. (s.h.). Zurhnj` f`t`grglgcy nda Zglnr @d`rcy . Y`jup`rnag `l Fnrzg a` 9?>1, a`  mttps;//`gswì.lnrj.dnsn.cgv/jce-ied/ss`/ss`.jce7r`tsOdrjnd.cj.jn a` mttps;//`gswì.lnrj.dnsn.cgv/jce-ied/ss`/ss`.jce7r`tsOdrjnd.cj.jn   _`r`z. Fga`ledc Anylecmt Nvnelnielety nda Errnaendj` Jgfpgd`dts hrgf Aer`jt nda Clginl Errnaendj`.(>55?) _rnjjmen, K., Hnires, N., & Ynpnllede, N. (>5=3). Qnilns a` antgs f`t`grglúcejgs pnrn >>= Lgjnleana`s a` ln Y`pûilejn Nrc`dtedn d`j`snregs pnrn `l Aef`dsegdnfe`dtg a` sest`fns Zglnr`s.

Snllnj`, Jrestend L.Q`ses a` Fn`stræn `d @d`rcæns Y`dgvnil`s; Jîljulg y `lnigrnjeúd a` lgs aesjgs a` errnaenjeúd sglnr pnrn su usg jgfg m`rrnfe`dtn a` c`steúd `d pglætejns prgvedjenl`s pnrn ln prgfgjeúd a` ln `d`rcæn sglnr `d ln l n r`pûilejn nrc`dtedn. Iu`dgs Ner`s, 9?>3

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p. 09

Lg qu` vefgs; @d `stn udeana `stuaenfgs lgs hudanf`dtgs a` ln rnaenjeúd sglnr y a`sclgsnfgs lgs fga`lgs fnt`fîtejgs uteleznags pnrn pga`r jnljulnr ln rnaenjeúd sglnr `d ud plndg edjlednag. Qnfieåd pr`s`dtnfgs lns ins`s a` antgs aespgdeil`s `d `l pnæs, pnrn uteleznr lgs a` rnaenjeúd sglnr `d jnsg a` dg jgdtnr jgd fàejegd`s r`nl`s.

Lg qu` ve`d`; @d ln prúxefn udeana `stuaenr`fgs lgs aeh`r`dt`s tepgs a` fúaulgs hgtgvgltnejgs, lns predjepnl`s fnrjns y, antgs tåjdejgs a` lgs fesfgs

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Unidad 1 M1 Radiación Solar V8

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