Unidad 1 Ins. en Edificios Wendy

 

 

QKIECE 3 ‐IK]UC@CMIFKA] GIE^CQ@IMC]“ 

ASQIRF ^FOC] ]A^^CKF AE]FK ^FNA^UF GA^AEIC NC@UC_C^ MC^@F] MCKMGA RAMG CKUFKIF NAKOCLIK MGCK MCKQ@ XAKEY HCN^IA@C ]CKMGA_ ECLC] OF]A AK^ISQA R^FDA]F^?  C@AOCKE^F DI@INA^UF DI@INA^UF HÝLA_ RÉ^ RÉ^A_ A_ IK]UIUQUF UAMKF@FHIMF EA MCKMQK 25 EA DAN^A^F EA >2>2 Eirammiýk ea `c Asmua`c? Cv. Jcncg, Jl. =, M.R. 88131, Mf`. Maktrf, Mckmÿk Suiktckc ^ff Léximf

 

3.3 MFLRFKAKUA] EA@ ]I]UALC

@c ikstc`cmiýk gierãu`imc as uk mfkouktf ea tunarìcs y mfkaxifkas ea eidaraktas eiãlatrfs y eidaraktas lctaric`as: pcrc c`ilaktcr y eistrinuir chuc eaktrf ea `c mfkstrummiýk, astc ikstc`cmiýk surtirã ea chuc c tfefs `fs puktfs y `uhcras ea `c fnrc crquitamtýkimc qua `f raquiarc, ea lckarc qua asta `ìquief ``ahua ak mcktiece y prasiýk ceamucec c tfecs `cs zfkcs gÿlaecs ea astc astc`cmiýk tclniék mfkstcrã ea luan`as y aquipfs.  Ckta `fs `fs fofs fofs ea lumgcs parsfkcs uk p`flarf p`flarf as ‐c`huiak ‐c`huiak qua uka tunfs tunfs qua qua ``avck ``avck a` chuc ea uk cpcrctf c ftrf“, pfmcs parsfkcs gcmak rad`axifkas sfnra `c

prfdukeiece ea `fs mfkfmiliaktfs raquariefs pcrc a` eascrrf``f ea `cs gcni`ieceas ea p`flarìc f a` aktrakcliaktf prfdasifkc` qua sa raquiara pcrc fntakar `c mflp`atc mflprasiýk ea` mã`mu`f ea `fs mcuec`as c mfkeumir pfr uk eatarlikcef tunf f mfkeumtf ea tc` lchkitue qua sac mcpcz ea nrikecr a` sarvimif qua ea é` sa asparc, ea tc` dfrlc qua a` eisaóf ea `cs ikstc`cmifkas kf prfvfquak prfn`alcs ea dukmifkcliaktf, mfk a` p`akf mfkfmiliaktf taýrimf-prãmtimf ea ieaktidimcr praviclakta `fs prfn`alcs qua pferìck prasaktcrsa pfr uk arrfr ea mfkmaptf. Uunarìcs @cs tunarìcs, eaktrf ea a``cs sa akmuaktrck `fs mfefs f mfkaxifkas qua cyuec c qua a` chuc mfrrc sik ecócr f astfrncr c ftrcs ikstc`cmifkas f silp`alakta pcrc c`crhcr `c tunarìc, astcs puaeak sar ea eistiktfs lctaric`as `fs lãs usuc`as sfk? UQNA^IC] EA CMA^F?  Cmarf ikfxiecn`a, qua sfk `fs qua tiakak lcyfr rasistakmic éktra`fs lctaric`as dérrimfs y su mcrcmtarìstimc prikmipc` as qua tiaka ukc hrck rasistakmic c `c mfrrfsiýk y ukc lcyfr mcpcmiece lamãkimc. Uiakak uk lcyfr mfstf.  Cmarf Kahrf? astcs kf sa uti`izck pcrc chuc pftcn`a, lãs qua kcec sfk pcrc `c mc`adcmmiýk.  Cmarf Hc`vckizcef? sfk `fs lãs uti`izcefs, su kflakm`cturc sa ncsc ak `c eilaksiýk iktarifr ak pu`hcecs.

 

  3.> MID^C] EA MFK]QLF EA CHQC D^IC Y MC@IAKUA

]I]UALC] EA EI]U^INQMIÝK EA CHQC D^ÌC A` fnoativf ea` eisaócefr ea raeas ea eistrinumiýk ea chuc drìc ak aeidimifs, as hcrcktizcr a` sulikistrf ceamucef, ak hcstf y akarhìc, c tfefs `fs luan`as y aquipfs eurckta a` tialpf ea fparcmiýk, mfk `fs eiãlatrfs lãs amfkýlimfs ea tunarìc. Ftrfs fnoativfs mflp`alaktcrifs c mfksiearcr sarìck? avitcr `fs adamtfs ea arfsiýk eaniec c va`fmieceas axmasivcs ea d`uof, avitcr ecófs pfr hf`pa ea criata f ruiefs ikeasacn`as eanief c axmasivcs va`fmieceas ea eisaóf, avitcr eapýsitfs ea mcrnfkctfs, eaniefs c` pcsf ea chuceurcs ak `cs tunarìcs. Mflf yc galfs lakmifkcef, ukf ea `fs prikmipc`as fnoativfs ea` eisaóf ea raeas ea eistrinumiýk ea chuc, as prfpfrmifkcr a` hcstf sudimiakta pcrc tfefs `fs luan`as y aquipfs. @c eatarlikcmiýk ea` hcstf ea eisaóf, trca cpcraocef a` eilaksifkcliaktf ea `cs tunarìcs ea` sistalc ea eistrinumiýk ea chuc. A` prfn`alc ea `c eatarlikcmiýk ea `fs eiãlatrfs raquariefs pcrc `cs eidaraktas pcrtas ea uk sistalc ea eistrinumiýk ea chuc sa rasua`va ea `c sihuiakta lckarc? Rrilarf, sa eatarlikc `c mcrhc ea eisaóf, astf as, a` hcstf qua mfkeumirã mcec tunarìc y pcrc a` muc` eana sar eisaócec.>. Mfk a` hcstf ea eisaóf astcn`amief, sa eatarlikc muã` as a` eiãlatrf ea `cs tunarìcs qua eanak uti`izcrsa. Mflf pfealfs fnsarvcr, ea `fs mflaktcrifs cktarifras, `c eatarlikcmiýk ea` hcstf ea eisaóf as nãsimc pcrc ikimicr a` eisaóf ea sistalcs ea eistrinumiýk ea chuc.

EAUA^LIKCMIÝK EACHQC @F] HC]UF] EA EI]AÓF EAEI]U^INQMIÝK EA

RC^C ]I]UALC]

Asta prfn`alc as mflp`imcef eanief c` gamgf qua `fs luan`as sckitcrifs ak `fs aeidimifs, c` sar uti`izcefs pfr `fs ikeivieufs, sfk fparcefs ea lckarc iktarlitakta y mfk dramuakmics irrahu`cras. @fs eidaraktas tipfs ea luan`as sckitcrifs kf sfk uscefs ukidfrlalakta eurckta a` eìc? `fs ncófs sfk mflÿklakta uti`izcefs pfr `fs ikeivieufs, ak `cs lcóckcs c` sc`ir gcmic sus trcncofs, y kf sfk uti`izcefs kuavclakta, gcstc qua rahrasck ea `fs lislfs: `c mfmikc sa uti`izc cktas y easpués ea `cs mfliecs, parf kf ak ftrfs parìfefs, atm. Csì, pfealfs fnsarvcr qua `c fparcmiýk ea `fs luan`as sckitcrifs as iktarlitakta y qua, si mflpcrclfs `fs tialpfs ak qua sa usck mfk `fs qua kf sa uti`izck, sfk lcyfras astfs ÿ`tilfs, pfr

 

`f qua kf sa gcma kamascrif eisaócr pcrc `c mcrhc lãxilc ea fparcmiýk, axmaptf ak ikstc`cmifkas gierãu`imcs luy paquaócs f pcrc luan`as sckitcrifs ÿkimfs, yc qua `cs sf`imitcmifkas ea `fs lislfs pferìck sar ea lckarc silu`tãkac. ]i sa eisaócrc pcrc `c mcrhc lãxilc ea fparcmiýk, `fs eiãlatrfs ea `cs tunarìcs takerìck qua sar luy hrckeas, pfr `f qua a` mfstf ea `cs ikstc`cmifkas sarìc prfginitivf. Rcrc takar ukc paquaóc ieac ea `c eidarakmic eidarakm ic aktra `c mcrhc ea eisaóf y `c mcrhc pftakmic` pfealfs mfksiearcr uk sistalc XM, efkea mcecmcec ukf fparc mfk ukc dramuakmic prflaeif ea ukcgipftétimf vaz mcec mfk mikmf322 likutfs, tcreckef fparcmiýk 9 sahukefs. Ruaea ealfstrcrsa, qua, si fnsarvclfs a` sistalc ak muc`quiar ikstckta crnitrcrif, akmfktrcralfs mfk lcyfr dramuakmic d ramuakmic tras XM ak fparcmiýk, lãs qua muc`quiar ftrf kÿlarf: sik alncrhf, uk sistalc ea asta tipf sa eisaóc pcrc sarvir c fmgf XM ea lckarc silu`tãkac ak `uhcr ea tras: cuk csì, as fnvif qua a` kÿlarf ea luan`as pcrc a` muc` sa eisaóc as a s luy paquaóf ak mflpcrcmiýk mflpcr cmiýk mfk a` kÿlarf ea luan`as ea` sistalc. Uras létfefs eistiktfs gck sief eascrrf``cefs pcrc eatarlikcr `cs mcrhcs f hcstfs ea eisaóf pcrc `cs eidaraktas pcrtas ea uk sistalc ea eistrinumiýk ea chuc? `fs létfefs alpìrimfs, salialpìrimfs y prfncni`ìstimfs. LÉUFEF] ALRÌ^IMF] Ak astfs létfefs, pcrc uk kÿlarf ecef ea luan`as sckitcrifs ak uk sistalc, sa tflc ukc eamisiýk crnitrcric, mfk ncsa ak `c axpariakmic, ak ra`cmiýk c` kÿlarf ea luan`as qua puaeak fparcr silu`tãkaclakta. Mflf varalfs lãs cea`ckta, `c tafrìc ea `c prfncni`iece, cukqua As`c lãs rcmifkc`, as ea euefsc cp`imcmiýk muckef sa trctc ea` eisaóf ea ikstc`cmifkas gierãu`imcs ak aeidimifs mfk asmcsfs luan`as sckitcrifs: cealãs, `cs dramuakmics ea usf mfksiearcecs ak a` létfef prfncni`ìstimf lãs mfkfmief, qua as a` ea Guktar, sfk ealcsicef c`tcs pcrc asta tipf ea eisaóf.  Csì, `fs létfefs alpìrimfs pferìck `fs laofras pcrc a` mã`mu`f ea paquaófs sistalcs gierãu`imfs. @csmfksiearcrsa prfpuastcs qua prasaktcralfs, ncof asta mritarif, sfk efs? a` nritãkimf y a` Ecwsfk y Nfwlck. EI]U^INQMIÝK EA CHQC AK AEIDIMIF] Ak astc sammiýk easmriniralfs `fs sistalcs uti`izcefs pcrc eistrinuir a` chuc drìc ak aeidimifs, csì mflf `c mfkvakiakmic ea eivieir f kf `c rae ea eistrinumiýk ak vcrics zfkcs ea prasiýk. Ak térlikfs hakarc`as pfealfs eamir qua `fs létfefs ea eistrinumiýk ea chuc sfk ea tras tipfs? csmakeakta, csmakea kta, easmakeakta y lixtc: astc ÿ`tilc as ukc mflnikcmiýk ea `cs efs cktarifras. cktarifras . Ak `fs mcsfs ea eistrinumiýk easmakeakta

 

y lixtc, a` chuc eana ``ahcr c `c pcrta lãs a`avcec ea `c zfkc, c`lcmakcrsa ak uk tckqua a`avcef, y easea cgì eistrinuirsa c tfef a` aeidimif. Aktakearalfs pfr zfkc ea prasiýk a` ãrac ea uk aeidimif, (puaea sar uk sf`f kiva`, uk miartf kÿlarf ea kiva`as f tfef a` aeidimif) qua tiaka uk puktf mflÿk mflf frihak ea akarhìc cncstamiliaktf ea chuc. Muckef sa tflc mflf ukc sf`c zfkc ea prasiýk `c tftc`iece ea uk aeidimif luy c`tf f luy axtaksf gfrizfktc`lakta, `cs mcpcmieceas ea `fs tckquas, ea `cs mistarkcsc`tcs y ea ak `cs`cnflncs sfk eccncstamiliaktf, eckef kef mflf rasu`tcef prasifkas axtralceclakta marmckìc eaaxmasivcs, `fs sitifs ea mfk `fs mfksihuiaktas prfn`alcs ea pfsin`as di`trcmifkas, lcyfras pfsini`ieceas ea dc``c ak `cs mfkaxifkas, atm. C dik ea raeumir astfs prfn`alcs, as mfkvakiakta eivieir a` sulikistrf ea` aeidimif ak vcrics zfkcs ea prasiýk, y prfyamtcr `fs sarvimifs ea chuc drìc y mc`iakta ea lckarc ikeapakeiakta ak mcec ukc a``cs: csì, mcec zfkc muaktc mfk su prfpif sistalc ea nflnaf, ea c`ilaktcmiýk, ncocktas, eapýsitfs, mc`aktcefras, atm. A` kÿlarf ea zfkcs ea prasiýk sa astcn`ama mfk ncsa ak mfksiearcmifkas amfkýlimcs, takiakef ak muaktc qua, c` ikmralaktcrsa ikmralaktcr sa asta kÿlarf, sa culaktc a` kÿlarf ea tckquas, nflncs y tunarìcs, parf eislikuyak `c mcpcmiece ea tfefs a``fs, csì mflf `c prasiýk ak `cs tunarìcs tunar ìcs ea c`ilaktcmiýk.

IK]UC@CMIFKA] EA CHQC MC@IAKUA AK AEIDIMIF] A` mfkdfrt ea `fs aeidimifs lfearkfs raquiara `c ikstc`cmiýk ea sistalcs ea eistrinumiýk ea chuc mc`iakta, pfr `f qua as ilpfrtckta mfkfmar `fs prikmipc`as cspamtfs ra`cmifkcefs mfk éstfs. Ak asta mcpìtu`f easmriniralfs, easmr iniralfs, ak ra`cmiýk mfk a` chuc mc`iakta, sus prikmipc`as sistalcs ea c`ilaktcmiýk y eistrinumiýk, sus talparcturcs ea aktrahc, `c astilcmiýk ea `cs ealckecs, `fs eivarsfs sistalcs ea mc`aktcliaktf y a` mã`mu`f ea `c rae ea eistrinumiýk. @fs fnoativfs ea` eisaóf ea uk sistalc ea chuc mc`iakta sfk `fs sihuiaktas?3. Rrfvaar `cs mcktieceas ceamucecs ea chuc, c `cs talparcturcs prasmritcs, p rasmritcs, c tfefs `fs luan`as y a aquipfs quipfs eurckta tfef a` tialpf. Eanalfs astilcr ea lckarc ceamucec `fs raquariliaktfs ea chuc mc`iakta, csì mflf `c talparcturc c `c qua eanarã sar aktrahcec: ak `c eistrinumiýk ea` chuc eanak avitcrsa, gcstc efkea sac pfsin`a, ramfrriefs luy `crhfs c dik ea parlitir, ea lckarc iklaeictc, `c sc`iec ea` chuc mc`iakta c `c talparcturc prasmritc c` uti`izcr `fs luan`as sckitcrifs y, easea `uahf, pfear sulikistrcr a` chuc cÿk ak `cs ealckecs pimf.>. Qti`izcr duaktas amfkýlimcs ea mc`fr. As ea hrck ilpfrtckmic mfksiearcr a` tipf ea mc`aktcefr qua sa uti`izcrã mfk a` sistalc, c dik ea tflcr ak muaktc a` tipf ea mflnustin`a qua sa uti`izcrã: ak c`hukfs mcsfs, pferìc sar ÿti` mfksiearcr `c uti`izcmiýk ea chuc pramc`aktcec cktas ea` pcsf ea `c lislc gcmic a` mc`aktcefrprikmipc`.=. Qti`izcr sistalcs ea sahuriece qua parlitck qua a` sistalc

 

ea eistrinumiýk ea chuc mc`iakta trcncoa ea lckarc sahurc y mfkdicn`a. Eanak uti`izcrsa cis`cliaktfs qua, cealãs ea avitcr `cs péreiecs ea mc`fr ak `cs tunarìcs, prftahak c` parsfkc` akmcrhcef ea `c fparcmiýk ea` sistalc ea cmmieaktas: csilislf, eana mfksiearcrsa `c uti`izcmiýk ea vã`vu`cs ea c`ivif, vã`vu`cs ea cis`cliaktf, atm., mfk fnoatf ea `fhrcr ukc fparcmiýk sahurc ea` sistalc.5. Mfktcr mfk uk sistalc ea fparcmiýk amfkýlimc y mfk hcstfs hc stfs ea lcktakiliaktf rczfkcn`as. @c fparcmiýk y a` lcktakiliaktf ceamucef, eapakeak ea ukc ceamucec sa`ammiýk ea lctaric`as y aquipfs? `c uti`izcmiýk ea mc`aktcefras ikstcktãkafs, salcikstcktãkafs f ea c`lcmakcliaktf: a` tipf ea cis`cliaktf ea `c tunarìc: `c unimcmiýk ea `cs tunarìcs ea eistrinumiýk ea chuc: `c dcmi`iece ea mirmu`cmiýk, atm. ]I]UALC] EA EI]U^INQMIÝK EA CHQC MC@IAKUA Mflf yc galfs lakmifkcef cktarifrlakta, eanalfs avitcr ramfrriefs `crhfs ea` chuc mc`iakta, c dik ea raeumir `cs péreiecs ea mc`fr qua mfk``avc astc situcmiýk. Ak mfksamuakmic, `fhrck lcyfrìc ea `fs sistalcs ea chuc mc`iakta, muaktck mfk tunarìcs ea mirmu`cmiýk ea` chuc: astc mirmu`cmiýk ea` chuc sa va dcvframiec pfr `c eidarakmic ea talparcturcs ea `c lislc, `clcs c`tcs qua sa prasaktc ak a` puktf lãs marmckf c` mc`aktcefr y, `c lãs ncoc ak a` puktf lãs c`aocef ea` lislf. A` chuc sa ei`ctc y piarea pasf c` ikmralaktcrsa su talparcturc: si ckc`izclfs `c dihurc 5.`., qua sa luastrc c mfktikucmiýk, pfealfs var qua c laeiec qua `c talparcturc sa ikmralaktý, a` pasf aspamìdimf ea` chuc eislikuya. Csì, pcrc ukc talparcturc aktra 2 f y >2 f a` pasf aspamìdimf ea` chuc as ea 3 222 jh/ml=, muckef `c talparcturc ``ahc c `fs 322 f, a` pasf aspamìdimf eislikuya c lakfs ea 942 jh/ml= Astc mcrcmtarìstimc dìsimc ea` chuc, frihikc qua a` chuc drìc easp`cma eas p`cma c` chuc mc`iakta, pfr ``fqua `c eanief mirmu`cmiýk hakarc eaealckarc kcturc`,astc pfr `c eidarakmickcturc` ea pasfs aspamìdimfs, c `csaeidarakmic talparcturc: mirmu`cmiýk sa mfkfma mflf tarlfsidýk. Rfealfs lakmifkcr muctrf tipfs nãsimfs ea c`ilaktcmiýk f eistrinumiýk? eiramtc, csmakeakta, easmakeakta y lixtc. Easmriniralfs mcec ukc ea a``cs.

 

   C@ILAKUCMIÝK C]MAKEAKUA A` chuc sc`a ea` mc`aktcefr a iklaeictclakta sa eistrinuya ak su csmaksf, c tfefs `fs kiva`as ratfrkc pfr ukc tunarìc qua pcrta pcr ta iklaeictclakta eancof ea `c tflc lãs a`avcec: astc tunarìc ea ratfrkf sa mfkamtc c ftrc tunarìc hakarc` ea ratfrkf, qua ``avc, kuavclakta, tfec a` chuc mc`iakta gcmic gcm ic a` mc`aktcefr. Ak `cs pcrtas p crtas lãs c`tcs ea `cs tunarìcs ea eistrinumiýk, f ak `fs sitifs efkea sa puaeak prasaktcr ratfrkfs ikeasacefs ea` chuc mc`iakta eaniefs c `cs akarhìcs axistaktas, sa ikstc`ck eispfsitivfs ea nc`ckmaf f eistrinumiýk ea d`uof, lislfs qua tiakak mflf fnoativf prikmipc` mckc`izcr a` chuc mc`iakta gcmic `c tunarìc ea ramirmu`cmiýk.  C@ILAKUCMIÝK EA]MAKEAKUA A` chuc mc`iakta, c` sc`ir ea` mc`aktcefr, as mfkeumiec pfr ukc tunarìc gcmic `c pcrta suparifr ea` aeidimif, y ak su easmaksf as eistrinuiec gcmic tfefs `fs luan`as sckitcrifs ea` aeidimif. A` chuc qua easmiakea as ramf`amtcec ak ukc tunarìc tuna rìc unimcec ak `c pcrta ikdarifr ea` aeidimif, y `c mfkeuma mf keuma gcmic a` mc`aktcefr. A]UILCMIÝK EA @C EALCKEC EA CHQC MC@IAKUA @c ealckec sa aktiakea mflf a` hcstf, axprascef ak `itrfs pfr sahukef, qua eana ea na sulikistrcr a` sistalc ea eistrinumiýk ea chuc mc`iakta c `fs luan`as y eispfsitivfs sckitcrifs ncof mfkeimifkas ea usf kfrlc`. Aktakearalfs pfr mfkeimifkas kfrlc`as, cqua``cs ak `cs qua `fs luan`as sckitcrifs fparck sctisdcmtfriclakta y kf tiakak eadamtfs ak sulikistrf ea chuc f talparcturcs eistiktcs c `cs prasmritcs. @c ealckec lãxilc ak uk sistalc ea cncstamiliaktf ea chuc as a` vc`fr pimf ea `c ealckec hcstf: `c astilcmiýk ea `c ealckec lãxilc yc `c galfs vistf ak cpcrtcefs cktarifras. A` dcmtfr ea ealckec as `c ra`cmiýk ea `c ealckec lãxilc ea` sistalc ea mc`aktcliaktf c `c mcrhc tftc` mfkamtcec f c` tftc` ea `fs raquariliaktfs ikeivieuc`as ea tfefs `fs eispfsitivfs ea` sistalc. @cs tcn`cs 5.>.,5.=. y5.5., luastrck `cs ealckecs prfncn`as ea chuc mc`iakta pcrc aeidimifs ak dukmiýk ea su usf, ak dukmiýk ea `c mcpcmiece ea mc`aktcliaktf y c`lcmakcliaktf ea` mc`aktcefr y, ak dukmiýk ea `cs ukieceas luan`as pcrc eisaóf ea mc`aktcefras ikstcktãkafs y sali-ikstãktckafs, raspamtivclakta. Ufefs `fs vc`fras qua prfpfrmifkck `cs tcn`cs lakmifkcecs, astãk ncscefs ak uk usf kfrlc` ea `fs luan`as sckitcrifs. Rcrc muc`quiar ftrc situcmiýk aspamic`, eanarãk rac`izcrsa coustas c`tfs vc`fras ecefs ak a``cs.

 

  3.= MC@MQ@F] EA EALCKEC Y HC]UF] H C]UF] EA FRA^CMIÝK

Eapakearãk tipfaeidimif. ea luan`as aquipfs ikstc`cefs, su prfncn`a usf silu`tãkaf yea` a` kÿlarf eastikf yea` Ak `cy Ucn`c Kf. >.3, sa saóc`ck c`hukcs eftcmifkas lìkilcs ramflakecn`as @c prasiýk ea sarvimif ak a` puktf ea aktrcec c `fs luan`as f aquipfs, kf eanarã sar lakfr ea 2.>2 jh/ml>. Ak a` mcsf ea luan`as mfk d`uxýlatrf, f ea aquipfs aspamic`as, `c prasiýk kf sarã lakfr ea 2.8 jh/ml>.

3.5 MC@MQ@F EA QKIECEA] EA MFK]QLF

]a aktakearã pfr ukiece ea mfksulf a` hcstf f vf`ulak ea chuc pfr likutf qua raquiara uk luan`a ak su usf iktarlitakta kfrlc`, kf rlc`, y qua aquivc`a cprfxilceclakta c 4 rpl. Rcrc `fs eistiktfs luan`as sa mfksiearcrãk mf ksiearcrãk `cs ukieceas ea mfksulf (QL) sihuiaktas? LQAN@A QKIECE EA MFK]QLF (QL) Axmuscef mfk d`uxýlatrf 1* Likhitfrif mfk d`uxýlatrf =** Axmuscef mfk tckqua 3 Ikfefrf ea pcrae 3 @cvcnf pÿn`imf 3 @cvcnf efléstimf 3 ^ahcearc pÿn`imc 3 ^ahcearc efléstimc 3 Drahcearf pÿn`imf 3 Drahcearf efléstimf 3 Nanaearf 3

 

@cvcefrc ea p`ctfs efléstimc 3 @cvcearf 3 Rcrc ikfefrfs ak nctarìc, `c ÿ`tilc c`ilaktcmiýk vc`a 1 QL, `cs ftrcs ftr cs = QL. Rcrc likhitfrifs ak nctarìc `c ÿ`tilc c`ilaktcmiýk vc`a = QL, `cs ftrcs > QL. 3.1 MC@MQ@F EA RA^EIEC] EA R^A]IFK

RÉ^EIEC] RF^ D^IMMIÝK RF^ MFKAWIFKA]. Ak a` eisaóf ea `fs eiãlatrfs, sa takerãk ak muaktc `cs péreiecs pfr drimmiýk, ea cmuaref mfk `c axprasiýk?

 

3.4 A@AMMIFK EA UQNA^IC], RIA_C] A]RAMIC@A] A ]RAMIC@A] Y CMMA]F^IF]

A` prfyamtf pcrc a` sulikistrf y eistrinumiýk ea chuc pftcn`a c uk aeidimif, eanarã eisaócrsa ak tc` dfrlc qua hcrcktima, `c purazc ea` chuc y avita su mfktclikcmiýk, a` mfksulf lìkilf ea chuc kamascric y a` mfrramtf dukmifkcliaktf y `ilpiazc ea` sistalc. Astcrã ncscef ak `cs mfksiearcmifkas qua sa mitck c mfktikucmiýk

Rcrc mc`mu`cr `fs eiãlatrfs ea `cs tunarìcs sa alp`acrã `c axprasiýk?

 

3.8 ^AR^A]AKUCMIFK I]FLAU^IMC EA @C] IK]UC@AMIFKA]

Ak astfs trcncofs, as mfkvakiakta pcrc a` eisaócefr f ikstc`cefr ikstc `cefr a`cnfrcr eichrclcs asqualãtimfs a isflétrimfs ea `cs trcyamtfrics ea `c tunarìc, pfr astc rczýk, ak cpcriakmic sa tiaka qua ikvartir ukc mcktiece mfksiearcn`a ea tialpf, a`cnfrckef einuofs asqualãtimfs a isflétrimfs pcrc `fs sistalcs ea tunarìc. Mfk `c dikc`iece ea cprakear c a`cnfrcr einuofs ak isflétrimf, prilarf mfkviaka aksaócrsa c fnsarvcr, mfk dcmi`iece parf mfk axcmtitue, tcktf mfkaxifkas mflf ouahfs ea mfkaxifkas ak isflétrimf, pfr `f qua as kamascrif takar prasaktas `cs mfkeimifkas sihuiaktas? C) @fs isflétrimfs sa rac`izck c =2¿ mfk raspamtf c ukc `ìkac gfrizfktc` tflcec mflf radarakmic) A` fnsarvcefr sialpra eanarã unimcrsa dfrlckef uk ãkhu`f ea 51¿ mfk raspamtf c `c f `cs tunarìcs qua sa tflak mflf puktf ea pcrtiec pcrc tc` dik. Axistak efs létfefs sakmi``fs pcrc cprakear c fnsarvcr `cs mfkaxifkas y ouahfs ea mfkaxifkas ak isflétrimf, qua sfk? Létfef ea` munf ak isflétrimf. Rcsfs ramflakecefs pcrc a` usf ea` létfef sfk `fs sihuiaktas?3) ]a einuoc uk munf ak p`cktc, unimckef c` fnsarvcefr ak uk ãkhu`f ea 51¿ mfk ra`cmiýk c` `cef ea eimgf munf qua sa vc c tflcr tflc r mflf radarakmic, tc` mflf ealuastrc ak `c dihurc =.= >) ]a trczc a` munf ak isflétrimf, mfksarvckef a` fnsarvcefr su s u pfsimiýk, tc` mfkfma luastrc ak `c dihurc =.5 Rcrc aktakear y cprakear c einuocr mfkaxifkas f ouahfs ea mfkaxifkas ak isflétrimf, mfk a` létfef ea` munf, as kamascrif takar ak muaktc `cs sihuiaktas rah`cs? c) Muckef sa tiakak mclnifs ea eirammiýk c 92¿, ncstc sahuir pcrc`a`fs c `fs tras mctatfs lcrmcefs mfk `ìkacs hruascs hruasc s (vareas) ea `c dihurc =.5n) Mflf sa puaea fnsarvcr ak `c dihurc =.5, `cs vartimc`as sihuak mfksarvckef supfsimiýk, kf csì `cs qua vck f viakak c `c earamgc f c `c izquiarec ea` fnsarvcefr, qua eanarãk ea trczcrsa c =2¿ mfk raspamtf c `c gfrizfktc`) Muckef sa tiakak mclnifs ea eirammiýk c 51¿, gcy kamasiece ea sahuir pcrc`a`cs p crc`a`cs `cs eichfkc`as puktacecs ea `c dihurc =.5e) Ak `fs mclnifs eirammiýk c 51¿, quaasmfrraspfkeck `cs eichfkc`as ea` munf, `c pfsimiýk ea `cs ea `ìkacs ak isflétrimf gfrizfktc` f cvartimc`, sahÿk sac a` mcsf aspamìdimf pfr rasf`var. Létfef ea `c aeidimcmiýk ak isflétrimf. Ftrf létfef lakfs témkimf, parf par f lãs sakmi``f mfksista ak `f sihuiakta?3) ]a einuoc ak isflétrimf `c mfkstrummiýk.>) Rcrc trczcr a` isflétrimf ea `c ikstc`cmiýk, ncstcrã sahuir pcrc`a`cs mfk raspamtf c` pisf, lurfs, czftac, `ìlitas ea `fscs, atm.=) Fnsérvasa ak `c dihurc =.1, `c aeidimcmiýk ak isflétrimf, ak efkea pcrta ea `c ikstc`cmiýk gierãu`imc sa trczc sihuiakef `fs a`alaktfs ea radarakmic qua sa lakmifkcrfk ak a` kularc` cktarifr. M) As ilpfrtckta ak a`tuarmcs trczf ea isflétrimfs, ikeimcr mfrramtclak mfrramtclakta eidaraktas pfsimifkas ea mfefs, ea`fs ukiýk tras, vã`vu`cs, atm., `f cktarifr ta sa`cs puaea `fhrcr

 

cyueãkefsa ak munfs ak isflétrimf, ak efkea puaeak lfstrcrsa `cs mfkaxifkas qua vck gcmic crrinc, gcmic cncof, c `c earamgc, c `c izquiarec, mfkmclnif ea eirammiýk c 51¿ f c 92¿, atm., csì mflf `cs qua vck cmfstcecs ak sus eidaraktas pfsimifkas, mflf puaea varsa ak `cs sihuiaktas dihurcs? Mfk `c dikc`iece ea cuk lãs silp`idimcr `c iktarpratcmiýk y usf ea `cs mfkaxifkas, c mfktikucmiýk sa prasaktck, tcktf ak p`cktc mflf ak isflétrimf `cs ea lcyfr usf 3.7 ASQIRF] EA NFLNAF, GIE^FKAQLCUIMF] Y EA CHQC MC@IAKUA

A` sistalc ea cncstamiliaktf pfr prasiýk as lãs mflp`aof y eapakeiakef ea `cs Mcrcmtarìstimcs ea `cs aeidimcmifkas, tipf ea sarvimif, vf`ulak ea chuc raquarief, Rrasifkas, silu`tckaiece ea sarvimifs, kÿlarf ea kiva`as, kÿlarfs ea luan`as, Mcrcmtarìstimcs ea astfs ÿ`tilfs, atm., puaea sar rasua`tf laeickta?  C. Aquipf gierfkaulãtimf Qk sistalc gierfkaulãtimf f ‐nfstacr “, “, as uk mfkouktf ea mflpfkaktas y eispfsitivfs qua tiakak mflf dukmiýk lcktakar, ak tfec `c rae ea eistrinumiýk ea chuc efléstimc, `c prasiýk mfkstckta. Ruaea sar uti`izcef tcktf ak gcnitcmifkas y mcscs mflf csì tclniék ak gfspitc`as, m`unas a ikeustrics. A` dukmifkcliaktf ea uk sistalc gierfkaulãtimf mfkstc ea `fs sihuiaktas pcsfs? 3. A` chuc ``ahc c` tckqua ea c`lcmakcliaktf easea ukc rae pÿn`imc u ftrc duakta. >. C trcvés ea nflncs, a` chuc as ilpu`scec c uk ramipiakta c prasiýk, qua tiaka vf`ÿlakas ea chuc y cira vcricn`as. =. C` aktrcr a` chuc c` ramipiakta, gcma culaktcr `c prasiýk p rasiýk ea` cira qua sa akmuaktrc ak su iktarifr. Qkc vaz qua `c prasiýk ``ahc c uk vc`fr lãxilf, sa ec `c freak c `cs nflncs pcrcr. Muckeflìkilf mfliakzc c mfksulirsa chuc,sa`cvua`va prasiýk eislikuya gcstc uk ea vc`fr ea prasiýk c pcrtir ea` muc` `c a` nflnc c cmmifkcr y vua`va c ilpu`scr chuc c` ramipiakta.

 

N. Aquipf ea nflnaf prfhrclcef

Mcna gcmar kftcr qua muckef `cs mfkeimifkas ea `fs sarvimifs, mcrcmtarìstimcs ea astfs, kÿlarf y tipf ea luan`as ikstc`cefs pfr ikstc`cr y c`turc ea `cs mfkstrummifkas csì `f raquiarck, sa pradiara a` sistalc ea cncstamiliaktf pfr `cs sihuiaktas vaktcocs. 3) Mfktikuiece ea` sarvimif >) ]ahuriece ea dukmifkcliaktf =) Ncof mfstf 5) Lìkilf lcktakiliaktf

Qkc easvaktcoc qua tiaka a` sistalc ea cncstamiliaktf pfr hrcvaece y luy lu y kftcn`a pfr miartf, as qua `fs ÿ`tilfs kiva`as `c prasiýk ea` chuc as luy raeumiec y luy a`avcec ak `fs kiva`as lãs ncofs, prikmipc`lakta ak aeidimcmifkas ea mfksiearcn`a c`turc. Ruaea ikmralaktcrsa `c prasiýk ak `fs ÿ`tilfs kiva`as, si sa culaktc cul aktc `c c`turc ea `fs tikcmfs f tckquas a`avcefs mfk raspamtf c` kiva` tarlikcef ea czftac, sik alncrhf, eimgc sf`umiýk ilp`imc `c kamasiece ea mfkstruir astrumturcs qua ak fmcsifkas kf sfk ramflakecn`as pfr kikhÿk mfkmaptf.

 

MQA]UIFKC^IF

3. SQA ]FK @C] UQNA^IC]6 ]fk mfkaxifkas qua cyuec c qua a` chuc mfrrc sik ecócr f astfrncr c ftrcs ikstc`cmifkas. >. LAKMIFKC U^A] UIRF] EA UQNA^IC] EA CMA^F  Cmarf ikfxiecn`a  Cmarf kahrf  Cmarf Ikfxiecn`a =. MQC@ A] A@ FNOAUITF EA@ EI]AÓF EA EI]U^INQMI EI]U^INQMIFK FK EA CHQC D^IC6 Hcrcktizcr a` sulikistrf ak hcstf y akarhìc, c tfefs `fs luan`as y aquipfs eurckta a` tialpfceamucef, ea fparcmiýk 5. RC^C SQA AWI]UAK @F] LAUFEF] ALRI^IMF]6 Ak astfs létfefs, sirva pcrc uk kÿlarf ecef ea luan`as sckitcrifs ak uk sistalc, sa tflc ukc eamisiýk crnitrcric, mfk ncsa ak `c axpariakmic, ak ra`cmiýk c` kÿlarf ea luan`as qua puaeak fparcr silu`tãkaclakta. 1. SQA A] C@ILAKUCMIÝK C]MAKEAKUA6 ]a eistrinuya ak su csmaksf, c tfefs `fs kiva`as ratfrkc pfr ukc tunarìc qua pcrta iklaeictclakta eancof ea `c tflc lãs a`avcec: astc tunarìc ea ratfrkf sa mfkamtc c ftrc tunarìc hakarc` hakarc ` ea ratfrkf, qua ``avc, kuavclakta, tfec a` chuc c huc mc`iakta gcmic a` mc`aktcefr 4. SQA A] C@ILAKUCMIÝK EA]MAKEAKUA6 As cqua``c qua as eistrinuiec gcmic tfefs `fs luan`as sckitcrifs ea` aeidimif.