Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

 

Po itics

 

Chapter 1

The Study Study of Sociology Soci ology an and d Anthropology

 

Meaning of Sociology & Anthropology 

Sociology is Sociology  is a behavioral science that deals with the   study of society. The origin, evolution, characteristics   and functions, functions, dimensions and basic social institutions   are studied in sociology.

 

Meaning of Sociology & Anthropology 

Anthropology  is a behavioral science that deals with   the study of culture. The components, characteristics,  functions, modes and adapta adaptation tion of culture as well as   cultural values and practices are studied in  Anthropology. The two recent disciplines complement   each other as they belong to the field of humanities.

 

Relationship Between Sociology &  Anthropology 

two academic  areasThe of concern. Slightdisciplines dif differences ferenceshave maycommon  also be   noted.

 

Meaning of Sociology & Anthropology  •

 Both disciplines are focused on social behavior and 

 social relationships, since they attempt ttoo understand the   way of life of various culture groups. •

 Soc ocio iolo logy gy and An Anth thrrop opol olog ogyy ar aree inte interrrelelaate tedd an and  d   interdependent disciplines. The subject matter of  Sociology is society; that of Anthropology is culture.

 

Common Areas of Concern: •

 Both disciplines are interested on the issues of gender,

 ethnicity, social class, population growth, environment and   mass culture in the modern world. •

 Both disciplines synthesize and generalize data about   human behavior and social systems. Both disciplines are   related to humanities.

 

Common Areas of Concern: •

 Both disciplines are interested on the issues of gender,

 ethnicity, social class, population growth, environment and   mass culture in the modern world. •

 Both disciplines synthesize and generalize data about   human behavior and social systems. Both disciplines are   related to humanities.

 

Relevance of Sociology & Anthropology  •

 They furnish us factual information about society and 

 culture to understand everyday occurrence occurrence and be familiar   with social group from a new perspective. •

 They broaden our outlook and view of the world in   order to appreciate appreciate our society and culture better.

 

Relevance of Sociology & Anthropology  •

 They develop our ability to examine human behavior   objectively and critically. Thus, there is a need to get as   much  events information accurately. as possible to explain the phenomena or  accurately.   They help us understand that other social groups are   different from us and that many of our differences have been   due to physical and cultural adaptations to different 

•

 environments.

 

Relevance of Sociology & Anthropology  •

 They dispel our erroneous beliefs about why people 

behaved the way they do and therefore help us develop   tolerance for the social group. •

 They may give us varied opportuniti ities for career   advancement in the academic field, such as in teaching 

 research, field social work work and community service.

 

Relevance of Sociology & Anthropology  •

 Knowledge of both disciplines can be used for urban 

 planning, housing, recreational development, environmental   and ecological concerns. •

 They can be pursued as specialization in project   consultancy serving the needs of the government and   private entities.

 

Relevance of Sociology & Anthropology  •

 They can contribute to the formulation of a liberal-

 educated man with sense of identity and apprecia appreciation tion of   his cultural heritage.

 

Relations of Sociology & Anthropology to  the Other Social Sciences •

 History-In In the of historical events, sociologists  anthropologists seekstudy to show the interrelationships betweenand  events and motivations motivations that brought such historical events. events.

 

Relations of Sociology & Anthropology to  the Other Social Sciences •

 Psychology-In  Psychologystudy of perception, values,  social behaviorInandthe personality give rise attitudes, to the fields of  Social Psychology and Psyc sychol oloogical Anthr hroopology gy.. Personality, for instance, can be informed not only by   heredity but also by socio-cultural environment. environment.

 

Relations of Sociology & Anthropology to  the Other Social Sciences •

 Economics-of Aeconomic nthropoloactivities gists atore society concerwhile ned sociologists  with the   relationship  seek to show the effect effect of socio-cultural activities to society.

 

Relations of Sociology & Anthropology to  the Other Social Sciences

 Political Science-Sociologists Sociologists and anthropologists are  concerned on the political behavior of man that focuses on  the aspects of government, political institutions and political

•

 parties. is interested in voting behavior,  political Further, issues andsociology decision-making process. Anthropology  seeks to find the interrelationship of politics with other social  organizations.

 

Famous Sociologists and Anthropologists

I.   Famous Sociologists

I.   Hear Hearii Sain Saintt Simo Simonn-He He stressed that logic could  improve social life by mitigating or eliminating social  problems. II.  of   Aug ASociology. ugus uste te Comt Comtee-(1798(1798considered theconcerns Father He believed1857) that isthere are three  for order: concerns in the study of society, concerns for  continuity, & concerns for change.

 

Famous Sociologists and Anthropologists

III. Herbert Spencer- (1820-1903), was an English  liberal philosopher. He premiered the principle of survival of  the fittest as applied to human societies. IV.. Emile Durkheim- (1857-1917), A F IV French rench Sociologist  who devoted his study to understanding the stability of society  and the importance of social participation for individual  happiness.

 

Famous Sociologists and Anthropologists

IV. Karl Marx- (1818- 1883), the originator of the Conflict Theory of Economics Determination, believed that social  institutions like family, law, and socio-cultural patterns  are all developed and adapted adapted to the economic situation. Manheim(1843-1947) was a German Sociologist V.   Karl Manheim(1843-1947)  who believed that that changes in mental attitudes could be  understood by the changes in social situation.

 

Famous Sociologists and Anthropologists

VII.Max Weber – (1864- 1920), was a German sociologist  who stressed the interplay between between social and economic  factors. VIII.Wilfredo Pareto- He believed that society is divided  into two major stratifications: stratifications:  composed of nonsocial rational people and the the masses elite, orwho are Aristocrat, the upper social classes, who are the few  privileged people.

 

Famous Sociologists and Anthropologists

IX. Antonio Gramsci- (1891-1937) an Italian sociologist   was famous on his doctrine of hegemony. He states that all   men are intellectuals, but not all men have in society the   function of intellectuals. He further stressed that the 

 relationship between dominant and subjected social group be  based on willing and active consent.

 

Famous Sociologists and Anthropologists

X. Lewis H. Morgan- introduced three stages of history of  primitive men: stage of savagery, stage of barbarism, and  stage of civilization. XI. Har arrrieiett Mart artin ineeau- (1802-1876), was a British woman  journalist & sociologist who had an affectionate treatment  of women & children. She emphasized tha thatt women must  develop their potentials by participating participating at home & act in  the life of the society which is dominated by men.

 

Famous Sociologists and Anthropologists

XII. Simone de Beauvoir, a Beauvoir, a prominent woman social  thinker who rejected the concept of gender dif differentiation. ferentiation. She  stressed that women women should be given a prominent place in society  where they can exercise their potentialities as women leaders.

 

Famous Sociologists and Anthropologists

II. Famous Anthropologist Anthropologistss I. Ruth Benedict Benedict stressed  stressed the uniqueness of each  culture, that is each culture must me understood in  its term, free from W Western estern biases. Anything which  one cultural group does is worthy of respect by  another group.

 

Famous Sociologists and Anthropologists

II. Margaret Me Mead stressed that the early society is dominated by cooperation & completion of social classes. She further  agreed that war or aggression is a cultural habit that, once  learned, is passed from generation. III. studied III. William  William Graham Summer,  an evolutionary theorist who Drawin’s   theory  theory of natural selection. Summer insisted  that persons who are competitively less fit have no moral right  to subsist on the already scarce resources of society.

 

Chapter 2

 

Society

 is a group of people living together in a definite   territory, having a sense of belongingness, mutually   interdependent of each other, and follow a certain   way of life.

•

•

 

 is derived the Latin word   word   societas ,   from  socius, socius, which  whichfrom means   companion  companion  or  associate.  or    associate. Society

 Thus, a society refe ferrs to people, collectively   regarded as constituting a community of related,  interdependent individuals living in a definite place,  following a certain mode of life.

•

•

 Human society is composed of men, women, and   children.  

People live together as a society: •

 Survival  Feeling of gregariousness  gregariousness   Specializatio  Spe cialization  n 

•

•

 

Historical Development Society •

 Fossils of man, like skeletons, such as his height,

 posture, shape and capacity of the skull   How the creature lived, like their tools, evidences   of fire, types of animal bones, evidence that once a   cave was occupied over a period of time.

•

 

Historical Development Society

Fos ossisilsls of huma humann fece feces,s, to reve veal al info inforrma matition  on   about what foods were common at that time and   how the people adapted to their environment, like   gathering, scavenging and hunting for animals.

•

 

Historical Development Society •

 Physical fe feaatures of the earth ge gennerated by 

 physical phenomenon, like the erosion of rivers and   lakes caused by winds and waves, and deposition of   sediments in the bottom of ancient seas and lakes,  as proposed by Sociologist James Hutton in 

1795.  

Historical Development Society

 Formation of the earth which occurred at   gradual rates such that the earth is over a   million years old. This is the   Uniformitarian  Theory  proposed  proposed by Charles Lyell in 1830.

•

 

Theories in Human Evolution: •

 Unilineal Evolution Theory

•

 Darwin’s Evolution Theory

 

Unil Un ilin inea eall Theo Theory ry •

 All human life passes through different stages 

 or grades which mmakes akes pe people ople around the world   differ  diff er in their culture. Atty. Lewis Henry  Morgan identified seven stages in his book  Ancicien An entt Socie ociety ty..

 

Stage St agess of th thee Uni Unilin linea eall Th Theor eory: y:

 Lower savagery(people savagery(people had fire but no knowledge on how to utilize the fire well)

•

•

 Middle savagery savagery(had (had fire but no bow and  arrow)

 

Stage St agess of th thee Uni Unilin linea eall Th Theor eory: y:

 Upper savagery (had invented bow and   Up  arrow but but lacked knowledge on pottery)

•

•

 L  Lo o w e r b a r b a r i s m (had knowledge on the   domestication  domestica tion of animals and plants but no 

knowledge in smelting metals)  

Stage St agess of th thee Uni Unilin linea eall Th Theor eory: y:

 Upper barbarism(had knowledge on the use of   Upp  metals but no knowledge of alphabet and the art   of writing)  Civvilized world(people were already literate; had   Ci

•

•

 

knowledge on technological & economic discoveries  & invention) Darwin’ss Natural Evolution Theory Darwin’

 holds that living things descended from simple   forms of organism.

•

•

 Charle’s  (O18ri7g1in) opf roSppoesed D escent oDarwin’s  f Man Or secides(1859) that mand  an 

 descended from apes.  

Darwin’ss Natural Evolution Theory Darwin’

Darwin presented evidences that natural species   have changed or evolved over a long time species   and such such natural evolution of species radically form   new life which is developed out of existing species.

 

Darwin’ss Natural Evolution Theory Darwin’

Through this period of evolution, organisms   compete with one another over space, food and other   things for survival, or avoid being eaten, resist   diseases or become parasites in order to exist.

 

Darwin’ss Natural Evolution Theory Darwin’

The species which are not fit for survival   or not better adap adapted ted to environme environmental  ntal   conditions die or are eliminated. eliminated.

 

Darwin’ss Natural Evolution Theory Darwin’

This process of natural evolution is called the  n atu ra l selec tio n p ro c e ss , or otherwise called the  “struggle  for   for existence, & the elimination of the   unfit” natural  unfit”  natural process of survival.

 

Limitations in the Study of the Origin of Man

 There are two reasons why the study of   man was not successful; •

 Restrictions to geograp geographical hical boundaries 

•

•

 Failure to recognize common humanity   

Limitations in the Study of the Origin of Man •

Restricicttions to ge geoographical boundaries •

 the travel to distant parts of the world in 

 studying   people’s    lifeof& culture is   restricted & byobserving  the  people’s  absence life adequate 

 transportation & communication communication facilities.  

Limitations in the Study of the Origin of Man

Failure ailure to rec recogni ognize ze common common humani humanity ty

•

•

 For instance, the study of savagery is the

 study of mankind.

 

Evolution of Society •

 Paleolithic  Mesolithic  Neolithic

•

•

•  

 Metallic

Paleolithic Stage

 

Paleolithic Stage (5 (5,00 ,000 0B BCC- 8,000 8,000 BC) BC)  also called the Stone Age because men used  unpolished & crude stones stones as their tool  implements.  Paleolithic come from two Greek words, •

•

 palaios  which means old &  lithos  meaning  

Paleolithic Stage (5 (5,00 ,000 0B BCC- 8,000 8,000 BC) BC) •

 Men living in this period are called the   Java  Ja va men, Neanderthal men, and CroMagnon men.

 

Characteristics of the Old Paleolithic Men: 

They made & used tool implements,

 especially crude stones   They gathered & collected foods through   hunting & fishing 

  

The foods that they usually eat are wild   ruits nuts & berries.

Characteristics of the Old Paleolithic Men: The

early Paleolithic men hunted, fished &  protected their families & tribe while the early 

Paleolithic women food gathered fruits,  nuts & prepared for wild eatingplants, as well as 

 took care of their children   

Characteristics of the Old Paleolithic Men: Both

men & women constructed their dwellings, made 

 ornaments & tools & trained their children for adult   life.  The late Paleolithic people were lovers of art &  paintings, & these paintings were found in caves in 

France & Spain which date back from 28, 000 BC to   

Mesolithic Stage

 

Mesolithic Stage (10, 000 BC) •

 known as the P eriod of Transitiona Tr ansitional l Culture

•

 Because of the glaciers that occurred, some  of the animals became extinct & th they ey

 adjusted to the new environment.  

Mesolithic Stage (10, 000 BC) •

P eople live along the coast, fishing fishing, , &  gathering shellfish shellfish while others lived inland  where they made bows & arrows for hunting,  devised skis, sleds, & dugout dugout canoes, &

 domesticated  domestica ted dogs.  

Neolithic Stage

 

Neolithic Stage (8 (800 000 0B BCC- 4000 4000 B BC) C) •

•

 Polished Stone Age  called the  Po  the word  Neolithic    Neolithic  is  is derived from the two 

Greek words   “ neos   neos ,” which ,”  which means   new and  “ lithos   lithos ,” stone. ,” stone.

 

Characteristics of Men in the Neolithic Stage: 

Instead of food gathering such as hunting  & fishing, they also produced their own food 

 through agriculture & science production.  The people also engaged in herding, pottery 

& weaving.  

Characteristics of Men in the Neolithic Stage: They

polished their tools & weapons. weapons.  The people domesticated domesticated animals.



The people learned to build dug-outs--- the   world’s   world’ s  first  first boats.

 

Metallic Stage

 

Metallic Stage (4000 BC-1500 BC)  This stage is characterized by the presence of  three (3) metals:  The 1 st  metal used as a tool implement implement is copper.. This metal is soft so the tools made from copper •

•

 it are soft & dull. The Sumerians & Egyptians  had this metal as their tools & wea  ons.   ons.

 

Metallic Stage (4000 BC-1500 BC)  Later, in 3, 500 BC, bronze BC, bronze was used for the   people’’s  tools  people  tools & weapons. •

•

 Initit1500 BC, H es of BC, iron Asi ironbegan a Mbegan inor into be theiused r toobyls the  &

 weapons  wea pons & later spread to Europe & other   

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

 

Three Views: •

 Materials According System  to Economic &  According to Evolutionary View 

•

•

 According to  People’s   People’s  Subsistence   Subsistence 

 

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According Accordin g to Economic & Materials System

1. Pre-class Societies. This society is   characterized by communal ownership of   property & division of labor. Examples of 

 these are earliest earliest clans & tribes.  

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According Accordin g to Economic & Materials System

2. Asiatic Societies. The people are   economically self-sufficient but their leaders are   despotic and powerful. powerful.

 

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According Accordin g to Economic & Materials System

3. Ancient Societies. These societies are   characterized by private private land ownership ownership.. The rich  (the haves) owned big tract of private properties   while the poor (the have-nots) worked worked as laborers.

Thus, wealth is limited to a few people.  

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According Accordin g to Economic & Materials System

4. Feudal Societies. The aristocrats (feudal lords) owned 

 the wealth of the country due to their ownership of big   tract of lands. The peasants worked on the lands of 

 feudal lords with only few benefits received by them. However, these types of societies collapsed due to the 

 

 rise of cities & metropolis as a result of the rise of   trades & industries. TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According to Economic & Materials System

5. Capitalists Societies. These societies existed in   societies where two classes of people appeared. appeared. The  bourgeoise (property owner) who owned the capital and  roletariat (the laborers   the means of production and the   roletariat  or workers who are compelled to work for the capitalists 

 or sell their small properties to the capitalists.  

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According Accordin g to Economic & Materials System

6. Democratby ic S eties. These  characterized freeocienterprise wheresocieties people are 

 free to engage in any lawful business for profit   or gain. People had to work on their own 

 livelihood according to what what the law manda mandates. tes.  

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According to Evolutionary View

mer th(1e820 ev-o19 lu0ti3)onartyhat viehwumaon  f  HerBbearstedSpfreonc nce 20190

 societies evolved from simple (primitive) to   complex (industrial) societies which are cclassified  lassified 

 as:  

According to Evolutionary View

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

1. Simple Societies. These types of societies 

 were predominantly small, nomadic &  leadership is unstable. The people had no   specialization  specializa tion or skills, thus people lived in a 

 simple life.  

According to Evolutionary View

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

2. Compound Societies. Two or more simple 

 societies merged to form a new & bigg bigger  er   society. These types of societies tended to be   predominantly settled agricultural societies &

 tended be characterized by a division of four   or five to social classes.  

According to Evolutionary View

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

3. Doubly Compound Societies. These societies 

 are completely integrated, integrated, more definite in   political & religious structure & more complex   division of labor. Considerable Considerable progress in 

 infrastructure & knowledge in arts had taken   place.  

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According to Evolutionary View

4. Militant Societies. These societies are characterized 

 as follows:rank; (1) (2) the individual existence oflivesmilitary organization &  military & private possessions 

 are atatition the ofs, thesati State; (r(rec ecre rea on,, disposal move moveme ment nts, satisf sfac actition on(3)ofindividual bi biol olog ogicical alactivities  ne need eds  s 

 production of goods) are totally the State. In other words, individuals exist toregulated serve thebyState.  

According to Evolutionary View

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

5. Industrial Societies. These societies are characterized by the   following: (1) people elect their representatives to protect their   individual initiatives; (2) freedom of belief, religion, production of   industrial goods exist; (3) disputes & grievances are settled 

 through peaceful arbitration; (4) business organizations appear   where cooperative efforts between management & labor are based 

 on contractual arrangement. In other words, these type of   societies protect individual freedom, rights & initiatives.  

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According to Evolutionary View

6. Post-Industrial So Socicieeties. These types of societies are 

 characterized by: (1) spread of computer machines &  internet. Information & communication technology exist 

 in these periods (2) Inventions & discoveries in medicines,  agriculture, business whether in physical & natural 

 sciences emerged (3) pollution, diseases, calamities are   prevalent as a result of the use of advanced technology.  

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According to People’s Subsistence

1. Food Gathering Societies. (more than 16, 000 years ago) This is the earliest form of society. The   people subsisted from day to day through hunting   larger animals, collecting shellfish & vegetable   gathering. Their tools were made of stones, wood and 

bones.  

According to People’s Subsistence

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

2. Horticultur tural Soc ociietieiess. (12, 000 to 15, 000 years 

 ago. As a means of food production, the people   planted seeds for subsistence. For instance, in 

Thailand rice was planted about 11, 000 years ago;  in the Middle Ea East, st, wheat barley & rye were planted 

 

10, 000 years ago, & in Mesoamerica, corn was   lanted about 6, 000 to 9, 000 ears a o.

According to People’s Subsistence

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

3. Pastoral Societies. Most of the people were   nomadic who follow their herds in quest of animals for   food & clothing to satisfy their needs. They raised   animals to provide milk, fur & blood for protein. These societies typically are relatively small,

 

 wandering communities organized along male-centered  kinshi rou s.

According to People’s Subsistence

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

4. Agricultural Societies. In early agriculture societies, people   used to plow than hoe in food production. By the use of plow, it   turns the topsoil de deeper eper allowing for better bet ter aerating & fertilizing  f ertilizing   thus improving better yield when harvested. In the latter part,  about not 5, 500 BC, , theplow people, in the farming Middle East,  were only BC using but especially also irrigation which   resulted to a larger yield of production that can even feed large 

 numbers of people who did not know how to produce food by   

According to People’s Subsistence

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

5. Industrial Societies. These societies began in the 18 th   century during the Industrial Revolution & gained   momentum by the turn of the 19 th  century. This period is   characterized by the use of machines as means of food   production. productionproduction of guns, ofinvention  locomotives Mass & large-scale steel, of& steam  well-

 coordinated labor & forcehighly took diversified place. Thus, the people began to  be highly skilled in their occupation.  

According to People’s Subsistence

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

6. Post-Industrial Societies. Information &  communication technology is the hallmark of these modern   societies. Post Industrial society is characterized by the   spread of computer technology, advances in this technology   are made by highly-trained computer specialists who work to   increase the ccapabilities apabilities of computers & internet. The use of 

 modern tech technology nology gave rise to several technological problems   such as pollution, lung illness, skin problems & others.  

Dissolution of a Society

 

Several ways by which a society is dissolved: •

 when the people kill each other through civil

 revolution   when an outside force exterminates the members of  society 

•

•

 when the members membe among  themselves or havers nobecome more apathetic sense of belongingness  

Several ways by which a society is dissolved:

 when a small society is absorbed by a stronger &

•

 larger society by means of conquest or territorial   absorption  •

 when an existing society is submerged in water killing,  all the people & other living things in it 

•

 when the people living in such a society voluntarily 

 

Characteristics of

Society  

Characteristics of Society

1. Sindividuals ociety is ainteracting social systewith m. Aeach socialother. systemA consists   of system   consists of sub-parts whereby a change in one part   affects  aff ects the other parts. Thus, a change in one group   of individuals will aff affect ect the stability of the other   parts of the system.

 

Characteristics of Society

2. Socieintegrated ty is relatitovelybelaconsidered rge. The people be   socially relativelymustlarge   than if the people are individually individuall y scattered. Thus, the   people in a family, clan, tribe, neighborhood,  community are socially integrated to be relatively   large in scope.

 

Characteristics of Society

3without. . SocietSince y sociamost lizes of  it society’s  member members from are thosborn e froto  m  ssociety’s   smembers  it, they are taught the basic norms& expectations. Those who come from other societies, before being   accepted as functioning members, are socialized &  taught the basic norms & expectations of such 

 society.  

Characteristics of Society

4fo.r Sge oncieertaytioennds.urFor es, prsociety oduces to survive, sustainsititmust s memhave  bers gen  the ability to produce, endure & sustain its new   members for at least several ggenerations. enerations. F For or instance,  if a society cannot assist its members during their   extreme conditions of hunger & poverty, that society 

 will not survive long.  

Characteristics of Society

5culture. . SocieThe ty hindividuals olds its minemabesociety rs throare ughheld a together  common b e ca cau u s e t h a t s oc oci i e t y h as s y m b o l s, n orm or m s, v a l u es es, ,  patterns of interaction, vision & mission that are   commonly shared by the members members of such society.

 

Characteristics of Society

6The . Somembers ciety has incleaarlsociety y-definedmust geoglive raphiincal atecertain  rritory.  specific habitat or place & have a common  belongingness & sense of purpose.

 

Major Functions of Society

 

Major Functions of Society

1Knowledge . Society &prskills, ovides dominant a systempatterns of sofociabehavior, lization.

 moral & social values, & aspects of personality are   transmitted to its members, especially to the young. Thee fam Th family ily,, th thee peer peer gro group ups,s, the the sch schoo ool,l, th thee churc church  h  & other government & non-government organizations 

 play a role in the  individual individual ’s  development.  development.  

Major Functions of Society

2. Society provides the basic needs of its members. Ftransportat ood, od, clcloothion ing, &shelcommunication  ter, med ediicine,  education, transportation  facilities, etc. must be provided by society to   satisfy the basic needs of its members.

 

Major Functions of Society

p op ’s behavior. 3Conformity . Society toregthe ulaprevailing tes connorms trols of conduct ensures 

 social controls. The police, armed forces, law enforcement agencies & even the church & other 

 government & no non-government n-government organizations exist as a   means of social control. Peace & order are created 

 through a system of norms & formal organizations.  

Major Functions of Society

4. Society provides the means of social participation. Through   social participation, the individuals in a society learn to interact   with each other, present & discuss their concerns & solve their   own problems or renew their commitments & values. The people   are given the opportunities to contribute their knowledge & skills   for the betterment of their family, neighborhood & community. Religious organizations, civic-organizations,   people’s 

 organizations (POs) & non-government organizations (NGOs)  do their part in community development. development.  

Major Functions of Society

5. Society provides mutual support to the members. Mutual support is provided to the members of society   in the form of relief in any form & solution to   problems met by them. This form of assistance may   come from the family, neighbors, clans, government &  non-government agencies, civic & religious 

 organizations.

 

Chapter 3

Basic Dimensions

of Socia iall Life Life  

•

  P e r s o n a l i t y & c h a r a c t e r a r e   molded, shaped & reshaped by the   society where we live.

 

Social Pr Process ocess •

 is a lointo ng & compliwhereby catedbywaany individual  of being   inducted a group where

 interacts & learns the physical, intellectual intellectual &  social skills, values & culture of the society 

 where he is a member. member.  

Social Pr Process ocess •

  i t b e g i n s a t b i r t h & c o n t i n u e s   throughout life   in this process, the individual becomes a  •

 

 social person, for example, a recognized  Fili ino. Stages of Social Social Process •

 Imitation Stage   Play Stage  Game Stage

•

•

 

Importance of Social Pr Process ocess •

al role insocial the tprocess ransmissby  i on o f Icutltpulraey. sIta isvitthrough  which society transmits its culture to the 

 succeeding generation.  

Importance of Social Pr Process ocess •

 I  It t p l a y s a v i t a l r o l e i n p e r s o n a l i t y development. Social process largely   determines the    child’s    personality 

 development.  develo pment.  

Importance of Social Pr Process ocess •

  I t p l a y s a v i t a l r o l e i n s e x r o l e differentiation. Every individual is expected   to play play his role in society 

 

Social Group

 

Group

 is composed of 2 or more persons interacting with   each other with established set of norms.

•

•

 is a specified number of individuals whereby one is   distinct from the others with respect to values,

 

 attitudes, knowledge but have a common purpose   as a whole.

Group  consists of 2 or more individuals interacting with each  •

 other & constituting a distinct social unit.  is a set of individuals with some similar characteristics 

•

& minimum awareness of others.  is a number of people who, at a given time, interrelate 

•

 

 with one another with common shared attitudes,  sentiments, as irations & oals & with a set o norms.

Characteristics of Social Groups •

 A group must have relative permanence.  A group must have a goal or purpose of   existence.

•

•

  A g r o u p m u s t h a v e a m e t h o d o f r e c r u i t i n g   members into it.

•

 

 Members in a group must be identified according   to their ositions. Characteristics of Social Social Groups  Members must have roles in a group. •

•

 A group must have a norm of behavior to be   followed.

•

 Members of a group must have common interest  & values.

 Social relations among the members in a group 

•

 

Dimensions of Groups Groups

1.

Size 

2. 3. 4.

Structure  Goals  Cohesiveness 

 

5.   Members’ Identity  Members’ Identity  6. Existence o Leadershi  Classification of Gr Groups oups

1. Relationship According to a. Primary group

Closeness

of

b. Secondary group  

Classification of Gr Groups oups 2. Acc Accor ordding to Selelf-f-I Identifica ficattion ab.. P Iene-rgrgoruopup (pOlauyt-ggrroouupp, gang, clique) c. Reference group d. Voluntary group Perso n a l in terest g ro u p s, Sel Self

servic e g ro u p s

group

P o lit ic a l a c t io n g r o u p s )

Involuntary

 

Classification of Gr Groups oups

3. Aac. cL oradirngge tgoroSupizse sS t r u c t u r e mall groups b. Majority group minority group

c. Open group

C l o s ed g r o u p

 

Classification of Gr Groups oups

4. Aac. cCorldainng to Lineage b. Tribe

 

Basis for Grouping Grouping

12.. CPomhymsoicnalapncroesxtirmailtyrelationship 3. Similarity in body characteristics

4. Similarity in interest  

Group’s Influence on the Individual Member •

 When an individual becomes a member of a group, his behavior is influenced and affected by the group.

 

Measures Measur es of Cohesiveness •

 N  Nu u m b e r o f f r i e n d s  Moorale of the members  M  Seense of belongingness  S

•

•

•

 Coommitment of the members  C

 

Social

Stratification  

Social Stratification •

 is the ranking of individuals & groups in   any given society.  is the hierarchical arrange gemment of social 

•

 

 categories that evolve into social groups with   their status status & roles. Social Stratification •

  i s a s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e w h e r e i n d i v i d u a l s a r e   differentiated  diff erentiated according to social status & roles. •

 refers

to

what

sociologists

call

it

as 

institut insti tution ionali alized zed inequa inequalit lityy   of of individual or  “social injustice” due injustice” due to social categories.  

Social Stratification •

  is the th e hi hier erar arch chic ical al or orde deri ring ng of so soci cial al posi po siti tio o ns   along various scales of values. •

 is an institutionalized pattern of social inequality 

& social injustice by which social categories are   ranked according to class, status and role.  

•

 Society is composed different groups   with different different social ofstructures (social   stratification),  stratifica tion), that is some groups are  “higher” or  “higher”  or  “lower” than  “lower” than other groups.

 All societie societiess of any size ((large large or small)  have a social structure.  

•

 However, as societies growformed larger,within  more   often diff different erent groups are  them. •

 Social stratification results when one 

 group has a functional importance in the   community while others do not.  

Social Stratification is Distinguished from Social Differentiation

 

Social Stratification is Distinguished from from Social Differentiation •

 S  Soc ocia ial l di diffe ffere rent ntia iati tion on    refers refers to how people   can be distinguished from one another. People in a group may differ in skin 

 color, hair color, race, mental & physical   ability, & the like.  

Social Stratification is Distinguished from from Social Differentiation

 Soci Social al st stra ratitififica catition on refers  refers to the ranking of people in a   society. In closed stratifica stratification, tion, people cannot change   their ranks while those in the open social stratificat stratification, ion,  people can change their ranks. In short, social 

•

 stratification refers to separating people into social   stratification  categories & these categories are ranked as higher or   

Indicators of Social Stratification

1.  Soources of income.There are different sources of income. 1. S These are inherited wealth, earned wealth, profits & professional profession al fees, salaries, wages, priv private ate relief, among others. Wealth  is everything that is owned by a person.  nherit nherited ed wealth  is acquired since birth & without effort. A cquire cqu iredd

wealth  is achieved through ones effort either by talent, income  or by marriage.  ncome  refers to the amount of money a   

 erson receives.

Indicators of Social Stratification

2. Occupation. 2.  Occupation.What What people do for a living determines, to a large extent, social position of the person. Occupation may bethe classified into professionals, non-

professionals (clerks, drivers, etc.), proprietors of small  business, skilled workers, semi-skilled workers, unskilled 

workers.  

Indicators of Social Stratification

 Education.Disparities Disparities in social status may also  3.  Education.

apply to the educational background of the person. Possession of any educational backgrounds may  characterize the  person’  person’s  s  status  status in the community.

 

Indicators of Social Stratification

4.   Ty Types of house dwelling. Dwellings can be 

 semipermanent house  categorized cat egorized as   (concrete  (concrete &i-con excellent in  appearance),    permanent sem i-pe perm rman anen entt ho hous use e   (sem (semi-c oncr cret etee &

e emporary  mporary  very good in appearance & construction), t  house  (wood   (wood & fair in appearance & construction) and 

 

oorlyy co oorl cons nstrtruc ucte tedd hous house e   (ho (houses found in sq squuatter  areas, or below-the-bridge houses). Indicators of Social Stratification

5.  5.  Location of residence.Power, Power, prestige & wealth are 

also attached to thestatus location is a  disparity of social whenofoneresidence. residenceThere is located  imnounFtaoirnboeus s-rP a r k , W h i t e P l a i n s , s q u a t t e r a r e a , ugged ged area, in subdivision & non-

subdivision area.  

Indicators of Social Stratification

6.   Kinship or family. In the Philippines, when a 

person belongs to person the family of   Ayala’s, of   Ayala’ s, Villar’ Villar’to  s , Cojuangco’s  --- that --in regarded as belonging

the upper class (rich) status. If a child comes from a  family whose house is situated in the squatter area, he 

 

is regarded as poor. Sons & daughters of  sultans’    sultans’   & datus are highly regarded as rich children.

Types of Social Stratification •

 Open System  Closed System

•

•

 Ethnic System

 

Open System •

 Social stratification stratification is not rigid.  One person can move up or down to a   class through intermarriages, opportunities, •

 or achievements. achievements.  

Open System •

 Whether people do something to improve their 

 lives or not, this greatly greatly depends on them. •

•

  class strtruuctpeople ur is e an toopenstrive system.   The  It  cla encourages & achieve 

 something.  

Open System •

  T h e f o l l o w i n g a r e t y p i c a l o f a c l a s s   system:  Uppper Class  U

•

•

 M  Mi i d d l e C l a s s  Loower Class  L

•  

Open System

The people in this class have great wealth  1. Uppper Class.The 1. Up & sources of income. They constitute the elite wealthy   group in a society. They have high reputation in terms of   power & prestige. They live in exclusive residential area, belong to exclusive private clubs, & may have strong 

 political influence in the system of government. They own 

 several cars & properties & their children may study in   exclusive schools.  

Open System

2.  Miiddle Class.People in this class system may belong  2. M  to the upper middle class like the businessmen &  professionals or in the lower- middle class like the teachers,  clerks, etc. People belonging to the upper-middle class   generally command high income, often have college 

 education, live in comfortable homes, own properties, have   some money savings, & active in community activities.  

Open System

2. Miiddle Class.People 2. M People in the lower-middle class have not   achieved the same lifestyle of the upper-middle class but   somehow have modest income & live a simple life.

 

Open System

3.  Lowwer Class.People in this class belong to the bottom  3. Lo  of socio-economic ladder. This class system may be   categorized into two: upper-lower class & lower-low lower-lower er class. People in the upper-lower class may be considered as the   working class or the laborers. They have acquired little 

 education, little time to be involved in civic & community   activities. Some of them are underemployed, have many   socio-economic problems, with little or no luxuries at all.  

Open System

The lower-lower class people are those who  3. Lowwer Class.The 3. Lo  are unemployed, or no source of income except by begging   or dependent from private & government relief. Many of   them live in squatter areas, under the bridge, in street   corridors, or with no house at all. Many of them are 

 liabilities of society because they may be involved in drug   addiction & criminalities.  

Closed System

This social stratification may    caste system be categorized into  ca

 esstate system. & e  

Caste System •

  LOSED SYSTEM

  Social contact is rigid & clearly defined.

People are born & die in their caste. Contact  between & among the caste is minimal &  governed by a set of rules--- especially those 

 who belong to the lowe lowerr degree, as this will   tend to bring them down.  

Caste System •

  LOSED SYSTEM

 The caste system existed for centuries in 

  Brahmans  who  Brahmans  India & these were the    who were   associated  associa ted with the priesthood, the  Kahataryias    (w (warriors), the    Vaishyus 

(businessmen & traders), & then the  Shudrus    Shudrus  (servants).  

Estate System •

 is somewhat a closed system in which the  person’s    person’s 

 social standing is based on ownership of land, birth,  or military strength. •

Individuals who were born into one of the estates 

 

 remained there throughout life but in extreme cases    sociciaal mobilit,y that is people could change   there is  so  their status. Estate System

In the middle ages, there are three major   estates in Europe--- nobility, clerg clergyy & the   peasants.

•

 

Ethnic System

 this social stratification is based on national   origin, language & religion.

•

•

 ethnicity of society apart &  each group sets has asegments sense of identity. sense

•

 

 People interact more freely with those people  belo be lonn in to th thee sa same me et ethn hnicic ca cate te or .

Ethnic System •

 in America before, the white race claim superiority 

 over the negro (black) race.  during the Spanish & American colonial systems,  the colonizers perceived themselves to be occupying 

•

 the upper social class than the natives or Indios.  

MOBILITY

 

Mobility

 In a democracy, a person can improve his   social status but but the degree of mobility varies.  In an open system, every person is provided 

•

•

 equal opportunities to everyone to compete for 

 

 the role & status derived regardless of gender,  race, religion, family background & political   inclination.

Mobility

 Three kinds of mobil mobility: ity:  Social mobility 

•

• •

 Geographical mobility   Role mobility 

•

 

Social Mobility

 refers to the movement upward or downward 

•

 among the social positions in any given social   stratifications..  stratifications  may be upward (vertical) mobility and 

•

 horizontal mobility.  

Social Mobility  In   upw upwar ardd socicial al mobi billity or vertica call mob obiility , the   individuals can move from lower to higher status in a   social stratification. stratification.  In  downward   downward social mobility,  the individual changes his   social status from higher to lower status. status. •

•

 In  horizontal mobility,  a change in status may come   about through  one’s    one’s  occupation,   occupation, marrying into a certain   amil & others. Geographical Mobility  is otherwise known as physical mobility.  it may be a voluntary migration of people from one   geographical area due to change in residence, commuting   from home to office, making business trips & voluntary   migration from one country to another country. country. •

 

•

•

 it may also be   forced forced mig migra ratio tion  n   which include forced   relocation of residence, eviction, dispossession of unwanted   eo le & trans ortation o slaves. Role Mobility  the person shifts from role to role.  every member of a society has roles to play. Different situations call for enactment of various roles. •

 

•

•

•

•

 Ex. The father is the bread winner of the family but   may be a teacher in school, or the leader at home or a 

 follower in the school or office.  

Role Mobility

 Ex. A daughter may be submissive at home but 

•

 very active & aggressive aggressive as a campus leader.  Ex. A teacher may have varied roles such as being   a mother, a wife, a guidanc guidancee counselor, a community 

•

 leader, etc.

 

Meaning & Nature Nature of

Social Interaction

 



ce f s r&espreoancdtiinogns o tof  vaprri ou s ssacti on

individuals in a social situation.  process by which people act & react in relation to other people.

process whereby people accomplish some purposes & is



 

 

Social interaction is universal. It takes place anywhere in the

family, school, office, church organization, neighbor, institution & community where one engages

in conversation or when one greets another.  

Vendor customers;



interacts teachers

with   with 

students; classmateclassmate , teachwith ers another  with  administrators,

parents

with 

children, husband with wife. It may also formally occurs in  the case of interviews, open 

  

Much of what people do everyday is in inte terracti action on si sinc nce e   man’s   behavior is almo lmost dire irecte ted d tow towards rds anoth nothe er (not to oneself). animals interact but the   All interaction of human beings is



higher & complicated in nature. 

People Peop le inter nterac actt th thrrough ough sy symb mbol ols, s, gestures & languages.

 

Our response to   man’s   be behavio iorr is based on the meaning attached to others actions.



 F o r from

e v e r y a c t i o n p e r c e i v e d b y m a n another, he gives meaning to it according to his own perception of the action & conditioned by his culture.

People may interact by direct contact or e-mail, internet, phone, texting, etc.



 

Types of Social Interaction    Non-verbal

interaction  Unfocused

&

focused interaction  

Non  -cverbal ommuninteraction ication may be done throbody ugh ugh language nonn-ve verrbaor l gesture. beh eha avior such such as slightly nodding   one’s   head, making a circle with the use of a



thumb, or when thumb is up, or waving the hand to another may mean different interpretation to people of different culture.  

Unfocused & focused interaction social interaction may happen accidentally or intentionally.  in   unfocused inter c cttion, people interact with each other because they happen to be in each   others’ 

presence accidentally. 

ex.each 2 vendors may look interact with other, while they & happen to be in front of a cashier in a mall.

 

Unfocused & focused interaction  in   focused inter c cttion, two or

m o r e p e o p l e a r e p u r p o s e l y interacting because of a particular purpose in mind.



 

ex. When people are conversing

while or enattending gage ina program, open foseminar, rum, or interactin in a art .

Forms of Social Interaction 







Cooperation   Conflict

Differentiation

 

Competition  Negotiation  Accommodati  Coercion on  

COOPERATION  group effort,

team

work

or

c ooperataivcommon e efforts goal. are needed to achieve 

dessuicrehd ge ronudp m eo ffroerts efp fircoiednutclye & a

effectively.  the act of working together as a team for a common purpose  

COOPERATION

it is a mutual sharing of efforts to achieve the desired goal

 

itris people wo k atoprocess gether intowhich achie ve a common goal & benefits  

COOPERATION

it is a mutual sharing of efforts & abilities to achieve the desired end  it is a continuous endeavor of two



or more persons to perform a task or to reach a goal that is commonly cherished.  

Reasons for Cooperation  it can bring a sense of sharing a certain challenge  it may be due to incentives & other benefits

it is a sense of caring for people in need  it is an expression of self-interest in the object or thing being undertaken



 

Reasons for Cooperation  it is the need for dependence 

mutual

it is loyalty to the group  it is a sense of working together  

Usefulness of Cooperation 

it can can bring st strrong co cohe hesi siv ven ene ess

among the members of a group  it can bring stability & order in a

group it 

promotes consensus & compromise in social issues due to   member’s  background diversity of  member’s

 

Usefulness of Cooperation 

it can expedite the attainment of a

desired end  scarce resources can accomplish bigger task through coordination

limited funds can be put into efficient use  better results of a task is achieved



 

CONFLICT

arises when antagonism &



there is opposition

b ns ib ne tetw reeset,n v&alua em s on& pe ritnwce ipele g individuals or groups.  

CONFLICT

is counter productive & disruptive & usually brings anxiety, harm & injury against the opponent





there is intent to injure physically & psychologically the other

competing party  

Benefits Conflict  it promotes stability

&

integrating

m echa echani nism sms s am amo ong the the membe embers rs of the group.  groups with similar interest are drawn together to be able to achieve their ends.

discord & problems are identified between the competing groups such that appropriate remedies may be given.



 

COMPETITION

this form of social interaction arises when two or more individuals or groups pursue a



common end, each one wants to achieve or win in a competition. often, there are established rules to be followed or observed.

  

COMPETITION 

inH dio vw ideuvaelsr,

inr o

sgorm eps casuesse, ou

illegitimate means to attain their purpose & as such, it produces conflicts.  

NEGOTIATION  Exists when two or more individuals or groups reach a mutually satisfactory agreement

This agreement may either be oral or written depending on the



matter to be negotiated.  

NEGOTIATION

They may negotiate on certain form of exchange, cooperation or competition.



However, when negotiation fails, conflict & sometimes coercion arises.



 

COERCION  one individual

or group imposes a n i d e a o r a n a c t i o n o n a n o t h e r , usually with the use of physical or

mental The pforce. urpose  accept actions.

is for the other to the   person’s   id ideas or

 

COERCION

Coercion may result to ridicule, withholding of something, excommunication, failure to grant



recognition, suspension of benefits, or withholding the favor being asked for.  

DIFFERENTIATION

arises when two or more individuals or groups create different things, services or interest



instead or ofinterest. having the same thing, service 

caW carr rry h yew n ith ithindth the iveim duathe th lseirinote ccu cc raucptatio at , ion thneal y statuses & roles.

 

ACCOMMODATION    when two or more individuals or g psnce aers, e the we illying toe soenttlecer th ir driff ifofeurenc re th ag agre ree ert taein working arrangements to enable

them to pursue their respective activities. 

t h e r e i s a v o i d a n c e o f c o n f l i c t t o maintain peace & order in society

 

Elements in Social Interaction 

Status

 

ascribed achieved

 

Roles Groups  Institutions  

Status 

refers to a social position in a

s rucpte urs eonthfaitts dwei th eirnmitnheast wohceia rel tshte structure in a society.

may be higher or lower depending upon the   person’s



authority structure. & power within the social  

Status

social status guides the individual in his in inte terracti tio on wit ith h other individuals in a given social



structure. 

tatus may be   cquired or   schieved

 

Status   sc scribed st tus is acquired at birth or are assigned, or involuntarily assumed later



without effort. 

Ex. families. Children of wealthy familie & poor

 

Status   ch chieved st tus is open to any individual through his effort, talent, income, or by marriage or



by opportunities available to the individual.  

Roles are patterns of expected behavior attached to a particular status.  When a person with a particular status requires him to act, it is called



r ole ole expect exp ect t ion

When a person requires him to perform his role, it is called r ol ole e st t us   A person may have more than one role to perform. 

 

Groups 

refers to a number of people with

similar norms, & interest who values, interactexpectations consciously to each other.

They have something in common & have the tendency to get together.



 

Institutions institutions  Social

are

organized

patterns beliefs & behavior focused on basic of social needs & are based on the systems of social role, norms, &