Un Procedimiento de Decisión Jerárquico para La Síntesis de Procesos

 

WJ VRAOGHIKIGJXA HG HGOI_IßJ DGRÀRPWIOA V@R@ E@ _ËJXG_I_ HG VRAOG_A_ _g m` hgs`rraee`ha uj jugva praoghikigjta p`r` sijtgtiz`r hi`nr`k`s hg ceuda hg praogsas y hisgðas hg o`sas b`sg. Ge praoghikigj praoghikigjta ta gs hg j`tur`egz` j`tur`egz` gvaeutiv` gvaeutiv` y `v`jz` `v`jz` ` tr`vés tr`vés hg uj` dgr`rquë` hg jivgegs hg hgoisiÿj, hajhg sg `nrgn` uj` gstruotur` kàs cij` `e hi`nr`k` hg ceuda gj o`h` jivge hg hgoisiÿj. E`s mgurëstio`s sg utieiz`j p`r` abtgjgr  `enujas hg eas gegkgjtas gstruotur`egs hge hi`nr`k` hg ceuda, y atr`s mgurëstio`s sg uti utieiz eiz`j `j p`r` p`r` tak`r tak`r `enuj` `enuj`s s hg e`s hgoisi hgoisiajg ajgs s jgogs` jgogs`ri` ri`s s gj eas histij histijtas tas jivgeg jivgegs s hg hgoi hgoisi siÿj ÿj.. Gj kuom kuomas as o`sa o`sas, s, ja sg hisp hispaj ajg g hg mg mgur urës ësti tio` o`s, s, pa parr ea qu qug g sg ng ngjg jgr` r`j j `etgrj`tiv`s hg praogsa. E` p`rtg hg `jàeisis hge praoghikigjta tigjg uj cugrtg gjcaqug gj e`s oakpgj oakpgjs`o s`oiaj iajgs gs goajÿk goajÿkio` io`s s qug gstàj gstàj `saoi` `saoi`h`s h`s oaj e`s v`ri`b v`ri`begs egs hg hisgða hisgða sinjicio`tiv`s.

@EO@JOG, Ge hisgða hg praogsas oajstituyg e` oaeukj` vgrtgbr`e hg e`s ijhustri`s quëkio`s y hge pgtrÿega< t`kbiéj gs ge oursa ouekij`jtg gj ge pe`j hg gstuhias hg ijngjigrë` quëkio` hg eiogjo eiogjoi`t i`tur` ur`.. _ij gkb`rn gkb`rna, a, ja gxistg gxistg uj praogh praoghiki ikigjt gjta a p`sa p`sa ` p`sa p`sa hispaj hispajibe ibeg g gj e` eitgr`tur` qug pugh` us`rsg p`r` hgs`rraee`r uj hi`nr`k` hg ceuda hg praogsa a uj hisgða hg o`sa b`sg. @hgkàs, e` eÿnio` y / a ge arhgj gj ge qug sg tak`j e`s hgoisiajgs p`r` hgs`rraee`r uj prikgr hi`nr`k` hg ceuda ja sg m`j hisoutiha prgvi`kgjtg gj e` eitgr`tur`.

OAJOEW_IAJ_ @JH _INJICIO@JOG _INJICIO@JOG.. _g prgs prgsgj gjt` t` uj prao praogh ghik ikig igjt jta a hg sëjt sëjtgs gsis is / `j `jàe àeis isis is p` p`r` r` hg hgs` s`rr rrae aee` e`rr ea eas s pr prik ikgra gras s hi`nr`k`s hg ceuda y hisgðas hg o`sas b`sg. Ge praoghikigjta sg hgsoribg gj térkijas hg uj` dgr`rquë` hg hgoisiajgs, hajhg gj o`h` jivge hg hgoisiÿj sg `nrgn` uj` gstruotur` kàs cij` ` uj hi`nr`k` hg ceuda hg beaqugs hge praogsa. Gj kuomas o`sas, sg pughgj utieiz`r mgurëstio`s prgvi`kgjtg pubeio`h`s a `enuj`s mgurëstio`s jugv`s p`r` nui`r e`s hgoisiajgs, pgra gj kuom`s atr`s situ`oiajgs ja sg hispajg hg mgurëstio`s. Gs pasibeg ihgjti ihg jticio cio`r `r e`s oakpgj oakpgjs`o s`oiaj iajgs gs goajÿk goajÿkio` io`s s `saoi` `saoi`h`s h`s oaj e`s hgoisi hgoisiajg ajgs s sabrg sabrg e`s v`ri`begs hg hisgða, pgra sg rgquigrg uj gjcaqug hg gstuhia hg o`sa p`r` gv`eu`r e`s `etgrj`tiv`s hge praogsa. E` sëjtgsis / `jàeisis ja oajhuog jgogs`ri`kgjtg `e "kgdar" hisgða, pgra hgbgrë` sgr ôtie p`r` hgs`rraee`r hisgðas "r`zaj`begs".

IJ_XRWOOIAJG_ Ge prabegk` hg tr`huoir ge hgsoubrikigjta hg uj` jugv` rg`ooiÿj par p`rtg hg uj quëkioa gj uj hi`nr`k` hi`nr`k` hg ceuda hg praogsa y uj hisgða hg o`sa b`sg sigkprg gstà subhgcijiha. subhgcijiha. Var t`jta, gs jgogs`ria ijtrahuoir jukgrasas supugstas p`r` abtgjgr uj prabegk` bigj pe`jtg`ha. Gstas supugstas sg pughgj hivihir gj trgs o`tgnarë`s (Haune`s, 09=2)4 0. _upugstas _upugstas qug qug cid`j cid`j p`rtgs p`rtgs hge hi`nr`k hi`nr`k` ` hg ceuda ceuda hge praogsa. praogsa. 2. _upugstas _upugstas qug qug cid`j cid`j `enuj`s `enuj`s hg hg e`s v`ri`begs v`ri`begs hg hg hisgða. hisgða. ?. _upugstas _upugstas qug qug cid`j cid`j e`s oajgxi oajgxiajgs ajgs oaj oaj ge kghia kghia `kbigjt `kbigjtg. g. _i o`kb o`kbi` i`ka kas s ea eas s supu supugs gsta tas s qu qug g cid` cid`j j p` p`rt rtgs gs hg hgee hi hi`n `nr` r`k` k` hg ceud ceuda a hg hgee pr prao aogs gsa, a, ngjgr`kas `etgrj`tiv`s ngjgr`kas `etgrj`tiv`s hg praogsa. praogsa. V`r` e` k`yarë` hg eas praogsas, pahgkas ngjgr`r  kàs hg uj kieeÿj hg hi`nr`k`s hg ceuda hg gst` k`jgr`. _i o`kbi`kas eas supugstas qug

 

oarringj oarrin gj `enuj` `enuj`s s hg e`s v`ri`b v`ri`begs egs hg hisgða hisgða,, ngjgr` ngjgr`kas kas prabeg prabegk`s k`s hg aptiki aptikiz`o z`oiÿj iÿj.. ^gstgrbgrn (09=0) m` sungriha qug m`y `erghghar hg 06 ` 26 v`ri`begs hg aptikiz`oiÿj par hi`nr`k` hg ceuda. _i o`kbi`kas eas supugstas qug cid`j e`s oajgxiajgs oaj ge gjtarja, ngjgr`kas prabegk`s hg apgr`tivih`h y oajtrae hge praogsa. Jark`ekgjtg, ja oajsihgr`ka oajsi hgr`kas s gstas gstas prabegk`s prabegk`s m`st` hgspués hg m`bgr hgs`rrae hgs`rraee`ha e`ha uj hisgða hisgða hg o`sa b`sg (gs hgoir, si uj praogsa tigjg pao`s pasibieih`hgs hg sgr rgjt`beg, ja jas ikpart` e` apgr`tivih`h a ge oajtrae). Hgspués hg uj` gxtgjs` sgrig hg hisousiajgs oaj hisgð`hargs ijhustri`egs, p`rgog m`bgr  oajsgjsa oajsg jsa gj qug eas prijoip`egs prijoip`egs grrargs gj eas hisgð hisgðas as gxistgjtgs gxistgjtgs cugraj o`us`has par  `rrgne`r ge hi`nr`k` hg ceuda hgk`si`ha prajta gj ge hgs`rraeea hg uj praogsa. Gj atr`s p`e`br`s, `enuigj sg hia ougjt` hg qug m`bë` uj` kgdar `etgrj`tiv` hg praogsa ou`jha gr` hgk`si`ha t`rhg p`r` m`ogr o`kbias gj e` hgcijioiÿj hge praygota. Var t`jta, gxistg e` jgogsih`h hg hispajgr hg kgdargs mgrr`kigjt`s qug pugh`j utieiz`rsg p`r` ngjgr`r y sgegooiaj`r `etgrj`tiv`s hg praogsa.

XR@B@DA VRGSIA M` m` m`bi biha ha ha has s nr`j nr`jhg hgs s ij ijtg tgjt jtas as hg hg hgs` s`rr rrae aee` e`rr pr pran anr` r`k` k`s s hg hisg hisgða ða `s `sis isti tiha ha pa par  r  oakput`har` qug ngjgrgj hi`nr`k`s hg ceuda hg praogsas4 @IHG_ (_iirae` gt `e., 09>0< _iirae` y Ruhh, 09>0< Vawgrs, 09>2) y B@EX@T@R (K`mgego y Kat`rh, 09>>). @kbas pranr`k`s gstàj hisgð`has p`r` ngjgr`r hi`nr`k`s hg ceuda hg praogsas p`r` pe`jt`s kuetiprahuo kueti prahuota. ta. _gegooiaj`j _gegooiaj`j e`s kgdargs k`tgri`s k`tgri`s prik`s p`r` utieiz`r y ge kgdar oajdujta hg rg`ooiajgs p`r` ge praogsa gjtrg uj` sgrig hg `etgrj`tiv`s. Var t`jta, eas pranr`k`s sg ogjtr` ogj tr`j j gj ge prabeg prabegk` k` hg e` `sinj` `sinj`oiÿ oiÿj j hg gspgoi gspgoigs. gs. _ij gkb`rn gkb`rna, a, gj sus cark`s cark`s `otu`egs jijnuja hg eas pranr`k`s ijoeuyg `enaritkas p`r` o`eoue`r ge t`k`ða y eas oastas hg eas gquipas y, par ea t`jta, ja prahuogj uj hisgða hg o`sa b`sg. Ge `eo`jog hg jugstra praogh pra oghiki ikigjt gjta a gs kuoma kuoma kàs kahgsta. kahgsta. _aea sg oajsih oajsihgr` gr`j j e`s pe`jt`s pe`jt`s hg uj saea saea prahuota oaj uj oajdujta gspgoëcioa hg k`tgri`s prik`s y uj` rut` hg rg`ooiÿj gspgoëcio`. Varr t` Va t`jt jta, a, ge prab prabeg egk` k` hg e` `sin `sinj` j`oi oiÿj ÿj hg gspg gspgoi oigs gs sg pu pugh ghg g rg rgsa saev evgr gr ut utieieiz iz`j `jha ha mgurëstio`s sikpegs. Ge gjcaqug prijoip`e hg jugstra praoghikigjta gs ge hgs`rraeea hg uj hisgða hg o`sa b`sg r`zaj`beg, e`s ikpart`jtgs oakpgjs`oiajgs goajÿkio`s qug gstàj `saoi`h`s oaj gstg hisgða y `enuj`s `etgrj`tiv`s hg praogsa qug hgbgj gv`eu`rsg.

Vrapÿsita hg e` ijvgstin`oiÿj

 Wj prapÿsita prijoip`e hg gst` ijvgstin`oiÿj cug ihgjticio`r hÿjhg c`et`j e`s mgurëstio`s hg hisgða, `së oaka praparoiaj`r hgcijioiajgs kgdar`h`s hg eas prabegk`s hg sëjtgsis p`r` p`rtgs p`r tgs hge hisgða ngjgr` ngjgr`e. e. Var gdgkpe gdgkpea, a, gj e` `otu`e `otu`eih` ih`h h ja p`rgog p`rgog m`bgr m`bgr jijnuj jijnuj` ` mgurëstio` hispajibeg p`r` `yuh`r ` hgoihir si e` `bsaroiÿj, `hsaroiÿj a oajhgjs`oiÿj hgbg gegnirsg oaka uj sistgk` hg rgoupgr`oiÿj hg v`par. Hg k`jgr` sikie`r, e` ijvgstin`oiÿj `otu`e sabrg e` sgegooiÿj hg sgougjoi`s hg sgp`r`oiÿj sg b`s` gj ge pe`jtg`kigjta hge prabeg pra begk`4 k`4 H`h` uj` sae` sae` `ei `eikgj kgjt`o t`oiÿj iÿj,, ±ouàe ±ouàe gs e` kgdar kgdar sgegoo sgegooiÿj iÿj hg ujih`h ujih`hgs gs hg sg sgp` p`r` r`oi oiÿj ÿj p`r` p`r` abtg abtgjg jgrr ge oa oajd jduj ujta ta rgqu rgqugr grih iha a hg pr prah ahuo uota tas s pu pura ras1 s1 Jugs Jugstr tra a praogh pra oghiki ikigjt gjta a ijhio` ijhio` qug gj kuomas kuomas praogs praogsas as hgbg hgbg m`bgr m`bgr kôetip kôetipegs egs oarrig oarrigjtg jtgs s hg `ei `eikgj kgjt`o t`oiÿj iÿj qug rgquig rgquigrgj rgj sgp`r` sgp`r`oiÿ oiÿj j y qug jark`e jark`ekgj kgjtg tg e` gspgoi gspgoicio cio`oi `oiÿj ÿj hg e`s oakpasioiajgs hge prahuota hgpgjhg hg e`s ijtgr`ooiajgs oaj ge praogsa. Var t`jta, gspgr`kas qug ge praoghikigjta praparoiajg uj pujta cao`e p`r` e` hgcijioiÿj hg jugvas prabegk`s hg ijvgstin`oiÿj gj hisgða. Wj subprahuota v`eiasa hg e` ijvgstin`oiÿj hgbgrë`

 

sgr sgr uj k`ro k`roa a oajo oajogp gptu tu`e `e kg kgda dar` r`ha ha p` p`r` r` e` gj gjsg sgð` ð`jz jz` ` hg hgee hi hisg sgða ða hg praog praogsa sas. s.  @otu`ekgjtg, e` k`yarë` hg eas gstuhi`jtgs ujivgrsit`rias gstàj gxpugstas ` uj saea gstuhia hg o`sa, par ea qug ja hgs`rraee`j ijtuioiÿj a gxpgrigjoi` oaj e`s hgoisiajgs jgogs`ri`s p`r` hgs`rraee`r atras tipas hg hi`nr`k`s hg ceuda. Ge praoghikigjta hg sëjtgsis hgbgrë` pgrkitir `kpei`r gstg `eo`jog.

_ËJXG_I_ HGE VRAOG_A WJ JWGSA GJCAPWG Ge praoghikigjta hg sëjtgsis hge praogsa hgsoakpajg ge prabegk` hg hisgða 0. 2. ?. 8.

Jivge Jivge 04 04 E Eatg atg crgjtg crgjtg ` oajt oajtiju ijua a Jivge 24 Gstruot Gstruotur` ur` hg gjtr`h` gjtr`h`-s`ei -s`eih` h` hge hi`nr`k hi`nr`k` ` hg ceuda ceuda Jivge ?4 ?4 Rgoioe`r Rgoioe`r e` e` gstruotur` gstruotur` hge hi`nr` hi`nr`k` k` hg ceuda ceuda y hge rg`otar rg`otar Jivge 84 Gspgoi Gspgoicio`o cio`oiÿj iÿj hge hge sistgk sistgk` ` hg sgp`r`oiÿj sgp`r`oiÿj Jivge 8`4 _istgk` hg rgoupgr`oiÿj hg v`par Jivge 8b4 _istgk` hg rgoupgr`oiÿj hg eëquiha 7. Jivge Jivge 74 Rgh Rgh hg ijtgr ijtgro`k o`kbi` bi`har hargs gs hg o`ear o`ear Ge praogsa oakpegta sigkprg sg oajsihgr` gj o`h` jivge hg hgoisiÿj, pgra sg `nrgn` uj` gstruotur` cij` `hioiaj`e `e hi`nr`k` hg ceuda oaka p`s`kas ` eas jivgegs hg hgoisiÿj pastgr pas tgriar iargs. gs. Ge hisgð` hisgð`har har uti utieiz eiz` ` e`s téojio téojio`s `s hg sëjtgs sëjtgsis is y mgurës mgurëstio tio`s `s rgoigj rgoigjtgk tgkgjt gjtg g hgs`rr hgs `rraee aee`h` `h`s, s, ou`jha ou`jha gxistg gxistgj, j, oaka oaka nuë` nuë` p`r` p`r` tak`r tak`r e`s hgoisi hgoisiajgs ajgs jgogs` jgogs`ri` ri`s. s. @e `oukue`r e`s hgoisiajgs tak`h`s par ge hisgð`har p`r` eas o`sas gj eas qug ja m`y mgurëstio`s, a hajhg ge hisgð`har `jue` e`s mgurëstio`s, pahgkas hgs`rraee`r uj` eist` hg `etgrj`tiv`s hg praogsa qug hgbgj oajsihgr`rsg. O`h` jivge hg hgoisiÿj tgrkij` gj uj `jàeisis goajÿkioa. E` gxpgrigjoi` ijhio` qug kgjas hge uja par oigjta hg e`s ihg`s p`r` jugvas hisgðas sg oakgroi`eiz`j `enuj` vgz y, par ea t`jta, gs kuy hgsg`beg hgso`rt`r  ràpih` ràp ih`kgj kgjtg tg eas praygo praygotas tas hgcioi hgcioigjt gjtgs. gs. Hg k`jgr` k`jgr` sikie` sikie`r, r, e`s hgoisi hgoisiajg ajgs s hg jivge jivge pastgriar gstàj nui`h`s par ge `jàeisis goajÿkioa hg e`s hgoisiajgs hg jivge tgkpr`ja. Ge praoghikigjta hg sëjtgsis sg hgsoribg gj hgt`eeg ` oajtiju`oiÿj. Gj e` `otu`eih`h, ge praoghikigjta sg eikit` ` praogsas oajtijuas oaj c`sgs v`par y eëquih`.

IJCARK@OIßJ HG GJXR@H@   E` ijcark`oiÿj ijcark`oiÿj hg gjtr`h` gjtr`h` rgqugrih` p`r` hgs`rraee`r hgs`rraee`r uj hi`nr`k` hg ceuda hg praogsa y uj hisgða hg o`sa b`sg gs4 @. RG@OOIAJG_ 0. E` gstgquia gstgquiakgtri` kgtri`,, tgkpgr`tu tgkpgr`tur` r` y prgsiÿj prgsiÿj hg o`h` o`h` rg`ooiÿj. rg`ooiÿj. 2. Wj` Wj` oarr oarrge ge`o `oiÿ iÿj j hg e` hist histri ribu buoi oiÿj ÿj hge pr prah ahuo uota ta crgjtg crgjtg ` e` oajvg oajvgrs rsiÿ iÿj j (y e` tgkpgr`tur`) ?. Ge o`t` o`t`eieiz` z`ha harr p` p`r` r` o`h` o`h` rg`o rg`ooi oiÿj ÿj (`ot (`otu` u`ek ekgj gjtg tg ge pr pran anr` r`k` k` ja k`jg k`jgd` d`r` r` e` hgs`otiv`oiÿj hge o`t`eiz`har) 8. E` oajhioi oajhioiÿj ÿj hg c`sg hgsg`h` hgsg`h` hg o`h` o`h` p`sa p`sa hg rg`ooiÿj. rg`ooiÿj. B VRAHWOXA_ 0. X`s` hg prahuoo prahuooiÿj iÿj hgsg`h hgsg`h` ` y purgz` hge prahuo prahuota. ta. 2. Vrgoia Vrgoia hge hge prahuot prahuota, a, a prg prgoia oia vgrsu vgrsus s purgz`. purgz`. ?. S`ear hg tahas tahas eas subprahu subprahuotas otas oaka oaka prahuotas prahuotas quëkioa quëkioas s a oakbustibe oakbustibeg. g. O K@XGRI@_ VRIK@_

 

0. Oakpasioi Oakpasioiÿj, ÿj, tgkpgr`tur tgkpgr`tur` ` y prgsiÿj prgsiÿj hg tahas eas eas ceudas ceudas hg k`tgri`s k`tgri`s prik`s. prik`s. 2. Vrgoias Vrgoias hg tah`s e`s e`s oarrigjtgs oarrigjtgs hg hg k`tgri`s k`tgri`s prik`s, prik`s, a prgoia prgoia vgrsus vgrsus purgz`. purgz`. H RG_XRIOOIAJG_ 0. Eëkitgs Eëkitgs gxpeas gxpeasivas ivas y oajsihg oajsihgr`oia r`oiajgs jgs hg hg sgnurih` sgnurih`h. h. 2. Eëkitgs Eëkitgs hg oaquiz`oi oaquiz`oiÿj, ÿj, eëkitgs eëkitgs hg paeikgriz paeikgriz`oiÿj `oiÿj a hgsoakpas hgsoakpasioiÿj ioiÿj,, gto. G H@XA_ HG VE@JX@ Y _IXIA 0. _grvioias _grvioias pôbeioas pôbeioas44 oakbustibeg oakbustibeg,, jivgegs jivgegs hg v`par, `nu` `nu` hg rgcringr`o rgcringr`oiÿj, iÿj, gto. gto. 2. Ijst`e`oi Ijst`e`oiajgs ajgs y oastas oastas hg geikij geikij`oiÿj `oiÿj hg hgsgoma hgsgomas s

GDGKVEA HG MH@ MIHRAHG@E MIHRAHG@EPWIE@OIßJ PWIE@OIßJ HG XAEWGJA @ BGJOGJA V`r` ieustr`r ge praoghikigjta, oajsihgr`kas uj praogsa oajtijua p`r` prahuoir bgjogja par mihrahgs`equie`oiÿj (MH@) hg taeugja. E`s rg`ooiajgs hg ijtgrés saj4

E` prgsiÿj hgsg`h` hge rg`otar gs ?.876 LJ/k 2 (766psi`) y e` tgkpgr`tur` hg gjtr`h` hge ,

rg`ot rg` otar ar hg hgbg bg gxog oghg hgr r =9 =97L (0,0 (0,076 76¶C ¶C))  (bgjog p`r` p`jogja r` ja ab abtg tgjg jgr r uj uj` vgea vgeaoi h`hih`hghgerg rg`o `ooi oiÿj ÿj suc sucioi ioigjt gjtgkg gkgjtg jtggx nr`jhg. nr`j hg. E`7Lsgegot sgegotivi ivih`h h`h (bg prahuo pra huoiha iha` gj e`oih`h s`eih` s`e rg`ot rg` otar  ar  hivihiha par ge taeugja oajvgrtiha gj ge rg`otar) vigjg h`h` par 

E` s`eih` hge rg`otar hgbg k`jtgjgrsg par hgb`da hg 9>= ¶ L (0?66 "C) p`r` gvit`r  rg`ooiajgs hg mihraor`quga.E` t`s` hg prahuooiÿj hgsg`h` hg bgjogja gs 237 lnkae / mr  oaj uj` purgz`]H;6.9999 . Wj` oarrigjtg hg taeugja pura gstà hispajibeg gj oajhioiajgs `kbigjt`egs y uj` oarrigjtg hg mihrÿngja qug oajtigjg 97% M2 y 7% OM8 gstà hispajibeg ` ?00 ¶ L (066 ¶ C) y ?.>96 lJ / k2 (776 psi`). E` rge`oiÿj hg mihrÿngja ` `rakàtioas gj e` gjtr gjtr`h `h` ` hg hgee rg`o rg`ota tarr hg hgbg bg gx gxog oghg hgrr hg 7 y ge gc gceu eugj gjtg tg hg hgee rg rg`o `ota tarr hg hgbg bg `p `p`n `n`r `rsg sg ràpih`kgjtg ` =97 ¶ L (0076 "C) p`r` gvit`r e` oaquiz`oiÿj.

JISGE 04 EAXG S_. OAJXIJWA H`ha qug eas praogsas par eatgs hgpgjhgj hge tigkpa, tigjgj uj` gstruotur` hicgrgjtg y `etgrj`tiv` `etgrj `tiv`s s kuy hicgrgjtgs ` e`s pe`jt`s oajtiju`s oajtiju`s.. Ge praoghikigjta praoghikigjta gj su cark` `otu`e `otu`e gstà rgstrijniha ` praogsas oajtijuas.

JISGE 24 G_XRWOXWR@ HG GJXR@H@-_@EIH@ HG E@ MAD@ HG CEWDA H`ha qug eas oastas hg e`s k`tgri`s prik`s ` kgjuha sg gjougjtr`j gj ge r`jna hge ?7 `e =7% hg eas oastas tat`egs hg praogs`kigjta (Nrukgr, 093>), gjcao`kas jugstr` `tgjoiÿj ijioi`e gj e`s v`ri`begs hg hisgða qug pughgj `cgot`r gstas oastas hg ceuda. E`s hgoisiajgs qug tak`kas saj4 0. ±Hgbgk ±Hgbgkas as puricio` puricio`rr eas ceudas hg k`tgri` k`tgri` prik` prik` `jtgs hg praogs`r praogs`r a praogs praogs`r `r e`s ikpurgz`s hge `eikgjta1

 

2. ±Ouàjt ±Ouàjtas as ceuda ceudas s hg prahu prahuota otas s m`brà1 m`brà1 ?. ±Jgogsit` ±Jgogsit`kas kas uj rgoioe`h rgoioe`ha a hg n`s y uj` oarrigj oarrigjtg tg hg purn`1 purn`1 ±Ouàegs ±Ouàegs saj eas eas oastas oastas `saoi`has oaj uj` purn`1 8. ±Hgbgj ±Hgbgj rgoupgr`rsg rgoupgr`rsg a rgoioe`rsg rgoioe`rsg eas subprahu subprahuotas otas rgvgrsibe rgvgrsibegs gs m`st` su gxtijoiÿ gxtijoiÿj1 j1 7. ±Ouàeg ±Ouàegs s saj eas oastas oastas `saoi`h `saoi`has as oaj e`s pérhih` pérhih`s s hg sgegotiv sgegotivih` ih`h h par rg`ooia rg`ooiajgs jgs oakpegd`s1

Mgurëstio` p`r` e`s ikpurgz`s gj eas pigjsas _i e`s ikpurg ikpurgz`s z`s rg`ooia rg`ooiaj`j j`j,, gs prgcgr prgcgribe ibeg g gei geikij kij`re `re`s `s `jtgs `jtgs hg praogs praogs`re `re`s. `s. _i e`s ikpurgz`s saj ijgrtgs, gstàj prgsgjtgs gj o`jtih`hgs b`st`jtg nr`jhgs, pgra pughgj sgp`r`rsg càoiekgjtg par hgstie`oiÿj, gs prgcgribeg geikij`re`s `jtgs hge praogs`kigjta. Ja p`rgog p`r gog m`bgr m`bgr jijnuj jijnuj` ` mgurës mgurëstio tio` ` hispaj hispajibe ibeg g p`r` p`r` ou`jti ou`jticio cio`r `r e` o`jtih o`jtih`h. `h. Hg k`jgr` k`jgr` sikie`r, ja p`rgog m`bgr jijnuj` mgurëstio` p`r` hgoihir si gs kgdar us`r hgstie`oiÿj `zgatrÿpio` u atr`s téojio`s hg sgp`r`oiÿj oakpegd`s p`r` geikij`r e`s ikpurgz`s. _i uj` ikpurgz` gj uj` oarrigjtg hg `eikgjt`oiÿj t`kbiéj gs uj oakpajgjtg hge prahuota gj uj` a kàs rg`ooiajgs, oajsihgrg pajgr e` oarrigjtg hg `eikgjt`oiÿj gj ge praogsa gj ge pujta gj ge qug e` ikpurgz` sg rgoupgr` y geikij`. _i uj` oarrigjtg hg rg`otiva gj c`sg n`sgas` oajtigjg ikpurgz`s eingr`s (gs hgoir, qug migrvgj ` tgkpgr`tur`s kàs b`d`s qug ge prapiegja), praogsg e`s ikpurgz`s. Gst`s mgurëstio`s sg b`s`j gj e` pràotio` ijhustri`e oajvgjoiaj`e, `ujqug ja p`rgog qug sg m`y`j pubeio`ha. Gs gvihgjtg qug sgrë` hgsg`beg hgs`rraee`r mgurëstio`s ou`jtit`tiv`s p`r` o`h` uja hg eas hivgrsas o`sas.

Mgurestios p`r` ge jôkgra hg ceudas hg prahuota Vrikgra `sukikas qug ge gceugjtg hge rg`otar oajtgjhrà tahas eas oakpajgjtgs gj eas ceudas hg `eikgjt`oiÿj y tahas eas oakpajgjtgs gj o`h` p`sa hg rg`ooiÿj (` kgjas qug sg sgp` qug uj oakpajgjtg gs ijgst`beg, hg kaha qug rg`ooiaj` oakpegt`kgjtg). _i uja a kàs hg gstas oakpajgjtgs oakpajgjtgs gj ge gceugjtg gceugjtg hge rg`otar rg`otar gs `et`kgjtg `et`kgjtg oarrasiva, oarrasiva, a pahrë` paeikgriz`r paeik griz`rsg sg a hgsoakpajgr hgsoakpajgrsg sg gj subprahuota subprahuotas s ijhgsg`begs, ijhgsg`begs, y si pahgkas pahgkas carz`r carz`r gst` rg`ooiÿj ` uj` oajvgrsiÿj oakpegt` p`r` geikij`r gstg tipa hg oakpajgjtg ijhgsg`beg, ea quit`kas hg e` eist`. @ oajtiju`oiÿj, oe`sicio`kas tahas eas oakpajgjtgs hge gceugjtg hge rg`otar hg e` sinuigjtg k`jgr`4 Rg`otiva4 rgoioe`r Ijtgrkghia hg rg`ooiÿj4 rgoioe`r _ubprahuota rgvgrsibeg y` sg` rgoioe`r a s`eir @zgÿtrapa oaj rg`otiva4 rgoioe`r `zgÿtrapa a rakpgr gÿtrapa y rgoioe`r ge rg`otiva Vrahuota prik`ria4 s`eih` _ubprahuota v`eiasa4 s`eih` _ubprahuota hg oakbustibeg4 s`eih` _ubprahuota hg hgsgoma4 s`eih`,  @mar` arhgj`kas eas oakpajgjtgs par sus pujtas hg gbueeioiÿj jark`egs y `nrup`kas eas oakpajgjtgs vgoijas hge kiska tipa. _g supajg qug ge jôkgra hg ceudas hg prahuota gs ge jôkgra hg nrukas. Gstg `jàeisis sg b`s` gj e` mgurëstio` hg qug e` hgstie`oiÿj gs jark`e jar k`ekgj kgjtg tg e` sgp`r` sgp`r`oiÿ oiÿj j kgjas kgjas oastas oastas` ` y qug sgrë` sgrë` uj hgspgr hgspgrhio hioia ia sgp`r` sgp`r`rr has oakp oakpaj ajgj gjtg tgs s y eu eugn gna a h` h`re regs gs uj tr`t tr`t`k `kig igjt jta a ih ihéj éjti tioa oa,, pa parr gdgk gdgkpe pea, a, gj gjvi vi`r `rea eas s ` uj sukijistra hg oakbustibeg a `e tr`t`kigjta hg hgsgomas.

Mgurëstio` p`r` rgoioe`ha y purn` _i uj rg`otiva y uj` ikpurgz` hg `eikgjt`oiÿj a uj subprahuota hg rg`ooiÿj migrvgj ` uj` tgkpgr`tur` kàs b`d` qug ge prapiegja (-8= "O, -77" C), `sukikas qug sg rgquigrgj uj n`s rgoioe`ha y uj` oarrigjtg hg purn`. Gst` mgurëstio` sg b`s` gj p`rtg gj ge mgoma hg

 

qug ge prapiegja sg pughg oajhgjs`r oaj `nu` hg gjcri`kigjta ` `et` prgsiÿj, hg kaha qug tahas tahas eas k`tgri`e k`tgri`egs gs kgjas kgjas vaeàti vaeàtiegs egs qug ge prapie prapiegja gja sg pughgj pughgj rgoupg rgoupgr`r r`r par  hgstie hgs tie`oi `oiÿj ÿj (a `enôj `enôj atra atra gsqugk gsqugk` ` hg sgp`r` sgp`r`oiÿ oiÿj j hg eëq eëquih uihas) as) us`jha us`jha saea saea `nu` `nu` hg gjcri`kigjta. Var supugsta, gj e`s pe`jt`s hg gtiegja sgp`r`kas ge gt`ja hge gtiegja par  hgstie hgs tie`oi `oiÿj ÿj us`jha us`jha oajhgj oajhgjs`h s`harg args s rgcrin rgcringr` gr`has has g ijoeus ijoeusa a sgp`r` sgp`r`kas kas ge axëngj axëngja a hge jitrÿngja par hgstie`oiÿj. _ij gkb`rna, p`r` e` k`yarë` hg eas praogsas, ge oasta hg rgoupgr`r rg`otivas n`sgasas (qug jark`ekgjtg saj kuoma kgjas oastasas qug eas arnàjioas) hg e`s ikpurgz`s n`sgas`s gs t`j nr`jhg qug gs kàs b`r`ta hgsgom`r p`rtg hge rg`otiva gj uj` oarrigjtg hg purn`. _ij gkb`rna, atr` `etgrj`tiv` gs utieiz`r uj sistgk` hg kgkbr`j`s p`r` sgp`r`r eas oakpajgjtgs n`sgasas.

B`e`jogs hg k`tgri`egs y oastas hg ceuda   E` hici hiciou ouet et`h `h hg rgsa rgsaev evgr gr ea eas s b` b`e` e`jo jogs gs hg k`tg k`tgri ri`e `egs gs ng ngjg jgr` r`eg egs s p` p`r` r` uj uj` ` t` t`s` s` hg prahuo pra huooiÿ oiÿj j cid cid` ` hg uj oakpaj oakpajgjt gjtg g hgsg`h hgsg`ha a hgpgjh hgpgjhg g hge tipa hg praogs praogsa, a, oaka oaka sg kugstr` ` oajtiju`oiÿj. Gj jugstra `jàeisis ijioi`e, `sukikas qug e` rgoupgr`oiÿj hg tahas eas k`tgri`egs v`eiasas ` kgjas qug m`y` uj` oarrigjtg hg purn` y rgoioe`dg hg n`s. Gj atr`s atr`s p`e`br` p`e`br`s, s, tahas tahas eas oakpaj oakpajgjt gjtgs gs rg`oti rg`otivas vas ja oajvgr oajvgrtih tihas as sg rgoupg rgoupgr`j r`j y rgoioe`j oakpegt`kgjtg. Var ea t`jta, saea m`y has hi`nr`k`s hg ceuda hg ijtgrés, Cinur` 0. Rg`ooiÿj ôjio`. _i m`y uj` sae` rg`ooiÿj sij rgoioe`ha y purn` hg n`s, sigkprg gs sgjoieea o`eoue o`e oue`r `r e`s k`tgri k`tgri`s `s prik`s prik`s jgogs`ri jgogs`ri`s `s y eas ceudas ceudas hg subpra subprahuo huotas tas ` p`rtir p`rtir hg e` gstgquiakgt gstgqu iakgtrë`. rë`. (Jÿtgsg qug tahas eas oakpajgjtgs oakpajgjtgs rg`otivas rg`otivas ja oajvgrtihas oajvgrtihas qug s`egj hge hge rg`o rg`ota tarr sg rgoi rgoioe oe`j `j m` m`st st` ` e` gx gxti tijo joiÿ iÿj) j).. Wj` Wj` vgz vgz qu qug g sg m` m`j j hg hgtg tgrk rkij ij`h `ha a e` e`s s vgeaoih`hgs hg `eikgjt`oiÿj hg eas rg`otivas, sg pughgj o`eoue`r eas ceudas hg ikpurgz`s ` p`rtir hg e`s oakpasioiajgs hg `eikgjt`oiÿj oajaoih`s. Wj` vgz o`eoue`has eas o`uh`egs, gs kuy sgjoieea o`eoue`r eas oastas hg eas `rrayas. Rgoioe`dg y purn` hg n`sgs. _i m`y uj n`s rgoioe`ha y uj` oarrigjtg hg purn` p`r` rg`ooiajgs sikpegs a oakpegd`s, p`rtg hge rg`oti rg` otiva va n`sgas n`sgasa a sg hgso`r hgso`rt`. t`. V`r` V`r` o`eoue o`eoue`r `r eas b`e`jo b`e`jogs gs ngjgr` ngjgr`egs egs hg k`tgri k`tgri`e `e gs jgogs`ria gspgoicio`r e` o`jtih`h a e` oakpasioiÿj hge rg`otiva gj e` oarrigjtg hg purn`. E`s nr`jhgs oakpasioiajgs hg rg`otivas gj e` oarrigjtg hg purn` oarrgspajhgj ` `etas oastas hg k`tgri` prik`. Var atra e`ha, si sg pgrkitg qug eas ijgrtgs sg `oukuegj gj e` oarrigjtg hg rgoioe`ha hg n`s hg kaha qug e` oakpasioiÿj hg purn` hge rg`otiva sg` pgqugð`, m`brà nr`jhgs ceudas hg rgoioe`ha hg n`s y nr`jhgs oastgs hg rgoioe`ha hg n`s. Varr t`j Va `jta ta,, sigk sigkpr prg g gx gxiistg stg uj uj` ` oak oakpa pasi sio oiÿ iÿj j hg pu purn rn` ` ÿpt ptik ik` ` hg rg rg`o `oti tiv vas as