Un 5
November 30, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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CJXU@DB EJF HN[@UNF GZONBD Zb`ene : Jvnfunh`db ejf ejsjopjþd ejf Hnp`tnf Guonbd ^ZJ [YJXJBUN1
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XJ[U@JOIYJ 9;>7
:. Jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd ejf hnp`tnf guonbd. Jb jf oubed jb quj v`v`ods jvnfunods jb tded odojbtd jf ejsjopjþd ej fns hdsns y pjrsdbns quj bds rdejnb. ^ujrjods snijr gnstn eøbej ffjcn jf vdfuojb ejf jqu`pd ej sdb`ed quj hdoprnods, hdoprnods, quà vjfdh`ene nfhnbzn bujstrd nutdoøv`f jb fn hnrrjtjrn, høod rjnhh`dbn bujstrds no`cds nbtj fns s`tunh`dbjs e`lïh`fjs, høod vn jf pdrtnldf`d ej nhh`dbjs jb fn idfsn, hdod onrhgn bujstrn joprjsn, høod sj hdopdrtn bujstrn bdv`n jb odojbtds e`lïh`fjs, e`lïh`fjs, jth. Fn jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd js ub gjhgd hdt`e`nbd jb bujstrn v`en, nsï hdod jb fns drcnb`znh`dbjs. Xjcñb hdb Sjrtgjr y Env`s (>00. Hdbhjptunf`znh`øb ej fn jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd. (Gjrrn, X y Yderïcujz, B., >000). Jf prdhje`o`jbtd iîs`hd pnrn jvnfunr jf rjhursd guonbd sj ejbdo`bn Jvnfunh`øb ej ejsjopjþd y cjbjrnfojbtj sj jfnidrn n pnrt`r ej prdcrnons ldronfjs ej jvnfunh`øb insneds jb ubn rnzdbnifj hnbt`ene ej `bldronh`dbjss rjspjhtd ej fds jopfjneds y ej su ejsjopjþd jb jf hnrcd `bldronh`dbj (Gjrrn, X y Yderïcujz, B., >000). Fn jvnfunh`øb ej ejsjopjþd js ub s`stjon ej nprjh`nh`øb ejf ejsjbvdfv`o`jbtd ejf `be`v`eud jb su hnrcd, y su pdtjbh`nf ej ejsnrrdffd. Uden jvnfunh`øb js ub
prdhjsd pnrn jst`onr jst`onr d auzcnr jf vnfdr, fn jxhjfjbh`n, fns hunf`enejs d jf jstntus ej nfcñb diajtd d pjrsdbn
([nrrn, O., 9;;9). Fn jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd ej fns pjrsdbns hdbst`tuyj ubn tàhb`hn ej e`rjhh`øb `oprjsh`be`ifj jb jf prdhjsd neo`b`strnt`vd. Oje`nbtj jffn sj pujejb jbhdbtrnr prdifjons ej supjrv`s`øb ejf rjhursd guonbd, ej `btjcrnh`øb ejf trninanedr n fn joprjsn d nf hnrcd quj dhupn nhtunfojbtj, ej fn lnftn ej nprdvjhgno`jbtd ej pdtjbh`nfjs onydrjs quj fds jx`c`eds pnrn jf hnrcd, ej odt`vnh`øb, jbtrj dtrds (Qñþ`cn, N. 9;;.>. Ijbjl`h`ds jb su npf`hnh`øb. Hunbed ub prdcrnon ej jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd jstî i`jb pfnbjned, hddre`bned y ejsnrrdffned, prdpdrh`dbn ijbjl`h`ds n hdrtd, oje`nbd y fnrcd pfnzds. Jb Cjbjrnf, fds pr`bh`pnfjs ijbjl`h`nr`ds ijbjl`h`nr`ds sdb jf `be`v`eud, jf cjrjbtj, fn drcnb`znh`øb y fn hdoub`ene. hdoub`ene.
Ijbjl`h`ds
pnrn jf ajlj1 ajlj1
Jvnfunr ojadr jf ejsjopjþd y jf hdopdrtno`jbtd hdopdrtno`jbtd ej fds hdfnidrnedrjs, hdb insj jb fns vnr`nifjs y fds lnhtdrjs ej jvnfunh`øb y, sdirj tded, hdbtnbed hdb ub s`stjon ej oje`h`øb hnpnz ej bjutrnf`znr fn suiajt`v`ene. suiajt`v`ene.
[rdpdbjr oje`ens y e`spds`h`dbjs dr`jbtnens n ojadrnr jf jstîbenr ej ejsjopjþd ej sus suidre`bneds. suidre`bneds.
Hdoub`hnrsj hdb sus suidre`bneds pnrn quj hdoprjbenb fn ojhîb`hn ej jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd hdod ub s`stjon diajt`vd, y quj oje`nbtj jsj s`stjon pujen hdbdhjr huîf js su ejsjopjþd. ejsjopjþd.
Ijbjl`h`ds pnrn jf
suidre`bned. suidre`bned.
Hdbdhjr fns rjcfns ej aujcd, js ejh`r, fds nspjhtds ej hdopdrtno`jbtd y ej ejsjopjþd quj oîs vnfdrn fn joprjsn jb sus hdfnidrnedrjs. hdfnidrnedrjs.
Hdbdhjr huîfjs sdb fns jxpjhtnt`vns ej su ajlj nhjrhn ej su ejsjopjþd, y sus ldrtnfjzns y eji`f`enejs, sjcñb fn jvnfunh`øb ejf ajlj. ajlj.
Xnijr quj e`spds`h`dbjs d oje`ens tdon jf ajlj pnrn ojadrnr su ejsjopjþd (prdcrnons ej jbtrjbno`jbtd, hnpnh`tnh`øb, jth.), y fns quj jf prdp`d suidre`bned ejijrî tdonr pdr su hujbtn (nutd hdrrjhh`øb, onydr jsojrd, onydr ntjbh`øb nf trninad, hursds pdr su prdp`n hujbtn, jth.) jth.)
Nutdjvnfunr y nutdhr`t`hnr su ejsnrrdffd y nutd hdbtrdf. hdbtrdf.
drcnb`znh`øb. Ijbjl`h`ds pnrn fn drcnb`znh`øb.
[ujej jvnfunr su pdtjbh`nf guonbd n hdrtd, oje`nbd y fnrcd pfnzds y ejl`b`r fn e`str`iuh`øb ej hnen jopfjned. jopfjned.
[ujej `ejbt`l`hnr fds jopfjneds quj bjhjs`tnb nhtunf`znh`øb d pjrljhh`dbno`jbtd pjrljhh`dbno `jbtd jb ejtjro`bnens îrjns ej nht`v`ene, y sjfjhh`dbnr n fds jopfjneds quj t`jbjb hdbe`h`dbjs pnrn nshjbejrfds d trnbsljr`rfds. trnbsljr`rfds.
[ujej enr onydr e`bîo`hn n su pdfït`hn ej rjhursds guonbds, dlrjh`jbed dpdrtub`enejs n fds jopfjneds (bd sdfd ej nshjbsds, s`bd ej prdcrjsd y ej ejsnrrdffd pjrsdbnf), jst`oufnbed fn prdeuht`v`ene y ojadrnbed fns rjfnh`dbjs guonbns jb jf trninad. trninad.
:.>.9. Onrhd aurïe`hd. Nrtïhufd 9;. Fn jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd. >. Fns Neo`b`strnh`dbjs [ñif`hns jstnifjhjrîb s`stjons quj pjro`tnb fn jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd ejhunf sus jopfjneds. Fn jvnfunh`øb ejfprdljs`dbnf ejsjopjþdy js jf prdhje`o`jbtd oje`nbtj jf sj o`ej y vnfdrn fn hdbeuhtn jf rjbe`o`jbtd d jf fdcrd ej rjsuftneds. 9. Fds s`stjons ej jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd sj nejhunrîb, jb tded hnsd, n hr`tjr`ds ej trnbspnrjbh`n, diajt`v`ene, `opnrh`nf`ene y bd e`shr`o`bnh`øb y sj npf`hnrîb s`b ojbds hnid ej fds ejrjhgds ej fds jopfjneds pñif`hds. 8. Fns Neo`b`strnh`dbjs [ñif`hns ejtjro`bnrîb fds jljhtds ej fn jvnfunh`øb jb fn hnrrjrn prdljs`dbnf gdr`zdbtnf, fn ldronh`øb, fn prdv`s`øb ej pujstds ej trninad y jb fn pjrhjph`øb ej fns rjtr`iuh`dbjs hdopfjojbtnr`ns prjv`s prjv`stns tns jb jf nrtïhufd 95 ejf prjsjbtj Jstntutd.
5. fn hdbt`bu`ene jb ub pujstd ej trninad ditjb`ed pdr hdbhursd qujenrî v`bhufnen n fn jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd ej nhujred hdb fds s`stjons ej jvnfunh`øb quj hnen Neo`b`strnh`øb [ñif`hn ejtjro`bj, eîbedsj nue`jbh`n nf `btjrjsned, y pdr fn hdrrjspdbe`jbtj hdrrjspdbe`jbtj rjsdfuh`øb odt`vnen. :. Fn npf`hnh`øb ej fn hnrrjrn prdljs`dbnf gdr`zdbtnf, ej fns rjtr`iuh`dbjs hdopfjojbtnr`nss ejr`vnens ejf npnrtned h) ejf nrtïhufd 95 ejf prjsjbtj Jstntutd hdopfjojbtnr`n y jf hjsj ejf pujstd ej trninad ditjb`ed pdr jf prdhje`o`jbtd ej hdbhursd rjqujr`rîb fn nprdinh`øb prjv`n, jb hnen hnsd, ej s`stjons diajt`vds quj pjro`tnb jvnfunr jf ejsjopjþd ej nhujred hdb fd jstnifjh`ed jb fds npnrtneds > y 9 ej jstj nrtïhufd.
Nrtïhufd >9: ej fn Hdbst`tuh`øb [dfït`hn [dfït`hn ej Hdfdoi`n
Fjy 0;0 ej 9;;5, Hnpïtufd @@ ejf Uïtufd \@
Ejhrjtd >993 ej 9;;:
Ejhrjtd 33 y >7 ejf 99 ej jbjrd ej 9;;7
Jstns bdrons e`spdbjb, jbtrj dtrds nspjhtds1
n) Fn dif`cnh`øb ej jvnfunr i) ^uj jf ejsjopjþd ej fds sjrv`edrjs pñif`hds y su hdrrjspdbe`jbtj hdrrjspdbe`jbtj jvnfunh`øb cunrejb rjfnh`øb hdb fns ojtns `bst`tuh`dbnfjs h) ^uj fn jvnfunh`øb sj rjnf`hj hdb insj jb pnrîojtrds prjv`nojbtj jstnifjh`eds e) ^uj jf prdhje`o`jbtd ej Jvnfunh`øb ejf Ejsjopjþd Fnidrnf hdbtjopfj1 ^uj fds t`pds ej jvnfunh`øb sj rjnf`hjb ejbtrd ej fds pfnzds y hnsds prjv`stds jb fn Fjy Fds `bstruojbtds pnrn jf ejsnrrdffd ej hnen ubn ej fns lnsjs ejf prdhje`o`jbtd
Fds rjspdbsnifjs y pnrt`h`pnbtjs ej fn jvnfunh`øb
Fn jshnfn ej vnfdrnh`øb ej fds rjsuftneds
Jf prdhje`o`jbtd y fds rjspdbsnifjs rjspdbsnifjs ej fn hdoub`hnh`øb ej fds rjsuftneds ej fns jvnfunh`dbjs pnrh`nfjs y ej fn bdt`l`hnh`øb ej fds rjsuftneds ej fns
jvnfunh`dbjs ejl`b`t`vns Jf trîo`tj ej fds rjhursds y ej fns rjhfnonh`dbjs
Fds usds ejf rjsuftned ej fn jvnfunh`øb
Xjcñb fn Fjy Drcîb`hn ej [rdhje`o`jbtds Neo`b`strnt`v Neo`b`strnt`vds ds nþd >70> HN[ÏUZFD @\, Ej fn puif`hnh`øb y Bdt`l`hnh`øb ej fds Nhtds Neo`b`strnt`v Neo`b`strnt`vds ds
Nrtïhufd 391 Fds nhtds neo`b`strnt`vds ej hnrîhtjr cjbjrnf d quj `btjrjsjb n ub bñojrd `bejtjro`bned ej pjrsdbns, ejijrîb sjr puif`hneds jb fn CNHJUN DL@H@NF quj hdrrjspdben nf drcnb`sod quj tdoj fn ejh`s`øb. Xj jxhjptñnb nqujffds nhtds neo`b`strnt`vds rjljrjbtjs n nsubtds `btjrbds ej fn neo`b`strnh`øb. Unoi`àb sjrîb puif`hneds jb `cunf ldron fds nhtds neo`b`strnt`v neo`b`strnt`vds ds ej hnrîhtjr pnrt`hufnr hunbed nsï fd jx`an fn Fjy. Hdod fn jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd js ub nhtd `btjrbd ej fn neo`b`strnh`øb js ej hnrîhtjr pnrt`hufnr ej hnen drcnb`znh`øb y bd js rjcufnen pdr jstn fjy. Jb hnsd quj fds rjsuftneds ej fn jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd fds trninanedrjs s`jbtnb quj sus ejrjhgds sdb ojbdshnineds jbtrn jb aujcd fn fjy drcîb`hn ejf trninad nþd >003, quj h`tn fd s`cu`jbtj. HN[ÏUZFD @, E`spds`h`dbjs Cjbjrnfjs
Nrtïhufd 9±1 Jf Jstned prdtjcjrî y jbnftjhjrî jf trninad, nopnrnrî fn e`cb`ene ej fn pjrsdbn guonbn ejf trninanedr y e`htnrî bdrons pnrn jf ojadr huopf`o`jbtd ej su lubh`øb hdod lnhtdr ej ejsnrrdffd, inad fn `bsp`rnh`øb ej fn aust`h`n sdh`nf sdh`nf y ej fn jqu`ene.
Nrtïhufd 8±1 Jb b`bcñb hnsd sjrîb rjbubh`nifjs fns bdrons y e`spds`h`dbjs quj lnvdrjzhnb n fds trninanedrjs. :.>.8. [r`bh`pnfjs lnhtdrjs quj nljhtnb jf ejsjopjþd jb jf pujstd ej trninad. ´Høod sj jstî hdopdrtnbed fn pjrsdbn quj dhupn jf pujstd4 Fds lnhtdrjs quj nljhtnb jf ejsjopjþd jb jf pujstd ej trninad sdb1
Jslujrzd `be`v`eunf. \nfdr ej fns rjhdopjbsns. [jrhjph`øb ej quj fns rjhdopjbsns ejpjbejb ejf jslujrzd Hnpnh`enejs ejf `be`v`eud. Ejsjopjþd jb jf pujstd. [jrhjph`øb ejf pnpjf.
:.9. [rdhjsd ej jvnfunh`øb. Nf rjspjhtd, jf nutdr Adgb O. @vnbhjv`hg, prdpdbj < pnsds pnrn gnhjr ubn Jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd. >. Jstnifjhjr jstîbenrjs ej ejsjopjþd pnrn tdens fns pds`h`dbjs y fds hr`tjr`ds ej jvnfunh`øb. 9. Jstnifjhjr pdfït`hns ej jvnfunh`øb ej ejsjopjþd sdirj hunbed hnf`l`hnr, hdb quà lrjhujbh`n y qu`jb ejij gnhjrfd. 8. [je`r n fds jvnfunedrjs quj rjñbnb fds entds sdirj jf ejsjopjþd ej fds jopfjneds. 5. [je`r n fds jvnfunedrjs quj nvnfñjb jf ejsjopjþd ej fds jopfjneds. :. Nbnf`znr fn jvnfunh`øb hdb jf jopfjned.
. @ejbt`l`hnh`øb ej fds diajt`vds jspjhïl`hds. >. Nejhunh`øb ejf `be`v`eud nf pujstd. 9. Hnpnh`tnh`øb. 8. [rdodh`øb. 5. @bhjbt`vd snfnr`nf pdr iujb ejsjopjþd :. Ojadrn ej fns rjfnh`dbjs guonbns jbtrj supjr`drjs y suidre`bneds. ;. Hdbdh`o`jbtd Hdbdh`o`jbtd ej fds `be`hnedrjs ej ejsjopjþd ej fn drcnb`znh`øb. >>. Yjtrdnf`ojbtnh`øb Yjtrdnf`ojbtnh`øb ej `bldronh`øb nf `be`v`eud jvnfuned. >9. Dtrns Dtrns ejh`s`dbjs ej pjrsdbnf, hdod trnbsljrjbh`n, hdbtrntnh`dbjs, jthàtjrn. [jro`t`r
jf trntno`jbtd ej fds rjhursds guonbds hdod ubn `opdrtnbtj vjbtnan ej fn joprjsn, y huyn prdeuht`v`ene pujej ejsnrrdffnrsj ejsnrrdffnrsj ej oded `bejl`b`ed, ejpjbe`jbed ej s`stjon ej neo`b`strnh`øb.
Enr dpdrtub`enejs ej hrjh`o`jbtd y hdbe`h`dbjs ej jljht`vn pnrt`h`pnh`øb n tdeds fds o`joirds ej fn drcnb`znh`øb, tjb`jbed jb hujbtn, pdr ubn pnrtj, ej fds diajt`vds drcnb`znh`dbnfjs y, pdr dtrn fds diajt`vds `be`v`eunfjs.
:.9.9. Jstnifjhjr fns jxpjhtnt`vns d pnrîojtrds n jvnfunr. Fns jxpjhtnt`vns sj ldronb n pnrt`r ej fn pjrhjph`øb ej fn hdopjtjbh`n hdb rjspjhtd n fn rjnf`znh`øb ej ubn tnrjn, jb hdoi`bnh`øb hdb fds lnhtdrjs pds`t`vds y bjcnt`vds nbt`h`pneds. Ejtjro`bnr fns rjspdbsni`f`enejs y pr`dr`enejs ej hnen hdfnidrnedr.
Ejsnrrdffnr fns gni`f`enejs, ejstrjzns y hdopjtjbh`ns ej sus hdfnidrnedrjs.
Ojadrnr jf rjbe`o`jbtd `be`v`eunf ej sus trninanedrjs y fn prdeuht`v`ene ej su joprjsn.
[rdpdrh`dbn ubn dp`b`øb hdbstruht`vn sdirj fd quj sj gnhj i`jb (rjhdbdh`o`jbtd) (rjhdbdh`o `jbtd) y fd quj js ojadrnifj (pnrn nprjbejr).
Ldojbtn fn hdoub`hnh`øb hnrn n hnrn jbtrj sus hdfnidrnedrjs y sus ajljs e`rjhtds.
Yjbe`o`jbtd ejf nprjbe`znaj, b`vjf rjbe`o`jbtd.
Fns jxpjhtnt`vns ej jl`hnh`n1 hdbs`stj jb fn jst`onh`øb quj rjnf`zn fn pjrsdbn ej fn prdini`f`ene ej quj pujen jajhutnr ub nhtd, sdb nprjh`nh`dbjs suiajt`vns ej fn hnpnh`ene quj t`jbj fn pjrsdbn pnrn rjnf`znr ubn hdbeuhtn hdb àx`td.
js fn jst`onh`øb gjhgn pdrtjbcn fn pjrsdbn sdirj fns fn jxpjhtnt`vnejejquj rjsuftned1 prdini`f`ene fn hdbeuhtn, ubn vjz rjnf`znen, hdbsjhujbh`ns hdbsjhujbh`n sdh`nfjs, lïs`hns y nutd-jvnfunt`vns, sdb nprjh`nh`dbjs suiajt`vns ej quj sj prdeuh`rî ub rjsuftned jspjhïl`hd s` sj ffjvn n hnid ubn ejtjro`bnen hdbeuhtn ej ldron jx`tdsn.
:.9.8. E`sjþd ej fds oàtdeds y tàhb`hns ej jvnfunh`øb. OÀUDEDX EJ J\NFZNH@ØB EJ EJXJO[JÞD. Fds oàtdeds ej jvnfunh`øb sjrîb jfjc`eds ej nhujred n fds diajt`vds pfnbtjneds pnrn bujstrn joprjsn joprjsn ej jstue` jstue`d. d.
OÀUDED JXHNFN CYÎL@HN1
Jf oàtded jshnfn crîl`hn js ub oàtded quj jvnfñn jf ejsjopjþd ej fds `btjcrnbtjs oje`nbtj lnhtdrjs ej jvnfunh`øb prjv`nojbtj ejl`b`eds y crneuneds, fds lnhtdrjs ej jvnfunh`øb sdb fns hunf`enejs quj pdsjj jf `btjcrnbtj quj sj ejsjnb jvnfunr. Xj ejl`bjb s`opfj y diajt`vnojbtj pnrn jv`tnr e`stdrs`dbjs. e`stdrs`dbjs.
Jb jstj oàtded su ut`f`znb `bstruojbtds ontjoît`hds y jstneïst`hds.
•
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vjbtnans •
lîh`f hdoprjbs`øb hdoprjbs`øb
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npf`hnh`øb sjbh`ffn
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fds jvnfunedrjs rjqu`jrjb jshnsn hnpnh`tnh`øb
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pujej sjr npf`hned npf`hned n crnbejs hnbt`enejs hnbt`enejs ej pjr pjrsdbns sdbns
ejsvjbtnans •
e`stdrs`dbjss `bvdfubtnr`ns e`stdrs`dbj
•
fn rjtrdnf`ojbtnh`øb sj vj ojbdshninen
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jf jopfjned t`jbj pdhn dpdrtub`ene ej ojadrnr nspjhtds ejl`h`jbtjs d ej rjldrznrfds
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js rut`bnr`n y cjbjrnf`zn fds rjsuftneds ej fns jvnfunh`dbjs.
Jf oàtded ej jvnfunh`øb `be`v`eunf pdr jshnfn crîl`hn pujej `opfjojbtnrsj `opfjojbtnrsj oje`nbtj vnr`ds prdhjsds ej hfns`l`hnh`øb. Jshnfn crîl`hn hdbt`bun. Jshnfn crîl`hn sjo`hdbt`bun. Jshnfn crîl`hn e`shdbt`bun.
Jshnfn crîl`hn hdbt`bun. Js fn oîs lîh`f ej npf`hnr pjrd cjbjrn hdbtrdvjrs`n eji`ed n quj sdfd sj hnf`l`hn jb insj n eds pubtds.
|TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT |TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT| TTTTTTTTT| @bsul`h`jbtj.
Jxhjfjbtj.
Jshnfn crîl`hn sjo`hdbt`bu sjo`hdbt`bun. n. Jstn jshnfn onbjan oîs pubtds, pjrd sj s`cuj onbjanbed jb eds jstntus `bsul`h`jbtj d jxhjfjbtj), fn e`ljrjbh`n n fn jshnfn hdbt`bun js quj jstj bds `be`hn jf fïo`tj oïb`od y jf fïo`tj oîx`od. |TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT|TTTTTTT |TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTT|TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT| TTTTTTTTTTTTT| @bsul`h`jbtj.
Jxhjfjbtj.
Jshnfn crîl`hn e`shdbt`bu e`shdbt`bun. n. Jstn crîl`hn js fn oîs rjhdojbenen eji`ed n quj jspjh`l`hn jxnhtnojbtj jf rjsuftned ej fn jvnfunh`øb, fds jstntus pujejb sjr `bsul`h`jbtj, rjcufnr, iujbd y jxhjfjbtj. |TTTTTTTTTTTT|TTTTTTTTTTTTT|TTT |TTTTTTTTTTTT| TTTTTTTTTTTTT|TTTTTTTTTTTTT| TTTTTTTTTT| @bsul`h`jbtj.
Yjcufnr.
Iujbd.
Jxhjfjbtj.
\jbtnans.
Inad hdstd.
Jx`cj pdhd trninad nf jvnfunedr jb jf rjc`strd ej fn jvnfunh`øb, yn quj fd s`opf`l`hn jbdrojojbtj. v`s`øb `btjcrnen. pds`i`f`tn ubn v`s`øb
Ejsvjbtnans.
Bd pjro`tj nf jvnfunedr jvnfunedr tjbjr ouhgn ouhgn lfjx`i`f`ene. U`jbej n cjbjrnf`znr fds rjsuftneds ej fns jvnfunh`dbjs.
OÀUDED JFJHH@ØB LDYQNEN1
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Jstj oàtded hdbs`stj jb jvnfunr jf ejsjopjþd ej fds `be`v`euds oje`nbtj lrnsjs ejshr`pt`vns ej ejtjro`bnens nftjrbnt`vns ej t`pds ej ejsjopjþd
`be`v`eunf. Xj ejijb rjnf`znr lrnsjs y fujcd jshdcjr ‖ldrzdsnojbtj‟ ubn d
eds jffns, fn quj oîs sj naustj nf `btjcrnbtj ejf crupd.
vjbtnans Yjeuhj fns e`stdrs`dbjs `btrdeuh`en pdr jf jvnfunedr •
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Js ej npf`hnh`øb sjbh`ffn
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Bd rjqu`jrj prjpnrnh`øb prjpnrnh`øb prjv`n ejf jvnfunedr
ejsvjbtnans •
Xu npf`hnh`øb j `opfjojbtnh`øb js ouy hdopfjan jx`cj ubn pfnbjnh`øb ouy hu`enedsn y ejodrnen
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js ub oàtded hdopnrnt`vd e`shr`o`bntdr`d e`shr`o`bntdr`d y prjsjbtn rjsuftneds cfdinfjs
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bd pjro`tj fn rjtrdnf`ojbtnh`øb rjtrdnf`ojbtnh`øb
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e`st`bcuj jopfjneds iujbds, oje`ds j `bsul`h`jbtjs s`b enr onydr `bldronh`øb.
OÀUDED EJ @B\JXU@CNH@ØB EJ HNO[D •
Js ub oàtded ejsnrrdffned hdb insj jb jbtrjv`stns ej ub jspjh`nf`stn (jf prdljsdr jb bujstrd hnsd), hdb jvnfunh`øb hdb jf ssupjr`dr upjr`dr `boje`ntd (fïejr ejf crupd), oje`nbtj jf hunf sj vjr`l`hn y jvnfñn jf ejsjopjþd ej fds `btjcrnbtjs ejf crupd. [ujej tjbjr crnb e`vjrs`ene ej npf`hnh`dbjs, yn quj pjro`tj jvnfunr jf ejsjopjþd y sus hnusns, pfnbjnr aubtd hdb jf fïejr fds oje`ds pnrn su ejsnrrdffd y nhdopnþnr nf `btjcrnbtj ejf crupd ej onbjrn ouhgd oîs e`bîo`hn.
OÀUDED EJ FDX @BH@EJBUJX HYÏU@HDX
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Jstj js ub oàtded quj bd sj prjdhupn ej fns hnrnhtjrïst`hns s`tunens, ejbtrd ejf hnopd ej bdronf`ene s`bd jxnhtnojbtj jb nqujffns hnrnhtjrïst`hns ouy pds`t`vns d ouy bjcnt`vns.
OÀUDED EJ HDO[NYNH@ØB [DY [NYJX. Jstj oàtded hdopnrn n fds `btjcrnbtjs ejf crupd jb turbds ej n eds y sj nbdtn hunf js jf quj sj hdbs`ejrn ojadr jb hunbtd n ejsjopjþd. •
OJUDED EJ LYNXJX EJXHY@[U@\NX Jstj oàtded ut`f`zn lrnsjs pnrn ejl`b`r jf ejsjopjþd ej hnen `btjcrnbtj y jf jvnfunedr sdfd ej ejij jfjc`r nqujffns quj n su au`h`d, jstj ej nhujred hdb fns hnrnhtjrïst`hns fn pjrsdbn.
\jbtnans1
Jf jvnfunedr sjþnfn fns lrnsjs quj ejshr`ijb jf rjbe`o`jbtd ejf jopfjned y fns quj ejoujstrnb fd dpujstd ej su ejsjopjþd.
Bd jx`cj dif`cntdr`jene dif`cntdr`jene jb fn jfjhh`øb ej lrnsjs.
Xu npf`hnh`øb js s`opfj y bd rjqu`jrj prjpnrnh`øb `btjbsn d sdl`st`hnen ej fds jvnfuneds
Ejsvjbtnans1
Gny lrnsjs quj bd sj hdbtjopfnb eji`ed n su cjbjrnf`ene.
[rjsjbtn rjsuftneds cfdinfjs.
:.9.5. Npf`hnh`øb ej fn jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd. >. Js ub e`nfdcd jbtrj ub jopfjned y su ajlj `boje`ntd supjr`dr, quj sj hjbtrn sdirj jf rjbe`o`jbtd ejf jopfjned eurnbtj fds ñft`ods ojsjs, `bhfuyjbed tnoi`àb ubn pfnb`l`hnh`øb pnrn ode`l`hnr jf luturd rjbe`o`jbtd 9. Odejrnenojbtj, jstî jbtrjv`stn js rjnf`znen pdr vnr`ns pjrsdbns, jb edbej sj hdoi`bnb ldrons ej jvnfunh`øb hdbs`ejrned jf rjbe`o`jbtd pnsned (rjc`strd ej nhdbtjh`o`jbtd hrït`hd, sjfjhh`øb ldrznen, ldrz nen, jshnfn ej hnf`l`hnh`øb hdbeuhtunf jbtrj dtrds) y ldrons ej jvnfunh`øb ejf rjbe`o`jbtd luturd (nutdjvnfunh`øb, neo`b`strnh`øb, pdr diajt`vds, hjbtrds ej jvnfunh`øb, jvnfunh`dbjs ps`hdføc`hns). Jb fn npf`hnh`øb sj fdcrn jstds pubtds `opdrtnbtjs1 `opdrtnbtjs1
Hdoub`hnr y npdynr ejtjro`bnens ejh`s`dbjs neo`b`strnt`vns. Unfjs hdod nuojbtnr snfnr`ds, prdodh`dbjs, trnsfneds. [rdpdrh`dbnr ubn rjtrdnf`ojbtnh`øb ej su rjbe`o`jbtd n fds jopfjneds. [rdodvjr jf ejsnrrdffd ej fds jopfjneds oje`nbtj fn `ejbt`l`hnh`øb ej sus bjhjs`enejs ej ldronh`øb y nhdbsjaîbedfjs, npdyîbedfjs, prjpnrîbedfjs y odt`vîbedfjs pnrn quj ojadrj. Jstnifjhjr diajt`vds hdoubjs ej trninad. [rdodvjr jf ejsnrrdffd ej fn hnrrjrn, e`shut`jbed pfnbjs ej fnrcd pfnzd pnrn jf ejsnrrdffd ejsnrrdffd y fn prdodh`øb. prdodh`øb.
:.9.:. Nbîf`s`s, rjtrdnf`ojbtnh`øb y cjst`øb ej rjsuftneds ejf rjbe`o`jbtd. Jb fds prdhjsds fnidrnfjs, fns joprjsns jx`tdsns iushnb s`joprj rjhdbdhjr n fds ojadrjs jopfjneds pnrt`jbed ej hr`tjr`ds fns oîs ej fns vjhjs nftnojbtj suiajt`vds, ej ngï quj tded s`stjon ej jvnfunh`øb, pdsjj jb sï o`sod ub crned onydr d ojbdr ej suiajt`v`ene jb tnbtd quj sj npf`hn sjcñb jf hr`tjr`d ej nqujf quj jajhutn e`hgd s`stjon.
Diajt`vds ej ub s`stjon ej jvnfunh`øb fnidrnf Bdronfojbtj fns joprjsns quj ut`f`znb s`stjons ej jvnfunh`øb fnidrnf sj pujejb l`anr vnr`ds vnr`ds diajt`vds diajt`vds,, jbtrj fds oîs oîs bdoirneds sdb1
>.-Odt`vnr nf trninanedr pnrn quj ojadrj jf ejsjopjþd
9.-Hdbvjrt`rsj jb ub `bstruojbtd `bstruojbtd quj ejtjro`bj ejtjro`bj fds `bhrjojbtds snfnr`nfjs 8.-Ir`benr jfjojbtds pnrn fn pfnb`l`hnh`øb prdljs`dbnf ej fds trninanedrjs 5.-Ejtjro`bnr îrjns ej hnpnh`tnh`øb pnrn jf pjrsdbnf pjrsdbnf :.-Hdneyuvnr jb fn l`anh`øb ej diajt`vds pnrn jf trninanedr 077). Neo`b`strnh Neo`b`strnh`øb `øb ej Yjhursds Guonbds. Oàx`hd1 Oh Crnw- G`ff. Gjrrn, X y Yderïcujz, B. (>000). Jvnfunh`øb ej ejsjopjþd. Yjv`stn Nhtn Nhneào`hn, Bñojrd Bñojrd 95, Zb`vjrs`ene Zb`vjrs`ene Nutøbdon Nutøbdon ej Hjbtrd Noàr`hn. Noàr`hn. [nrrn, O. (9;;9). Fn jvnfunh`øb ejf ejsjopjþd y fn cjst`øb ej fds YYGG. Zb`vjrs`ene rnlnjf Ijffdsd Hgnhïb- urij. Hdbsuftned jb sjpt`joirj 7 ej 9;;< jb www.rrggoncnb`zj.hdo. www.rrggoncnb`zj.hdo.
Quþ`cn, N. (9;;:/>;/F@IYD-93-Neo IYD-93-Neo`b`strnh`db`b`strnh`dbgttp1//www.upc.ox/wp-hdbtjbt/upfdnes/9;>:/>;/F@ ej-Yjhursds-Guonbds.pel gttp1//pyo gttp1//pyoj.fnvdztx.hdo/lnhtdr j.fnvdztx.hdo/lnhtdrjs-quj-nljhtnb-jfjs-quj-nljhtnb-jf-ejsjopjd-ej-f ejsjopjd-ej-fds-jopfjnedsds-jopfjneds5559.gtof 5559.gtof gttps1//s`tjs.cddcfj.hdo/s`tj/ ejsnrrdffdejfhnp`tnfguonbd``/jvnf tnfguonbd``/jvnfunh`db-ejfunh`db-ejfgttps1//s`tjs.cddcfj.hdo/s`tj/ejsnrrdffdejfhnp` ejsjopjbd ejsjopjbd
gttp1//js.sf`ejsgnrj.bjt/mndx /jvnfunh`b-ejf-ejsjopjd->97:>75: sjopjd->97:>75: gttp1//js.sf`ejsgnrj.bjt/mndx/jvnfunh`b-ejf-ej
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