UBBL

By-Laws 98 Fences and Boundary Walls -Any fences and boundary walls of a housing other than that boundary which adjoin to the street of backlane should be constructed to a maximum height with 1.8metres in the case of solid fence which made by brickwall, timber wood or wall and maximum 2.75m height in the case of fences to allow the passage of light and air. Height of fences and boundary walls should be higher but up to a certain limit as stated in the by-law, to avoid outsiders to climb in.

By-Laws 106 Dimension of staircases (1) The rise of any staircase shall be maximum 180mm high and the tread of staircase shall be minimum 225mm wide according to the by-law 106. The dimension of risers and tread for staircase should be equal and consistent. If dimension of staircase no consistent, it cannot be construct. People may falls easily due to the inconsistent dimension of the treads and risers. (2) The width of staircase should be construct according to the by-law 168, normally a standard width of a main staircase minimum are around 1200mm overall strings. (3) The depth(Length) of landing shall not less than the width of the staircase, because according to the law, the width of landing slab in each flight should same with the width of staircase in each flight. Furthermore, the length of the landing should be at least equal to the width of the tread.

Figure: Example of tread and riser.

By –Laws 107 Handrails

Figure: Example of staircase in front of the entrance less than 4 risers is without handrail (1) For all staircase which is more than 4 risers is require to provide at least one handrail, except for the staircase with constructed less than 4 risers.

Intermediate Handrail

Figure: Example of Intermediate Handrail (2) The staircase exceeding 2.25m width should provide a intermediate handrails between it and spaced equally. Example - If the total width of staircase is 5m, then for each 2.25m will put an intermediate handrails between it with equally. (3) For any building other than residential building, a handrails shall be provide at each side of the staircase if the width of staircase is more than 1100mm. Handrails provide can make sure the safety of guest and the old people.

Figure: Example of Handrails Sizes (4) All handrails of staircase should project maximum 100mm from the face of the finished wall surface, and it shall be located minimum 825mm and maximum 900mm measured from the nosing of the treads. Handrails to landing shall be at least 900mm from the level of the landing. By-Laws 108 Maximum flight

Figure: Example of step in one flight ( Maximum 16 risers) (1) In residential buildings, a landing shall provide with at least 1.80m depth every 4.25m height. Usually risers of all staircases in any building shall not be exceeding 16 risers between each landing. (2) There is no flight with less than 2 risers according to by-laws.

By-Laws 109 Winders

Figure: Winding Staircase (1) Based on the provision of Part VII and VIII (fire requirements) by-laws, spiral staircase can be consider as secondary staircase in buildings where the topmost floor cannot exceed more than 12.2m height. So it is suitable for lower height building. (2) Winding staircase may not use as a main escape or exit, because if in case of fire, it is hard to let people to escape so it is not so suitable for using it. By-Laws 114 Timber Roofs (1) Structural timber for roof construction shall be designed and constructed adequate sizes which shall either be hardwood or other species of timber shall be treated by wood preservative. (2) All built-in or hidden roof timbers shall be coated with wood preservative as it can extend the life of timber, increase the durability and resistance from being destroyed by insects or fungus. By Laws 115 Roof Coverings and Drainage - All roofs of buildings shall be constructed suitable and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes as to drain effectually for receiving and conveying all water which may fall on from the roof.

By Laws 117 Access to Roof Space

Figure: Example of access of roof space (1) Accessing the space under a roof is enclosed by the ceiling and it can be a simple matter of lifting a ceiling tile and peaking within, access to such space shall be provided a trap door at minimum 0.75m in any direction. (2) No verandah-way shall be constructed except approved by the local authority and shall have a cross-fall of 25mm towards the road and drain.

Reference 1. http://badrulhishamarchitect.blogspot.com/2011/03/overview-of-uniform-building-bylaws_5979.html 2. http://perakhouse.blogspot.com/p/blog-page.html 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_roof_truss 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairs