Tutorial Imex Builder (Si Units)

Computer Modelling Group Ltd.

Tutorial

Building, Running and Analyzing a “Black Oil” Reservoir Simulation Model

Using

Builder

&

IMEX

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... 2 CREATING A “BLACK OIL” MODEL USING BUILDER ......................................................................... 4 Starting CMG Launcher Opening BUILDER Creating the Simulation Grid (structural data) Assigning Porosity & Permeability to the Model Creating PVT Data Creating Relative Permeability Data Creating Initial Conditions

4 4 4 8 9 11 13

INCORPORATING WELL TRAJECTORIES AND PERFORATIONS .................................................... 14 ADDING HISTORICAL PRODUCTION DATA TO THE MODEL ............................................................ 17 Creating Average Monthly Production / Injection Recurrent Well Data Creating Field Production History (*.fhf) for History Match Well Definition and Constraints

18 19 20

WRITE OUT RESTART INFORMATION TO A RESTART FILE ............................................................ 24 RUNNING THE IMEX DATASET ........................................................................................................... 24 REVIEWING THE SIMULATION RESULTS USING RESULTS GRAPH AND RESULTS 3D .................. 25 Creating a Flow Property versus Depth (PLT) plot

26

USING THE HISTORICAL DATA RESTART FILE IN A PREDICTION RUN ......................................... 28 Using the Trigger Option to control the Injection based on Sector Pressure

31

ADD A HYDRAULIC FRACTURE .......................................................................................................... 35 Adding an Aquifer Analyzing the Data Further Analysis

42 43 44

EXTRA EXERCISES .............................................................................................................................. 49

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: New IMEX dataset with contour maps open .................................................................................................. 4 Figure 2: Contour Map with Orthogonal Corner Point Grid ........................................................................................... 5 Figure 3: General Property Specification Spreadsheet ................................................................................................. 5 Figure 4: Specifying a Geological Map for a Property ................................................................................................... 6 Figure 5: 3D View of Reservoir after Property Specification ......................................................................................... 7 Figure 6: Removing the Contour Map from the Display ................................................................................................ 7 Figure 7: Property Specification Spreadsheet with Grid Top, Thickness & Porosity Specified..................................... 8 Figure 8: Components Tab in the Tree View ................................................................................................................ 9 Figure 9: Creating a Quick Model .................................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 10: Parameters for Quick Blackoil Model ......................................................................................................... 10 Figure 11: IMEX PVT Table with Values Generated using the Quick Black Oil Model ..............................................11 Figure 12: Plots for RockType 1 .................................................................................................................................. 12 Figure 13: Initial Conditions interface .......................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 14: Trajectory Properties Window Step 1 of 3.................................................................................................. 14 Figure 15: Trajectory Properties Window Step 2 of 3.................................................................................................. 15 Figure 16: Trajectory Perforations Window ................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 17: Trajectory Perforations Window after Read in Perforation File .................................................................. 16 Figure 18: Step #2 of the Production Data Wizard ...................................................................................................... 17 Figure 19: Assigning identifiers to each column .......................................................................................................... 18 Figure 20: Average Production/Injection Data Plot ..................................................................................................... 19 Figure 21: Well Events Window................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 22: Window for Copying/Deleting Well Events ................................................................................................. 21 Figure 23: Well Completion Data(PERF) interface ...................................................................................................... 22 Figure 24: Adding perforations to well ......................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 25: Changing frequency of writing and items in the result file .......................................................................... 23 Figure 26: Simulation Log File (when runs immediately) ........................................................................................... 24 Figure 27: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data .......................................................................................... 25 Figure 28: Selecting a well to add property versus depth plot .................................................................................... 26 Figure 29: Importing well logs ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 30: Selecting parameter for PLT(rates) plots ................................................................................................... 27 Figure 31: Rate versus distance plot ........................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 32: Well Events Window with Updated BHP Constraint .................................................................................. 29 Figure 33: Well Events Window with ALTER 0 Constraint .......................................................................................... 30 Figure 34: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data with Future Prediction ......................................................31 Figure 35: Setting up trigger ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Figure 36: Creating the parent group .......................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 37: Creating the group for injectors .................................................................................................................. 33 Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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Figure 38: Attaching wells to group ............................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 39: Results from the addition of Trigger ........................................................................................................... 35 Figure 40: Changing the dimensioning variable .......................................................................................................... 36 Figure 41: Removing LAYERXYZ option..................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 42: Non-Darcy flow options for hydraulically fractured wells ............................................................................ 38 Figure 43: Hydraulically fractured well wizard ............................................................................................................. 39 Figure 44: Fracture placement options ........................................................................................................................ 40 Figure 45: Permeabilty and Forchheimer Beta correction in hydraulically fractured well ...........................................41 Figure 46: Results of non-fractured and fractured well ............................................................................................... 42 Figure 48: Select Aquifer Location Window ................................................................................................................ 42 Figure 49: Aquifer Properties Window ......................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 50: Plot of Pressure Difference Due to Aquifer ................................................................................................ 44 Figure 51: Reservoir Showing High Oil Saturation (orange) ....................................................................................... 45 Figure 52: Well Completion Data ................................................................................................................................. 46 Figure 53: Areal View (IJ-2D) of Trajectory for W11 ................................................................................................... 46 Figure 54: Cross Section View (JK-2D) of Trajectory for W11 .................................................................................... 47 Figure 55: Calculating Horizontal well skin Factor ...................................................................................................... 47

REQUIRED FILES PERFS_Meter.perf

Porosflt.bna

production-history.prd

Thickflt.bna

TO10FLT.bna

TRAJ_Meter.wdb

Tutorial.wlg

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Creating a “Black Oil” Model using Builder Create a working directory somewhere on your disk and put the map files that accompany this tutorial in this directory.

Starting CMG Launcher 1. Start the CMG Launcher by using the icon on your desktop, or by going through the Start menu and selecting Programs/CMG/Launcher. 2. Select menu item Project, then Add. 3. Browse for the directory where you stored the map files. 4. Call the project Tutorial. 5. Click OK to exit back to the Launcher. 6. You should now have this directory displayed.

Opening BUILDER 1. Open Builder by double clicking on the appropriate icon in the Launcher. 2. Choose: •

IMEX Simulator, SI Units, Single Porosity

•

Starting date 1991-01-01

3. Click OK twice.

Creating the Simulation Grid (structural data) 1. Click on File (on the menu bar, top left), then “Open Map File…”. 2. Choose “Map Type – Atlas Boundary format (.bna)” and m in “Units for X,Y coordinates in the files” box. 3. Select the Top-of-Structure map file called “TO10FLT.bna” by clicking on the Browse button and locating the file. 4. Click OK

Figure 1: New IMEX dataset with contour maps open Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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5. Maximize the screens for a better view by clicking on the window maximize button. 6. Click on the arrow next to the “Reservoir” (on the left menu bar) and select “Create Grid”. 7. Select "Orthogonal Corner Point" and specify a 25 (I-direction) x 35 (J-direction) x 4 (K-direction) grid. 8. Enter 25*110 in the I direction box (meaning all 25 columns in the I-direction will be 110 meters in length). 9. Enter 35*125 in the J-direction box (meaning all 35 rows in the J-direction will be 125 meters in length). 10. Click OK. 11. Hold down Shift key and hold down left mouse button to move (pan) grid. 12. Hold down Ctrl key and hold down left mouse button to rotate grid.

Figure 2: Contour Map with Orthogonal Corner Point Grid 13. Align the grid with the fault so that a grid block boundary lies along it, and the grid covers the whole map area. 14. Change display control to Probe mode by clicking on this

toolbar button on top tool bar.

15. Click on the Specify Property button (top middle of screen) to open the General Property Specification spreadsheet as shown below.

Figure 3: General Property Specification Spreadsheet Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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16. Select the box for layer 1 under the property column labeled Grid Top. Right click in this box and select the Geological Map option as the data source. 17. Click the Values in file1 button, then Browse and select the top-of-structure map file called TO10FLT.bna ("Map Type – Atlas Boundary format (.bna)" should already be selected from previous actions).

Figure 4: Specifying a Geological Map for a Property 18. Click OK to return to the spreadsheet type window. 19. Repeat this action for Grid Thickness in layer1 box, but this time select "Thickflt.bna" in the Values in file1 box. Also, enter 0.25 in the times box (still on the property specification menu) in order to allocate 25% of the total thickness map to each of the 4 layers in the grid. 20. Finally, copy the "Layer 1 Grid Thickness" cell contents and paste it into the Layer 2, Layer 3 and Layer 4 Grid Thickness cells to complete the specification of Grid Thickness source data for each of the 4 layers in the grid. You can use "Ctrl-C" and "Ctrl-V" keys to copy specifications of the first layer to the other 3 just as in a regular spreadsheet. 21. Click OK, next the Block / Corner Value Calculation window will pop up and click OK to populate the grid with top-of-structure and grid thickness data (this operation is performed by BUILDER using the specified map data to interpolate grid cell values). Also, click OK to the pop-up window regarding clamping. 22. Change the view from "IJ-2D Areal" to "3D View" in the upper left corner.

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Figure 5: 3D View of Reservoir after Property Specification 23. Click on the "Rotate (3D View)" button

(from the toolbar) to rotate the display by holding down the left

mouse button and using the cursor to move the model. Hold down the "Ctrl key" with the "left mouse button" and move the mouse toward the bottom of the screen to zoom in or move the mouse to the top of the screen to zoom out. If a mouse has a scroll wheel, this can also be used to zoom in and out by scrolling the wheel forward (zoom out) or backward (zoom in) 24. To remove the contour map from the display, click the "right mouse button" while the cursor is anywhere in the display area. Select "Properties" from the displayed menu (bottom of list), "Maps" from the tree view; and (finally) uncheck the "Contours Lines" and "Faults" boxes. Press "OK".

Figure 6: Removing the Contour Map from the Display Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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Assigning Porosity & Permeability to the Model 25. Repeat the above process for "Porosity" (i.e. similar to step #19), but select the map "porosflt.bna". This time leave the value in the times box as "1". 26. Copy the map and paste it into Layer 2, Layer 3 and Layer 4 Porosity cells.

Figure 7: Property Specification Spreadsheet with Grid Top, Thickness & Porosity Specified 27. Select "Permeability I" from the list on the panel and enter the following: Layer 1

50

Layer 2

250

Layer 3

500

Layer 4

100

28. Select "Permeability J" and right click in the Whole Grid box. Select "EQUALSI" then OK. 29. Do the same with "Permeability K" and select "EQUALSI". In the first box select * and then enter a value of "0.1" in the second field (this applies a Kv/Kh ratio of 0.1). Press the OK button. 30. Press the OK button on the Block/Corner Value Calculation window. This window can also be accessed by clicking on the Calculate Property button at the top. 31. Double click on "Rock Compressibility" in the tree view menu and input "2E-5" in the rock compressibility(CPOR) box, "20,000 kPa" in the reference pressure box (PRPOR) and click OK. Units will be applied automatically; you should now have the green check mark for Reservoir section. 32. This would be a good point to save the data set you are working on. Click File then Save As. Save file as "Tutorial.dat".

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Creating PVT Data 1. Click the "Components" tab in the tree view and double click the "MODEL:" keyword.

Figure 8: Components Tab in the Tree View 2. Check on "Launch Dialog to Create a Quick BLACKOIL Model Using Correlations" then click the OK button.

Figure 9: Creating a Quick Model

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3. Enter "70" (deg °C implied) in the "Reservoir Temperature" box. Generate data up to maximum pressure of "35,000 kPa". For "Bubble Point Pressure Calculation", select the "Value Provided" option and enter a value of "6,500 kPa". For the "Oil Density at STC", select "Stock tank oil gravity (API)" as the type of gravity value to use and enter a value of "35" in data entry window. Change the "Gas Density box at STC" to display "Gas Gravity(Air=1)" and type ".65" in the data entry window. 4. In the "Reference Pressure for Water properties" box, enter a value of "20,000 kPa" and leave the rest of the options at their default values and Click OK.

Figure 10: Parameters for Quick Blackoil Model 5. Double click on "PVT Region: 1" in the tree view and select the "PVT Table" tab to view the BLACKOIL PVT data. For this example, the data shown in this table was generated using the information entered in the "Quick black oil model" window. However, it's also possible to directly enter or edit values in the PVT Table. These values can also be updated by using your mouse to select points on the plots associated with the PVT Region, and dragging the points to the desired location. Please note that the "IMEX PVT Regions" window has to be open while using your mouse to change the points on the plot.

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Figure 11: IMEX PVT Table with Values Generated using the Quick Black Oil Model 6. Close the PVT Table window. 7. The Component section should have a green check mark now.

Creating Relative Permeability Data 1. Click the "Rock-Fluid" button in the left hand side menu. 2. Double click on "Rock Fluid Types" in the tree view. A window will open. Click on the

button and

select "New Rock Type". 3. Press the "Tools" button (on the “Relative Permeability Tables” tab) and select "Generate Tables using Correlations".

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Enter the following parameters for the analytical relative permeability curves generation. SWCON

0.2

SWCRIT

0.2

SOIRW

0.4

SORW

0.4

SOIRG

0.2

SORG

0.2

SGCON

0.05

SGCRIT

0.05

KROCW

0.8

KRWIRO

0.3

KRGCL

0.3

KROGCG

0.8

All Exponents

2.0

4. Press Apply and then OK. Press OK again to get out of the Rock Types window. A graph containing the relative permeability curves will appear. 5. The Rock Fluid section should have a green check mark. Save the file at this time.

Figure 12: Plots for RockType 1

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Creating Initial Conditions 1. Click the "Initial Conditions" button on the tree view of Builder. 2. Double click on "Initial Conditions". 3. Select "Water, Oil, Gas" as the initial fluid in the reservoir to perform a Gravity-Capillary Equilibrium Calculation. 4. Type the following values in the available fields: • 27,600 (kPa implied) in the Reference Pressure (REFPRES) box • 3,050 (m implied) in the Reference Depth (REFDEPTH) box • 3,080 (m implied) in the Water-Oil Contact (DWOC) box • 1,980 (m implied) in the Gas-Oil Contact (DGOC) box • 6,500 (kPa implied) in Constant Bubble Point Pressure (PB) box 5. Leave the other boxes blank. Initial Conditions interface should look like:

Figure 13: Initial Conditions interface 6. Click on Apply; then OK.

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7. You should now be back in the main Builder window with all tabs showing a green checkmark in the tree view, except for the "Wells & Recurrent" tab. 8. At this point it is advisable to save the data again by selecting File from the top menu and Save.

Incorporating Well Trajectories and Perforations Once we have created the static model, we will now incorporate the trajectory and perforation information into the model. 1. Go to the Builder main menu and select Well > Well Trajectories > Well Trajectories…. The "Import well trajectory wizard. Step 1 of 3" window will pop up. 2. You need to choose Trajectory File Type and appropriate Units for it (3 Steps Wizard). 3. Choose "Table Format" and "m" for X, Y and Z,MD then browse for the file "TRAJ_Meter.wdb". Open, and press Next (Step 1 of 3). Click OK to the message regarding measured depth not being input for certain wells.

Figure 14: Trajectory Properties Window Step 1 of 3 4. The following window will open. Make sure all wells are selected, uncheck "Automatic data point reduction" and check the box "Clear all existing trajectories" then press Next (Step 2 of 3).

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Figure 15: Trajectory Properties Window Step 2 of 3 5. Click "Finish" to complete Step 3 of 3. 6. This screen will create a vertical trajectory for each well that exists in the main contour map. 7. Now go back to top menu and select Well, Well Trajectories and click on Trajectory Perforation Intervals… a window will open (Figure 16). 8. Click on "Read File" and change the "File unit selection" option to "SI" then browse "PERFS_Meter.perf". Leave the combine perforation data within 5 days and Press Open. 9. If this is done correctly, the window will be like Figure 17. 10. Press Apply and then OK. This completes the trajectories and Perforation of the wells in the model

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Figure 16: Trajectory Perforations Window

Figure 17: Trajectory Perforations Window after Read in Perforation File

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Adding Historical Production Data to the Model The last item we want to do is add historical rate data so that we can set up a history match run. 1. Go to the main Builder menu and select Well > Import Production/Injection Data (this is the wizard to import production/injection data into the well & recurrent data for the simulator and it also defines the status of each well). 2. STEP 1: First step of this wizard is to provide the type and name of the production file. In our case, we will use "General" and choose a file in the tutorial directory named "Production-history.prd". Press the Next button. 3. STEP 2: Follow the instructions and highlight the first line containing the production data (top window) and well name (lower window) (as shown in the following figure). Press Next.

Figure 18: Step #2 of the Production Data Wizard 4. STEP 3: If the delimiters look good and separate the columns correctly, click Next to go to STEP 4. 5. STEP 4: Go to Columns 3 to 5 and in the identifier row, choose "Oil Produced", "Water Produced" and "Gas Produced" for each column. Leave others as they pop up then click Next to go to the next step.

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Figure 19: Assigning identifiers to each column 6. STEP 5: This is the place showing you which well’s production data has been picked up and which well is not. For example, the program could not find any production data from well 5, 7 and 9. Since wells 5, 7 and 9 have no production history, the easiest action is to delete them from the model. We will do this later. Other than that, click Finish. Also, close the Simulation Dates window that may pop up.

Creating Average Monthly Production / Injection Recurrent Well Data If averaging of production-injection data needs to be done, it can be done as described below. It is not needed for the tutorial as the data is already on monthly basis and we want to keep it every month 1. On main Builder menu, select Well > Average Production/Injection Data... 2. Now, move your mouse and right click on the x-axis. A menu will show up to allow you to change the average interval from this point on to monthly, bi-annually, yearly, etc.

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Figure 20: Average Production/Injection Data Plot 3. Select "Reset all intervals to every month" and press the OK button. Once again, click Close on the Simulations Dates window that pops up.

Creating Field Production History (*.fhf) for History Match 1. Next thing we want to do is to create a field history file so that we can make a comparison between the simulation run and the actual field history file. 2. Go to the top menu again and select Well > Create Field History File… then provide a filename (or you can just use the default production-history.fhf). Press OK.

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Well Definition and Constraints 1. For those wells that have no production history, we can either delete them or define them as a producer or injector and shut-in the wells so that they will not affect the history match. 2. In this tutorial, we will delete Well 5 and change Wells 7 & 9 so that they are injectors. To do that, open the tree view and press the Wells & Recurrent tab. Expand the Wells list by clicking on the +. Right mouse click on "Well 5", select Delete and press Yes to the message that pops up. 3. Go to "Well 7", right mouse click and select Properties. A new window will show up as follows:

Figure 21: Well Events Window 4. Click on "ID & Type", check the Edit box for Type, and select INJECTOR MOBWEIGHT. Check the "Auto-apply" check box. 5. Go to "Constraints" tab (say YES to apply changes if asked), and check the Constraint definition box. 6. Under select new (in the Constraint column of the table), select "OPERATE". Then select BHP bottom hole pressure, MAX, 25,000 KPa, CONT REPEAT. Press Apply. 7. Go to the "Injected Fluid" tab and choose Water as injection fluid. Press Apply. 8. Go to the "Options" tab. Check the Status box and choose to SHUTIN the well at this time. Press Apply. 9. Now, we can copy all the above specifications to Well 9. To do that, make sure you are looking at “Well 7” in the Name/Date list. Then highlight the following Events (for Well 7) by clicking on them with your mouse and pressing down the Ctrl key to select multiple items: INJECTOR, constraints, injected fluid and SHUTIN (all of them). Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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10. Press the Tools button at the bottom of the screen, and select Copy events using filter. This will open a new window. In the Wells tab, check on Well 9 and then go to the Dates tab. Check the date 1991-01-01 and press the Search & Add button. The window should look like this:

Figure 22: Window for Copying/Deleting Well Events Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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11. Click OK and the same constraint information created for Well 7 will now be copied to Well 9. If a message pops up requesting to change the well type for Well 9, say Yes. Press OK to close the Well Events window. 12. Make sure that the View Type is set to "IK-2D X-Sec" (located in the upper left hand corner of the main Builder window). 13. Even though we defined Well 7 as an injector, provided constraint information and defined the trajectory path, perforations need to be defined along the trajectory path.(Note: There is no perforation information for Well 7 in ‘PERFS_Meter.perf’ file.) 14. On main Builder menu, select Wells > Well Completions (PERF)… In the drop down menu select Well 7. Click on

button and select "Completion – Add New" as shown. Click OK to create a new date at

1991-01-01.

Figure 23: Well Completion Data(PERF) interface Select the Perforations tab and change the Plane Slider to 15 (it may be 16 based on grid positioning) and zoom in to the section containing Well 7 so that you can see the trajectory for Well 7. Press the button. This will allow you to use your mouse to select the grid blocks where you want the well completions to be. Use your mouse to click in grid blocks 1, 2 and 3 along the Well 7 trajectory in the main Builder window. Press

when you are done. Your screen should look similar to

figure 24 below. Press Apply and then OK to close the window.

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Figure 24: Adding perforations to well 15. If everything is OK, all of the tabs in the tree view should have a green checkmark. The Dates under Wells & Recurrent tab may still have a yellow exclamation mark. This can be removed by deleting ALTER at 1991-09-01 using Delete event using filter…. option in Well Events Window for each well with that date. 16. Go to the I/O Control and double click on the "Simulation Results Output", the Simulation Results File Writing window will open. For well variable select "Well values for all layers at reservoir and surface conditions (LAYER ALL DOWNHOLE)". Click OK to close the window.

Figure 25: Changing frequency of writing and items in the result file 17. Please save the file one more time!!! Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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Write Out Restart information to a Restart File 1. Click on the I/O Control tab in the tree view. 2. Double click on Restart. 3. Check on Enable Restart Writing. 4. Press the

button and select the first simulation date which is 1991-01-01. Press OK.

5. Set the “Writing Frequency Option” to Every TIME or DATE Keywords. 6. Click OK to close the window. 7. Click File in the main Builder menu and select Save As. Name this file "Tutorial_hm.dat". 8. We now have a completed dataset so we can exit Builder and drag and drop the Tutorial_hm.dat file onto the IMEX icon to run it. You will be able to make prediction runs without having to rerun the historical data portion as a result of using the Restart Run feature.

Running the IMEX Dataset 1. If everything is OK, you should be able to run the dataset using IMEX. First locate the file Tutorial_hm.dat in your launcher, then drag and drop it onto the IMEX 2011.10 icon and release the mouse. A new window will show up. Press the Run Immediately button. 2. If there are no errors, a MS-DOS window will open up and show you the progress of the run. When finished, the MS-DOS window will be terminated and shows a brief summary of results.

Figure 26: Simulation Log File (when runs immediately)

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Reviewing the Simulation Results using RESULTS GRAPH and RESULTS 3D We can now look at the simulation run and compare it with the historical data and see how the reservoir would perform. 1. Drag and drop "Tutorial_hm.irf" onto the Results Graph icon. 2. Select menu item File; then Open Field History. 3. Select the production-history.fhf file we created in the Creating Field Production History section of the tutorial. Click on the Add Curve icon 4. Select the file to display data from as Tutorial_hm.irf. Select curve parameter Oil Rate SC. Choose Well 3 for the Origin and then Click OK. 5. Now repeat the same steps but this time select the file as production-history.fhf, as we want to compare the simulated data with the historical input data. You should now see a plot similar to:

Figure 27: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data 6. Repeat the same procedure as above except this time, plot the Water Rate SC & Gas Rate SC curves either in the same plot or separately. To add new plot, right click on the Plot 1, then click on Add Plot. 7. In order to view this plot for all the production wells you can use the Repeat origins button 8. In the Repeat Plots window, select the All Producers option and OK to generate the plots. 9. You should now have a series of plots showing the historical data and simulator calculation for each of your production wells. 10. You can now continue to investigate the results from these datasets in Results Graph and Results 3D, and interactively discover the large range of features that are available to you for analyzing your data. Save a template file. Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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Creating a Flow Property versus Depth (PLT) plot With this feature, you can create following plots: 1. A plot containing Oil Rate, Water Rate and Total Fluid Rate at reservoir conditions (RC) versus depth 2. A plot containing Gas Rate RC versus depth On each plot you can also plot Log values for comparison. To create a PLT plot, we will do the following 1. In the Result Graph from the Edit menu select Plot  Add Flow Property vs. Depth.( This menu is also available on the context menu just right click in the plot area) 2. Select well 1 to plot in the Select a Well dialog. You can select only one well. Click OK.

Figure 28: Selecting a well to add property versus depth plot 3. A message pops up about the well trajectory and log data are not loaded for well 1, say Yes to this message. 4. For The Import well trajectory wizard, Step 1 of 2, dialog, select Table Format for the File Type, and ‘m’ for x,y, and z MD units. Then brows the "TRAJ_Meter.wdb" file. Then click Next to go the next step and say OK to the pop up window. Click Finish. 5. The next step is to import data for well logs. Select the Multiple wells log file for the File type, and ‘m’ as Depth units. Click Open Files and browse "Tutorial.wlg", you dialog window should look like the following figure. Click OK to reach the PLT(Rate) plot dialog.

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Figure 29: Importing well logs 6. In the PLT (rates) plot Dialog, select the 1991-05-01 as property time, 1991-01-01 as trajectory time. Select the Oil, Water, and Gas rate as the simulated property, and same for the Log property.

7. To plot raw simulation data, check the Turn off accumulation of values with depth check box. Click OK.

Figure 30: Selecting parameter for PLT(rates) plots Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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8. You can see the following plots are created for the Oil and water rates, also another one for the Gas rate. Save the session file.

Figure 31: Rate versus distance plot

Using the Historical Data Restart File in a Prediction Run We want to predict the reservoir performance until 1/1/1993 if the producers are fixed to a minimum BHP of 15000 kPa. 1. Load the dataset "tutorial_hm.dat" back into Builder. 2. Click on the I/O Control tab in the tree view. 3. Double click on the Restart option. 4. Check the box for Restart from previous simulation run (RESTART). 5. Browse to select Tutorial_hm.irf. Click “Record to restart from” (Note that a series of restart dates are now available). 6. In the “Record to restart from” field, select the date 1991/09/01 and then press OK to exit back to the main Builder window. Click OK to the builder message that pops up. 7. Click on the Wells & Recurrent section in the tree view and expand the Dates. 8. Select the date to 1991-09-01, double click. 9. If the Set stop box is checked on this date, uncheck it. Then click the button Add a range of dates. 10. Change the range of dates so that the From date is "1991-09-01" and the To date is "1993-01-01". Press OK. Press Close. Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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11. Click on the Wells & Recurrent section in the tree view again. Expand the Well items in the tree view and double click on Well 1. 12. Change the date to 1991-09-01, check the Auto-apply check box, and click on the Constraints tab. 13. Check the Constraint definition box, then change OPERATE, BHP, MIN to 15,000 kPa 14. The panel that is displayed should look similar to:

Figure 32: Well Events Window with Updated BHP Constraint 15. Click Apply, a new constraint will be created in the date 1991-09-01 for Well 1. The next task will be to copy the same constraint to all the other wells to do the forecast. 16. Highlight the Well 1 constraints Event for 1991-09-01 (in the Name/Date list). Click the Tools button at the bottom of the screen and select Copy events using filter. 17. On the “ Wells” tab; check Producers and Select, then on the “Dates” tab check on 1991-09-01. At this tab; make sure to check on “Create new dates for selected Wells if they do not exist”. This option creates new date for wells which are already shut in because of production history event. Press the Clear List button. Press the Search & Add button, then OK. All the wells except wells 7 & 9 will have a new constraint starting 1991-09-01. 18. On the “Well Event” window; you might see ALTER event equal to 0 on 1991-09-01. This should be deleted from prediction data file (Figure 33).

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Figure 33: Well Events Window with ALTER 0 Constraint 19. Right click on highlighted ALTER and select “Delete event selected in the list”. 20. Click OK and return to the main menu. 21. Save the new file as "Tutorial_pred.dat". 22. We can now exit Builder and drag and drop the "Tutorial_pred.dat" file onto the IMEX icon to run it. We can now look at the simulation run and compare it with the historical data and see how the reservoir would continue to perform. 23. Drag and drop "Tutorial_pred.irf" onto the Results Graph icon. 24. Select menu item File; then Open Field History. 25. Select the "production-history.fhf" file we created in the Creating Field Production History section of the tutorial. 26. Click on the Add curve icon 27. Select the file to display data from Tutorial_pred.irf. Select curve parameter Oil Rate SC for Well 1; then Click OK. 28. Now repeat the same steps, but this time select the file as production_history.fhf, as we want to compare the prediction run and the history match run. 29. To increase the size of the historical data markers select menu item View; Properties. 30. Select the Curve tab and increase the marker size from 4 to 8 and Click OK. 31. You should now see a plot similar to:

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Figure 34: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data with Future Prediction 32. Repeat the same procedure as above except this time plot the Water Cut SC variable. Save the session and exit.

Using the Trigger Option to control the Injection based on Sector Pressure We have a limitation on our compressor which can’t lift the oil if the average reservoir pressure falls below 24000 kPa. Therefore we are going to start the injector wells to support the pressure when pressure falls below 24000 kPa. We are going to use the Trigger feature to start the Injector wells (Well 7 and Well 9) when the average reservoir pressure drops below 24000 kPa. 1. Open "Tutorial_pred.dat" model using the Builder 2011.10 2. Click File in the main Builder menu and select Save As. Name this file "Tutorial_trigger.dat". 3. Click on the Wells & Recurrent section in the tree view and double-click on the Triggers. 4. Change the date to 1991-01-01 and write the Trigger Name: Pressure_Control 5. Select Sector under Apply On dropdown menu. 6. Select PAVE: Pore volume Weighted Pressure under When dropdown menu and define the trigger value less than < 24,000 kPa. 7. Type the following inside Actions box: OPEN 'Well 7' OPEN 'Well 9'

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Figure 35: Setting up trigger 1. We need to attach injector to a group, in the Well & Recurrent tree view right click on the Groups(0), or from the menu bar select Well Group New. 2. The Create New Group dialog window pops up, in the Definition tab, we Name the group Field as a top level group, at the simulation start date 1991-01-01, the window must look like the following figure, and click Add new group.

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Figure 36: Creating the parent group 3. Again create a new group and Name it "Ginj", make sure the Field is the Parent group. As shown in the following figure. Click OK.

Figure 37: Creating the group for injectors Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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4. In the Well & Recurrent tree view, expand the Groups, and double click on the Ginj, to open the Group Events dialog window. Then click on the Attach Wells..., to open the Well-Group Attachment dialog, Select ‘Well 7’ and ‘Well 9’ and click OK.

Figure 38: Attaching wells to group 5. Click OK, and since we created this group at the start of simulation we should start our run from first time, so in the I/O Control remove the RESTART, and save the file. 6. We can now exit Builder and drag and drop the Tutorial_trigger.dat file onto the IMEX icon to run it.

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Figure 39: Results from the addition of Trigger

Add a Hydraulic Fracture We want to predict the reservoir performance until 1/1/1993 if the producer well 1 is hydraulically fractured on 1/09/1991. The Hydraulically Fractured Wells wizard performs Local Grid Refinement to bring the grid-block size close to the actual fracture width, to model the fracture more explicitly than using the skin factor. Before working with the Hydraulically Fractured Well Wizard, there are things that should be done first: 1. Load the Tutorial_trigger.dat back to Builder. 2. Click the I/O Control and in the tree view double click RUN Time Dimensioning to open Run Time Dimensioning Dialog window, then set JCMAXC to 2,000 as shown below . Since the dimension have been changed we have to start from the first time, please remove the restart record.

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Figure 40: Changing the dimensioning variable 3. In the Wells& Recurrent section, expand the Well 1 in the tree view, double click on Perforations to open Well Completion Data(PERF) dialog window. Change the well radius to 0.0381 m and remove the LAYERXYZ apply only …. and select None and click OK. Repeat this for all perforation of this well on other dates and copy the last date to new date 1991-09-01.

Figure 41: Removing LAYERXYZ option Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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4. Save the dataset as “Tutorial_triggerHF.dat”. 5. Click on Wells & Recurrent then Hydraulically Fractured Wells.

6. The Hydraulically Fractured Well wizard should appear. Click on the Non-Darcy Option tab at the top of the wizard. Select General Correlation as the Non-Darcy Flow Option. Enter the following values for each phase: •

Alpha:

1.485e9

•

N1:

1.021

•

N2:

0

•

Forch_max:

10,000

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Figure 42: Non-Darcy flow options for hydraulically fractured wells 7. Go back to the Fractures tab. Here, select Well 1 > 1991-01-01, then click on Tools > Add new Fracture. A new fracture called Fracture 1 should now appear under 1991-01-01 date for Well 1.

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8. With Fracture 1 selected, changed the following properties: •

Orientation: I -axis

•

Number of refinements in the I direction: 9

•

Number of refinements in the J direction: 9

•

Number of refinements in the K direction: 1

•

Fracture width: 0.00254m

•

Permeability: 60000 mD

•

Half Length: 304.8m

Figure 43: Hydraulically fractured well wizard 9. Click Apply and in the Fracture Placement window check Perforations in range of fundamental layers option. Enter layers: K From 1 to 1, then click OK. 10. Then go to Tools > Copy fracture to wells and then check the Perforations in range of fundamental layers option. Enter layers: K From 1 to 2 and select Well 2 under the Wells list. Then click OK

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Figure 44: Fracture placement options 11. This will copy the fracture from Well 1 to Well 2. Click OK to the Hydraulically Fractured Wells wizard to finish. 12. In the tree view under Numerical double click on Numerical Controls, then scroll to the Maximum Time Step Cuts (NCUTS) and put in 10.

13. You can zoom in to see the refinement for the fracture and how the Permeability and Forchheimer Equation Beta Correction properties have been modified for the grid blocks corresponding to the fracture. 14. Notice in "Figure 46" that hydraulically fracturing the reservoir resulted in only a slight increase in oil production. Why do you think this is the case?

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Figure 45: Permeabilty and Forchheimer Beta correction in hydraulically fractured well Since the original reservoir had quite high permeability, hydraulically fracturing a well will not lead to a substantial increase in production.

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Figure 46: Results of non-fractured and fractured well

Adding an Aquifer The next thing we want to do is add an aquifer, and compare the simulation runs with and without an aquifer to see the difference it makes. 1. Drag and drop "Tutorial_hm.dat" onto the Builder icon. 2. Once in Builder go to the Reservoir and select Create/Edit Aquifers…. (Alternatively, you can just click on the Create/Edit Aquifers button

from the top tool bar).

3. Select the first listed type – Bottom aquifer, and Click OK.

Figure 47: Select Aquifer Location Window

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4. Select Modelling Method – Carter-Tracey (infinite). Leave all other items as the default.

Figure 48: Aquifer Properties Window 5. OK to exit the panel to return to the model display area. 6. Go to File; Save As and change the file name to be saved to "Tutorial_hm_aq.dat". 7. OK to save the new file and exit Builder. You can now drag and drop "Tutorial_hm_aq.dat" onto the IMEX icon. (To run simulation).

Analyzing the Data 1. The file "Tutorial_hm_aq.irf" file can be dragged and dropped onto the Results Graph icon. 2. Select File > Open CMG Simulation Results from the menu bar and select "Tutorial_hm.irf". 3. We now have both simulation results loaded so that we can compare them. 4. Click on the

icon to add a curve

5. Select Origin Type – Sector (Region). 6. Parameter – Ave Pres HC POVO SCTR. 7. Click on OK to display the line. Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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8. Repeat the above except select the filename as Tutorial_hm_aq.irf. 9. We now have a comparison plot that should look similar to:

Figure 49: Plot of Pressure Difference Due to Aquifer 10. You can also enter the 3D display area from here and both types of display are linked together. When you exit Results 3D or Graph, the .ses (line plot) or .3tp (3D image) file referred to is a template that you can use to re-create the images that you have generated using the same or other input files. 11. Results are very intuitive and most things can be accessed by the menus or by right mouse clicking on the display areas.

Further Analysis When you view the ternary plot for "Tutorial_pred.irf" in Results 3D it seems that there is quite a bit of oil left in the southern anticline at the end of this simulation, especially in layer K = 2. As part of our reservoir plan we would like to put in a horizontal well on 1/1/1992 to access this ‘remaining’ oil.

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Figure 50: Reservoir Showing High Oil Saturation (orange) 1. Load the dataset Tutorial_pred.dat into Builder. 2. Make sure you have the IJ-2D areal view showing so that we can easily locate the well we are about to add. 3. Click on the Wells & Recurrent tab, then right click on Wells in the tree view and click New. 4. Name the new well W11, change Type to PRODUCER, and change the date to be 1991-12-01. 5. Select the Constraints tab and check the Constraint definition check box. 6. Enter the constraint OPERATE; BHP bottom hole pressure; MIN; 10,000; CONT REPEAT. 7. Click OK to exit from the Create New Well panel. 8. Well W11 should have appeared on the Well & Recurrent tree view. There should be red dot next to this well indicating that there is a data problem.

9. Right click on this well and select Validate to display any error or warning messages. The message should indicate that there are no valid perforations. Click Ok to close the window. 10. Click the + sign next to W11 and double click on 1991-12-01 PERF.In the Well Completion Data (PERF) panel that appears, select the Perforations tab.

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Figure 51: Well Completion Data 11. Click the Begin button to Add perfs with the mouse, then click on the tool button for Advanced options for perforating intermediate blocks between mouse clicks. 12. Check the Perforate all intermediate blocks box, and check the box to Set constant well length and leave the well length at the default of 1000m. Then click OK. 13. Now, move the Well Completion Data (PERF) panel to the side so that the model grid can be viewed. Using the knowledge gained from the previously displayed oil saturation plot from RESULTS 3D, select an area in the model that has both high oil saturation, and low well density. Once the area for the new horizontal has been selected, click once to add the first perforation. Move the mouse to a position approximately near the end of the 1000m horizontal well and click a second time. Click Stop to end the perforations, and click OK to exit. 14. Well W11 should have appeared on your display. You can also view it in JK cross section around plane 12. Note, the exact grid block position may vary slightly from that displayed below:

Figure 52: Areal View (IJ-2D) of Trajectory for W11 Tutorial - Imex-Builder-Results

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W11 3,000

3,000

3,100

3,100

Figure 53: Cross Section View (JK-2D) of Trajectory for W11 15. Note that the perforation will appear and disappear depending on the date you have displayed in Builder.

Left double click on well W11 to see that there is one date associated with it 1991-12-01. If there is also the simulation start date 1991-01-01 then select this date in the tree view, right mouse click and select "Delete". This will remove this unwanted date. 16. Calculating the Horizontal Well Skin Factor, click on the Wells & Recurrent, then expand the wells in the tree view, also expand Well-11 and double click on the 1991-12-01 PERF, to open Well Completion Data(PERF) window, and finally Click on the Calculate option in the skin row. Calculate Horizontal Well Skin Factor window will open (see fig. 32) accept all default values and click OK, in the Select Model Wells make sure Well-11 is selected and click OK as you can see the skin value in the Well Completion Data for the Well-11 is changed from zero to approximately seven.

Figure 54: Calculating Horizontal well skin Factor

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17. “Well 11” is now fully defined. We save the dataset as "Tutorial_PredHz.dat", and exit. Now run in IMEX the dataset and compare it with tutorial_pred.dat. Look at the oil saturation at the end of the simulation in Results 3D and the Field oil production rate in Results Graph. Note the increased production when the horizontal well opens. Also, oil left in the southern anticline decreased when viewed in Results 3D.

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Extra Exercises Who gets more oil???? Now we are going to apply what we have learned in this class. You should implement everything you have learned in order to get a history match and perform predictions to produce as much oil as you can at an economic rate. STEPS: 1. Get a History match until 1991-09-01, in order to do that you might consider using: a. Aquifer b. Volume Modifiers c.

Property modifications

2. After you get a "decent" history match you should create a restart file, so you can start doing predictions 3. Run your predictions up to 2005-09-01, and save the file as Predict_your_name.dat, so we can compare the results. 4. In order to run your predictions, consider: a. Drilling new wells b. Inject water c.

inject gas

d. Change well constrains 5. Remember, try to get as much oil out as possible, but don't go crazy drilling wells, the project has to be economic, so you are only allow to drill a max of 3 wells including injectors and producers.

GOOD LUCK !!

Convert the HM file to STARS.

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