Turkish Tenses, Modals, Linking Verbs and Their English Equivalents, Yüksel Göknel-signed

TURKISH TENSES, MODALS, LINKING VERBS and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS

 Yüksel Göknel 2015

WWW.YUKSELGOKNEL.COM

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Note: The aim of this colored revised version of this article is not to make the pages look colorful, but to show the functional parts of the sentences in different colors. The colored underlines and words show the following: 1. Subjects Subjects and  and personal subject allomorphs are allomorphs are blue blue.. 2. Verbs Verbs are  are red  red.. 3. Objects, Objects, nouns, nouns,  coordinating conjunctions  conjunctions  and noun clauses are clauses are black. black. 4. Prepositions Prepositions,, adverbs adverbs,,  adverbials, adverbials, adverbial phrases and clauses clauses,, and  and  subordinating conjunctions are tions  are green green.. 5. Subject and object complements are complements are brown brown.. 6. Adjectives and Noun modifiers modifiers are  are purple purple.. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Geniş Zaman The Turkish Simple Present Tense is generally used like the English Simple Present Tense only with some exceptions. They will be dealt with after the general explanations. The time morpheme of this tense is [İR], which has the allomorphs of ♫ [ir, ır, ür, ur, er, ar ]. ]. These allomorphs are always followed by the  the  compulsory personal subject allomorphs. allomorphs. These subject allomorphs are far more important then the subject pronouns  pronouns  becase the subject allomorphs are morphs  are always attached to main verbs in verbs in Turkish. Subject pronouns are pronouns are used only when the subjects subjects   are emphasized. The personal subject allomorphs used morphs  used in this tense are as follows: (Ben Ben)) (Sen Sen)) (O) (Biz Biz))

: ♫ [im, ım, üm, um ] : ♫ [sin, sın, sün, sun ] : ♫ [Ø] morpheme. (No (No personal allomorphs are allomorphs  are attached.) : ♫ [iz, [iz, ız, üz, uz ]

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS When the main verbs  verbs  ending with vowels  vowels  attach to The Simple Present Tense allomorphs [i [ir, ır, ür, ur, er, ar ], ], the last vowels last vowels of the verbs verbs and  and the first vowels  vowels  of the allomorphs  allomorphs  happen to be identical  identical  and shared between the last vowels of the verbs and the first vowels of The Simple Present Tense allomorphs. Therefore, they combine and  and  articulate as single vowels. vowels. The verbs ending with consonants  consonants   are single underlined. These consonants detach from their syllables, and attach to the first vowels of the following allomorphs if they start with vowels: Bekle-er -im (bek* l e *rim) Bekle *rim); başla-ar -ım (baş*  baş* l a *rım) *rım); yür ü-ür -üm (yü* rü  *rüm); rü *rüm) kor u-ur -um (ko* r u *rum); *rum); bekl bekle e-er -sin (bek* l er *sin) *sin); başla-ar  (baş*  baş* l ar ); ye-er  (y er ); bekl bekle e-er -iz (bek* l e *riz  *riz ); başla-ar -sın.ız (baş*  baş* l ar *sı*nız ); yür ü-ür -ler  (yü*rür* l er ); uç-ar  (u*   (u* ça  (ge* ze  (ge* l i r ); sat-ar  (sa*   (sa* t ar ) ze r ); gel-ir  (ge*  çar ); gez-er  (ge*  The coinciding vowels above written in bold face combine. face combine. The transplaced consonants are single underlined. This verb composition is formed as follows: im.. (yü* z  z  e*  e* r i m  Yüz-er -im

) I swim swim.. (The “im im,, ım, üm, um” mean “I”.)

*  r i m r  Bekle-er -im im.. (b e k *l e *  a  *  *  r ım r  ım Anla-ar -ım. (an *l a 

Al-ır -ım. (a *l ı  *    r ım r  ı* 

) I wait wait.. ) I understand understand..

) I take  take or   or  buy.  buy.

take ...  ... to to.. Götür-ür -üm. (gö*tü *r ü  ü *r üm ) I take Otur-ur -um um.. (o*tu *r u *r u m

) I sit sit..

Seç-er -im im.. (s e *ç e  *r i m e 

) I choose choose..

a  Kaç-ar -ım. (k a *ç a  *r ım

) I run run away.  away.

Seç-il-ir -im im (  (şe* ç  l i *  r i m r  çi * l 

 Yüz-er -sin sin.. (yü *z er*sin e r*sin Al-ır -sın. (a *l ır  ır *sın

) I am elected, elected, chosen chosen.. (Passive)

sin,, sın, sün, sun” mean “ you”.) )  You swim swim.. (The “sin

)  You take take,, you buy buy..

Götür-ür -sün. (gö*tü *r ür  ür *sün )  You take ... to Anla-ar -sın. (an *l a r  r *sın

)  You understand understand..

Otur-ur -sun sun.. (o*tu *r u r *s u n a  r  r *sın  Yakala-ar -sın. (ya*ka  *l a 

Sat-ar  sın (s a *t ar  ar *sın

)  You sit sit.. )  You catch  catch..

)  You sell

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS No personal allomorphs are allomorphs are used when the sentence is the third person singular: er  Yüz-er . (yü *z er

Al-ır . (a *l ır ır

) He He (  (she, she, it) it) swims swims..

) He (she) takes takes.. He He (  (she she)) buys  buys..

r ür Götür-ür . (gö*tü* r  ür ) He (she, it) takes ... to.

Otur-ur . (o*tu *r u r Bak-ar . (b a *k ar

) He (she, it) sits sits.. ) He (she, it) looks looks..

Bekle-er . (b e k *l e  e  r

) He (she, it) waits waits..

r ü*  l ür Gör-ül-ür . (gö* r  ü* l  ür ) He (she, it) is seen. seen. (Passive) r ) He (she, it) eats  Ye-er . (y e r  it) eats..

 Yüz-er -iz iz.. (yü *z e*  e* r i z Al-ır -ız. (a *l ı *  *  r ız r 

) We swim swim.. (The “iz iz,, ız, üz, uz” mean “we”.)

) We We take  take or  or buy buy..

Götür-ür -üz. (gö*tü *r ü *r üz üz ) We take ... to. to . u *r u z Otur-ur-uz Otur-uruz.. (o*tu *r u 

Bekle-er -iz iz.. (b ek *l e  e  *  *  r i  z

) We We sit  sit.. ) We wait wait..

*r ız ) We We start  start.. a  Başla-ar -ız. (baş*l a  l  i *  r i z r   Yen-il-ir -iz iz.. (y e* n i * l 

) We are beaten, defeated. defeated . (Passive)

e r*si*  n i z n   Yüz-er -sin.iz sin.iz.. (yü *z er*si* 

)  You swim swim.. (The “sin-iz”, “sın-ız”, “sün-

üz”, “sun-uz” mean “you”.) Al-ır -sın.ız. (a * l  l ır*sı*  n ız ır*sı* n 

)  You  You take  take or buy buy..

n üz )  You take ... to Götür-ür -sün.üz. (gö*tü *r ür*sü* n  n   u z Otur-ur -sun.uz sun.uz.. (o*tu *r u r * s u * n 

Oku-ur -sun.uz sun.uz.. (o *k u r * s u * n  n   u z Uç-ar -sın.ız. (u *ç a r *sı* n  n ız

)  You sit sit..

)  You read read..

)  You fly fly..

a  a  *  *  şır*sı*nız Anla-aş-ır -sın.ız. (an*l 

)  You reach an an agreement.  agreement. (Reciprocal)

swim.. (The (The “ler ”, z  er*ler e r*ler ) They swim  Yüz-er -ler . (yü* z  ”, “lar ” mean “they”.) Al-ır -lar . (a* l ır*  take or   or  buy.  buy. l ar ) They take ır* lar a  r*lar r *lar  )  They hide Sakla-ar -lar . ( sak*l a  hide..

Götür-ür -ler . (gö*tü* r  r ür*  l er ür* ler

) They take ... to

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Kaç-ar -lar . (k a* ç a r *lar

) They run run away  away..

a  a  *  *  şır*lar Anla-aş-ır -lar . (an*l 

) They reach an an agreement.  agreement. (Reciprocal)

The verbs that are used in this and in the following tenses are of two kinds: Transitive verbs, verbs, and intransitive verbs. verbs. Transitive verbs  verbs  need objects, which may be pronouns, nouns, nouns, or nominal phrases, but Intransitive verbs do verbs  do not need them. They are preceded by adverbs adverbs,, or  nouns  nouns attached to [E [E], [DE DE]], [DEN DEN], ], or [LE [LE]] morphemes, which function as adverbials adverbials..

Kız-ım saat dokuz-da dokuz -da   okul-a okul-a git-er . (Intransitive) subj

adverbial

adverbial

intr verb

(kı*z ım / ım / sa*at  sa*at  /  / do*kuz  do*kuz *d a / o*ku* *ku*la / gi *der ↷). My daughter  My  daughter goes goes to school at nine. (Blue nine. (Blue underlined words are subjects.) Ben   genellik-le Ben genellik-le yedi-de yedi-de kalk-ar -ım. (Intransitive) subj

adverbial

adverbial

intr verb

(ben / ben / ge*nel  ge*nel *l i k *le / *le / ye*di*  ye*di* d e / kal *ka*rım *ka*rım ↷) I generally get up at 7. (Green 7. (Green underlined words are adverbials.) sabah  oda-/s/ı- /n/ı Kardeş-im her sabah   /n/ı tertiple-er . (Transitive) subject

adverbial

definite object transitive verb

l er ↷) (kar*de (kar*de**şim / im / h er  / sa*bah sa*bah /  / o*da o*da**sı*nı / sı*nı / ter*tip* ler My sister  My  sister tidies tidies her  room  room every morning. morning. (Black underlined words are objects.)

In Turkish, the order of “a predicate having an object” is different from that of an English “predicate having an abject”. In English, its order is “predicate verb + object”, but in Turkish, the order is “ predicate  object +  object + verb”: 



(Ben Ben)) subj

elma sev-er -im im.. indef obj verb predicate

(Ben Ben)) kitap oku-ur -um um.. subj

indef obj verb preficate

I

like   apples like

subj

verb indef obj predicate

I

read   books. read

subj

verb indef obj predicate

 As it is noticed, in the Turkish sentences above, the words “elma”  and “kitap” are not in plural form  form   as they are used in their English equivalents. This is because, if a common noun represents all of its own kind and covers all books or apples, these nouns do not need plural allomorphs "[ allomorphs  "[ler  ler ] or [ or  [lar ]" ]"

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Benim kız-ım kitap okuoku-maz maz.. My daughter doesn’t read books. Halbuki,, kitap faydalı-dır . Books are useful Halbuki useful,, however.

Gömlek-ler-im -ler-im-i -i ben ütüle-er -im im.. I iron my shirts. In the last example above, the pronoun “ben” is not in the beginning of the sentence, which is its usual position. It is used after the object to emphasize  phasize  the subject, subject , and it is stressed in speech in English, which is done with “myself ".  ".  This sort of sequence is possible in Turkish by putting “kendim” after “ben”. However, if someone says, "Gömlek -lerimi ben kendim ütülerim”, you may think that he is boasting about his abilities. The “subject subject +  + object + verb + verb” order of the same sentence, “Ben gömlek-lerütülerim””  can also change places in poetry and im-i (göm*lek*le* r  r i*  i* m  m i ) ütülerim literature. For instance, although, “Ütülerim ben gömleklerimi”, “Ütülerim gömlek-lerimi ben”, and “Gömleklerimi ütülerim ben” kinds of sentences are quite understandable and acceptable in Turkish, such sentences are generally used in poetry to rhyme a poem.

VERBS ENDING WITH VOWELS OR CONSONANTS (All verbs end with personal allomorphs in allomorphs in Turkish.)

Ütüle-er -im im..

(ü*tü* l  *  *r  r   im im ↷) I iron iron.. l e  e  Ertele Ertel e-er -iz iz.. (er*t e* l e *  *r  r   iz iz ↷) W e postpone postpone.. l ar ↷) They Yakala Yakal a-ar -lar . (ya*ka*l ar* lar  They c  catch atch..  Ar a-ar -ız. (a* r  r a  *  *r  r   ız ız ↷) We search, look for . Uyu Uy u-ur -uz uz.. (u* y  sleep.. y u *ruz ↷) W e sleep Yür ü-ür -üz. (yü* yü*r ü *  * r  r üz üz ↷) W e walk walk.. r a  Tar a-ar -ım. (ta* r  *  *r  r   ım ım ↷) I comb comb.. Besle Besl e-er -im im.. (bes* l  *  *r  r   im im ↷) I feed feed.. l e  e  Oku Ok u-ur -uz uz.. (o* k  r uz uz ↷) W e read read.. k u * r  l a  r  r *sı* nız ↷) You  Anla  Anl a-ar -sın.ız. (an* l  You understand  understand.. Uyu Uy u-ur -uz uz.. (u*y u * r  ruz   uz ↷) W e sleep sleep.. Kurula Kurul a-ar -ız. (ku*ru* l  *  *r  r   ız  ız ↷) We dry dry.. l a  a  *  Yür ü-ür -üz. (yü*r ü *  rüz  r   üz ) We walk walk.. Bekle Bekl e-en-ir -iz. (bek*l e* n  *  * r  r iz  iz ↷) W e are waited. waited. n i  Kor u-ur -lar. (ko*r ur* l ar ) They protect protect.. Yakala-ar -lar . (ya*ka*l ar* l ar ) They catch catch.. Uç-ar -ız. Yen-er -iz. Gez-er -iz.

(u* ça* r  rız   ız ) We fly fly.. (ye* n  defeat.. n e  *  *r  r   iz  iz ) We defeat z  e  e  (ge* z  *  *r  r   iz  iz ) We walk round

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Yak-ar -sın.ız. İç-er . Taş-ar . Seç-er -iz. Şiş-er . Git-er -iz.

k ar *sı* nız ) You burn (ya* k  burn.. (i* ç  drinks.. e çer    r ) He drinks (ta* şa r ) It boils over . It overflows overflows.. (se* ç  choose.. e çe     *  *r  r   iz  iz ) We choose (şi* şe r ) It swells swells.. (gi* d  *  *r  r   iz  iz ) We We go  go.. d e 

 Anlaş-ır -ız. (an*la* şı *  *r  r   ız  ız ↷) We reach an agreement. Gül-üş-ür -ler . (gü* l  lü*   ü* şür *  * l er ↷) They laugh all togetger . Kayna Kayn a-aş-ır -ız. (kay*na kay*na* şı *  *r  r   ız  ız ↷) We become become friendly  friendly at once. once. İnsanlar düşü İnsanlar  düşün-ür . (in*san*lar  (in*san*lar  /  / dü*şü* n  think.. n ür ↷) Human beings think Çalış-an başar -ır . (ça*lı* şan / an / ba*şa* r  succeed.. r ır  ır ↷) Those who work succeed

“ET”, “ YAP”, “OL”, “İŞLE “İŞLE”, ”, “KAYDET”, “SAĞLA “SAĞLA”” These verbs verbs   are all transitive  transitive   in Turkish, which take either indefinite or definite objects, or both preceding them.

et: (Transitive) O ben-im-le ben-im-le   alay subj

adverbial

etti.. etti

O  ben-i affetti affetti.. O

indef obj trans verb subj def obj

verb

biz-i

deli

etti

subj def obj indef obj verb

alay alay et (a* l a *  *y  y    et  et ) (make fun of), of), affet (af *fet ) (forgive), (forgive), armağan et et (  (ar*ma*ar*ma**  *n   et ) (present as a gift), gift), baş et (b a *  * şet ) (manage, cope with), with), beraat beraat et g a  a  y a:*  (be*ra* a  *  * t  t et  et ) (be acquitted), acquitted) , beyan beyan et (be* ya:*  net ) (declare), (declare), buyur  buyur et et (bu*r et  et ) (invite someone to), to), davet davet et (da:* v e *  *t  t  et  et ) (invite), (invite), dahil dahil et (da:* h i *y u * r  l et  et ) (include something in), in), daktilo et (dak* t i *lo *lo / et ) (type), (type), dans dans et (d an *set ) (dance), (dance), deli et (de* l i / et ) (make someone mad), mad), der t et (d er * d et  et ) (occupy oneself with problems), problems), devam devam et et (  (de*  de* va:*  met ) (continue), (continue), dikkat dikkat et v a:*  (dik* k a *  * t  tet  e   t ) (pay attention to, be careful), careful), dua et et (  (du*  du* a : / et ) (pray, say one’s prayers), prayers), elde et (el* d e / et ) (obtain), (obtain), gayret gayret et (gay* r e *  *t  t  et  et ) (try hard, do göç et (gö* ç  one’s best), göç ç et  et ) (migrate), (migrate), haberdar  haberdar et et (ha*ber* da:*  ret  r   et ) (inform d a:*  someone), someone), hakaret hakaret et (ha* ka:*  re*  re* t  t et  et ) (insult), (insult), hapset (h a p *set ) (put in k a:* 

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS r a:*  (cancel), (cancel), isabet isabet et (i*sa:* b e *  *t  t  et  et ) (hit the mark), mark), israf  israf  et (is* ra:*  f et  f  et ) (vaste), (vaste), istifa et (is*ti* fa: (resign), istifade et (is*ti* fa:*  de de / et) (benefit from), from), f a: / et ) (resign), f a:*  istirahat istirahat et (is*ti*ra* h a *  * t  tet  e   t ) (have a rest), rest), itaat itaat et et (  (i*ta:*  i*ta:* a  *  *t  t  et  et ) (obey), (obey), ithâl et a  (it* hâ:*  (import), itiraf  (confess), iyi et (i* y i / et ) (cure, do : *ti* ra:*  r a:*  hâ:* l  let   et ) (import), itiraf et et (i :  f et  f  et ) (confess), the right thing), thing), iyilik iyilik et (i*yi* l i * k  k et  et ) (do a favor), favor), kabalık et (ka*ba* lı  *k  k    et  et ) (be lı *  rude), rude), kabul kabul et (ka* b u : * l  l et   et ) (accept) , kâr  r et et (kâ:* r  r et  et ) (profit from), from), kavga et (kav* g a  /et ) (fight, quarrel), quarrel), kontrol kontrol et (kon* t r o * l  l et  e   t ) (check), (check), koordine et (ko*or*di* n e / et ) (coordinate), (coordinate), küfür et (küf *  *r  r  et   et ) (swear), (swear), mecbur  mecbur  et (mec* b u : * r  r et   et ) (oblige), (oblige), meşgul et (meş* g u : * l  l  et  et ) (occupy someone), someone), memnun memnun et (mem* n u : * n  et ) (make someone happy), muhafaza et (mu*ha: *fa* z a / et ) (keep, preserve), preserve), mutlu et (mut* l u  / et ) (make happy), happy), nefret nefret et (nef* r e *  *t  t  et  et ) (hate), (hate), niyet niyet et (ni* y e *  *t  t et  e   t ) (intend), (intend), önderlik et (ön*der* l i * k  k et  et ) (lead), (lead), razı et (ra: * zı  (persuade), sabret (s ab *ret ) (be zı  / et ) (persuade), patient), patient), sakat sakat et (sa* k a *  *t  t  et  et ) (make physically disabled), disabled), seyret (s e y *ret ) (watch, observe), observe), sohbet sohbet et (soh* b e *  * t  tet  e   t ) (chat, talk), talk), söz et (sö* z  zet  e   t ) (talk about), about), tamir tamir et (ta: * m i : * r  r et  et ) (repair, mend, fix), fix), tahsil tahsil et (tah* si:*  let  l  e   t ) (be s i:*   et ) (follow), l i:*  educated), educated), takip takip et (ta: * k i : * b (follow), taklit taklit et (tak* li:*  det  d   et ) (imitate), (imitate), rahatsız et (ra*hat*sı*  (ra*hat*sı* z  zet  e   t ) (disturb), (disturb), tasarruf  tasarru f  et (ta*sar* r u * f  f et  et ) (economize on), on), tasvir  tasvir  et (tas* v i : * r  r  et) et) (describe), (describe), tavsiye et et   (tav*si*ye (tav*si*ye   / et) (recommend), (recommend) , tedavi et (te*da: *vi :  (cure), teklif  teklif  et (tek* li:*  f et  f  et ) (offer), (offer), : / et ) (cure), l i:*  telefon telefon et (te*le* f o * net ) (telephone, make a telephone call, ring up), up) , tembellik tembellik et (tem*bel* l i * k  k et  et ) (act or behave lazily), lazily), tembih tembih et (tem* b i : * h  et ) (warn), (warn), tekrar et (tek* ra:*  ret  ret ) (repeat), (repeat), tenkit tenkit et (ten* k i : * d  d et ) (criticize), (criticize) , r a:*    et  tercih tercih et (ter* c i : * h (prefer) , ter k et (t er * k  k et  et ) (abandon, leave, desert), desert),  et ) (prefer), tesadüf  et (te*sa: * dü  *f  f et  e   t ) (meet by chance, come across), across), teslim teslim et dü *  (tes* li:*  met ) (deliver, hand over) , teşebbüs et (te*şeb* bü  *set  s   et ) (make an l i:*  bü *  kü *  attempt), attempt), teşekkür  et (te*şek* kü  *r  r  et   et ) (thank), (thank), teşvik et (teş* v i : * k  k  et  et ) (encourage). (encourage) .

When the above "et et" " verbs are attached to the allomorphs of [ER], [İ.YOR], [E.CEK], which all begin with vowels, the /t/ consonants change into the voiced /d /d/; but when they are attached to the allomorphs of [Dİ] and [MİŞ], which begin with consonants, they do not change. change. For instance

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Fatma   kahve yapıyor . Kahve-/y/i Fatma yap-sın. Fatma subject

indef obj

verb

def object

subject

trans verb

alışveriş yap (do shopping), arama yap (carry out a search), büyü yap (cast a spell on someone), çay yap yap,, kahve yap (make tea or coffee), cümle yap   (make a sentence),  yap sentence),  elinden geleni yap (do your best), ev işi yap (do housework), giriş yap (enter), hazırlık yap (get ready),  ready),  hesap yap (calculate), iş yap (do work, do business with), işbirliği yap (work together), iyilik yap yap (do  (do a favour), kaza: yap (have an accident), konuşma yap (make a speech), makyaj yap (do one’s make up), ödev yap (do homework), rejim yap (go on a diet), şaka yap (make a joke), tatil joke), tatil yap (have a holiday, vacation), tica:ret yap (trade), toplantı yap (hold a meeting), yanlışlık yap (make a mistake), yatağı yap (make the bed), yemek yap (cook, do the cooking), yorum cooking), yorum yap (comment on something). something). The other verbs that are used together with nouns are “ol”, “işle”,  and “kaydet”. Their examples are as follows:

ol: This transitive verb generally takes indefinite objects: abone ol (a*bo (a*bo**ne / ne / ol ) (subscribe to), destek destek ol (des*t e *  *k  k    ol  ol ) (support, back up), gerçek ol (ger*çe* k  k ol  ol ) (come true) kayıt ol (k a y * d  dol   ol ) (enroll), razı ol (ra: * zı  sahip ol (sa:* h i * bol ) (possess), şahit zı  / ol ) (be willing to, consent to), sahip ol (şa:* h i *  *t  t  ol  ol ) (witness), şehit ol (şe* h i : * d  d  ol ) (die while fighting for Islam or  ol  his country),  country),  teslim teslim ol (tes* l i : * mol) (surrender to), üye ol (ü* y e / ol) (be a member), dürüst ol (dü*rüs* t  t ol  ol ) (be honest to), kahrolmak (be depressed)

“işle”, “kaydet “kaydet”, ”, “sağla”, “sağla”, “gir”, “gir”, “kazan”: başarı sağla (succeed),  (succeed),   cinayet işle (commit a murder) günaha gir (gü*na: * h a / gir ) (commit a sin), ilerleme kaydet (make a progress), suç kazan (be  (be famous), yarışa gir  gir (take (take part in a race) işle (commit a crime), ün kazan NEGATIVE FORM OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

“e-e” and “a-a” identical vowels combine, combine, and the verb chain becomes “gelmem”, "dön-mem", "uyu-mam", etc. Gel-me Gelmezz-em em.. Oku--ma Oku mazz-am am.. Çalış-ma mazz-am am..  Yürü-me mezz-em em.. Konuş-ma mazz-am am.. Tartış-ma mazz-am am.. mezz-em em.. Ütüle-me  Yaz--ma  Yaz mazz-am am..  Yen-il--me  Yen-il mezz-em em..

(gel* m  come.. (The “em”, “am” mean “I”.) m e  m  m  ) I do not come (o*ku* m  m a  m  m  ) I don’t read . (ça*lış*m a m ) I don’t work. (yü*rü* m  m e  m ) I don’t walk. (ko*nuş*m a m ) I don’t speak. (tar*tış*m a m ) I don’t discuss . (ü*tü*le* m  m e  m ) I don’t iron . (yaz *m  *m a  m ) I don’t write . *m e  m ) I am not defeated (beaten). (Passive) (ye* nil *m  (beaten). (Passive)

In the second person singular, one singular, one of the [mez [mez]] or  [maz maz]] negative making allomorphs is used after the verb, which is followed by one of the personal allomorphs ♫ [sin, sın]: Gel--mez Gel mez--sin sin.. ( gel* m ez *sin )  You do not come come.. Çalış-maz maz--sın. (ça*lış* m a z *sın *sın )  You do not work work.. Oku--maz Oku maz--sın. (o*ku* m a z *sın *sın )  You don’t read. Konuş-maz maz--sın. (ko*nuş*  (ko*nuş* m az *sın )  You don’t speak. Atla--maz Atla maz--sın. (at*la* m a z *sın *sın )  You don’t jump. Kaç-ın-maz maz--sın. (ka*  (ka* çın*  çın* m az *sın )  You don’t avoid.  (Reflexive)  As the third person singular  takes  takes a [Ø] zero personal morpheme, morpheme, only the negation allomorphs negation allomorphs ♫ [mez,  [mez, maz] maz] are used:

Çalış-maz maz.. Oku-maz.. Oku-maz  Yaz--maz  Yaz maz.. Gör -mez mez.. Anla--maz Anla maz.. Gül-mez mez..  Ye--mez  Ye mez..

(ça*lış*maz ) He does not work work.. m az ) He does not (o*ku* maz not read  read.. * maz ) He doesn’t write . (yaz *maz (gör* mez m ez ) He doesn’t see. (an*la*maz ) He doesn’t understand. * mez  ) He doesn’t laugh. (gül *mez  (ye*mez ) He doesn’t eat.

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Düzenle-me me-- /y  /y /iz  /iz.. (dü*zen*le* m e *yiz  *yiz  ) We don’t arrange . Kaç-ma ma-- /y  /y /ız. (kaç* m a *yız  *yız  ) We don’t escape. Kaç-ın-ma ma-- /y  /y /ız. (ka*  (ka* ç  ç ın*  ın* m a *yız  *yız  ) We don’t avoid . (Reflexive) Ertele--me Ertele me-- /y  /y /iz  /iz.. (er*te*le* m e *yiz  *yiz  ) We don’t postpone . İç-me me-- /y  /y /iz  /iz.. ( iç* m e *yiz  *yiz  ) We don’t drink . Öv-ün-me me-- /y  /y /iz  /iz.. (ö* v  v ün*  ün* m e* yiz  ) We don’t boast . (Reflexive) The negative form  form  of the second person plural  plural  takes [mez, [mez, maz] maz] allomorphs according to the vowel harmony rules: Gel-mez Gelmez--sin.iz. (gel* m e z *si*  *si* niz ↷)  You do not come come.. Oku--maz Oku maz--sın.ız. (o*ku* m az *sı* nız ↷)  You do not read read.. maz--sın.ız. (ça*lış*maz  *sı*  *sı* nız ↷)  You don’t work. Çalış-maz maz--sın.ız. (ta*şı* maz*  sı*  sı* nız ↷)  You don’t carry . m az*  Taşı-maz Seyret--mez Seyret mez--sin.iz. (sey*ret* m ez *si* niz )  You don’t watch . Ara--maz Ara maz--sın.ız. (a*ra* m az *sı* nız ↷)  You don’t search . The third person plural  plural   form takes [mez, [mez, maz] maz] negation allomorphs followed by [ler, [ler, lar ] (they (they)) personal allomorphs: Gel-mez Gelmez--ler. Kal--maz Kal maz--lar. Dinle--mez Dinle mez--ler. Konuş-maz maz--lar. Uç-uş-maz maz--lar.  Yürü-mez mez--ler. maz--lar. Ağla-maz Ertele--mez Ertele mez--ler. Kız-maz maz--lar. Çek-in k-in--mez mez--ler.

(gel*mez* l er ↷) They do not come come.. l ar ↷) They do not stay (kal*maz* lar stay.. (din*le*mez* l er ↷) They don’t listen  listen.. (ko*nuş*maz *lar  * lar ↷) They don’t speak . (u* ç  ç uş*maz*  uş*maz* l ar ↷) They don’t fly about about.. (Reciprocal) l er ↷) They don’t walk. (yü*rü*mez* ler (ağ*la*maz* lar l ar ↷) They don’t cry . (er*te*le*mez* ler postpone.. l er ↷) They don’t postpone (kız*maz* l ar ↷) They don’t get angry. (çe* k  k in*mez*  in*mez* l er ↷ ) They don’t avoid . (Reflexive)

SIMPLE PRESENT POSITIVE QUESTION

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS The /y /y/ phonemes above are all glides. Although these interrogative words follow the vowel harmony rules, they are considered words, and therefore, they are separately written: separately written: (bek* l  l e  e  r  r / mi*yim ↷) Do I wait Bekle-er mi-- /y Bekle-er mi  /y /im  /im? ? wait? ? Öksür-ür  ür mü mü- /y  /y /üm? (ök*sü* ök*sü*r ür   / mü*yüm ↷) Do I cough cough? ? ür  / e  r  r  / mi*sin ↷) Do you wait Bekle-er mi Bekle-er  mi--sin sin? ? (bek *l e  wait? ? Gel-ir mi Gel-ir  mi? ? (ge* ge*l i r  / mi ↷) Does he come come? ? Git-er mi Git-er  mi-- /y  /y /iz  /iz? ? (gi *d er / mi*yiz ↷) Do we we go  go? ? er / mi*si* niz ↷) Do you  Yüz-er  z-er mi mi--sin.iz sin.iz? ? (yü* yü*z er  you s  swim wim? ? a  Anla-ar -lar mı? (an*l a  r*  r* l ar  / mı ↷) Do they understand understand? ? (ta*şı r  r *l ar * / mı ↷) Do they they carry  carry? ? Taşı-ır -lar mı?  Ye-er -ler  ler mi mi? ? (yer*ler / mi ↷) Do they eat eat? ?

SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIVE QUESTION To form a Simple Present negative question verb composition, [mez [mez,, maz maz]] negative making allomorphs making allomorphs are used after the verb verb roots,  roots, stems or frames; and then [mi [mi--/y/im /im?, ?, mı-/y/ım?, mü-/y/üm?, mu mu--/y/um /um? ?]; [mi mi--sin sin?, ?, mı -sın?, mü-sün?, mu mu--sun sun? ?]; [mi?, mı?, mü?, mu?]; [mi mi--/y/iz /y/iz?, ?, mı-/y/ız?, mü-/y/üz?, mu-/y/uz mu -/y/uz? ?]; [mi mi--sin.iz sin.iz?, ?, mı-sın-ız?, mü-sün-üz?, mu mu--sun-uz sun-uz? ?] or [ler  [ler mi mi?, ?, lar mı?] words are separately written. Although the following two sentences are structurally The Simple Present Tense, they generally express reproach reproach.. Sana yardım etet-mez mez mi mi-- /y  /y /im  /im? ? (İstersin de yardım etmez miyim?) (sa*na (sa*na /  / yar*dım yar*dım /  / et *m ez / mi*yim ↷) (“help” = “yardım  et”)

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Klasik müzik sevsev-m me-i.yor mu mu--sun sun? ? (Black underlines show objects.) (klâ*sik / mü*zik / s ev *mi*yor / mu*sun ↷) Don’t you like like classical  classical music? Kardeş-in senin senin-le -le oynaoyna-m ma-ı.yor mu mu? ? (Blue undrlines show subjects.) (kar*de (kar*de**şin / se*nin**le / şin / se*nin le / oy* n a *mı*yor *mı*yor / mu ↷) Doesn’t your  your sister  sister play play with you you? ? (Green underlines show adverbials adverbials.) .)  As it is seen, The Turkish Present Continuous verb formation is used more frequently than the usual Simple Present Tense. Compare the following sentences: sentences: Her gün ırmak-ta yüz-ü.yor -um um,, or yüz-erz-er-im im.. (her / gün / ır*mak*ta / mak*ta / yü*zü*yo*rum ) I swim in in the  the river  everyday.  everyday.

Note: “The The   river ” is the object of the preposition “ in”, but when they are as  adverbial prepositional together with the preposition “in”, they function as  phrases.

Eş-im İngilizce öğret-i.yor . (e*şim / *şim / in*gi  in*gi *l i z *ce / *ce / öğ*re*ti*yor  ↷) My wife wife teaches  teaches English.  English. Patates pure-/s/i sevsev-m me-i.yor-i.yor-um um. (pa*ta*tes (pa*ta*tes / pü*re*si  /  / s ev *mi*yo*rum ↷) I do not not like  like mashed potatoes.

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Okul-a Okul-a otobüs-le mi git-i.yorgit-i.yor-sun sun? ? (o*ku (o*ku**la / o*to o*to**büs*le / *le / mi  /  / gi*di*yor *sun ↷) Do you you go  go to to school  school by  by bus?  bus? -le oku  okull-a mı git  git-i.yor-sun -i.yor-sun? ? Otobüs-le (o*to (o*to**büs* büs*le / o*ku o*ku**l a / mı / mı / gi*di*yor *sun ↷) Do you you go  go to school by school by bus? OkulOkul-a otobüs-le git-i.yor mu mu--sun sun? ? (o*ku (o*ku**la / o*to o*to**büs* büs*le / gi *d i *yor  /  / mu*sun ↷) Do you you go  go to school by school by bus?

However, when the (Geniş Zaman) The Simple Present Tense question form is used, the sentence changes into an offer: Okul-a Okul-a otobüs-le git-er mi mi--sin sin? ? (o*ku (o*ku**la / la / o*to o*to**büs*le / gi* d er ↝ / mi*sin ↷) How about go about go-ing -ing to school by school by bus? (Offer) bus? (Offer) Ben-im-le sinema-/ Ben-im-le sinema-/y y /a git-er mi mi--sin sin? ? (be*n (be*nim* im*le / si*ne si*ne**ma*/ ma*/y  y /a / gi* d er ↝/ mi*sin ↷) How about go go-ing -ing to the cinema with cinema with me me? ? (Offer)

QUESTION WORDS USED IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Büro-un un-a -a nasıl git-i.yorgit-i.yor-sun sun? ? Bürona …. gidiyorsun. (bü*ro* bü*ro*na na /  / n a ↝  ↝  sıl / gi*di*yor*sun ↝ ) (not “*nasıl gidiyor musun ”) How do you go go to  to your   your office? office? Otobüs-le -le.. By By bus  bus

.

Nerde İngilizce öğret-i.yor-i.yor-sun sun? ? (n e r  r ↝ de / İn*gi *l i z *ce / *ce / öğ*re*ti*yor*sun ↝ ) Where do you teach teach English?  English? or "Where "Where are you teaching teaching English?"  English?"

“Nerede İngilizce öğret-ir -sin?” is an offer. It means, “Where do you want to teach English?” Bu soru soru-/ -/y y /a kim kim cevap  cevap ver -mek ist -mek iste e-i.yor ? (“Cevap ver ” is intransitive.) (bu / bu / so*ru so*ru**ya / ya / k i m ↝ / ce*vap ce*vap /  / ver *mek  /  / is*ti*yor ↝) Who wants to answer  this question?  this question? (“Want”and “answer ” are transitive.) Tiyatro-/ Tiyatro-/y y /a ne sıklık-ta git-i.yorgit-i.yor-sun sun? ? (ti*yat*ro*ya (ti*yat*ro*ya / n e ↝ / sık*lık*ta / *lık*ta / gi*di*yor*sun ↝) How often do you you go  go to the the theatre  theatre? ? Her sabah saat kaç-ta kalk-ı.yor -sun Her sabah sun? ? ( her  /  / sa*bah sa*bah /  / sa*at  sa*at  /  / kaç* t a ↝ / kal*kı*yor*sun ↝) What time do you you get  get up every morning? morning ? In traditional Turkish grammars, some consonants, such as /m/, /n/, /k/, /z/, are considered personal allomorphs, which are inconsistent with the rest of the bound morphemes and syllables of the Turkish language. The Turkish bound morphemes and their allomorphs, like syllables, are all made up of at least “one vowel” such as “[İ]; “consonant + vowel” such as [Dİ]; “vowel +

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS One important rule to add to the explanations above is that the morphemes and syllables in syllables in Turkish do not follow a parallel pattern. pattern . While the words are divided into syllables, the morphemes comply with the syllable rules of the Turkish language. For instance, the last consonants of some words or morphemes detach from their syllables, and attach to the first vowels of the following following morphemes, m orphemes, such as: kuş-u (ku*  (ku* şu ), ben ben-i (be*  (be* n  ), ), oda oda-am-a (o*d  (o*d a* m  ), ), defter  defter -im -im (def*te*  (def*te* r  n i  m a  r i m ), tarla tarla-am (tar*l a  (gö* r  *mek ), ), kes kes-iş-mek (ke*  (ke* siş* m ek ), etc. a  m  m ), gör -ül-mek (gö*  r ül  ül *mek  Furthermore, The Simple Present Tense allomorphs are ♫ [ir, ır, ür, ur, er , l  i r ), “al-ır” (a* l  l  r ür  ır  ır ), “gör -ür” (gö* r  ür ), “otur -ur” ar ] such as in: “gel-ir” (ge* l  “aç-ar” (a* ç  (o*tu* r  bekle-er (bek*  (bek* l  yakala-ar (ya*ka*  (ya*ka* l  r u r ) “aç l  e  e  r  r ), yakala l a  a  r  r ). ça   r ), bekle The Simple Present Tense allomorphs above attach to the verbs ending with consonants. However, consonants. However, if the verbs end with vowels, vowels, the first vowels of vowels of the Simple Present Tense allomorphs coincide with the last the last vowels  vowels of the verbs. These coinciding vowels combine, and verbalize as single vowels: Bekle Bekle-er (bek* l  incele-er (in*ce* l  yakala-ar l e  e  r  r ), incele l  e  e  r  r ), hazırla-ar (ha*zır* l  l a  r  r ), yakala l a  a  r  r ), yür ü-ür (yü*  r ü r  r ), uyu y u r ), yakala l a  a  (ya*ka* l  (yü* r  uyu-ur (u*  (u* y  yakala-ar -ım (ya*ka* l  *  *r  r  ım)  ım) Likewise, when the personal allomorphs ♫ [im, ı m, ü m, um u m], [i [ in, ı n, ü n, un u n], [ik, ık, ük, uk], [in.iz, ın.ız, ün.üz, un.uz n.uz]] follow the Simple Past Tense allomorphs ♫ [di, dı, dü, du, ti, tı, tü, tu], their vowels coincide  coincide  and combine, and verbalize as single vowels. vowels. For instance:

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS precede the dropped vowels. dropped vowels. The dropped vowels are double underlined in this book. Note: The vowels that are said “dropped”   are the vowels that are overlooked by the Turkish language sound system while the previous vowels are being linked to the following ones. This is because it is not harmonious for the Turkish-speaking people to pronounce two vowels attached vowels attached to one another, so they either skip one of them, or combine them or link them with glides. The verb verb roots,  roots, stems or frames ending with consonants: gel gel-i.yor (ge*  (ge* l  *yor  *yor ), ), bak bak-ı.yor (ba*  (ba* k  *yor ), ), otur  otur -u.yor -u.yor (o (o*tu* r  ), l i  i  k ı *yor  r u  u *yor ), r ü  ü *yor  öksür -ü.yor (ök*sü*  (ök*sü* r  *yor ), ), yanaş-ı.yor (ya*na*  (ya*na* şı *yor  *yor ), ), bekleş-i.yor (bek*le* şi *yor  *yor ), ), beklen beklen-i.yor-lar (bek*le*  (bek*le* n  yor*lar  yor*lar ), ), ar t-ı.yor (ar*  (ar* t  *yor ), ), n i *  t ı *yor  t i  it-i.yor (i*  (i* t  *yor  *yor ). ). The verb verb roots,  roots, stems or frames ending with vowels: bekl bekle-i.yor ( bek*  ), ), ertel ertele-i.yor (er*te*  ), l i*yor  l  i *yor  l  l  i*yor  i *yor  r ü*yor  ), ), yür ü-ü.yor (yü* r  ü*yor ),

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

çalış-ı.yor -sun.uz gel gel-i.yor  -i.yor -um um,, başla-ı.yor -sun sun,, ko k oş-u.yor, gez gez-i.yor  -i.yor -uz uz,, çalış sun.uz,, gülü.yor-lar  yor-lar , bekl bekle-i.yor, anl anla-ı.yor, koval kovala-ı.yor, besl besle-i.yor (bes*l (bes*li*yor).  As a rule, the last consonants of consonants of the verbs detach from their syllables, and attach to the first vowels of the following morphemes. However, w However, when hen the /p,

t, ç, k/ unvoiced consonants detach from their syllables and attach to the following morphemes, they also change into their voiced forms /b, d, c, ğ /. The Present Continuous and Continuous and The Present Perfect Continuous tenses Continuous  tenses of the English language are both expressed in The Present Continuous Tense ( Tense  (şimdiki zaman)  in Turkish. Compare the following sentences: sentences: (O) gel-i.yor . (ge* l  l  i  i *yor ↷) He is He  is coming. coming. (Now or later.) O bir  mektup  mektup yaz-ı.yor . (o / bir / mek*t u p  / ya*   / ya* z  zı*yor ı *yor ↷) He is He  is writing a writing  a letter.  letter. (Now.)  (Now.)

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Jack boyuna boyuna televizyon  televizyon seyret-i.yor . (Jack  / b o *yu*na / *yu*na / te*le te*le**viz* y o n / sey*re* d  d i*yor i*yor ↷) Jack is Jack  is always always watching  watching television.  television. (Complaint) Televizyon seyret-i.yor -um um.. (Personal allomorphs are allomorphs are always together with verbs verbs.) .) (te*le (te*le**viz* y o n / sey*re* d  di*yo*   i*yo* r  r um um ↷) I am watching television. watching television. The single underlined consonants detach from their syllables and attach to the first vowels of the following morphemes during syllabication. Moreover, the /p, t, ç, k/ single underlined unvoiced consonants both detach from their syllables and attach to the first vowels of the following morphemes and change into their voiced counterparts /b /b, d, c, ğ/, as well.

Bahçe-de oyn oyna a-u.yor -uz uz.. (bah*çe*  (bah*çe* d e / oy* nu*yo* r  r uz uz ↷) We are We  are playing in the garden garden..

Türkçe öğren-i.yor  mu  mu sun-uz sun-uz? ?

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Günler uz uza a-u.yor . (Liaison) (“Uzuyor ” is a verb verb in  in Turkish.) (gün*le* le*ru* ru*z u  u *yor ↷) Days are getting longer . (“longer ” is subject complement in complement in English.) Oğulul-um ev ödev-i-/n/i yap-ı.yor . (Liaison) (oğ*lum / e *  *v  v    ö*de*vi*ni  ö*de*vi*ni  / ya*   pı*yor  p ı*yor ↷) My son is doing his his homework.  homework.

Üç saat-tir  saat-tir ders ders çalış-ı.yor -um um.. (üç  /  / sa*at  sa*at *tir  /  / ders  /  / ça*lı* şı *yo*  *yo* r  rum  um ↷) I have been studying for three hours. Bir saat-tir  Bir saat -tir  sen-i  sen-i bekle-i.yor -um um.. (bir  /  / sa*at  sa*at *tir / se*n i / bek*li*yo* r  r um um ↷) I have been waiting for  you  you for an hour. Sabah-tan Sabah-tan beri ne beri ne yap yap-ı.yor -sun sun? ? (“What?” and “ne?” are interrogative pronouns pronouns)) (sa*bah*  (sa*bah* t an  / be*ri  be*ri  /  / n e ↝ / ya*   pı*yor*sun  p ı*yor*sun ↝ ) What have been doing since since morning?  morning?

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Misafir-ler biraz-dan gel-i.yor mu mu? ? (mi*sa (mi*sa:* :*fir*ler  fir*ler  / bi*raz*dan / ge* l  *yor / mu ↷) l i  ↝  ↝ *yor Are the the visitors  visitors coming soon soon? ?

 Yarın Londra’/y /a git-i.yor -uz uz.. (y a *rın / L o n *dra*ya / gi* d  di*yo*ruz  i*yo*ruz ↷) We are going to London tomorrow tomorrow.. Biraz-dan çık-ı.yor mu mu-/ -/y y /uz  /uz? ? (bi*raz*dan / çı* k  k ı ↝  ↝*yor  *yor / mu*yuz ↷) Are we leaving leaving soon  soon? ?

 Yarın yeni bir  araba  araba satın al-ı.yor -um um.. (Liaison) (ya*rın ya*rın / ye*n i / bi*  bi* r  ra*ra*ba  a*ra*ba / sa*tı* na*lı*yo*rum ↷) I’m going to buy a new new car  car tomorrow tomorrow..

 Yarın taşın-ı.yor mu mu--sun.uz sun.uz? ? (Reflexive) (ya*rın / ta*şı* n  yor / mu*su* nuz ↷) n ı ↝  ↝  yor *  * 

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Sen-i sev-i.yor -um um.. (Present Continuous) Ben Ben-i sev-i.yor mu mu--sun sun? ? (se*n (se*ni  /  / se* v  r um um ↷) (be*n (be*ni  /  / se* v  *  yor  /  / mu*sun ↷) v i *yo* r  v i ↝  ↝*yor  I love love you.  you. (SimplePresent)  (SimplePresent) Do you love love me?  me? Sana tap-ı.yor -um um.. (sa*na (sa*na /  / ta* p  p ı *yo*  *yo* r  rum  um ↷) I adore  adore you.  you. Hepiniz Hepiniz-i hatırla-ı.yor -um um.. l ı *yo*  (h e * pi *ni* z  zi / i  / ha*tır* l  *yo* r  rum  um ↷) I remember   remember all all of  you.  you.

Ben-i hatır la-ı.yor mu mu--sun.uz sun.uz? ? l ı  ı↝    *yor  (be*n (be*ni  /  / ha*tır* l   / mu*su*n mu*su*nuz ↷) ↝  *yor  / Do you you remember   remember  me?  me?

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Umursa-ma-ı.yor -um Umursa-m um.. (Umur   (Umur -um-um-da değil.) (Bana ne?) (u*mur* s a *  *m   ı*yo* r  rum  um↷) (u*mu*rum*da (u*mu*rum*da /  / de*ğil ↷) (ba*  (ba* n a  /  / ne ↷) I do not not care  care.. Bu proje uygulan-a.bil-ir  gör -ün-ü.yor . Bu proje l  i r  / gö* r  (bu / pro*je /  pro*je / uy*gu*la* na*bi* l  rü*   ü* nü*yor ↷) This project project seems  seems (  (looks looks)) (sounds (sounds)) feasible feasible.. Siz-i takdir et.i.yor-um et.i.yor- um.. (Liaison) (si*  (si* z  zi  i  /  / tak *di:*  r e*  r  e* d  di*yo*   i*yo* r  rum  um ↷) * di:*  I appreciate

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Ben her sabah odam-ı tertiplertertipler-im im.. I subj

adverbial

definite obj

tran verb

tidy my my room  room every morning.

subj tran verb

object

adverbial phrs

Intransitive verb frames do frames  do not take objects: objects: Ben subj

bazen   nehir -de bazen -de yüz-er-er-im im.. I sometimes adverb

adverbial

intr verb

subj

adverbial

swim

in the river.

intr verb

adverbial

Oğlum gün-de sekiz saat uyur . My son sleeps eight hours a day. subject

adverbial

adverbial

intr verb

subj

intr verb

adverbial

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

 Yazı sil-in-di. sil-in-di. (Turkish  (Turkish is reflexive.) (ya*zı (ya*zı  / si* l  lin*   in* d i ↷) The writing has been ereased. ereased. (English is passive.)

Öv-ün-ü.yor . (ö* v  v ü*n ü *yor ↷) He is He  is boasting or boasting  or praising himself .

Ayşe saç-ı- /n/ı  /n/ı tar a-ı.yor . (Transitive.) (ay*şe (ay*şe ~/  ~/ sa*ç  sa*ç ı*  ı* /n   /ı / ta* r  r ı*yor ı*yor ↷)

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION OF THE INTRANSITIVE VERB FRAMES Some Turkish intransitive verbs can verbs  can also be transformed into the passive forms without forms  without being put into the passive voice. While these verbs are being shaped, the passive transformation allomorphs  allomorphs  are attached to these verb roots or stems. stems. In doing this, the verbs ending with vowels with vowels and the /L/ the  /L/ phonemes attach to the ♫ [in, ın, ün, un, en, an ] allomorphs; the others, ending with consonants, attach consonants, attach to the ♫ [il, ıl, ül, ul ] allomorphs. Although this form does not exist in English, it is expressed in a different sentence

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Böyle bir gürültü-de uyu-unuyu-un-maz maz.. Böyle bir gürültü -de uyu-un-ur mu mu? ? (böy* l e / bir / gü*rül *tü* tü*de / de / u*y un* maz  / mu ↷) m az ↷) (u*y u* n  n u r ↝  / It is It  is impossible to sleep in such a noise noise.. (Passive shaped intransitive)

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Kucakla-aş-ı.yor -lar . (ku*cak*la* şı *yor*lar *yor*lar ↷) They are hugging (each hugging (each other).

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Kuş-lar gökyüzü / /n n /-de uç-uş-u.yor-du -u.yor-du.. (kuş*lar / gök *yü* *yü*zün* zün*de / de / u* ç  ç u*şu *yor*du ↷) Birds were flying about in the sky.

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS sentences. However, when necessary, both Turkish and English verbs are explained in parentheses. parentheses. In the following examples, the subjects subjects   are blue blue,, the objects are black, black, the verbs verbs   are red red,, the subject complements  complements  are

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Meyve-ler olgun-laş-ın.ca ağaç-lar -dan -dan düş-er . (Intransitive) (mey*ve*ler  (mey*ve*ler  /  / ol*gun*la* şın*ca / a*ğaç  a*ğaç *lar*dan / lar*dan / dü* şer ↷) Fruits drop drop from  from trees when they ripen ripen..

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Tercüme yanlış ol-a.bil-ir . (ter*cü*me / yan*lış / o*la*bi*lir ↷) The translation may be incorrect .

PAST MODALS Could “Could” expresses ability in the past . To express the same concept in Turkish, verb -[e.bil, a.bil ]-[i.yor ]-[du]-[pers]” verb composition should “main verbcomposition should be used:  Yedi yaş-ım-da/y/-ken yüz-e.bil-i.yor-du-e.bil-i.yor-du-um um.. l  i  i *yor*d  u m ↷) (ye*d i  /  / ya*ş ya*şım* ım*day *ken / yü* z  ze*bi*  e   *bi* l  *yor*d u  I could swim when I was seven years old. old. (Ability  (Ability in the past) Ahmet okul okul-a -a git git-me-me-den önce oku oku-/y/up -/y/up yaz-a.bil-i.yor-du  yaz-a.bil-i.yor-du.. (ah*met (ah*met / o*ku o*ku**l a / git *me* me*den / ön*ce / ce / o*ku o*ku**yup / ya* z  za*bi*  a   *bi* l  li*yor*du i *yor*du ↷) Ahmet could read and write and write before he went went to  to school school.. The negative  negative   form of this modal verb is “verb verb--[e.m e.me e, a.ma a.ma]-[İ.YOR]-[du du]][pers pers]]”, which expresses both the negative of "could could" " and "was able to": to ": Ben okul-a okul-a git git-me-me-den önce oku oku-/y/up -/y/up yaz-a.m  yaz-a.ma a-ı.yor -du-um -du-um.. (ben / o*ku*la o*ku*la / git*me*den / git*me*den  / ön* ce ce / o *ku*yup / ya*za*mı*yor*dum ya*za *mı*yor*dum ↷) I couldn't read and write before I went went to  to school school..

İş-im im-i -i bitir-e.me-dibitir-e.me-di-im im.. i m↷) (i*şi  (i*şi *mi  / bi*ti*   / bi*ti* r e *me*d  *me*d i  I couldn't finish my my work.  work. (I wasn't able to finish my work.)

 Yeni ders-i anla-/y/a.bil-dianla-/y/a.bil-di-in in mi mi? ? (ye*n i / der *si *si / an*la*ya*bil* d i n / mi ↷  ↷ ) Were you Were  you able  able to understand the new new lesson?  lesson? (  (“Could” is not used.) -a.bil-di-in.iz in.iz mi mi? ? Güçlük-ler-i aş-a.bil-di(güç*lük*le*ri  /  / a*şa*bil*d i     / mi ↷) i * n i z  ↝  ↝ / mi  Were you Were  you able  able to overcome the the difficulties?  difficulties?

Tasarı- /y/ı  /y/ı bitir-e-bil-dibitir-e-bil-di-in.iz in.iz mi mi? ? ↝ /   / mi ↷) (ta*sa*rı*yı (ta*sa*rı*yı /  / bi*ti*re*bil*di*niz ↝ 

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

was (were) able to ( to  (verb verb-- ♫ [me-/y/i, ma- /y/ı]  /y/ı] başar -dı-ım) When a  a  past success  success  is implied, the verb “başar ”  is used in Turkish in place of the “was able to”, the “succeeded in”,  or the “managed to” expressions of the English language: language:

Sınav-da  /y/ı başar -dı-ım. -da iyi  iyi bir  not  not al al-ma-ma- /y/ı dım↷) (sı*nav *da / i*y i / bir / not / al *ma* ma*yı / yı / ba*şar* dım I was able to get a good grade in the examination. (I succeeded in getting a good grade.) (I managed to get a good grade.) Bizim takım, misafir takım -ı yen yen-me-/y/i -me-/y/i başar -dı. (bi*zim (bi*zim /  / ta*kım~ ta*kım~ / mi*sa mi*sa: * f i r / ta*kı*mı ta*kı*mı / yen*me* yen*me*yi  /  / ba*şar* dı dı ↷) Our  team succeeded  team succeeded in beat beat-ing -ing the the visiting  visiting team. (The /y /y/ glide is inserted between /e /e/ and /i /i/.)

İş-in in-i -i bitir -me-/y/i -me-/y/i başar -dı-ın mı? or “İş-in in-i -i bitir-e.bil-di bitir-e.bil-di--in mi?” (i*şi*  (i*şi* ni ni / bi*ti*re*bil* d i n / mi ↷) Were you Were  you able to complete your  work?  work? (The /y/ glide is used between [me [me]] and [i [i].)  As an alternative to the above sentence types, “[verb]verb-[[e-bil, a-bil]-[ a-bil]-[di di][pers pers]]” verb composition could be used: used: En son-u/n/-da son-u/n/-da (en nihayet) iş-im im-i -i bitir-e.bil-dibitir-e.bil-di-im im.. (en / so*nun so*nun**da / da / i*şi*  i *şi* mi  mi  /  / bi*ti*re*bil* d i m ↷) I was able to finish my my work  work at at last.  last.

“verbverb-[[e.me, a.ma] a.ma ]-[di, dı ]-[pers pers]]” verb composition can be used in place of "couldn't”, “wasn't able to” or “ didn't succeed in in": ": Maç-ı kazan-a.ma-dı-ık. (ma*çı (ma*çı /  / ka*za* n a *ma*d  *ma*d ı  ık   ↷) We couldn't We  couldn't win the the match.  match. Bu problem-i çöz-e.me-diBu problem-i -e.me-di-im im.. (bu / bu / prob*le*mi  prob*le*mi  /  / çö* ze  ze *me*d i  i m ↷) I couldn’t solve this this problem.  problem.  As “could”  is used in English conditional clauses, so “ verb verb-[ -[E-BiL E-BiL]-[ ]-[ir  ir ]-di ]-di--

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS  Yeter-in.ce vakitvakit-im ol ol-sa -sa sana şimdi yardım et-e.bil-ir-di-e.bil-ir-di-im im.. (ye*te (ye*te**r i n *ce / ce / vak*tim vak*tim / ol*sa / şim* şim*di / sa*na sa*na /  / yar*dım yar*dım /  / e*de*bi* l i r *d i  m~) m~) i  If I had enough time, I could I could help you now now.. (The /t/ in “et” changes into the voiced / voiced /d d /.)  /.) Hava daha iyi ol ol-sa -sa piknik  piknik-e -e git-e.bil-ir-di git-e.bil-ir-di-ik ik.. (ha*va (ha*va / da* da*h a / i*yi  i*yi // ol*sa / ol*sa / pik*ni  pik*ni *ğe / ğe / gi*de*bi* l i r *d i  k ~) i k  We could go for a picnic if  picnic if the weather  weather were were (was) better .

Would or  could  could (Polite request)

“verbverb-[[İR]-[Mİ]/y/ ]/y/--[Dİ]-[pers ]” verb composition is used to express a polite request in Turkish: In this verb composition, “V”  symbolizes a verb root, root, a verb stem or a verb frame. frame . [İR] is a morpheme that includes all the allomorphs of the Simple Present Tense ♫ [ ir, ır, ür, ur, er, ar ]. [Mİ] includes all interrogative allomorphs ♫ [mi, mı, mü, mu ]. [Dİ] represents the simple past tense allomorphs ♫ [di di,, dı, dü, du ];  and [pers [pers]] symbolizes all the personal subject allomorphs. allomorphs. Consider the following sentences: sentences: Bir saniye ben-i dinle-er Bir saniye ben-i dinle-er mi /y  /y /-di /-di-in.iz in.iz? ? i *niz ↷) (bir  /  / sa: sa:*ni*ye / be*ni  be*ni  /  / din* l er ↝ / miy*d i  Would you you listen  listen to me for a second second? ? In fact, this sort of request is the second part of a conditional sentence: Rica et et-se-se-em em, bir  bir saniye saniye ben-i dinle-er ben-i dinle-er mi /y  /y /-di /-di-in.iz in.iz? ? i  (ri*ca: (ri*ca: /  / et *se m / bir  /  / sa:*ni*ye sa:*ni*ye /  / be*ni  be*ni  /  / din* din*l e r ↝  /  / miy*d i  *niz *niz ↷) Would you you listen  listen to me for a second if I asked?  Ben-im-le bir fincan çay iç-er mi /y Ben-im-le  /y /-di /-di-in-iz in-iz? ? (miy*d i  *niz ) i *niz  Would you you have  have a  a cup  cup of tea with with me?  me? BavulBavul-um um--u taşı-mama-am am-a -a yardım et-er mi /y  /y /-di /-di-in.iz in.iz? ? (ba*vu (ba*vu**lu*mu / ta* ta*şı* şı*ma* ma*ma / yar*dım yar*dım /  / e  e**d e r ↝/ miy*d i  i *niz ↷) Would you you help  help me to carry my my suitcase?  suitcase? In the last example above, the /t /t/ in “et” changes into /d /d/, and the /y/ glide is inserted between [mi [mi]] and [di [di]. ]. If someone wishes to be politer, he can add the [E.BİL] and [İR] morphe m orphemes mes

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Ben-i bir  bir saniye saniye dinle-/y/e.bil-ir mi /y  /y /-di /-di-in-iz in-iz? ? (be*ni  (be*ni  / bir   / bir  /  / sa: sa:*ni *ye / ye / din*le*ye*bi* lir *niz *niz ↷) l ir ↝/ miy*d i  i  Could you Could  you listen  listen to me for a second second please  please? ? The [İR] Simple Present, and [Dİ] Simple Past Tense morphemes are also used together in Turkish conditional sentences: sentences: BuraBura-da ol ol-sa -sa biz biz-e -e yardım et-er-di -er-di.. (bur*d a  /  / ol*sa ol*sa /  / bi*ze bi*ze /  / yar*dım yar*dım /  / e* d e r *di ↷) If he were here here,, he would help us. (The /t /t/ changes into the /d /d/ voiced consonant.)

 /y/ı sat-ar-dı-ım. (Advice) Sen-in yer -in Senin--de ol ol-sa-sa-am am bu eski eski araba araba- /y/ı (se*n i n  / ye* rin*de   /  / o l *s am  / b u  / es*k i  / a*r a *b a *yı  /  / sa*tar *d  *d ı  ım   ↷) If I were you you,, I would sell this old car. old car. Öğretmen sen-i gör -se/y/-di -se/y/- di kız-ar-dı. (öğ*ret*men / ret*men / se*ni se*ni / gör* s e y *di  / kı* za za r *dı ↷) If the teacher saw teacher saw you, he would get angry angry..

PERFECT MODALS must have “verb - ♫ [miş, mış, müş, muş ] + [ol-ma.lı]-[pers pers]]” This perfect modal verb composition conveys a past concept of certainty. certainty. Consider the following: following:

Görev-i-/n/i bitir -miş ol-ma.lı. (“Bitirmiş” is is subject  subject complemen com plementt in Turkish.) (gö*re*vi *ni / bi*tir  bi*tir *miş / ol*ma*lı ↷) He must have finished his his duty.  duty. (I  (I am sure he has finished it.) Ev-den ayrıl-mış ol-ma.lı. Ev-den (ev*den (ev*den / ay*rıl  ay*rıl *mı *şol*ma*lı *şol*ma*lı ↷) He must He  must have left home home.. (I am sure he has left home.)

Uçak in in--miş ol-ma.lı. (Liaison) (u*çak  (u*çak  /  / in* in*m i *şol*ma*lı ↷) The plane must have landed. landed. (I am sure it has landed. ) Ben-i anla Ben-i anla--mış ol-ma.lı-sın. (Liaison) (be*ni (be*ni / an* an*la* la*mı *şol*ma*lı*sın *şol*ma*lı*sın ↷)  You must have understood me. understood me.

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS O-/n/u bir  bir yer  yer -de -de gör -müş ol-ma.lı- /y  /y /ım. (Liaison) (o*nu (o*nu /  / bir / yer*de yer*de /  / gör *mü *şol*ma*lı*yım *şol*ma*lı*yım ↷) I must have seen her seen her somewhere somewhere.. (I am sure I saw her somewhere.) Both certainty  certainty  and possibility  possibility   concepts can also be conveyed by composition: “verb-[MİŞ]-[DİR]” verb composition:

Görev-i-/n/i bitir-miş-tir . (gö*re* re*vi*ni  / bi*tir* miş miş*tir  ↷) He must He  must (may) have finished his his duty.  duty. Ev-den ayrıl-mış-tır . Ev-den mış*tır  ↷) (ev*den (ev*den /  / ay *rıl* mış He must He  must (may) have left home. left  home. Haber-i duy-muş mu mu-dur  -dur ? muş / mu*dur  ↷) (ha*be (ha*be**ri  /  / duy* muş Is he Is  he likely to have heard the news? Haber-i duy-ma-mış-tır . (ha*be*ri  (ha*be*ri  /  / d u y *ma*mış*tır ↷) He can’t (couldn’t) have heard the the news.  news. Haber duy-ul-ma-mış-tır . (ha*ber (ha*ber / du* y u l *ma*mış*tır  ↷) The news The  news may not have been heard. heard . (Passive) Bu saa saat-te t-te yat-mış-tır bile bile.. (bu / bu / sa*at  sa*at *t e / yat* mış mış*tır / bi*le ↷) He must have already gone to bed at this hour .

 Yağmur  dur dur-muş mu mu-dur  -dur ? (yağ*mur  / dur* muş  / mu*dur ↷) muş / mu*dur Is it likely to have stopped rain rain-ing? -ing? The same verb composition may be used in conditional sentences, as well: well: Paris’-e git-ti /y  /y /-se  /-se,, Eyfel Kulesi’ -/ -/n n /  /ii gör -müş-tür . (p a *ri *se / se / git *t i y *se / *se / ey *fel  /  / ku*le ku*le**si*ni / gör* müş müş*tür ↷) If he went went to  to Paris, he he must  must have seen the Eiffel Tower. Bir yanlışlık yap yap--tı/y /-sa özür dile -miş-tir .

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Note: “git git--ti /y  /y /-se” means “if he went”, but “ git-se/ git-se/y y / /-di di” means “if he had gone”: Paris’-e git git-se/ -se/y y / /-di di Eyfel Kulesi’ -/ -/n n /  /ii gör -ür -dü. (p a *ri *se / git *s e y *di  /  / e y *fel / ku*le*si  ku*le*si *ni  /  / gö*  gö* r  *dü ↷) r ür  ür *dü If he had gone to gone to Paris, he he would  would have seen the Eiffel Tower. (He didn’t go, and he didn’t see.)  Yeter-in.ce çalış-sa/ -sa/y y /-dı kötü bir  bir not not al-maz al-maz-dı. (ye*te (ye*te**r i n *ce / *ce / ça* ça*lış* lış*s a y *dı / kö*tü / bir / not / al* m az *dı ↷ ) If he had studied hard studied hard enough, enough, he wouldn’t have got a poor  poor mark. mark.

(He didn’t study, so he got a poor mark.) Oyun-u Oyun-u seyret seyret-se/ -se/y y / /-di di--in hoşlan-ır -dı-ın. (o*yu (o*yu**nu / nu / sey*ret *s ey *d i  ho*şu* n a / gi *der*di ↷) i n / ho*şu*  If you had watched the play play,, you you would  would have enjoyed it it..

can’t have “verb verb-- [miş, mış, müş, muş ] + ol - [a.maz a.maz]] - [pers pers]]” The verb chain above is used to form a verb composition to convey past impossibility. impossibility . In doing this, when [a.maz [ a.maz]] negation allomorph is attached to the first person personal allomorph [am [am], ], the /z /z/ consonant drops, the /a /a-a/ vowels combine, and verbalize as a single vowel:

Gör -müş ol-a.mazol-a.maz-am am.. (gör*müş / gör*müş / o* l a *mam *mam ↷) Gör -müş ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--sın. (gör*müş / gör*müş / o* l a *maz*sın *maz*sın ↷) Gör -müş ol-a.maz ol-a.maz.. (gör*müş / gör*müş / o* l a *maz *maz ↷ ) Gör -müş ol-a.ma  /y/ız. (gör*müş / ol-a.ma-- /y/ız gör*müş / o* l a *ma*yız *ma*yız ↷) Gör -müş ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--sın.ız. (gör*müş / gör*müş / o* l a *maz*sı*nız *maz*sı*nız ↷) Gör -müş ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--lar . (gör*müş / gör*müş / o* l a *maz*lar *maz*lar ↷) Example sentences:

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Sen-i işit-miş ol-a.maz ol-a.maz.. (se*n (se*ni / i *şit *miş / miş / o* l a *maz *maz ↷) (se*ni (se*ni / i*şit* mi*şo mi*şo*l a *maz  *maz ↷) (Liaison) He can’t (couldn’t) have heard  you Lastik-i Lastik-i patla patla--mış ol-a.maz ol-a.maz.. (las*ti  (las*ti *ği / pat *la la**mış / o* l a *maz  *maz ↷) He can’t (couldn’t) have had a flat tire. flat tire.

Tüm soru-lar -a -a cevap ver -miş ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--sın. (tüm / so*ru so*ru**la la**ra ra /  / ce*vap ce*vap /  / ver *miş miş /  / o* l a *maz*sın *maz*sın ↷)  You can’t (couldn’t) have answered al alll the the questions.  questions.

Fenerbahçe yen-il yen-il--miş ol-a.maz mı? (fe* (fe*n er *bah*çe bah*çe /  / ye* nil*miş / il*miş / o* l  *maz *maz / mı ↷) l a  a  Can’t Fenervahçe have been beaten? beaten?

should have (ought to have) have ) “noun + infinitive + gerek-ir-di ” This perfect modal composition is used to express a past obligation or expectation that was not carried out: (Sen-in (Sen -in)) ev ödev-in in--i yap yap--mama-an gerek-ir-di gerek-ir-di.. noun + infinitive compound (subject)

(ev / ö*de*vi *ni  /  / yap* m an  / ge*re*kir*di ↷) That you That you had done your  your homework homework was necessary necessary.. ( You  You should have done your  homework.)   homework.) (But you didn’t.) Bu araba-/ araba-/y y /ı satın al-mak için daha çok para biriktir -me me--en gerek-ir-di gerek-ir-di.. (bu / a*ra*ba a*ra*ba**yı / yı / sa*tın sa*tın /  / al *mak  /  / i*çin / da*h a  /  / çok / pa*ra pa*ra / bi*rik*tir *me n / ge*re*kir*di ↷)  You should have saved more more money  money to buy this car . (But you didn’t.)

Sınav-da daha dikkat dikkat--li li ol ol-mama-am am gerek-ir-di gerek-ir-di.. (sı*nav *da / da / da*h a / dik*kat  dik*kat *li  /  / ol *ma m / ge*re*kir*di ↷)

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS To change the above modal composition into the negative form, the ♫ [me me]] or [ma ma]] negative making  making   allomorphs are put after the verb roots, stems or frames, and then the ♫ [me] me] or [ma [ma]] infinitive  infinitive  allomorphs follow them preceding the personal subject allomorphs: allomorphs: Ekmek al al--ma ma--mama-an gerek-ir-di gerek-ir-di.. noun + infinitive compound

(se*nin (se*nin /  / ek*mek  ek*mek  /  / al *ma*ma n / ge*re*kir*di ↷)  You shouldn’t (needn’t) have bought  bread. (But you did.) (Advice)

Kız kardeş-in in-e -e bağır -ma ma--mama-an gerek-ir-di gerek-ir-di.. (kız  /  / kar*de kar*de**şi *ne / ne / ba*  ba* ğır  *ma*ma n / ge*re*kir*di ↷) ğır *ma*m  You shouldn’t have shouted at your  your sister  sister . (But you did.) (Advice)  Yalan söyle-me me--me me-- /s  /s /i gerek-ir-di. (o*nun (o*nun /  / ya*lan ya*lan / söy* l e *me*me*si  *me*me*si  /  / ge*re*kir*di  ↷) He shouldn’t have told a lie. (But lie. (But he did.) Mehmet’-in sınav-da kopya çek-me me--me-/ me-/s s /i gerek-ir-di gerek-ir-di.. (meh*me (meh*me**din / sı*nav *da / kop*ya kop*ya /  / çek *me*me*si *me*me*si / ge*re*kir*di ↷) Mehmet shouldn’t have cheated in the examination examination.. (But he did.)

may have “verb verb  - [miş, mış,

pers]]” müş, muş] + ol-a.bil-ir -[pers

This modal form adds possibility to verb verb roots,  roots, stems and frames:

Dışarı-/ -/y y /a çık-mış ol-a.bil-ir . (The purple underlined words underlined words are adjectives adjectives.) .) (dı*şa* rı  mış / o*la*bi*lir ↷) rı / çık *mış / He may have gone out out.. (Perhaps he has gone out.) -/y y /a çık-mış-tır . Dışarı-/ rı / çık*mış*tır ↷) (dı*şa* rı  He must have gone out out.. (I  (I am sure he has gone out out.) .)

Otobüs-ü kaçır -mış ol-a.bil-ir . (o*to (o*to**bü*  bü* sü  ka*çır*mış / çır*mış / o*la*bi*lir ↷) sü  / ka*

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Büro temizle temizle--en en--miş ol.a.bil-ir . (bü*ro bü*ro / te*miz*l e  n*miş / o*la*bi*lir ↷) e  The office may have been cleaned cleaned.. (Perhaps it has been cleaned.) Haber-i işit-miş ol-a.bil-irol-a.bil-ir-ler  ler mi mi? ? (ha*be (ha*be**r i  i /  / i *şit *miş / miş / o*la*bi*lir* ler l er  / mi ↷) Are they likely to have heard the the news?  news? Vazo-/y/u kedi kır -mış ol-a.bil-ir mi mi? ? (v a *zo*yu / *zo*yu / ke*d i / kır*mış / o* l  l a*bi*lir a*bi*lir / mi ↷) Is the cat likely to have broken the the vase?  vase? Bir anlaşma-/ -/y y /a var -mış ol-a.bil-ir ol-a.bil-ir-ler. ler. l er ↷) (bir / an*laş an*laş**ma*ya / ma*ya / var* mış / mış / o*la*bi*lir* ler They may They  may have reached an agreement. agreement.

might have “verb verb-- [e.bil, a.bil] a.bil ]-[ir ]-[di di]]-[pers pers]]” Kaza geçir -e.bil-ir-di-e.bil-ir-di-ik ik.. i k ↷) (ka*za :  / ge* çi*re*bi*  çi*re*bi* lir*d  lir*d i  We might We  might have had an an accident.  accident. (It was probable, but we didn’t.) Pencere-/y/i kır -a.bil-ir-di-in -a.bil-ir-di- in.. (pen*ce (pen*ce**re* re*yi  / kı*ra*bi* l i r *d i  n ↷) i   You might  You  might have broken the the window.  window.

(It was probable, but you didn’t.)

Maç kaybet-il-e.bil-ir-di kaybet-il-e.bil-ir-di.. (It was probable, but it wasn’t lost.) (maç  /  / kay*be*di*le*bi* l i r *di ↷) The match might have been lost. lost. (The /t /t/ changes into /d /d/.) (Passive) de-ki -ki araba  araba-/ -/y y /a çarp-a.bil-ir-di-a.bil-ir-di-in. in. Ön-ün-de i n ↷ ) (ö*nün* nün*de* de*k i  / a*ra a*ra**ba* ba*ya / çar*pa*bi* l i r *d i   You might  You  might have hit the the car  car in front of  of you. you. (But  (But you didn't hit it.)

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

“Ayşe’-/ -/n n /in acele et et--meme- /s  /s /i”-/ -/n n /e  /e   gerek yok-tu gerek yok-tu.. noun + infinitive comp - [e] (adverbial)

(ay*şe (ay*şe**nin / a*ce a*ce**l e / et*me*si*ne / et*me*si*ne / ge*rek ge*rek / y o k *tu ↷) Ayşe needn’t have hurried hurried.. (But she did.)

“Bütün soru-lar -a -a cevap ver-me ver-me--en”-e -e gerek  gerek yok-tu  yok-tu.. (bü*tün / so*ru so*ru**la*ra / la*ra / ce*vap ce*vap /  / ver *me *ne / ne / ge*rek  ge*rek  /  / y o k *tu ↷)  You needn’t have answered all the questions. the questions. (But  (But you did.) “Maç-ı ertele ertele--me me--ler -i -i”-/ -/n n /e gerek yok-tu yok-tu.. (on*la*  (on*la* rın rın / ma*çı ma*çı /  / er*te* er*te*le* le*me*le*ri*ne / me*le*ri*ne / ge*rek  ge*rek  /  / y o k * tu t u ↷)  (But they did.) They needn’t have postponed the the match.  match. (But

“Çiçek-ler -i sula an.ız””-a sula--mama-an.ız -a gerek  gerek yoktu  yoktu.. (çi*çek*le* çek*le*ri  / su* su*la* la*ma *nı*za *nı*za / ge*rek  ge*rek  /  / y o k *tu ↷)  You needn’t have watered the the flowers  flowers.. (But you did.) “Üç çift ayakkabı al al--mama-an”-a -a gerek  gerek yoktu  yoktu.. (üç  /  / çift / a*yak  a*yak *ka* ka*bı / al *ma *na / ge*rek  ge*rek  /  / y o k *tu ↷)  You needn't have bought three three pairs  pairs of  shoes.  shoes.

Note: “git-me-se de olurdu”, “sula-ma-sa-lar da olurdu” sentence types can also be used as alternatives to the sentences above. The noun compounds in the sentences above  above  and below  below  are all showed between inverted commas.

didn’t need to “noun dı”” noun +  + infinitive-[ infinitive- [e, a] a] + gerek kalkal-ma ma--dı This modal form is used to express unfulfilled necessity in necessity in the past: past:

“Uzun zaman beklezaman bekle-me me--em”-e -e gerek  gerek kal kal-ma ma--dı. noun + infinitive comp -[e] (adverbial)

(u*zu n  / za*man za*man /  / bek *le* le*me *me *me / ge*rek  ge*rek  /  / k al *ma*dı ↷) It was not necessary for  me  me to wait for a long time time.. I didn’ need  to wait wait for   for  a  a long time. time.

“Okul-a Okul-a yürü-/ -/y y /e.rek git git--meme-em.iz”-e -e gerek  gerek kal kal-ma ma--dı.

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

“Toplantı yap am.ız””-a yap--mama-am.ız -a gerek  gerek kal kal-ma ma--dı. (top*lan (top*lan**tı / yap*ma *mı*za / *mı*za / ge*rek  /  / k al *ma*dı ↷) We didn’t need to hold a meeting.

“ Yardım iste iste--me me--em.iz”-e gerek gerek kal kal-ma ma--dı. (yar*dım (yar*dım / is*te*me *mi*ze / *mi*ze / ge*rek  ge*rek  /  / k al *ma*dı ↷) We didn’t need to ask for  help.  help.

“Bekle Bekle--meme-em.iz”-e gerek kal gerek kal-ma ma--dı. (bek*le*me *mi*ze / *mi*ze / ge*rek  ge*rek  /  / k al *ma*dı ↷) We didn’t need to wait wait.. LINKING VERBS IN VERBS IN ENGLISH AND TURKISH Linking verbs  verbs  are the  the  verbs  verbs  that carry information about the subject describing who who,, what what,, how how,, and where where   the subject is, was, can be, be, etc. The following are all linking verbs: verbs: is, are, was, were, has been, have been, will be, had been, must be, may be, etc. The information that the linking verbs carry to the subjects subjects are  are called “subject complements”.

Present Positive: The compulsory subject allomorphs used allomorphs used with present “be” are as follows: (ben ben)): [im, ım, üm, um]; (sen sen)): [sin, sın, sün, sun]; (o): [ø]; (biz biz): ): [iz, ız, üz, uz]; uz ]; (siz (siz)): [sin.iz, sın.ız, sün.üz, sun.uz n.uz]; ]; (onlar  (onlar ): [(ø) (ler, (ler, lar )] )] The subject complements that complements that give information about the subjects subjects may  may be

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS 3.

Postpositional adverbial phrases: phrases : The Turkish place allomorphs [de, da,, te, ta] da ta] are expressed in  in  English  English  in the prepositions of “in”, “at”, “on”, “behind”, “in front of ” such as, “ev-de”, “okul -da”, “sokakta”, “örnek -te”, “bura-da”, “alt -ın-da”, “yan -ın-da”, “ön -ün-de”, “arka-/s/ın-da”, “üst -ün-de” “yakın-ın-da”. These Turkish adverbials are ials  are used as subject complements. complements. For example: evev-de (at home); home); okulokul-da (at school, school, in school); school); masamasa-da (on the table, table, at the table); table); kapı-da da (  (at at the door ); ); kutukutu-da da (  (in in the box); box); bahçede (in the garden); garden); hastanehastane-de (in hospital, hospital, in the hospital); hospital); uçak-ta (on the plane), plane), kapı-/ -/n n /ın ön-ü /  /n n / /-de de (in front of the of the door ). ).

The other [e, [e, a] and [den, [den, dan, ten, dan, ten, tan] tan] allomorphs, which turn nouns into adverbials,, are not used with adverbials used with the linking verbs “be”; they are used together with action verbs like “go”, “come”, “wait“, “sleep”, “ jump  jump ”, etc. When the subject complements  complements  above end with vowels, vowels, they are linked to the personal subject allomorphs by the / the /y y / glides:

Postacı kapı-da. The postman is at at   the door . Onlar  şimdi uçak-ta ta.. They are on the the   plane now now.. Ben kapı-da -da-- /y  /y /ım. I am at at   the door . Sen Sen   okulokul-da da-sın. You are You are at school. school. O mutfak mutfak-ta ta.. She is in the the kitchen  kitchen.. Biz haklı- /y  /y /ız. We are right right.. Çiçek-ler vazo -ler vazo-d -da a. The flowers are flowers are in the vase. vase. The [E [E], [DE [DEN]] morphemes are also used attached to “ön”, “arka”, DE]] and [DEN “yan”, “üst”, “karşı”, “sol”, “sağ”, “alt”, “bitişik” nouns, such as “ö n-e”, “arka

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS When the [de, [de, da] da] allomorphs are attached to the noun compounds above compounds above,, they take the /n/ glides attached to the noun compounds to maintain a harmonious link between the noun compounds and the [de, [de, da] da] allomorphs. The noun compounds  [de, da] compounds  attached to the [de, da]  allomorphs function as subject complements when “be” verbs are used. Compare and consider the following sentences: sentences: Kedi perde-/ perde-/n n /  /in in arka-/ arka-/s s / /n  ı/n / /-da da.. (per*de*nin (per*de*nin /  / ar*ka*sı ar*ka*sı)) subj

noun compound - /n/da /n/da (subj complement) predicate

(ke*di (ke*di / per*de*  per*de* n i n / ar *ka*sın*da *ka*sın*da ↷). The cat is cat is behind the curtain. curtain.

Gözlük-ler -im ayna-/ nın / ö*nü ayna-/n n /ın ön-ü /  /n n / /-de de.. (ay*na*  (ay*na* nın *nü) (göz*lük *le* r  r im im / ay*na*  ay*na* nın *nün*de ↷) nın / ö*nün*de am” TurkMy glasses are in front of the of the mirror . (The “im, ım, üm, um, em, am” ish possessive personal allomorphs all mean “ben ben-im -im”: “my”.) Terlikler -in in karyola  karyola-/ -/n n /ın altalt- /n  ı/n / /-da da.. (ter*lik  (ter*lik *le* r  r in / in / kar*yo*la kar*yo*la**nın / al*  al* t  tın*da ı n*da ↷)  Your slippers  Your  slippers are under  under the the bed. bed. (The “in, ın, ün, un, en, an ” allomorphs mean “sen ”.) sen-in -in”: “your ”. Ben-im ev Ben-im ev--im bakkal bakkal--ın bitişik- /n i /n / /-de de.. (bak*ka*  (bak*ka* lın lın / bi *ti *şi*ği ) lın / bi*ti*şi*ğin (be*n (be*nim / im / e*v  e*v im / im / bak*ka*  bak*ka* lın bi*ti*şi*ğin*de *de ↷) My house is next to the grocer 

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Postane-/ Postane-/n n /in ön-ü/n / /-de de-- /y  /y /im  /im.. (The “im” means “ben”: “I”.) (ben / ben / pos*ta pos*ta: *ne* n i n / ö* nün*de*yim nün*de*yim ↷) I am in front of the post office. office. In the sentences above, there are no time morphemes  morphemes  attached to the arka-/ -/s s/ı/n//-da da”, “ön-ü/n//-de de”, “karşı -/ -/s s/ı/n//-da da”, “evev-de”,  etc. The words “arka absence  absence  of these time morphemes  morphemes  in the sentences above the “∅” zero morphemes imply that the time is present present..

Present Negative: To change the positive “be” linking verbs into negative negative   forms, the negative değil”” is used after a subject complement, making adverb “değil complement, such as: Mutlu değil-im im.. (mut*lu (mut*lu /  / de*   de* ği  *lim) ği *lim) I am not happy happy..

İstekli değil-sin.iz. (is*tek*li  ğil *si*niz  (is*tek*li  / de*   / de* ğil  *si*niz )  You are not willing willing.. (The “sin.iz, sın.ız, sün.üz, sun.uz” personal subject allomorphs all mean “siz”: “you”.) “sin, sın, sün, sun” sun” personal allomorphs all mean sin.. (The “sin,  Yakışıklı değil-sin singular “sen”: “ you”) /ya*kı*şık*lı /ya*kı*şık*lı /  / de* ğil  *sin) ğil *sin)  You are  You  are not  not handsome handsome.. Ev de değil ler  ler  (  (The “ler, lar ” personal allomorphs mean allomorphs mean “onlar ”: ”: “they”.)

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Ev-de mi Evmi--sin sin? ? (ev*d e  /  / mi*sin) mi*sin) Are you at home home? ? Fatma- /n Fatma /n /ın göz-ler -i mavi mi mi? ? (fat*ma*nın (fat*ma*nın / göz*le*ri / ma*  ma* v i / mi ) Are Fatma’s eyes blue blue? ?

“iz, ız, üz, uz” uz” personal allomorphs mean “biz”: “we”.) Dikkatsiz mi mi-- /y  /y /iz  /iz? ? (The “iz, (dik*kat*  (dik*kat* s i z  /  / mi*yiz ) Are we careless careless? ?

Hazır mı Hazır  mı-sın.ız? (ha*  (ha* zır  zır / mı*sı*nız ) Are you ready ready? ?

İyi-ler  ler mi mi? ? (i*yi*  (i*yi* l er / mi ) Are they Are  they all right? right ?

Present Negative Question: To turn a positive linking positive linking verb form into a negative linking negative linking verb form, the değil”” is used after the subject complement: negative making adverb “değil complement:

Çalışkan değil mi mi-- /y/im?  /y/im? (ça*lış*kan / lış*kan / de* ğil   / mi*yim) mi*yim ) ğil  / Am I Am  I not hardworking hardworking? ?

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Güzel değil mi mi-/ -/y y /im? (gü*zel / de*ğil  /  / mi*yim) mi*yim) Am I not beautiful beautiful? ? The Question Words Used With the Linking Verbs Nere-de-sin.iz Nere-desin.iz? ? EvEv-de de-- /y  /y /im  /im.. (One word) (ne*re*de*si*niz ) Where are you you? ? I am  am at  at home.

Nasıl-sın.ız? İyi- /y  /y /im  /im.. (n a *sıl*sı*nız  *sıl*sı*nız ) How are you you? ? I am quite well. well.

Niçin hazır  hazır değil değil- /s  /s /in  /in? ? (n i *çin / *çin / ha*zır / de* ğil  *sin) ğil *sin) Why aren’t you ready ready? ?

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

 Yaşlan” is an intransitive verb which means “ grow old”.) Herkes yaşlan-ır . (“ Yaşlan

(h e r *kes / *kes / yaş*la*nır ) Everybody grows old old.. (“Grow” is a linking verb, “ old” is an adjective  adjective.) .) Hava soğu-u.yor . (“Soğu” is an intransitive verb which means “ get cold”)

(ha*va (ha*va / so*ğu*yor ) It is getting colder . (“Get” is a linking verb , “cold” is an adjective.)  Yorgun görün-ü.yor -sun sun.. (“Görün” is a reflexive verb , “yorgun” is an adjective ective))

(yor*g u n / gö*rü*nü*yor*sun) gö*rü*nü*yor*sun )  You look  You  look tired tired.. (“Look” is a linking verb ; “tired” is an adjective.)  Yaprak-lar sonbahar   Yaprak-lar sonbahar -da -da sarar-ır . (“Sarar ” means “turn yellow”.)

(yap*rak*lar  (yap*rak*lar  /  / s o n *ba*har*da / *ba*har*da / sa*ra*rır ) Leaves turn Leaves turn yellow in the autumn autumn..

Çorba nefis kok-u.yor . (“Kok” is an intransitive verb; “nefis” is an adverb adverb.) .) (ço*ba / ba / ne*f i s  / ko*ku*yor ) The soup smells delicious (“Smell” is a linking verb; verb; “delicious” is an adjective adjective.) .)

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Proje-en ilginç gör -ün-ü.yor . (“İlginç” is used as an adverb Projeadverb in  in Turkish.) (p r o *jen / *jen / il*ginç  /  / gö*rü*nü*yor )  Your project  Your  project seems seems (  (sounds sounds)) interesting interesting.. Note: Nearly all adjectives adjectives   in Turkish can be used as adverbs adverbs   without changing their forms. For instance: O iyi bir kız -dır . (adjective (adjective)) She is is a  a good girl. (adjective  (adjective)) O iyi yüz-er . (adverb adverb)) She swims well. well. (  (adverb adverb)) Bu yavaş bir arabaaraba-dır . (adjective (adjective)) This is a slow slow car   car . (adjective (adjective)) Bu araba yavaş gider . (adverb (adverb)) This car  goes  goes slowly slowly.. (adverb (adverb)) O güzel bir kız -dır . (adjective (adjective)) She is is a  a beautiful  beautiful girl girl.. (adjective (adjective)) O güzel şarkı söyler . (adverb (adverb)) She sings beautifully beautifully.. (adverb (adverb))

LINKING VERBS Simple Past

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Öğrenci-ler neşeli /y  /y / /-di di.. (öğ*ren*ci*ler  /  / ne*şe*  ne*şe* l i y *di ) The students were cheerful cheerful.. ArabaAraba-am kapı-/ -/n n /ın ön-ü/n / /-de de /  /y y / /-di. di. (a*ra*bam (a*ra*bam /  / ka* pı* nın  / ö*nün*dey*di ) nın / ö*nün*dey*di  My car  My  car was was in front of the of the door .

Negative: To turn a positive linking verb into a negative statement, the negative making adverb “değil” is used after the subject complement,  complement,  which is attached to past time and time and personal subject allomorphs: allomorphs:  Yorgun değil-di di--im im.. (yor*gun (yor*gun /  / de* ğil  *dim) ğil *dim) I was not tired tired.. (I wasn’t tired tired..) Sorumlu değil-di di--in.iz in.iz..

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS  Yorgun mu /  /y y /-du  /-du--un.uz un.uz? ? (yor*g u n  / muy*du*nuz ) Were you Were  you tired tired? ? Sorular zor  zor mu mu /y/-du  /y/-du? ? (so*ru (so*ru**lar  /  / zo r  / muy*du) muy*du) Were the questions difficult difficult? ?

Negative question:

değil”” follows the In negative question forms, the negative making adverb “değil subject complement as complement as they are in the following examples:  okul-da değil mi /y  /y /-di  /-di--in in? ? Dün okul-

ğil  / (dün / dün / o*kul*da o*kul*da / de* ğil   / miy*din) miy*din) Were you you not  not at at school  school yesterday yesterday? ? (Weren’t you at school?) Masal ilginç değil mi/ mi/y y /-di  /-di? ?

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Modal Verbs with Verbs with Liking Verbs Modal verbs can verbs can be used both with action verbs and verbs and liking verbs in English and Turkish. We will show only the modal verbs  verbs  that are used with linking verbs in verbs  in the following example sentences.

Present Modals Positive: ol-[ ol -[a.bil-ir  a.bil-ir ]-[personal ]-[personal subject allomorph ] = “can be” or “may be”

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Ev-de ol-ma-/y/a.bil-ir -im Evim.. (ev*de (ev*de /  / o l *ma*ya*bi* l i *rim) *rim) I may not be at home. Mutlu ol-ma-/y/a.bil-ir -sin sin.. (mut*lu (mut*lu /  / o l *ma*ya*bi*  *ma*ya*bi* l i r *sin) *sin)  You may not be happy be happy.. Ankara-da hava güneşli ol-ma-/y/a.bil-ir . Ankara-da (an *ka*ra*da / ha*va ha*va / gü*neş*li  /  / o l *ma*ya*bi*  *ma*ya*bi* l i r ) The weather  may  may not be sunny in Ankara Ankara..

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS Dikkatli ol-a.bil-ir  ol-a.bil-ir mi mi--sin.iz sin.iz? ? (dik*kat*li  (dik*kat*li  /  / o*la*bi* l i r  / mi*si*niz) Can you Can  you be careful careful? ? Birazdan hazır ol-a.bil-irol-a.bil-ir-ler  ler mi mi? ? (b i *raz*dan / *raz*dan / ha*zır  ha*zır  /  / o*la*bi*lir* l e r / mi ) Can they they be  be ready soon soon? ?

Negative question: To turn the “ol-a.bil-r ” modal form into negative, “ol-a.maz” modal form is

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Hazır ol-ma.lı-sın. (Certainty or necessity) (ha*zır  /  / ol*ma*lı*sın) ol*ma*lı*sın)  You must be ready ready.. (Certainty or necessity) The Turkish and English sentences above are ambiguous because they may

both mean “I am certain that you are ready” or “It is necessary for you to be ready”. O-/ -/n n /a inan inan--dık-ım için aptal ol-ma.lı- /y  /y /ım. (Certainty) (o*na (o*na /  / i*nan*dı* ğım i*çin /  / ap*t a l  / ol*ma*lı*yım) ol*ma*lı*yım ) ğım / i*çin I must be stupid to believe him. (I him. (I am sure that I am stupid.)

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Üzül-me-me.li -me-me.li--sin sin.. (I advise you not to be sorry.) (Necessity) (ü* zül  *me*me*li*sin ) zül *me*me*li*sin)  You mustn’t feel sad sad.. Tertipsiz ol-ma-ma.lı.  (Necessity) (ter*tip*siz  (ter*tip*siz  /  / o l *ma*ma*lı) *ma*ma*lı) He mustn’t be untidy untidy.. Dikkatsiz ol-ma-ma.lı- /y  /y /ız.  (Necessity) (dik*kat*siz (dik*kat*siz / o l *ma*ma*lı*yız ) We mustn’t be careless careless..

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Uçak-ta ol-ma.lı-lar mı? (Is it necessary?) (u*çak*ta (u*çak*ta /  / ol*ma*lı* l a r / mı) mı) Must they they be  be on the plane plane? ?

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Sabırlı ol-a.maz ol-a.maz--sın.ız. (sa*bır*lı (sa*bır*lı /  / o* l a *maz*sı*nız  *maz*sı*nız )  You can’t be patient patient..

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

Positive: (Sen Sen)) daha dikkatli ol-ma.lı/y /-dı-ın. subj subj complement

verb

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

derlined “l” detaches from its syllable and attaches to the vowel “u” to form an oral sequence. In short, “kokl kokla a-u.yor ” becomes ( kok*lu*yor ) in speech.  Additionally, if a word ends with a consonant, this last consonant also de-

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TURKISH TENSES, MODALS AND LINKING VERBS

adjective

verb

adjective

Aç

acık

hungry → get (feel) hungry

→

verb + adjective

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