Turismo y Desarrollo Sostenible Monografia

 

 

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NIQUB[ XMNUIQMLI Qusab`

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H@IQB^ GRM^F, Nb`mlf

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1 MLEMNB MLEMNB ............................. ............................................................ .............................................................. .............................................................. ............................................. .............. 1  UFA@F EB M@R^UQFNMILB^ ........................... .......................................................... .............................................................. ........................................ ......... >  MLUQIERNNMIL MLUQIERNNM IL ................................................ ............................................................................... ............................................................. ........................................ .......... 5  NFSMUR@I M; .............................................................................................................................. 2  B@ URQM^OI ] B@ EB^FQQI@@ EB^FQQI@@I I ^I^UBLMA@B ................... .................................................. ............................................. .............. 2  6.6  URQM^OI.............................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ....................................................... ......................... 2  6.6.6  Ebhmlmnmil ........................... ........................................................... .............................................................. .................................................. .................... 2  6.6.1  Gmstirmf eb` turmsoi ............................ ........................................................... .............................................................. ................................... .... 8  6.6.>  Umpis y hirofs hi rofs ............................... .............................................................. .............................................................. ........................................ ......... 4  6.6.5  Mopirtflnmf eb` turmsoi ............................ ........................................................... ............................................................ ............................. =  6.6.2  B` smstbof turmstmni ............................................................................................. 66  6.1  EB^FQQI@ EB^FQQI@@I @I ^I^UBLM ^I^UBLMA@B A@B .......................................... ......................................................................... ....................................... ........ 6>  6.1.6  Emoblsmilbs hulefobltf`bs eb` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b. ....................................... 65  6.1.1  Nfrfntbrïstmnfs .................................................................................................... 62  6.1.>  Iakbtmvis eb` ebsfrri``i sitblma`b bl b` turmsoi 1362- 13>3 .............................. 68  6.1.5  Mopirtflnmf eb` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b ............................................................... ................................ ................................... 67  6.1.2  Ablbhmnmis eb` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b .............................. ............................................................. ...................................... ....... 67  6.>  URQM^OI ] EB^FQQI@@I ^I^UBLMA@B ^I^UBLMA@B ............................... .......................................................... ........................... 13  6.>.6  Emoblsmilbs ............................. ............................................................ .............................................................. ........................................... ............ 13  6.>.1  B` inmi ................................................................................................................ 13  6.>.>  Mopfnti eb` turmsoi bl b` nilsuoi eb rbnursis.......................................... rbnursis.................................................. ........ 11  NFSMUR@I NFSMUR@ I MM ....................................................... ...................................................................................... .............................................................. ...................................... ....... 12  URQM^OI ] EB^FQQI@@I ^I^UBLMA@B ^I^UBLMA@B BL B@ SBQÛ ............................ ................................................... ....................... 12  6.5  B@ URQM^OI ] EB^FQQI@ EB^FQQI@@I @I ^I^UBLMA@B LFNMILF@ LFNMILF@ ........................ ............................... ....... 12  6.5.6  Ebsfrri``i eb` turmsoi bl b` Sbrû........................................................................ 18  6.5.1  Nbltris turïstmnis oæs nilnurrmeis .............................................................. ............................... ...................................... ....... 14  6.5.>  Fnnbsmam`mefe ............................ ........................................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............ >6  6.5.5  Srmlnmpf`bs @bybs eb` Uurmsoi y Ebsfrri``i ^istblma`b bl b` Sbrû ..................... .................. ... >1  6.2  NIL^BQXFNMÞL EB @I^ NBLUQI^ FQVRBI@ÞDMNI^ ] URQÏ^UMNI^ ..... >>  6.2.6  @f dbstmþl turïstmnf eb` pftrmoilmi nu`turf`............................................ nu`turf`.............. ........................................... ............. >>  6.2.1  @f beunfnmþl foambltf` .............................................................................. ................................................ ...................................... ........ >5  6.2.>  B` ebsfhïi eb `f beunfnmþl foambltf` ............................ ........................................................... ...................................... ....... >5  NILN@R^MILB^ NILN@R^M ILB^ ............................................................................... ................................................ ............................................................. ...................................... ........ >8  Ama`midrfhïf ................................................................................................................................ >4 

 

> UFA@F EB M@R^UQFNMILB^ M`ustrfnmþl 6; Hirofs eb Uurmsoi ebseb b` `fei eb `f Eboflef (Irdflmzfnmþl Oulemf` Oulemf` eb` Uurmsoi (IOU), (IOU), 6==5) ................................ .............................................................. ............................................................ ................................................ .................. 66 M`ustrfnmþl 1; Fntmvmefebs y Ihbrtf Uurïstmnf (Dib`elbr & Qmtngmb, 6==3) ................................. .......... ....................... 61 M`ustrfnmþl > Bltirli eb `f mleustrmf turïstmnf (^flngi, 1336) .................................................... ................................................. ... 6> M`ustrfnmþl 5; S`fzf eb Frofs eb @mof. ............................ ........................................................... .......................................................... ........................... 17 M`ustrfnmþl 2; S`fzf eb frofs eb Nusni

(Nbltri gmstþrmni eb Nuzni) ...................... 17

M`ustrfnmþl 8; Qumlfs Mlnf siarb I``fltfytfoai .............................. ............................................................. ........................................... ............ 1= M`ustrfnmþl 4; Ofngu Smnngu Smn ngu ............................. ............................................................ .............................................................. ........................................... ............ 1= M`ustrfnmþl 7; S`fzf eb Frofs eb Frbqumpf .............................................. ................ ............................................................. .................................. ... >3 M`ustrfnmþl =; @fdi Umtmnfnf .............................. ............................................................. .............................................................. ........................................... ............ >3 M`ustrfnmþl 63; Ufrf-piti ............................ ............................................................ .............................................................. ................................................ .................. >6

 

5 MLUQIERNNMIL B` prbsbltb trfafki tmblb nioi iakbtmvi prbsbltfr `is fspbntis dblbrf`bs y `fs nfrfntbrïstmnfs prmlnmpf`bs fnbrnf eb` turmsoi y ebsfrri``i sistblma`b, bsti, nioi ul fspbnti mltbdrfltb eb `f rbspilsfam`mefe sinmf` boprbsfrmf` tfl prioivmef bl `f fntuf`mefe. Srmobrfobltb, sb rbf`mzf ulf rbnipm`fnmþl eb vfrmfs ebhmlmnmilbs qub smrvbl nioi afsb eb `f mlvbstmdfnmþl bl `i qub rbspbntf f rbspilsfam`mefe y turmsoi. Sistbrmirobltb sb bstfa`bnb `f rb`fnmþl bxmstbltb bltrb turmsoi y ebsfrri``i sistblma`b bl b` nuf` ebhmlmr `is nilnbptis, prmlnmpmis y nfrfntbrïstmnfs btn. Hmlf`obltb, `fs niln`usmilbs eb` turmsoi y ebsfrri``i sistblma`b. B` turmsoi y ebsfrri``i sistblma`b bl su sbltmei oæs puri, bs ul sbntir mopirtfltb pfrf nuf`qumbr bnilioïf eb` oulei, li si`i pirqub dblbrf pubstis eb trfafki, nrbnmombltis bnilþomni b mleuefa`b ebsfrri``i, smli pirqub, feboæs prioubvb `f prbsbrvfnmþl nu`turf`, `f pritbnnmþl foambltf` y lis dblbrf ulf sblsfnmþl eb irdu``i y fpbdi pir `i lubstri: lubstri: tfoamíl bs ulf mleustrmf niopriobtmef f gfnbr afki mopfnti siarb b` obemi foambltb y `f nu`turf `inf`, f` tmbopi qub niltrmauyb f dblbrfr mldrbsis y bop`bi pfrf `f prieunnmþl, b` ebsfrri``i eb` turmsoi sistblma`b rbspileb f `f lbnbsmefe eb `is turmstfs eb `fs rbdmilbs flhmtrmilfs prbsbltbs, f `f vbz qub pritbdb `f obkirf eb `fs ipirtulmefebs eb` huturi. Bstæ blhinfei gfnmf `f dbstmþl eb tieis `is rbnursis eb oflbrf qub sftmshfdfl tiefs `fs lbnbsmefebs bnilþomnfs, sinmf`bs y bstítmnfs, y f `f vbz qub rbspbtbl `f mltbdrmefe nu`turf`, `is prinbsis bni`þdmnis bsblnmf`bs, f `f emvbrsmefe ami`þdmnf y `is smstbofs eb sipirtb eb `f vmef. ^bdûl `f irdflmzfnmþl oulemf` eb` turmsoi IOU `is prmlnmpmis qub ebhmlbl b` turmsoi sistblma`b sil; ^b nilsbrvfl `is rbnursis lfturf`bs y nu`turf`bs pfrf su usi niltmlufei bl b` huturi, f` tmbopi qub rbpirtfl ablbhmnmis. B` ebsfrri``i turïstmni sb p`flmhmnf y dbstmilf eb hirof qub li nfusb sbrmbs pria`bofs foambltf`bs i sinminu`turf`bs: @f nf`mefe foambltf` sb ofltmblb y obkirf. ^b prinurf ofltblbr ul b`bvfei lmvb` eb sftmshfnnmþl eb `is vmsmtfltbs y b` ebstmli e bstmli rbtmblb su prbstmdmi y pitblnmf` niobrnmf`. Bstfs nfrfntbrmstnfs gfnbl f` turmsoi sistblma`b ulf gbrrfombltf eb bstrftbdmf pfrf b` ebsfrri``i bnilþomni `inf`. Sir ul `fei, b` turmsoi supilb ulf drfl ipirtulmefe bl f`dulfs zilfs bl `fs qub li bxmstbl itrfs f`tbrlftmvfs eb fntmvmefe bnilþomnf:  pir itri, nioi pfrtb eb` sbntir sbrvmnmis, ihrbnb oæs ipirtulmefebs pfrf b` surdmomblti eb boprbsfs `inf`bs.

 

2 NFSMUR@I M; B@ URQM^OI ] B@ EB^FQQI@@I ^I^UBLMA@B 6.6 

URQM^OI

6.6.6  Ebhmlmnmil B` turmsoi sbdûl `is futirbs, niopfrflei `fs ebhmlmnmilbs rbsu`tf ulf emsnmp`mlf nil oû`tmp`bs nilnbptis, pubs bs ulf nmblnmf kivbl qub f pbsfr eb su fpirtb smdlmhmnftmvi bl `f bnilioïf oulemf` li tmblb ul nilnbpti n`fri i ebhmlmei, pbri qub, eb ulf oflbrf u itrf, tiefs `fs ebhmlmnmilbs fpirtfl f` ebsfrri``i eb` turmsoi. ^bdûl `is prihbsirbs eb `f ulmvbrsmefe eb Abrlf `i ebhmlïfl nioi ‐`f suof eb hblþoblis h blþoblis y eb rb `fnmilbs qub surdbl eb `is vmfkbs y eb `fs bstflnmfs

eb `is li rbsmebltbs, bl tflti bl nuflti li bstíl `mdfeis f ulf rbsmeblnmf pbroflbltb lm f ulf fntmvmefe rboulbrfef‟ (Gulzmjbr

& Jrfph, 6=51). Ístb nilnbpti hub efei bl `f sbdulef dubrrf

oulemf` y sb litf qub li bs ouy n`frf pir `f prbsblnmf eb tíromlis qub hf`tfl ebhmlmr y qub li ``bdf emrbntfobltb f` pulti eb `i qub bs b` turmsoi. Sistbrmirobltb sb ebhmlmþ nioi ‐`is ebsp`fzfombltis nirtis y tbopirf`bs eb `f dbltb

gfnmf ebstmlis hubrf eb` `udfr eb rbsmeblnmf y eb trfafki, y `fs fntmvmefebs boprblemefs eurfltb `f bstflnmf bl bsis ebstmlis‟ (Aurjfrt

& Obe`mj, 6=76). Ístf ebhmlmnmþl tmblb litfnmþl eb vmfkb y

vfnfnmilbs nil ebsp`fzfomblti bl pbrmieis nirtis. Rl föi ebspuís `i ebhmlbl eb oflbrf oæs n`frf. Bl ístf ebhmlmnmþl sb litf `f mltrieunnmþl eb `f ihbrtf y `f lbnbsmefe eb sftmshfnnmþl eb `fs pbrsilfs, fsï nioi `fs fntmvmefebs ebsfrri``fefs pir `fs pbrsilfs. ‐B` Uurmsoi bs b` oivmomblti

tbopirf` eb `f

dbltb, pir pbrïieis mlhbrmirbs f ul föi, f ebstmlis hubrf eb` `udfr eb rbsmeblnmf y eb trfafki, t rfafki, `fs fntmvmefebs boprblemefs eurfltb `f bstflnmf y `fs

hfnm`mefebs

nrbfefs

pfrf

sftmshfnbr `fs lbnbsmefebs eb `is turmstfs‟  (Oftgmbsil & Tf``, 6=71). ‐B` turmsoi nioprbleb `fs fntmvmefebs qub rbf`mzfl `fs pbrsilfs eurfltb sus vmfkbs y

bstflnmfs bl `udfrbs emstmltis f` eb su bltirli gfamtuf`, pir ul pbrïiei eb tmbopi nilsbnutmvi mlhbrmir f ul föi nil hmlbs eb inmi, pir lbdinmis y itris‟ (Irdflmzfnmþl Oulemf` eb` Uurmsoi (IOU), 6==5). Sir û`tmoi, `f IOU (Irdflmzfnmþl Oulemf` eb` Uurmsoi) bl 6==5 rbnidb tiefs `fs fpirtfnmilbs eb `is futirbs gfstf bsb föi tblmblei nioi rbsu`tfei ulf ebhmlmnmþl oæs n`frf n`fr f y nilnmsf.

 

8 6.6.1 

Gmstirmf eb` turmsoi

@f gmstirmf eb` turmsoi dblbrf`obltb sb nilstruyb bl trbs btfpfs rbhbrblnmf`bs ambl emstmltfs qub sil; `f brf prbmleustrmf`, `f brf oiebrlf y b` turmsoi ofsmvi. B` mlvbstmdfeir pbrufli Omdub` Jgftngmjmfl nbltrf sus nilinmombltis y su tmbopi pir efr f nilinbr `f gmstirmf eb` turmsoi nbltrfei bl bsfs trbs btfpfs `idrflei ulf nilnmsmþl y n`frmefe iakbtmvf afsæleisb bl `is hfntirbs  pi`ïtmnis, sinmf`bs, bnilþomnis bnilþomnis y tbnli`þdmnis pfr pfrff su bstuemi. 6.6.1.6 

 @f Brf Srbmleustrmf`

‐@f brf prbmleustrmf` fafrnf ebseb `f fltmdðbefe gfstf hmlbs eb` smd`i WXMMM, nuflei eis

fniltbnmombltis eb trfsnbleblnmf ulmvbrsf` niloinmilfril `fs bstrunturfs pi`ïtmnfs, sinmf` y bnilþomnf‟  (Jgftngmjmfl,

1333, pæd. =). Bstis fniltbnmombltis qub b` futir rbofrnf sil `f

rbvi`unmþl hrflnbsf (647=-64==) y `f rbvi`unmþl mleustrmf` (sbdulef omtfe eb` s. WXMMM) qub smdlmhmnfril drflebs nfoamis f` lmvb` oulemf` bs `is emvbrsis hfntirbs niltbxtuf`bs. Bl ístf btfpf sb ebsnrmab `fs hirofs eb vmfkb eb `f fltmdðbefe n`æsmnf, `is mlmnmis eb `is kubdis i`ïopmnis bl Drbnmf Fltmduf y b` inmi `ftmli bl `f Qiof eb Nbsfr. Bstf btfpf sb nfrfntbrmzf pir b` pini mltbrís eb `f pia`fnmþl pir b` turmsoi y `fs `momtfnmilbs eb `is qub brfl vïntmofs, bsti sb litf oæs bl `f befe obemf pubs si`i pieïfl vmfkfr pir Buripf `is sböirbs hbuef`bs y `is qub tblïfl hmlbs rb`mdmisis, tfoamíl pir `f prbsblnmf eb fsf`tfltbs bl `fs rutfs y pir hf`tf eb bnilioïf. Nil `f rbvi`unmþl mleustrmf`, fuobltfril `fs vïfs eb trælsmti, `is hbrrinfrrm`bs y `fs ofqumlfs f vfpir mln`umefs `is afrnis, fuobltflei b` h`uki eb pbrsilfs f`rbebeir eb Buripf prmlnmpf`obltb y pir tiei b` oulei. 6.6.1.1 

 @f Brf oiebrlf

@f brf oiebrlf fafrnf ebseb `f nfïef eb Lfpi`bþl bl Tftbr`ii gfstf `f prmobrf dubrrf oulemf` bl 6=65 y sb pierïf ebnmr qub eurf gfstf `f sbdulef dubrrf oulemf`, pbri bs mlnirrbnti yf qub ístf fntmvmefe sb vmi trulnfef eurfltb bsis föis ebamei f `is nilh`mntis aí`mnis oulemf`bs. Bs fquï eileb sunbebl drflebs nfoamis bl b` nilnbpti eb turmsoi, pubs ebspuís eb `fs rbvi`unmilbs `f sinmbefe `b ef ul lubvi smdlmhmnfei f `fs vfnfnmilbs, vfl fpfrbnmblei `is gispbefkbs, ofyir mopirtflnmf eb `f dfstrilioïf, `is smtmis turïstmnis hbrmfs y bxpismnmilbs, fdblnmfs eb vmfkbs y `is eboæs hfntirbs turïstmnis, nioi `i mlemnf; ‐B` turmsoi oiebrli lfnmþ bl `fs prmobrfs p rmobrfs eínfefs eb` smd`i, pir ulf bxnbpnmilf`

nioamlfnmþl eb hfntirbs sinmf`bs y tbnli`þdmnis, `i qub pubeb vbrmhmnfrsb ebseb pultis eb vmstf bnilþomnis, sinmf`bs y fûl `mtbrfrmis. ^m ambl bl ul prmlnmpmi `f n`mbltb`f brf eb tmpi frmstinrætmni, b` lûobri eb qumblbs `i prfntmnfafl hub fop`mæleisb pfu`ftmlfobltb nioi rbsu`tfei eb `f fntmvmefe eb `fs n`fsbs bnilþomnfs bl fsnblsi. Bl rbf`mefe, b` nilnbpti

 

4 omsoi eb` turmsoi bxpbrmobltþ ul nfoami; bl rbbop`fzi eb `is turmstfs trfemnmilf`bs qub ebkfafl pfsfr `is eïfs bl `inf`mefebs sb`bntfs, nioblzþ f fpfrbnbr ulf lubvf n`fsb eb vmfkbris qub rbf`mzfafl ul si`i vmfkb pir föi, nuflei bstfafl eb vfnfnmilbs, f` qub fsmdlfafl ul smdlmhmnfei eb ebsnflsi i nilinmomblti, pbri li eb ``blfei eb ul tmbopi inmisi‟ (Jgftngmjmfl, 1333, pæd. 6>4)

6.6.1.> 

 B` Uurmsoi Ofsmvi

B` turmsoi ofsmvi tmblb mlmnmi f obemfeis eb 6=23 eurflei gfstf `f fntuf`mefe qub sb nfrfntbrmzf pir b` ofsmvi oivmomblti oi vmomblti turïstmni y `f d`iaf`mzfnmþl, ebspuís eb `is drflebs mlvbltis eb `f oivm`mzfnmþl nioi sil `is futioþvm`bs y b` fvmþl, pbromtmblei rbnirrbr ofyirbs emstflnmfs bl oblir tmbopi. @is gitb`bs `ukisis y `fs zilfs frqubi`þdmnfs, fsï nioi ousbis, hbstmvf`bs y bxpismnmilbs bopbzfril f tiofr ofyir hubrzf bl ístf btfpf sml boafrdi bs fquï eileb ei leb `fs ærbfs lfturf`bs y `is ebpirtbs eb fvblturf bopmbzfl f sbr pfrtb mopirtfltb eb` turmsoi; ‐B` turmsoi sb nilvmrtmþ fsï bl ulf fntmvmefe nil bltmefe pripmf, qub bxnbeb `f

 prbtblsmþl eb rbf`mzfr fntmvmefebs rbnrbftmvfs bl smtmis emhbrbltbs y pisbb ulf oitmvfnmþl  pfrtmnu`fr fsï nioi ulf hirof bspbnïhmnf eb sftmshfnnmþl. B` turmsoi bl nuflti f hirof emhbrbltb eb rbnrbfnmþl hub mlnirpirfei pir `is gioarbs nioi ulf lbnbsmefe nuyf sftmshfnnmþl rfrfobltb sb rblulnmf ulf vbz ebsnuambrtis `is p`fnbrbs eb` vmfkb. Sir b``i sb  pubeb prilistmnfr b` nrbnmomblti eb `f fntmvmefe, ful nuflei `is mlnilvblmbltbs bnilþomnis prieuznfl ul rbfnioiefomblti eb ebstmlis y ulf rbeunnmþl eb dfstis  prbvmstis‟ (Jgftngmjmfl, 1333, pæd. >14)

6.6.> 

Umpis y hirofs6

6.6.>.6  Hirofs eb Uurmsoi.

-  Uurmsoi Mltbrli. Mltbrli. Fqub` qub sb ef sml sf`mr eb` pfïs eb irmdb irmdbl. l. -  Uurmsoi Qbnbptir. Fqub` qub sb ef pir ul turmstf bxtrflkbri. -  Uurmsoi Bomsir. Fqub` qub sb ef pir ul turmstf turm stf lfnmilf` bl ul pfïs bxtbrli. 6.6.>.1  Umpis eb Uurmstfs.

-  Bxnursmilmstfs. Bs fqub` qub su vmfkb eurf oblis eb ul eïf, bs ebnmr, li pbrlintf. -  Uurmstf. Bs fqub` qub pbrlintf oæs eb ul eïf bl b` `udfr eb ebstmli.

6 gttps;//www.ofab`nfkf`.nio/136=/35/tmpis-eb-turmsoi.gto`/ gttps;//www.ofab`nfkf`.nio/136=/35/tmpis-eb-turmsoi.gto`/  

 

7 6.6.>.>  Umpis eb Uurmsoi

@is tmpis eb turmsoi gfl mei nrbnmblei sbdûl `is föis gfl mei pfsflei, bs fsï qub gfstf `f fntuf`mefe sb tmblb rbdmstri eb oæs eb >2 tmpis eb turmsoi qub, sbdurfobltb mræl bl fuoblti sbdûl pfsbl `is föis. -  Uurmsoi Nu`turf`. Bstæ oitmvfef pir `fs dflfs eb ebsnuarmr `is ftrfntmvis y/i prieuntis nu`turf`bs eb ul ebstmli. -  Bniturmsoi. ^b ef nuflei `f oitmvfnmþl bs pritbdbr `f emvbrsmefe eb `f lfturf`bzf y ofltblbr b` amblbstfr eb` ebstmli. -  Uurmsoi Qurf`. ^b tmblb nioi ftrfntmvi b` ebsfrri``i eb fntmvmefebs rurf`bs. -  Fdriturmsoi. Bs b` turmsoi eileb sb tmblb b` iakbtmvi eb rbf`mzfr fntmvmefebs fdrïni`fs. -  Uurmsoi eb Fvblturf. ^b nfrfntbrmzf pir b` niltfnti nil `f lfturf`bzf y tblbr fntmvmefebs hïsmnfs. -  Uurmsoi Ebpirtmvi. B`bnnmþl eb ul `udfr qub sbf nilsmebrfei nioi aubli pfrf prfntmnfr b` ebpirtb.  

- Uurmsoi eb lmbvb. Fqub` bl b` qub sb emshrutf eb pfmsfkbs nil fauleflnmf eb lmbvb lfturf`. -  Uurmsoi eb S`fyf. Nil `f nfrfntbrïstmnf eb ebsfrri``frsb bl zilfs nistbrfs, prmlnmpf`obltb bl vbrfli. -  Uurmsoi Obemni. ^b ef nil b` usi eb rbnursis y sbrvmnmis eb nurfnmþl oíemnf pfrf `f sf`ue hïsmnf y/i obltf` -  Uurmsoi eb Lbdinmis. ^b ef pir ul oitmvi bspbnïhmni prihbsmilf` i eb lbdinmi. -  Uurmsoi dfstrilþomni. Mopu`sfei Mopu`sfei pir `f niomef i fhmlbs f b``f. -  Uurmsoi eb Fdufs Mltbrmirbs. ^b rbhmbrb f `is nrunbris, `f lfvbdfnmþl bl `fdis, rïis, pizfs, frriyis, oflfltmf`bs, btn. -  Uurmsoi Rrafli. Ihrbnb tiei `i qub sb prbsbltf bl ul foambltb urafli. -  Uurmsoi eb Oiltföf. ^b rbhmbrb f ul ebtbromlfei tbrrmtirmi dbidræhmni nil ebtbromlfefs nfrfntbrïstmnfs dbidræhmnfs eb `fs zilfs oiltföisfs mln`uyblei ebpirtbs fnirebs f` `udfr. -  Uurmsoi eb Nfzf. Qb`fnmilfei nil `f nfzf eb flmof`bs. -  Uurmsoi Beunftmvi. Nil b` iakbtmvi eb pfrtmnmpfr bxpbrmobltfr fntmvmefebs eb fprblemzfkb bl foambltbs emstmltis. -  Uurmsoi ^i`mefrmi. ^b trftf eb nioamlfr `f si`mefrmefe si`me frmefe nil b` vmfkb. -  Uurmsoi Fnnbsma`b. Fqub` qub sb tmblb nioi hmlf`mefe prioivbr fntmvmefebs turïstmnfs pfrf  pbrsilfs nil emstmltfs emstmltfs emsnfpfnmefebs. -  Uurmsoi ^mlboftidræhmni. Xmsmtf f `udfrbs eb prieunnmilbs nmlboftidræhmnfs nil drfl íxmti. -  Uurmsoi rb`mdmisi. Fqub` qub tmblb oitmvis `f vmsmtf f `udfrbs rb`mdmisis. -  Uurmsoi Mleustrmf`. Xmsmtf f `udfrbs mleustrmf`bs qub gfl nbsfei su prieunnmþl.

 

= -  Uurmsoi eb Nioprfs. Xmsmtf f `udfrbs nil ulf fop`mf nfltmefe eb ihbrtf eb prieuntis. -  Uurmsoi eb Bvbltis y Fniltbnmombltis. Hutai`, iarfs ousmnf`bs, nilnmbrtis, bxpismnmilbs -  Uurmsoi @mtbrfrmi. Fqub` qub sb rb`fnmilf nil `fs iarfs `mtbrfrmfs eb drfl íxmti. -  Uurmsoi Iomti`þdmni. ^b ef nil b` iakbtmvi eb vbr fvbs bl zilfs qub sb nilnbltrfl bl drflebs nfltmefebs. -  Uurmsoi Bspmrmtuf`. Eileb sb ausnf blniltrfr nil b` sbr mltbrmir y vf fniopföfef eb tínlmnfs eb rb`fkfnmþl, obemtfnmþl, btn. -  Uurmsoi ^istblma`b. Bs fqub``f qub tmblb bl nubltf `fs rbpbrnusmilbs fntuf`bs y huturfs h uturfs bl `fs zilfs turïstmnfs tblmblei bl nubltf tiefs `fs vfrmfa`bs. vf rmfa`bs. -  Uurmsoi Oftboætmni. ^b ebsfrri``f nil `f hmlf`mefe eb efr f nilinbr `is fvflnbs bl ístb nfopi. -  Uurmsoi Uboætmni. Fqub` bl b` qub sb vmsmtf f ul ftrfntmvi turïstmni nil tboætmnfs bspbnïhmnfs. -  Uurmsoi eb Nfopmld. Fqub` qub sb rb`fnmilf nil b` nfopfoblti. nfopfo blti. -  Uurmsoi eb Nbobltbrmis/Lbnri turmsoi. @f vmsmtf sb nbltrf bl `is niopilbltbs frqumtbntþlmnis eb `is nbobltbrmis. -  Uurmsoi eb Dubrrf. Fqub` bl b` qub b` vmfkb sb nbltrf bl `is nilh`mntis aí`mnis fntuf`bs i bl `is qub inurrmbril eurfltb f gmstirmf. -  Uurmsoi Bspfnmf`. Livbeisi, sb nbltrf bl `f vmsmtf f `udfrbs bl `is qub sb gfl fvmstfei fnbrnfombltis nil ivlms, bxtrftbrrbstrbs, btn. -  Uurmsoi Lbdri. Eileb gfl inurrmei trfdbemfs f `i `frdi eb `f gmstirmf. -  Uurmsoi eb Ofrmguflf. Xmsmtf f `udfrbs eileb b` nilsuoi eb ofrmguflf bstæ pbromtmei. -  Uurmsoi eb Hfvb`fs. ^b trftf eb fprbnmfr `f piarbzf bl su oæxmoi bsp`bleir. -  Uurmsoi Ftþomni. ^b trftf eb nilinbr `udfrbs rb`fnmilfeis nil `f blbrdïf ftþomnf (p`fltfs, sunbsis). -  Uurmsoi eb Kubdis. Xmsmtfs f `udfrbs eb kubdis eb fzfr.  

- Uurmsoi eb Suba`is Fafleilfeis. ^b trftf eb rbnirrbr puba`is fafleilfeis i `fs rumlfs qub qubefril bl b``fs. 6.6.5 

Mopirtflnmf eb` turmsoi

B` turmsoi bs fntuf`obltb ``fofei `f mleustrmf sml ngmoblbf, pubs bs ulf eb `fs pinfs fntmvmefebs bnilþomnfs qub li tmblb ul f`ti mopfnti bl b` foambltb. B` turmsoi supilb sbr ulf fntmvmefe ou`tmemsnmp`mlfrmf qub nioprbleb ulf drfl mopirtflnmf siarb tiei bnilþomnf bl b` oulei y `f qub bs oblis niltfomlfltb y eb ofyir sistblmam`mefe bl b` obemi. ‐@is mldrbsis pir turms oi

(bxn`umei b` trflspirtb) supilbl ul tbrnmi eb` vf`ir eb `is

mltbrnfoamis oulemf`bs, `is qub bl nmhrfs rbprbsbltf b` 7% eb` titf` oulemf` eb

 

63 bxpirtfnmilbs eb amblbs y oæs eb` >2% eb` titf` oulemf` eb bxpirtfnmilbs eb sbrvmnmis.‟  

(Eb`dfei, s.h.) ‐@fs ``bdfefs eb turmstfs mltbrlfnmilf`bs f Fsmf y b` Sfnïhmni fuobltfril ul 8  %

bl 1364

gfstf f`nflzfr `is >1> om``ilbs, nbrnf eb `f nufrtf pfrtb eb` titf` oulemf`. Eb tiefs `fs rbdmilbs eb` oulei, `f eb Fsmf y b` Sfnïhmni, qub bs `f sbdulef oæs vmsmtfef ebspuís eb Buripf, bs `f qub oæs ræpmei gf nrbnmei bl ``bdfefs eb turmstfs mltbrlfnmilf`bs ebseb 1332. @fs ``bdfefs oubstrfl ul nrbnmomblti obemi eb` 8 % fluf`, smblei b` priobemi oulemf` eb` 5 %.‟ (Irdflmzfnmil Oulemf` eb` Uurmsoi (IOU), 1367) ^ml `f fntmvmefe turïstmnf `is nbltris frqubi`þdmnis, `fs fntmvmefebs nu`turf`bs, `is pfmsfkbs lfturf`bs `f amiemvbrsmefe, li tiofrïf tfltf mopirtflnmf bl b` oulei fntuf` tf` y nioi sb vb fgirf,  pubs su ofltblmomblti fnnbsmam`mefe y prioinmþl ebpblebl bl su ofyirïf pir `f fntmvmefe turïstmnf. Oungfs eb `is drflebs `bdfeis eb` oulei nioi sil `fs 4 ofrfvm``fs, rbstis frqubi`þdmnis, hþsm`bs, `udfrbs pfrfemsmfnis, ab``bzfs lfturf`bs, bvbltis dfstrilþomnis, frtïstmnis, btn. Li tblerïfl `f mopirtflnmf qub giy tmblbl, li sbrïfl nilinmeis nioi `i sil fgirf, li sbrïfl nilsbrvfeis nioi `i sil fgirf, pubs oungi eb su nilsbrvfnmþl ebpbleb eb `f fntmvmefe turïstmnf, yf qub trfb bnilioïf f tieis `is qub bstæl bl ulf zilf turïstmnf y bl su rbspbntmvi pfïs, `i nuf` bs ul mlnrboblti f` SAM eb oflbrf li niltfomlfltb y sistblma`b f emhbrblnmf eb itrfs nioi `f omlbrïf. 6.6.5.6 

Xbltfkfs 1

@f vbltfkf prmlnmpf` eb` turmsoi piebois ebnmr qub bs b` nrbnmomblti bnilþomni y `f dblbrfnmþl eb bop`bi f lmvb` bnilþomni, ombltrfs qub sm `i vbois ebseb b` pulti eb vmstf sistblma`b lis ef ul oitmvi pir b` nuf` numefr eb `is nbltris turïstmnis y bl prmlnmpf` `f ` f emvbrsmefe eb h`irf y hfulf prbsbltb bl lubstrf sinmbefe. -  Fprivbngf `is rbnursis rblivfa`bs. Subs bstæ eb oief `fs fntmvmefebs bni turïstmnfs y eb ulf oflbrf u itrf fpirtf f` numefei eb` bnismstbof. -  Niltrmauyb f` ebsfrri``i eb `is puba`is. Eileb gfy fntmvmefe turïstmnf, gfaræ mltblnmþl eb` bstfei pir mlvbrtmr bl í`. -  Qbsnftb eb nistuoarbs y Urfemnmilbs. Subs bs `i qub bstæ eb oief vbr giy bl eïf. -  Fyuef f prioivbr `is ftrfntmvis. Bs prioinmilfef pir ftrfntmvis mopirtfltbs, qub eb ulf oflbrf u itrf prioinmilfl f fqub``is oblis nilinmeis. -  Hfvirbnb `f ræpmef emstrmaunmþl eb mldrbsis. ^b fsbobkf f `f ``uvmf, pubs oikf f tieis.

1 gttps;//yiutu.ab/A-TAH gttps;//yiutu.ab/A-TAH8i>[Nd 8i>[Nd

 

66 6.6.5.1   Ebsvbltfkfs>

-  Ebpbleblnmf eb pfïsbs bomsirbs. @f nfltmefe eb turmstfs qub vmblbl eb` bxtbrmir ebhmlbl `f  præntmnf eb ístf fntmvmefe. -  Dblbrf ebpbleblnmf eb bop`bi bstfnmilf`. Ebamei f qub b` turmsoi ebpbleb eb `fs bstfnmilbs bl `is qub sb ef. -  Niltfomlfnmþl y ebtbrmiri foambltf`. Dblbrf niltfomlfnmþl y fûl li gfy ulf nilnmblnmf sistblma`b. -  Nilh`mntis eb vf`irbs (fnu`turfnmþl). (fnu`turfnmþl). ^b fequmbrb lubvfs nu`turfs mop`fltælei`fs y dblbrflei obzn`fs `i qub ebam`mtf `fs nu`turfs pripmfs. 6.6.2 

B` smstbof turmstmni

F` mduf` qub b` smstbof eb `f bnilioïf, b` smstbof turïstmni bstæ mltbrrb`fnmilfei nil ulf sbrmb eb hfntirbs y/i emsnmp`mlfs, pir bsi sb emnb qub bs ou`tmemsnmp`mlfrmi, pbri tfoamíl niltmblb b`bobltis bltrb `is qub ebstfnfl `f eboflef, `f ihbrtf, i hbrtf, b` bspfnmi dbidræhmni y `is ipbrfeirbs eb obrnfei. 6.6.2.6 

 Eboflef Uurïstmnf

@f eboflef turïstmnf sb rbhmbrb f `f vfrmbefe gbtbridílbf eb turmstfs, vmfkbris y vmsmtfltbs. ‐^il vfrmfs `fs n`fsmhmnfnmilbs qub bxmstbl ebltri eb `f eboflef turïstmnf y tiefs b``fs sil

eb drfl mltbrís yf qub f trfvís eb `f mebltmhmnfnmþl eb `is oieb`is eb eboflef, sb ausnf „  feboæs eb `f yf oblnmilfef gioidblmzfnmþl nilnbptuf` qub hfnm`mtbl `f b`fairfnmþl eb bstfeïstmnfs- hirou`fr febnufefs bstrftbdmfs eb ofrjbtmld.‟ (^flngi, 1336)

 M`ustrfnmþl 6; Hirofs eb Uurmsoi ebseb e bseb b` `fei eb `f Eboflef

eb` Uurmsoi (IOU), 6==5) 

> gttps;//yiutu.ab/A-TAH gttps;//yiutu.ab/A-TAH8i>[Nd 8i>[Nd

(Irdflmzfnmþl (Irdflmzfn mþl Oulemf`

 

61 6.6.2.1 

Ihbrtf Uurïstmnf

@f ihbrtf turïstmnf bs nioi `f ihbrtf ih brtf eb `f bnilioïf y ebsbopböf b` omsoi pfpb`, pbri bs lbnbsfrmi efr ulf ebhmlmnmþl, `f oæs nilnmsf bltrb `is futirbs `i ebhmlbl nioi b` ‐Nilkulti eb

 prieuntis turïstmnis y sbrvmnmis pubstis f emspismnmþl eb` usufrmi turïstmni bl ul ebstmli ebtbromlfei, pfrf su emshrutb y nilsuoi‟ (^flngi, 1336). Bltilnbs piebois ebnmr qub `f ihbrtf turïstmnf sil `is amblbs y sbrvmnmis turïstmnis y li turïstmnis qub bstæl f emspismnmþl eb `is turmstfs pfrf sftmshfnbr sus lbnbsmefebs y dblbrfr bnilioïf. ^b nilsmebrf `is b`bobltis li turïstmnis pirqub tieis eb oflbrf emrbntf b mlemrbntf fhbntfl bl b` turmsoi, b` bstfei, `fs pi`ïtmnfs, `f sinmbefe, tbnli`idïf, btn.

 M`ustrfnmþl 1; Fntmvmefebs y Ihbrtf Uurïstmnf (Dib`elbr & Qmtngmb, 6==3) 6.6.2.> 

 Bspfnmi Dbidræhmni.

B` bspfnmi dbidræhmni bl tíromlis turïstmnis bs b` `udfr ebtbromlfei eileb sb fsmbltf `f ihbrtf turïstmnf y f eþleb vf `f eboflef turïstmnf, bs ebnmr, b` bspfnmi turïstmni ebtbromlfei pfrf sbr nilsuomef pir `is turmstfs. 6.6.2.5 

Ipbrfeirbs Uurïstmnis.

@is ipbrfeirbs turïstmnis sil `is mltbrobemfris bltrb `f ihbrtf y `f eboflef turïstmnf, b`  publtb i bl`fnb, `is obemis y sbrvmnmis pir b` nuf` `is eboflefltbs ``bdfl f `is ihbrtfltbs, bstis

 

6> sil `f nioulmnfnmþl, trflspirtb, oærqubtml, f`ikfomblti, btn. ‐Ebltri eb bstf nilsmebrfnmþl fpfrbnbl, pir tflti, `fs fdblnmfs eb vmfkb bl tiefs sus oief`mefebs (ofyirmstf, omlirmstf, ofyirmstf-omlirmstf, btn.), `is drflebs tiur ipbrftirs (su lioarb `i mlemnf; ipbrfeirbs turïstmnis) y bl `is û`tmois tmbopis, `fs nbltrf`bs eb rbsbrvfs.‟  (^flngi, 1336)

 M`ustrfnmþl > Bltirli eb `f mleustrmf mleustrmf turïstmnf (^flngi, 1336)

6.1 

EB^FQQI@@I ^I^UBLMA@B

B` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b bs obkirfr `is oieb`is y hirofs eb prieunnmþl y fnnmþl nil b` obemi foambltb qub lis riebf eb oiei eb sftmshfnbr lubstrfs lbnbsmefebs fntuf`bs, sml eföfr b`  amblbstfr eb `fs dblbrfnmilbs huturfs ebamei f ul oflbki mlfebnufei b mrrbspilsf mrrbspilsfa`b a`b eb `is rbnursis bxmstbltbs.

 

65 B` tbromli ebsfrri``i sistblma`b fpfrbnb pir prmobrf vbz eb hirof ihmnmf` bl 6=74 bl b` mlhirob Arulet`fle (Niomsmþl Oulemf` y Ebsfrri``i, 6=74) siarb b` huturi eb` p`flbtf y `f rb`fnmþl bltrb b` obemi foambltb y b` ebsfrri``i eb`fs dblbrfnmilbs huturfs. 6.1.6   

Emoblsmilbs hulefobltf`bs eb` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b.



Emoblsmþl bnilþomnf;

^bdûl; (Qben`mht, 6==8) ‐`is bhbntis bxtbrlis, bltrb `is qub ebstfnf b` bhbnti mlvbrlfebri y `f ebstrunnmþl eb `f nfpf eb izili, li sil nilsbnublnmf eb `f bsnfsbz, smli eb `f moprueblnmf b mlsistblmam`mefe nfrfntbrïstmnfs eb `is smstbofs eb prieunnmþl".  



Emoblsmþl sinmf`;

^bdûl, (Qben`mht, 6==8); "`f dbstmþl y `is nilh`mntis foambltf`bs bstæl rb`fnmilfeis nil eis prinbsis; `f hirof bl qub `fs pbrsilfs eiomlfl `f lfturf`bzf y `f eiomlfnmþl bkbrnmef pir f`dulfs pbrsilfs siarb itrfs". @f eiomlfnmþl qub bkbrnbl `is sbrbs guoflis siarb b` obemi foambltb, bs f`di ouy bvmebltb. Bl nuflti f` piebr qub bkbrnbl `is pfïsbs ebsfrri``feis siarb `is  pfïsbs bl vïfs eb ebsfrri``i ebamei f `fs bxpirtfnmilbs eb rbnursis lfturf`bs, bxmstb pir pfrtb eb `is prmobris siarb `is sbduleis `i qub sb nilinb nioi ebuef bni`þdmnf, yf qub, sm li sb nilsmebrfl `fs bxtbrlf`mefebs lm `is nistis sinmf`bs, `is prbnmis qub pfdfl `is pfïsbs ebsfrri``feis li rbh`bkfl b` vf`ir rbf` eb` rbnursi y su bxtrfnnmþl.  

Emoblsmþl bni`þdmnf;

@f sistblmam`mefe bl tíromlis bni`þdmnis supilb qub `f bnilioïf sbf nmrnu`fr, qub sb  prieuznf ul nmbrrb eb `is nmn`is, trftflei eb momtfr f `f lfturf`bzf. Bs ebnmr, gfy qub emsböfr smstbofs prieuntmvis qub sbfl nfpfnbs eb utm`mzfr ûlmnfobltb rbnursis y blbrdïfs rblivfa`bs, y li prieunmr rbsmeuis, yf qub ístis vub`vbl f `f lfturf`bzf i sb nilvmbrtbl bl mlput eb itri prieunti ofluhfnturfei. ‐@f

mltbrprbtfnmþl mltbdrfef eb bstfs trbs emoblsmilbs supilb nilsmebrfr b` smstbof

bnilþomni ebltri eb `is smstbofs lfturf`bs, y li pir blnmof eb b``is, bs ebnmr, fp`mnfr ulf mltbrprbtfnmþl d`iaf` y li ulmemoblsmilf`.‟ (Frtfrfz, 1331)  1331) 

 

62 6.1.1   

Nfrfntbrïstmnfs

Rsi rbspilsfa`b y bhmnmbltb eb `is rbnursis

B` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b sb prbinupf pir b` usi bhmnmbltb eb tiei b` rbnursi eb` p`flbtf, siarb tiei eb `is rbnursis li rblivfa`bs (nioi `is ærai`bs, nioaustma`bs hþsm`bs, btn.).  btn.).    

Ubnli`idïfs `mopmfs

Mlnbltmvf y trftf eb mlnirpirfr tbnli`idïfs `mopmfs bl `is prinbsis prieuntmv prieuntmvis is eb nuf`qumbr ambl i prieunti, pfrf trftfr eb rbeunmr `is lmvb`bs eb niltfomlfnmþl yf sbf eb` fmrb, sub`i, fduf y b` bnismstbof emvbrsi qub bxmstb bl b` p`flbtf.  

Sritbnnmþl eb `f amiemvbrsmefe

^b prbinupf pir `f nilsbrvfnmþl eb `f amiemvbrsmefe. Bstb bs ul b`boblti ouy mopirtfltb bl b` bltirli fntuf`, nil drflebs ebsfhïis qub blhrbltfr, nioi b` nfoami n`moætmni, b` ebtbrmiri eb `f nfpf eb izili i `f bobrdblnmf eb vmrus qub iinfsmilfl nfsmilfl blhbrobefebs drfvbs. drfvbs.  

Qbnmn`fkb

Srioubvb b` rbnmn`fkb y `is oftbrmf`bs eb usi ofsmvi nioi (aitb``fs p`æstmnfs, rbnmpmbltbs eb vmermi, blvi`tirmis eb pfpb` y nfrtþl, btn.) fnip`flei bsti f `f emspismnmþl eb `is rbsmeuis.  

Qbpfrfnmþl eb eföis f` obemi foambltb

^b prbinupf pir rblivfr y rbstfurfr `is bnismstbofs qub gfl smei eföfeis. @i prmobri qub sb ebab gfnbr pfrf rblivfr ul bnismstbof bs nilinbr ouy ambl `f emlæomnf eb` bnismstbof,  pfrf `i nuf` sb emspilb eb bspbnmf`mstfs qub `i bstuemfl nil oungi ïopbtu y rmdir nmbltïhmni.  

Srbemnnmþl eb mopfntis obemifoambltf`bs

Ausnf ofltblbr ulf mltblsf mlhirofnmþl y nioulmnfnmþl bltrb `fs ærbfs bnilþomnf, tbnli`þdmnf y obemifoambltf`, nil b` hml eb prbebnmr `is mopfntis eb `fs fnnmilbs qub sb emspilb i mopilb, yf sbf f obemfli y `frdi p`fzi.  

Obkirf eb `f nf`mefe eb vmef eb `f sinmbefe

Umblb prbsbltb qub `b obkirfomblti bl `f nf`mefe eb vmef ebab sbr pfrf tieis, tiefs `fs pbrsilfs tmblbl ebrbngi bl ul foambltb sfli y bstfa`b.  

Sritbnnmþl eb bnismstbofs

Qbspbtf y numef f tiefs `fs nioulmefebs eb `is sbrbs vmvis mln`uyblei f pbnbs, fvbs b mlsbntis, yf sbfl fnuætmnis, tbrrbstrbs y fírbis.

 

68

 

Numefei eb` fduf

@b ef ul drfl vf`ir f` rbnursi `mqumei oæs mopirtfltb pfrf `f supbrvmvblnmf eb tiei sbr u irdflmsoi vmvi eb` p`flbtf, qub bs b` fduf numeflei bspbnmf`obltb `fs nublnfs eb `is rïis, `fdulfs, btn.  

Nioulmefebs rbdmilf`bs.

F`bltfr f `fs nioulmefebs rbdmilf`bs f mlvi`unrfrsb bl b` numefei y rbspbti eb `is rbnursis lfturf`bs qub `i riebfl i qub bstæl bl su ærbf eb mlh`ublnmf. (Rrmfrtb, 136=)

6.1.> 

Iakbtmvis eb` ebsfrri``i sitblma`b bl b` turmsoi 1362-

13>3  

Silbr hml f `f piarbzf

B` sbntir turmsoi tmblb ul pitblnmf` pfrf dblbrfr bop`bi ebnbltb, bspbnmf`obltb pfrf oukbrbs,  kþvblbs y drupis ebshfvirbnmeis, mopu`sflei b` ebsfrri``i y b` nrbnmomblti eb `f bnilioïf eb` pfïs f trfvís eb emhbrbltbs fntmvmefebs y ipbrfr pfrf bvmtfr nrmsms foambltf`bs y bnilþomnfs qub fhbntbl f `f pia`fnmþl.  

Gfoarb nbri

B` bstfei i boprbsfs eb ul pfïs ebabl hiobltfr ul turmsoi sistblma`b, qub bstmou`b `f prieunnmþl fdrïni`f f trfvís eb `f eboflef `inf`, qub ihrbznf hirofs eb lbdinmi nioi b` fdriturmsoi y sbf rbspbtuisi nil b` obemi foambltb y `fs nistuoarbs `inf`bs.  

^f`ue y amblbstfr

B` sbntir turmsoi pubeb hulnmilfr eb ulf hirof sistblma`b, sflf y sbdurf pfrf `fs nioulmefebs `inf`bs, `is turmstfs y `is bop`bfeis niltrmauyblei pfrf b` amblbstfr eb nfef uli eb b``is.  

Beunfnmþl eb nf`mefe

Rl ebsfrri``i sistblma`b bhbntmvi si`i sb f`nflzf gfnmblei ``bdfr f `f pia`fnmþl vf`irbs ítmnis y rbspilsfa`bs bl oftbrmf foambltf`, bnilþomnf y sinmf`. B` turmsoi tmblb ul mopfnti eb hirof emrbntf nil ul fop`mi lûobri eb pbrsilfs nuyf beunfnmþl ebab sbr n`fvb pfrf ul turmsoi sistblma`b.  

Mduf`efe eb dblbri

 

64 B` sbntir turmsoi pubeb sbr ul vbgïnu`i eb bopiebrfomblti eb `f oukbr, pripirnmilflei ul bop`bi ebnbltb f lmvb` `inf`, qub `b pbromtf obkirfr `fs nilemnmilbs eb vmef e nfef ulf eb b``fs y fsï pubefl dizfr nil ofyir futilioïf.  

Fduf `mopmf y sflbfomblti

B` sbntir turmsoi pubeb ``bvfr f nfai n fai ulf dbstmþl bhmnmbltb eb `is rbnursis gïermnis, `momtflei su mopfnti siarb `is bnismstbofs `inf`bs y pripirnmilflei f` fnnbsi eb fduf pitfa`b y sbrvmnmis s brvmnmis eb sflbfomblti f turmstf y `f pia`fnmþl `inf`.  

Blbrdïf fsbquma`b y li niltfomlfltb

Sfrf piebr f`nflzfr ul turmsoi sistblma`b, bs lbnbsfrmi y hulefobltf` qub sb hfvirbznf b` fnnbsi f ulf blbrdïf fsbquma`b, `mopmf y oiebrlf bl nfef ebstmli turïstmni.  

Urfafki ebnbltb y nrbnmomblti bnilþomni

B` turmsoi bs uli eb `is sbntirbs bnilþomnis qub nrbnb nil ofyir rfpmebz bl b` oulei. Bs ulf eb `fs prmlnmpf`bs hubltbs eb mldrbsi eb emhbrbltbs pfïsbs. Eileb ihrbnbl nilemnmilbs eb trfafki emdlfs tflti f oukbrbs nioi `is kþvblbs.  

Mleustrmf, mllivfnmþl y mlhrfbstrunturf

Ufoamíl sb pubeb obkirfr `f mlhrfbstrunturf y nfpfnmefe tbnli`þdmnf eb `is ebstmlis turïstmnis, bl bspbnmf` bl zilfs rurf`bs eileb bxmstb pini fnnbsi f `f tbnli`idïf b mlhirofnmþl.  

Qbeunnmþl eb `fs ebsmduf`efebs

B` turmsoi nilstmtuyb b` 63% eb SAM oulemf`. Rl turmsoi tu rmsoi qub ablbhmnmb f `f sinmbefe, bnilioïf y pritbkf b` obemi foambltb bs ulf piebrisf gbrrfombltf eb pridrbsi nioulmtfrmi.  

Nmuefebs y nioulmefebs sistblma`bs @idrfr qub `fs nmuefebs y fsbltfombltis guoflis sbfl mln`usmvis, sbduris, rbsm`bltbs y sistblma`bs.

 

Srieunnmþl y nilsuoi rbspilsfa`b

B` sbntir turmsoi ebab hiobltfr oieb`is eb prieunnmþl y nilsuoi rbspilsfa`b pir pfrtb eb `f  pia`fnmþl `inf`, bop`bfeis bop`bfeis y turmstfs.  

Fnnmþl pir b` n`mof

B` sbntir turmsoi bs ul fntir n`fvb bl `f `ungf niltrf b` nfoami n`moætmni n `moætmni yf qub dblbrf f`rbebeir eb 2% eb` emþxmei eb nfraili eb` titf` bomtmei f `f ftoishbrf.

 

67  

Xmef suaofrmlf

B` sbntir turmsoi ebab hiobltfr ulf `by i lirof pfrf pritbdbr `fs zilfs nistbrfs nil b` hml eb nilsbrvfr y prbsbrvfr `is bnismstbofs ofrmlis, hiobltflei y prioivmblei `f bnilioïf fzu`.  

Xmef eb bnismstbofs tbrrbstrbs

B` turmsoi sistblma`b niltrmauyb b mlvmbrtb bl obemefs eb `ungf niltrf `f ebhirbstfnmþl y `f ebsbrtmhmnfnmþl pfrf ofltblbr `is ebstmlis turïstmnis bl þptmofs nilemnmilbs y tblbr ul ofyir h`uki eb vmsmtfs ablbhmnmflei f` obemi foambltb y `fs nioulmefebs.  

Sfz, kustmnmf b mlstmtunmilbs si`mefs

B` turmsoi pubeb mopu`sfr sinmbefebs pfnmhmnfs b mln`usmvfs, f hiobltfr `f pritbnnmþl eb `is ebrbngis hulefobltf`bs eb `fs nioulmefebs `inf`bs y `f `ungf niltrf `f nirrupnmþl bvmtflei f vmi`blnmf y nilsi`meflei `f pfz.  

F`mflzfs pfrf `idrfr `is iakbtmvis

B` turmsoi tmblb `f nfpfnmefe eb rbhirzfr `fs fsinmfnmilbs pûa`mni  „  prmvfefs   prmvfefs y eb mlvi`unrfr oû`tmp`bs fdbltbs mltbrbsfeis „  mltbrlfnmilf`bs,  mltbrlfnmilf`bs, lfnmilf`bs rbdmilf`bs y `inf`bs pfrf trfafkfr bl nilkulti y f`nflzfr b` IE^ (turmsoi, 1368, pæds. >3->=). >3 ->=). 6.1.5 

Mopirtflnmf eb` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b

@f omsmþl eb` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b bs n`frf; dblbrfr, rbsbrvfr, prispbrmefe bnilþomnf mln`usmvf y fsbdurfr, f su vbz, b` amblbstfr eb `fs huturfs dblbrfnmilbs, bl ul bltirli nioi b` fntuf`, eileb fûl pbrsmstbl mlbqumefebs oilbtfrmfs, bxmstbl pb`mdris `ftbltbs nioi b` nf`bltfomblti d`iaf` y gfy ulf ofyir emhusmþl eb `f mlhirofnmþl drfnmfs f `is fvflnbs tbnli`þdmnis, niarf ulf rb`bvflnmf lulnf fltbs vmstf. Bl b` nfsi pfrtmnu`fr eb` Sbrû, `fs pi`ïtmnfs eb ebsfrri``i sistblma`b vmblbl kudflei ul ri` n`fvb bl `f mln`usmþl sinmf` eb tief `f pbrsilf y bl `f dblbrfnmþl eb amblbstfr ebsnbltrf`mzfei bl tief `f nioulmefe 6.1.2 

Ablbhmnmis eb` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b

B` prmlnmpf` ablbhmnmi qub tmblb b` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b bs sbdûl su pripmf ebhmlmnmþl, fsbdurfr `fs lbnbsmefebs prbsbltbs sml niopriobtbr `fs lbnbsmefebs huturfs, li ebabois i`vmefr qub fntuf`obltb `f smtufnmþl foambltf`, bs afstfltb niop`mnfef. Nil b` nf`bltfomblti d`iaf`, b` ebtbrmiri eb `f nfpf eb izili, i `f emsomlunmþl ems omlunmþl eb gmb`i bl `is pi`is, pir li gfa`fr eb` ebtbrmiri suhrmei pir `is bnismstbofs. Sir tiei b``i dfrfltmzfr b` huturi eb `fs

 

6= smdumbltbs dblbrfnmilbs bs sml euef b` prmlnmpf` ablbhmnmi eb` ebsfrri``i sustbltfa`b, pbri b` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b supilb feboæs itrf sbrmb eb ablbhmnmis pfrf b` nilkulti eb `f sinmbefe.

 

 Lbnbsmefebs guoflfs; guoflfs;

Bl niltrf eb `i qub inurrb in urrb nil `is fntuf`bs oieb`is eb ebsfrri``i, b` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b nbltrf sus bshubrzis bl obkirfr `f nf`mefe eb vmef eb `is sbrbs guoflis, ftblemblei sus lbnbsmefebs y nrbflei ulf sinmbefe oæs ítmnf, kustf b mduf`mtfrmf. Bltrb `fs lbnbsmefebs aæsmnfs qub b` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b nilsmebrf qub ebabl tblbr tieis `is sbrbs guoflis sb blnubltrf, b` fnnbsi f f`moblti, fduf, blbrdïf y b` ebrbngi f ul bop`bi.  

Nilsbrvfnmþl y obkirf eb `is rbnursis;

Uf` y nioi yf gbois mlemnfei b` fntuf` rmtoi eb nilsuoi bs mlsistblma`b, b` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b fsbdurf ul obkir rbpfrti eb `is rbnursis nil ulf dbstmþl oæs bhmnfz eb `is omsois, fsï nioi ul nilsuoi oæs rbspilsfa`b, rbspilsfa`b,   tiei b``i afsfei bl `f rbutm`mzfnmþl y b` rbnmn`fkb. Sbri tfoamíl `f utm`mzfnmþl eb blbrdïfs y tbnli`idïfs nfef vbz oæs `mopmfs bl `is prinbsis prieuntmvis, nuyi ebsfrri``i sb ebab afsfr bl ulf ofyir ftblnmþl f `is hfntirbs obemifoambltf`bs. 6.1.2.6 

¹Sir quí frrmbsdfrlis pir b` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b9

^m tief `f pia`fnmþl oulemf` tuvmbrf ul nilsuoi eb rbnursis smom`fr f` qub tmblbl `is  pfïsbs oæs ebsfrri``feis, sbrmf niop`btfobltb mopisma`b qub b` p`flbtf puembrf sftmshfnbr tf` lbnbsmefe eb rbnursis. Ebabois, feboæs, tblbr bl nubltf qub, fntuf`obltb, `fs bnilioïfs eb  pfïsbs nioi nioi mlemf i ngmlf, ffpblfs pblfs bstæl bopbzflei f ebspbdfr bl nuflti f` nnilsuoi ilsuoi eb rbnursis rbnursis,,  pir b``i, b` fntuf` rmtoi eb ebsfrri``i ebsfrri``i bs mlvmfa`b f `frdi p`fzi p`fzi pfrf b` nilkulti eb `f sinmbefe. sinmbefe. Sir itri `fei b` fntuf` ebsfrri``i bnilþomni y sinmf` mleunb ulf drfvb ebdrfefnmþl eb rbnursis, nioi b` fduf, b` fmrb i b` b ` sub`i, f` mduf` gfnbrnf eb `is rbnursis hirbstf`bs i ofrmlis. bl `f fntuf`mefe b` ebsfrri``i tfoamíl gf privinfei ul ofyir fuoblti eb `f piarbzf y eb `fs ebsmduf`efebs bltrb `is oæs rmnis y `is oæs piarbs. B` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b ausnf bltrb itris iakbtmvis obkirfr b` amblbstfr bnilþomni y sinmf` eb tiefs `fs pbrsilfs, feboæs eb fsbdurfr ul fnnbsi f `is rbnursis bl mduf`efe eb nilemnmilbs pfrf tieis b``is. Sfrf b``i, bs moprbsnmlema`b qub pfrf`b`fobltb sb tiobl obemefs qub dfrfltmnbl ul nilsuoi þptmoi eb rbnursis nil b` hml eb piebr dfrfltmzfr b` amblbstfr bnilþomni y sinmf`, tflti f `fs dblbrfnmilbs prbsbltbs, nioi f `fs huturfs. h uturfs.

 

13

6.> 

URQM^OI ] EB^FQQI@@I ^I^UBLMA@B

Qbnilinmblei f` turmsoi nioi ulf mleustrmf eb f`nflnb oulemf` y nil ul nrbnmomblti supbrmir f itrfs fntmvmefebs bnilþomnfs, nilstmtuyb ul mopirtfltb b`boblti pfrf b` ebsfrri``i sinmf`, bnilþomni y pi`ïtmni eb `fs nioulmefebs, eb mduf` hirof dblbrf ul mopfnti foambltf` y nu`turf` qub ebabl sbr vmdm`feis y oilmtirbfeis ftrbvbs eb prinbsis sistblma`bs nil b` hml eb bvmtfr ulf ebdrfefnmþl eb` obemi foambltb y b` pftrmoilmi pftrmoi lmi nu`turf`. 6.>.6 

Emoblsmilbs

   Foambltf`bs; Sritbnnmþl y prbsbrvfnmþl eb` obemi

foambltb y sus bnismstbofs dfrfltmzflei

`f nilsbrvfnmþl eb `f h`irf y hfulf eb` ebstmli e bstmli eileb sb ipbrb.  

^inmf`;  B`

rbspbti pir `f futbltmnmefe sinminu`turf` eb `fs nioulmefebs flhmtrmilfs, `f

nilsbrvfnmþl eb sus fntmvis nu`turf`bs y frqumtbntþlmnis y sus vf`irbs trfemnmilf`bs, y niltrmaumr f` bltblemomblti y `f ti`brflnmf mltbrnu`turf`.  

Nu`turf`;  Qbspbti

pir b` pftrmoilmi nu`turf` y `is flnbstris smblei bsti mebltmhmnfeirbs

ûlmnis eb `f rmqubzf nu`turf` eb nfef ulf eb e b `fs nioulmefebs y ebstmlis vmsmtfeis.    Bnilþomni; sb

ebab prioivbr ablbhmnmis bnilþomnis, kustis y bqumtftmvis f f`rdi µp`fzi f

`fs nioulmefebs flhmtrmilfs y dfrfltmzfr su ebsfrri``i nioulmtfrmi nioi bkb prmofrmi eb` turmsoi `inf`. 6.>.1 

B` inmi

B` inmi sb rbhmbrb f ul ærbf bspbnïhmnf eb `f bxpbrmblnmf guoflf, nil sus ablbhmnmis  pripmis, bltrb bltrb b``is `f `mabrtfe eb b`bnnmþl, nrbftmvmefe, ssftmshfnnmþl, ftmshfnnmþl, emshrutb y p`fnbr p`fnbr,, y ulf of ofyir yir hb`mnmefe. Nioprbleb hirofs eb bxprbsmþl i fntmvmefe fop`mfs nuyis b`bobltis sil hrbnubltbobltb tflti eb lfturf`bzf hïsmnf nioi mltb`bntuf`, sinmf`, frtïstmnf i bspmrmtuf`. B` inmi hiobltf ulf aublf sf`ue dblbrf` y ul amblbstfr f` ihrbnbr vfrmfefs ipirtulmefebs qub pbromtbl f mlemvmeuis y drupis sb`bnnmilfr fntmvmefebs y bxpbrmblnmfs qub sb fkustb f sus  pripmfs lbnbsmefebs, lbnbsmefebs, mltbrbsbs y prb prbhbrblnmfs. hbrblnmfs. ^bdul ;‟ (Nublnf

Nfabzf, 1335), nioi emrbntir eb` mlstmtuti eb bstuemis eb

inmi, bs futir eb ulf ebhmlmnmþl y flf`mstf eb` inmi qub ebliomlf inmi futitb`mni; ‐ ulf bxprbsmþl guoflf niop`bkf (emrbnnmilf` y ou`tmemrbnnmilf`), nbltrfef eb fntufnmilbs qubrmefs (li nfusf`bs `marbs, sftmshfntirmis), futitb`mnfs ( hml bl sï omsof)

 

16 y pbrsilf` (mlemvmeuf` y sinmf`); y ul ebrbngi guofli aæsmni qub hfvirbnb b` ebsfrri``i pbrsilf` y sinmf`‟ 

feboæs mebltmhmnf emoblsmilbs bl `fs nuf`bs sb sb  

oflmhmbstfl b` inmi y sb rbhmbrb f b``fs nioi `is emstmltis fspbntis fspbntis qub nilhirofl `f lfturf`bzf y b` sbltmei eb` inmi y sil `fs smdumbltbs; M. 

B l `f emoblsm emoblsmþl þl `ûem `ûem nf  ;  ^b rbhmbrb f` oiei eb nioi `fs

nioulmefebs i `fs pbrs pbrsilfs, ilfs, mln`uyb mln`uyblei lei f tieis `is lmöis vmvbl bl `f emvbrsmþl y kubdis ,nirrbspileb bspbnmf`obltb f` oulei eb `is giaambs, `is ebpirtbs y `f rbnrbfnmþl.  rbnrbfnmþl.  MM. 

B l `f em em oblsm lsmþl þl nrbftmvf nrbftmvf; tmblb bl nilsmebrfnmþl f` fnnbsi y f `f

nrbfnmþl nu`turf` eb oûsmnfs, nfltis, frtb.  frtb.   MMM.  

B l `f em em oblsmþl lsm þl hbstmvf hbstmvf; Bs eileb `f nioulmefe bxprbsf sus

hmbstfs y bvblti niopfrtmblei bxpbrmblnmfs drupf`bs y ni`bntmvfs, sb oubstrf b` inmi niopfrtmei y sinmf`. MX. 

B l `f emoblsm emoblsmþl þl fo foambltf` ambltf`  „   bni`þdmnf; ^b rb`fnmþlf nil b`

bltirli hïsmni y urafli eb `f nioulmefe, sb rbhmbrb f `f mlnmeblnmf eb `f lfturf`bzf y `is bspfnmis bl `f vmvmblef eb inmi (rbnrbfnmþl f` fmrb `marb ebsp`fzfomblti f` `udfr eileb sb qumbrf nilinbr)  nilinbr)   X. 

Emoblsmþl si`mefrmf; ^b rbhmbrb f` inmi bltblemei nioi vmvblnmf

sinmf`, niopriobtmef y f`trumstf (b` gbngi eb fyuefr ebsmltbrbsfefobltb f itris mlebpblembltbs).  mlebpblembltbs).  ^b pubeb ebnmr qub nfef emoblsmþl eb inmi dblbrf ul tmpi eb turmsoi. B` inmi rbnilinmei bl `is ebrbngis eb `f, ``fofef sbdulef dblbrfnmþl,(ebrbngis bnilþomnis, sinmf`bs y nu`turf`bs). Dumfeis pir b` prmlnmpmi eb mduf`efe, b` inmi fpfrbnb bltrb bstis nioi ul ebrbngi qub sb irmdmlf eb` pripmi trfafkfeir; ebrbngi f` ebsnflsi `fairf`, f `fs vfnfnmilbs pfdfefs btn…Qbspbnti f `f

``fofef tbrnbrf dblbrfnmþl eb ebrbngis, dumfef pir b` vf`ir eb `f si`mefrmefe, b` inmi fpfrbnb nioi ul b`boblti prmoiremf` pfrf b` ebsfrri``i sinmf` y ni`bntmvi, fulqub li rbnidmei bl ebn`frfnmilbs mltbrlfnmilf`bs, mltbrlfnmilf`bs, ‐hirof pfrtb pfrtb eb `f nilnmblnmf nilnmblnmf oirf` sinmf` eb `is pfïsbs prbsbltbs

bl su ítmnf nïvmnf ( Frmb` @þpbz , 1335)‟ . 6.>.1.6 

Inmi y turmsoi

B` inmi y b` turmsoi hirofl pfrtb eb `f vmef bl lubstrf sinmbefe, eb `f lfturf`bzf lfturf`bzf guoflf y `fs mlqumbtuebs prihulefs qub tmblb b` sbr guofli. B` inmi y b` turmsoi rbh`bkfl `f pfrtb `ûemnf eb `f sinmbefe, `f nrbftmvmefe oftbrmf` y bspmrmtuf` qub tieis lisitris lbnbsmtfois ebsfrri``fr.

 

11 @is vmfkbs, b` tmbopi `marb y `fs fntmvmefebs rb`fnmilfefs nil bstb (fntmvmefebs eb bltrbtblmomblti) sil fspbntis hulef hulefobltf`bs obltf`bs eb` inmi. Eb gbn gbngi gi b` inmi fafrnf b` turmsoi bl tiefs sus oû`tmp`bs oû`tmp`bs hfnbtfs; turmsoi nu`turf`, turmsoi e sf`ue, sf`ue, turmsoi urafli, urafli, turmsoi rurf` btn. b` inmi y b` turmsoi sb gfl nilvbrtmei bl ul hfntir bnilþomni ouy mopirtfltb f lmvb` oulemf`, f`dulis itris tbofs mltbrbsfltbs f trftfr, bltirli f` sbntir eb` inmi y b` turmsoi sil;  

B` inmi y `fs fntmvmefebs `ûemnfs   @f mleustrmf eb` inmi y b` turmsoi  

@f nmvm`mzfnmþl eb` inmi

 

@is lubvis ebstmlis turïstmnis 6.>.> 

Mopfnti eb` turmsoi bl b` nilsuoi eb rbnursis

@f fntmvmefe turïstmnf tmblb `udfr bl ul bspfnmi ebtbromlfei pubeb ddblbrfr blbrfr ulf sbr sbrmb mb eb nilh`mntis bl emngi bspfnmi. Bl `is û`tmois tmbopis b` bspfnmi bl b` qub q ub sb prieunb emngf fntmvmefe bs prmlnmpf`obltb b` bspfnmi lfturf`. Fsï nioi sb rbnilinb `is ablbhmnmis qub dbl dblbrf brf b` turmsoi, sb ttmblb mblb qub flf`mzfr `is  pbrkumnmis qub pubeb dblbrfr. B` turmsoi pubeb fhbntfr lbdftmvfobltb ``ff emvbrsmefe ami`þdmnf y eb `is eboæs rbnursis lfturf`bs, lfturf`bs, y tmblb mopfntis sinmf`bs y nu`turf`bs fevbrs fevbrsis. is. B` ebtbrmiei eb `is rbnursis lfturf`bs, tflti eb `is rblivfa`bs nioi eb `is li rblivfa`bs bs ulf eb `fs nilsbnublnmfs emrbntfs oæs smdlmhmnftmvfs eb` mopfnti eb` turmsoi. @is smtmis dblbrf`obltb  prbhbrmeis pfrf bstf bstf fntmvmefe (nistfs, rïis, `fdis y oiltföfs). oiltföfs). ^il bnismstbofs hrædm`bs nil ulf drfl vfrmbefe eb bspbnmbs, nuyi usi mltblsmvi y li sustbltfa`b pubeb prieunmr pbremefs mrrbvbrsma`bs (MLBM, 1333). Bsti bs fsï ebamei f qub bstæl siobtmeis f ul f`ti h`uki eb vmsmtfltbs. @f dblbrfnmþl eb bstis mopfntis sb ebab f `f fnnmþl eb `is omsois turmstfs i pir `is rbqubrmombltis qub eboflef b` ebsfrri``i eb `f omsof fntmvmefe. fntm vmefe. Sfrf A`flni (6==7), b` lmvb` eb `is mopfntis qub prieunbl `is vmsmtfltbs bstæ rb`fnmilfei emrbntfobltb nil emstmltfs vfrmfa`bs;  

Eurfnmþl eb `f vmsmtf

 

Ípinf eb` föi nilsmebrfef

 

Umpi`idïf y niopirtfomblti eb` usufrmi

 

Emstrmaunmþl eb `is usufrmis pir b` ærbf pritbdmef

 

Hrfdm`mefe bni`þdmnf eb` foambltb nilsmebrfei

 

1> 6.>.>.6 

 Mopfntis bnilþomnis

Xbltfkfs;  

Mlhrfbstrunturf hïsmnf (fbripubrti, nfrrbtbrfs, niop`bkis gitb`bris, btn.)

 

Dblbrfnmþl eb bop`bis ( emrbntis b mlemrbntis)







   



Dblbrfnmþl eb emvmsfs. Mlnrboblti eb` lûobri eb pbrsilfs eb am`mldðbs.

Ebsvbltfkfs;  



Emstrmaunmþl ebsmduf` eb `is mldrbsis dblbrfeis pir b` turmsoi, tflti f lmvb` dblbrf` eb `fs nioulmefebs.

 

Ebsp`fzfomblti eb ofli eb iarf eb fdrïni`f pfrf b` turmsoi. t urmsoi.

 

Niopbtblnmfs eb prieuntis bxtrflkbris nil `is `inf`bs.





6.>.>.1 

 Mopfntis sinmi nu`turf`

Xbltfkfs;  

Qbsnftb eb `is oiluobltis ni`ilmf`bs.

 

Emhusmþl eb `f oûsmnf hi`j`þrmnf.

 

Obkirf b` lmvb` eb nilinmomblti eb `i futþntili bl b` fspbnti nu`turf` y sinmf` pfrf ihbrtfr`i







f` turmstf. Ebsvbltfkfs;  





   



Urflsnu`turfnmþl Eb`mlnublnmf bl dblbrf` Sbremef eb `f mebltmefe lfnmilf`

6.>.>.> 

 Mopfntis bni`þdmnis

Xbltfkf;  

Dblbrfnmþl eb mldrbsis f `f feomlmstrfnmþl eb `fs ærbfs pritbdmefs

 

Qbnilinb `f lbnbsmefe eb ulf mlhrfbstrunturf aæsmnf pfrf ihbrtfr ul obkir sbrvmnmi

 

Nilnmblnmf lfnmilf` pir `f pritbnnmþl eb oungfs ærbfs lfturf`bs.







 Ebsvbltfkfs;

 

15  

Ebdrfefnmþl eb ærbfs lfturf`bs pfrf `f nilstrunnmþl eb mlhrfbstrunturf turïstmnf

 

Niltfomlfnmþl b dblbrf`





  Ebdrfefnmþl eb ærbfs nrïtmnfs ebltri y hubrf eb `fs ærbfs pritbdmefs, pir b` siarb s iarb



usi. (Umlini Diobz, 1365)

 

12 NFSMUR@I MM URQM^OI ] EB^FQQI@@I ^I^UBLMA@B BL B@ SBQÛ 6.5  B@ URQM^OI ] EB^FQQI@@I ^I^UBLMA@B LFNMILF@ B` Uurmsoi bl b` Sbrû sb nilstmtuyb bl `f tbrnbrf mleustrmf oæs drfleb eb `f lfnmþl, ebtræs eb `f pbsnf y `f omlbrïf. Srmlnmpf`obltb bstæ emrmdmef gfnmf `is oiluobltis frqubi`þdmnis, frqubi`þdmnis, pubs nubltf nil oæs eb nmbl om` smtmis eb mltbrís, b` bniturmsoi bl `f Fofzilïf pbruflf, b` turmsoi nu`turf` bl `fs nmuefebs ni`ilmf`bs, turmsoi dfstrilþomni, turmsoi eb fvblturf y turmsoi eb p`fyf. B` turmsoi sistblma`b mop`mnf ulf bxpbrmblnmf pismtmvf bl `is vmsmtfltbs y tfoamíl bl `f nioulmefe pbruflf. Li pblsbois bl mlhrfbstrunturf turïstmnf, smli bl mlhrfbstrunturf pûa`mnf eb usi turïstmni. Bspfnmis niopfrtmeis pfrf vmsmtfltbs y flhmtrmilbs nil ul trfti afsfei bl b` outui rbspbti nil `f mln`usmþl eb nioulmefebs `inf`bs eb tieis `is ebpfrtfobltis eb` Sbrû bl `f mltbdrfnmþl eb lbdinmis mln`usmvis qub `b suobl vf`ir f `f bxpbrmblnmf. B` turmsoi nioi smstbof tmblb bl nilsmebrfnmþl b` tbrrmtirmi nioi uli eb sus b`bobltis, b` tbrrmtirmi li si`fobltb bltblemei nioi ul bspfnmi eb inupfnmþl, smli tfoamíl nioi ul bspfnmi bl b` nuf` sb dblbrfl emvbrsfs emlæomnfs bnilþomnfs y sinmf`bs, pir b``i `f mopirtflnmf eb` ireblfomblti tbrrmtirmf` nioi uli eb `is pm`frbs pfrf `f p`flmhmnfnmþl turïstmnf (RLB^NI, 133>). Sir b``i, bl `is û`tmois föis sb gf fpistfei pir ul turmsoi sistblma`b, qub prioubvf  pi`ïtmnfs, præntmnfs y niopirtfombltis ítmnis. F trfvís eb bstf fntmvmefe y eb` usi bhmnmbltb eb rbnursis, sb gf ausnfei hiobltfr `f pfz, b` ebsfrri``i, y `f brrfemnfnmþl eb `f piarbzf bl b` Sbrû. Sfrf nuop`mr bstis iakbtmvis, sb gfl ``bvfei f nfai iarfs qub tmblbl nioi obtf obkirfr `f fnnbsmam`mefe f `is ebstmlis turïstmnis y dblbrfr ul mopfnti bnilþomni pismtmvi pfrf `f rbdmþl y `fs pia`fnmilbs niopriobtmefs. Eb bstf hirof, b` turmsoi ebkf eb sbr si`i ulf fntmvmefe niobrnmf` y sb trflshirof bl ulf gbrrfombltf pfrf b` ebsfrri``i eb `f sinmbefe pbruflf (Xb`fsni Dilzæ`bz, 133=, pæd. 2). Bstb föi supilb ulf ipirtulmefe pfrf bltblebr qub b` lûobri eb ``bdfefs li lbnbsfrmfobltb bs ul mlemnfeir eb íxmti, smli qub bs lbnbsfrmf `f nilstrunnmþl y fp`mnfnmþl eb mlemnfeirbs nuf`mtftmvis, qub lis pbromtfl ebtbromlfr b` fpirtb eb` turmsoi f `f nf`mefe eb vmef eb `f pia`fnmþl `inf`, fsï nioi f `f nilsbrvfnmþl eb` pftrmoilmi lfturf` y nu`turf`. Li afstf nil fuobltfr b` lûobri eb vmsmtfltbs, b` nrbnmomblti li bs smboprb smlþlmoi eb ebsfrri``i. Ebhmlmtmvfobltb, b` turmsoi bs oæs qub ul lûobri. B` sbntir turmsoi rbqumbrb f tieis `is fntirbs trfafkflei eb hirof nilnbrtfef y pfrtmnmpftmvf bl `f nilstrunnmþl eb ebstmlis turïstmnis sistblma`bs y niopbtmtmvis. Eboflef vi`ultfe pi`ïtmnf, ul boprbsfrmfei mllivfeir, nrbftmvi y

 

18 niopriobtmei, y ul rbnursi guofli nf`mhmnfei, nil sblsmam`mefe sinmf` y foambltf` pfrf emrmdmr `is prinbsis eb p`flmhmnfnmþl turïstmnf bl ul pfïs obdf emvbrsi b mltbrnu`turf` nioi `i bs Sbrû. B` turmsoi bl lubstr lubstrii pfïs si`i sbr sbrææ mopirtfltb sm dblbr dblbrff ebsfrri``i, nils nilsbrvfnmþl, brvfnmþl, mln`usmþl, y sm fsbdurf qub `fs prþxmofs dblbrfnmilbs pieræl sbdumr emshrutflei eb `i qub tblbois giy. @f fpubstf pir ul turmsoi sistblma`b li pubeb bspbrfr. 6.5.6  Ebsfrri``i eb` turmsoi bl b` Sbrû Eb fnubrei nil ul bstuemi eb` diambrli pbrufli, b` ïlemnb eb sftmshfnnmþl eb `is turmstfs ebspuís eb vmsmtfr b` Sbrû bs eb` =5%. Bs `f mleustrmf eb oæs ræpmei nrbnmomblti bl b` Sbrû, nrbnmþ fluf`obltb f ul rmtoi eb` 12% bl `is û`tmois nmlni föis, smblei `f tfsf eb nrbnmomblti oæs f`ti qub nuf`qumbr itri pfïs bl Foírmnf eb` ^ur. Bl 1365, Sbrû hub b`bdmei nioi b` obkir ebstmli dfstrilþomni y nu`turf`, feboæs eb itris  prbomis itirdfeis itirdfeis pir `f Tir`e Urfv Urfvb` b` Fwfres, ffsï sï nioi tfoamí tfoamíl, l, `f nmuef nmuefee eb @mof ssbb ``bvþ `is df`freilbs f obkir ebstmli, obkir ebstmli nil `bdfei, obkir ebstmli nu`turf` eb `f rbdmþl y obkir ebstmli eb bstflnmf eb ^uefoírmnf. Eb itri `fei b` ^wmssitb` eb @mof dflþ bl `f nftbdirïf nft bdirïf obkir gitb` eb lbdinmis eb `f rbdmþl y b` KT Ofrrmitt nioi b` obkir gitb` eb ^uefoírmnf. Ufoamíl,  pfrf bsb föi, `f tfsf eb turmsoi mltbrli nrbnb f tfsfs eb 5%, nmuefebs nioi Faflnfy y Guflnfvb`mnf sb bstæl mln`uyblei ebltri eb `is ebstmlis turïstmnis lfnmilf`bs (Tir`e Urfvb` Fwfres, 1367, pæd. 1>). Nil b` hml eb hiobltfr b` ebsfrri``i eb` turmsoi mltbrli, rbnmbltbobltb `f SNO gf bstfa`bnmei ingi eïfs hbrmfeis li `fairfa`bs bl 1367 pfrf `is trfafkfeirbs eb` sbntir pûa`mni  pbrufli. ^bdûl b` Omlnbtur, nfef hbrmfei `frdi dblbrf gfstf R^$633 om``ilbs y niltrmauyb f` ebsfrri``i eb `fs rbdmilbs. ] ful nuflei f`dulis euefl eb `f bhmnfnmf eb `f obemef, `f bvmeblnmf emspilma`b bl lubstrf rbdmþl mlemnfrïf qub bs ul obnflmsoi vf`misi pfrf ebsfrri``fr `f ``fofef mleustrmf sml ngmoblbf, pubs ombltrfs bl b` Sbrû tblerbois ingi hbrmfeis `frdis, bl itris pfïsbs sb gfl bstfa`bnmei oæs eb` eia`b eb ‐publtbs‟ (Ni`ioamf tmblb 13: Ngm`b, 68: Frdbltmlf, 6> y

Arfsm`, 6>), tieis b``is bl hml eb sboflf, `i qub gf dblbrfei aublis rbsu`tfeis pfrf b` turmsoi mltbrli. ^bdûl b` û`tmoi rbpirtb UUNM 1366, b` sbntir Xmfkbs y turmsoi dblbrþ bl b` Sbrû R^$>.428 om``ilbs eb mldrbsis bl 1363, `i qub rbprbsbltþ 1,7% eb` SMA y dblbrþ >85.333 pubstis eb trfafki. ^ml boafrdi, su mopfnti titf` bl `f bnilioïf pbruflf bl su nilkulti fsnblemþ f nfsm R^$63.333 om``ilbs i 4,5% eb` SMA, dblbrþ =66.333 pubstis eb trfafki. B` TBH bstmof qub b` nrbnmomblti fluf` bl Xmfkbs y turmsoi bl b` Sbrû sbræ eb 8% bl priobemi `is prþxmois embz föis. ^bdûl b` UUNM, b` Sbrû inupf b` 6>br `udfr bl `fs Foírmnfs. Bl ^uefoírmnf lis supbrfl Arfsm` (L» 4),

 

14 Ngm`b (L» =), Rrudufy (L»63) y Frdbltmlf (L»66). F lmvb` d`iaf` inupfois b` pubsti 8= (Arfsm`, 21: Ngm`b, 24: Rrudufy, 27: y Frdbltmlf, 83). ^ml euef, b` turmsoi bl b` Sbrû bstæ bl fudb y oungis sil `is ablbhmnmfeis. Fntuf`obltb, bstf mleustrmf dblbrf bl b` pfïs nbrnf eb 6.> om``ilbs eb pubstis eb trfafki y fpirtf b` >.= % eb` SAM lfnmilf`, `i qub `f nilvmbrtb bl ulf eb sus prmlnmpf`bs fntmvmefebs bnilþomnfs. @f obtf bs qub, pfrf b` 1316, bstb sbntir niltmlûb bl b l nrbnmomblti y su fpirtb f` f ` ebsfrri``i bnilþomni y sinmf` eb` pfïs sbf ofyir. ] bs qub `f `mstf eb ftrfntmvis qub b` pfïs pisbb rbsu`tf sirprblebltb; 2,333 `udfrbs frqubi`þdmnis, oæs eb 133 ærbfs lfturf`bs pritbdmefs, 65 pfrqubs lfnmilf`bs, 62 rbsbrvfs lfnmilf`bs, bltrb itrfs ofrfvm``fs, qub pinis pfïsbs bl b` oulei tmblbl. Bstis ftrmautis `b gfl pbromtmei f Sbrû mlnrbobltfr `f nfltmefe eb turmstfs mltbrlfnmilf`bs qub rbnmab pir föi. Fsï, eb >.2 om``ilbs bl b` 1362, 1 362, pfsfois f >.4 bl b` 1367 y sb bspbrf qub bstb föi supbrbois `is 5 om``ilbs, nil b` iakbtmvi eb f`nflzfr `is 4 om``ilbs eb turmstfs mltbrlfnmilf`bs bl b` 1316. Fsmomsoi, b` h`uki eb vmsmtfltbs lfnmilf`bs tfoamíl gf oistrfei ul af`flnb pismtmvi. ^bdûl b` Sbrhm` eb` Xfnfnmilmstf Lfnmilf` eb SQIOSBQÛ (Niomsmþl eb Srioinmþl eb` Sbrû pfrf `f Bxpirtfnmþl y b` Uurmsoi), bl b` 1367 oæs eb ul om``þl y obemi eb niopftrmitfs vmfkfril f` mltbrmir eb` pfïs. Eb b``is, b` 83 % brfl oukbrbs y b` 53 % gioarbs. F `f drfl ihbrtf eb ebstmlis turïstmnis qub tblbois bl lubstri pfïs, sb suof ulf vfstf mlhrfbstrunturf gitb`brf y oû`tmp`bs ipnmilbs eb trflspirtb. ^bdûl SQIOSBQR, bl b` 1367, `f ofyirïf eb vmfkbris (41 %) iptþ pir ul aus mltbrprivmlnmf` mltbrprivm lnmf` pfrf ``bdfr f su ebstmli.

6.5.1  Nbltris turïstmnis oæs nilnurrmeis Moprbsmilfltbs rumlfs Mlnfs, pia`feis f`tmp`ælmnis, nmuefebs ni`ilmf`bs y ul smllûobri eb bspbntfnu`frbs bsnblfrmis lfturf`bs nilhirofl `is ebstmlis turïstmnis eb Sbrû.

 

17  

@mof; Nfpmtf` eb Sbrû, rbnilinmef bl b` 136> nil b` prbomi Urfvb``brs” Ngimnb nioi obkir

ebstmli bobrdbltb, ulf nmuefe qub nfutmvf nil su obzn`f eb oiebrlmefe b gmstirmf, bl eileb  afrrmis eb vmarfltb fntmvmefe y vmef linturlf nioi Omrfh`irbs y ^fl Msmeri, sb nruzfl nil `fs fltmdufs frqumtbnturfs ni`ilmf`bs eb` Nbltri Gmstþrmni ebn`frfei Sftrmoilmi eb `f Guoflmefe pir `f RLB^NI.  RLB^NI. 

 M`ustrfnmþl 5; S`fzf eb Frofs eb @mof.

Hfoisf tfoamíl pir sbr gidfr eb ulf eb `fs obkirbs dfstrilioïfs eb` oulei, smblei nilinmef nioi `f Nfpmtf` Dfstrilþomnf eb Foírmnf, f`abrdflei bltrb sus luobrisis afrrmis, mlfditfa`bs `udfrbs eileb emshrutfr eb `is sfairbs pmnfltbs qub sb gfnbl prbsbltb bl sus oæs eb 533 p`ftis tïpmnis. Oæs mlhirofnmþl bl vmfkbs f @mof.  

Nuzni; Rli eb `is oæs hfsnmlfltbs `udfrbs turïstmnis eb Sbrû, gidfr eb mlvf`ufa`bs tbsiris

gmstþrmnis y nu`turf`bs, rumlfs qub fûl pbromtbl vmsuf`mzfr b` bsp`bleir eb `i qub hub `f nfpmtf` eb`

 M`ustrfnmþl 2; S`fzf eb frofs eb Nusni ( Nbltri Nbltri gmstþrmni eb Nuzni)

Mopbrmi Mlnf, y ofdlïhmnis bemhmnmis nmvm`bs y rb`mdmisis qub efl oubstrf eb `f rmqubzf eb su ípinf ni`ilmf`.

 

1=  

Xf``b ^fdrfei eb `is Mlnfs; Oædmnf ærbf eb qubarfefs, smtmis frqubi`þdmnis y pmltirbsnis puba`mtis ni`ilmf`bs, qub sb sb

sunbebl uli trfs itris, gfamtfeis pir nioulmefebs mleïdblfs, qub gfl ofltblmei vmvi bl b`

 M`ustrfnmþl 8; Qumlfs Mlnf siarb I``fltfytfoai  

tmbopi su hi`n`irb y trfemnmilbs. ^us prmlnmpf`bs bln`fvbs nirrbspilebl f` niop`bki frqubi`þdmni y pia`fei eb Smsfn, `f `inf`mefe eb Ngmlngbri nil sus hfoisfs tbkbeirfs y `f zilf frqubi`þdmnf eb I``fltfytfoai, ûlmnf nmuefe mlnfmnf qub sb nilsbrvf præntmnfobltb ïltbdrf, y nuyfs nilstrunnmilbs giy bl eïf sil gfamtfefs pir sus ebsnblembltbs.  

Ofngu Smnngu; Moprbsmilfltb nmuefe mlnfmnf `bvfltfef pir siarb `is 1.>83 obtris siarb b` lmvb` eb` ofr,

siarbnidbeir pfmsfkb eb ourf``fs, tbrrfzfs y rfopfs qub pfrbnmbrfl p frbnmbrfl bsnu`pmefs bl `f rinf om omsof, sof,

 M`ustrfnmþl 4; Ofngu Smnngu  

mlobrsfs bltrb ofkbstuisis pmnis eb oiltföfs, fnfltm`feis y b` vbreir eb `f h`irbstf fofzþlmnf. Ebn`frfef giy Sftrmoilmi Oulemf` pir `f RLB^NI y ulf eb `fs ^mbtb Ofrfvm``fs eb` Oulei Oiebrli, pbromtb rbnrbfr f trfvís eb sus tbop`is, pf`fnmis y bsnf`mlftfs, `i qub f`dulf vbz hub `f nilstrunnmþl oæs bsp`bleirisf bemhmnfef pir b` mopbrmi Mlnf, nioprblemblei ulf bxtblsf ærbf eb 2>3 obtris eb `frdi pir 133 eb flngi, qub mln`uyb f` oblis 641 rbnmltis.

 

>3

 

Frbqumpf; Fpiefef nioi `f Nmuefe A`flnf, ulf nmuefe qub blnfltf pir su fpfrmblnmf ni`ilmf`, nil

ul ebsp`mbdub eb frqumtbnturfs bl pmberf vi`nælmnf a`flnf y ul gbroisi nbltri gmstþrmni ebn`frfei Sftrmoilmi eb `f Guoflmefe pir `f RLB^NI.

 M`ustrfnmþl 7; S`fzf eb Frofs eb Frbqumpf  

^mtmis eb bspbnmf` mltbrís, sil `f S`fzf eb Frofs nil su nftberf` lbin`æsmnf, nilvbltis nioi ^fltf Nftf`mlf qub fsbobkfl vbrefebrfs nmuefeb`fs i b` Afrrmi eb ^fl @æzfri, nil sus  p`fzi`btfs y bstrbngfs nf``bkub`fs bopberfefs qub bvinfl ul pia`fei flef`uz. Oæs mlhirofnmþl bl vmfkbs f Frbqumpf.  

@fdi Umtmnfnf; Ramnfei f >.761 obtris siarb b` lmvb` eb` ofr, nirrbspileb f` `fdi lfvbdfa`b oæs f`ti

eb` oulei, ulf mloblsf ofsf eb fduf bsnilemef bltrb `is pfmsfkbs oiltföisis eb `f Nirem``brf eb `is Flebs, bl `f hriltbrf eb Sbrû y Ai`mvmf, nbrnfli f `f nmuefe Suli.

 M`ustrfnmþl =; @fdi Umtmnfnf  

^u ofyir ftrfntmvi `i nilstmtuybl sus ms`fs, gidfr gi dfr eb emvbrsfs nioulmefebs mleïdblfs qub ofltmblbl vmvfs sus trfemnmilbs flnbstrf`bs. @fs oæs hfoisfs bltrb b``fs, nirrbspilebl f Ufqum`b, gidfr eb `is qubngufs, hfoisis pir sus vbstmobltfs y frtb tbxtm`, Fofltflï nil vbstmdmis frqubi`þdmnis ebkfeis pir `f nu`turf Umfguflfni y `fs ms`fs h`itfltbs eb `is Rris, nirrbspilembltbs

 

>6 f ul drupi eb ms`fs frtmhmnmf`bs b`fairfefs bl titirf pir `f btlmf Rru, qumblbs gfamtfl bl b``fs siarbvmvmblei eb `f pbsnf, nfzf y b`fairfnmþl eb tbkmeis.  

Ufrf-piti; Bs nilinmef nioi `f ‐Nmuefe eb `fs Sf`obrfs‟ pirqub sb uamnf bl

`f sb`vf eb`

ebpfrtfoblti eb ^fl Ofrtïl.

 M`ustrfnmþl 63; Ufrf-piti  

Gfy oungi pir vmsmtfr bl Ufrfpiti, nioi `f @fdulf eb ^funb y `f nftfrftf eb Fgufsgmyfnu. Feboæs, bstæ ouy nbrnf eb @fofs, ulf eb `fs nmuefebs nil oæs gmstirmf eb `f Fofzilïf, qub pisbb ul rmni `bdfei nu`turf`. Ufrfpiti tfoamíl bs ul drfl ebstmli dfstrilþomni, bltrb sus p`ftis ebstfnfl b` mlmduf`fa`b tfnfngi nil nbnmlf, y b` sfarisi kuflb kuflb eb df``mlf. 6.5.>  Fnnbsmam`mefe B` Uurmsoi Fnnbsma`b i Uurmsoi pfrf Uieis li sb `momtfl f `f b`momlfnmþl eb afrrbrfs hïsmnfs, sblsirmf`bs i eb `f nioulmnfnmþl, smli qub tmblb pir hmlf`mefe `idrfr qub `is bltirlis,  prieuntis y sbrvmnmis turïstmnis pubefl sbr emshrutfeis bl mduf`efe eb e b nilemnmilbs pir nuf`qumbr  pbrsilf nil i sml sml emsnfpfnmefe. B` Uurmsoi Fnnbsma`b sþ`i bxmstb nuflei `f fnnbsmam`mefe sb gf mlnirpirfei f tief `f nfeblf eb vf`ir eb` turmsoi. Li sb trftf ûlmnfobltb eb tblbr ul gitb` fnnbsma`b i ulf ftrfnnmþl turïstmnf fnnbsma`b, smli qub ebab tblbrsb bl nubltf `f bxpbrmblnmf eb` vmfkb bl su nilkulti; su  p`flmhmnfnmþl, `f mlhirofnmþl turïstmnf, `is trflspirtbs pûa`mnis i prmvfeis, b` f`ikfomblti, `fs fntmvmefebs turïstmnfs y eb inmi, `is rbstfurfltbs, btn. @f Fnnbsmam`mefe gf pfsfei f nilvbrtmrsb bl ul hfntir mltrïlsbni f `f nf`mefe turïstmnf, yf li sb pubeb nilnbamr ul turmsoi eb nf`mefe, nuflei ístb li bstæ f` f`nflnb eb tieis, b` turmsoi eb nf`mefe ebab sbr fnnbsma`b f tieis y lfemb ebab qubefr f` ofrdbl eb ístb pir lmldulf rfzþl i nmrnulstflnmf. @f fnnbsmam`mefe pubeb bltblebrsb bl rb`fnmþl nil trbs hirofs aæsmnfs eb fntmvmefe guoflf; oivm`mefe, nioulmnfnmþl y nioprblsmþl: `fs trbs sukbtfs f `momtfnmþl nioi nilsbnublnmf

 

>1 eb `f bxmstblnmf eb afrrbrfs. B` Sbrû bs ul pfïs bl p`bli ebsfrri``i bl b` æoamti turïstmni bsti qumbrb ebnmr qub rbnmbltbobltb sb bstæ mop`bobltflei ulf obkirf bl `fs rutfs eb fnnbsi f `is nbltris turïstmnis  pfrf hfnm`mtfr y gfnbr oæs nþoiei b` vmfkb eb `is turmstfs bxtrflkbris y `is omsois pbruflis. Fsï omsoi rbnmbltbobltb gfnb b` usi eb `f tbnli`idïf pfrf b` ablbhmnmi eb` turmsoi pfrf dblbrfr oæs mldrbsis f` pfïs. 6.5.5  Srmlnmpf`bs @bybs eb` Uurmsoi y Ebsfrri``i ^istblma`b bl b` Sbrû 6.5.5.6   @by Dblbrf` eb` Uurmsoi  „  @by  @by L³1=537

Ístf `by tmbl nioi iakbtmvi prioivbr b mlnbltmvfr b` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b bl `f fntmvmefe turmstmnf bl `is trbs lmvb`bs eb irdflmzfnmþl eb` bstfei (lfnmilf`, rbdmilf` y `inf`) p`fltbflei `is smdumbltbs  prmlnmpmis;  

Ebsfrri``i ^istblma`b, mln`usmþl, li emsnrmomlfnmþl, hioblti f `f Mlvbrsmþl Srmvfef, ebsnbltrf`mzfnmil, nf`mefe, niopbtmtmvmefe, niobrnmi kusti, nu`turf turïstmnf, mebltmefe y

nilsbrvfnmþl. B` þrdfli rbntir eb ístf `by bs b` OMLNBURQ, nuop`mblei nioi b` hmnf`mzfeir eb` SBLURQ (S`fl Lfnmilf` eb` Uurmsoi) y eb tief `f fntmvmefe turïstmnf. Bltrb `is pultis oæs mopirtfltbs mopi rtfltbs eb ístf `by bstf `f ihbrtf turïstmnf t urïstmnf i `is rbnursis turïstmnis lfnmilf`bs;  

Mlvbltfrmi Lfnmilf` eb Qbnursis Uurïstmnis

 

Mlvbltfrmi Qbdmilf` eb Qbnursis Uurïstmnis

 

Srioinmþl eb `f Mlvbrsmil bl Uurmsoi

 

Srmirmzfnmþl eb Sriybntis

 

Mduf`efe eb Ebrbngis y Nilemnmilbs f `is Uurmstfs

 

Hfnm`mtfnmþl y Srioinmiþl eb` Uurmsoi

 

Srbvblnmil eb `f bxp`itfnmþl sbxuf`, niobrnmf` eb `is lmöis, lmöfs y fei`bsnbltbs bl b` æoamti eb` turmsoi

6.5.5.1   @by siarb `f Nilsbrvfnmþl y b` Fprivbngfomblti Fprivbngfomblti ^istblma`b eb `f Emvbrsmefe  Ami`þdmnf - @by L³ 187>=5 

@f prbsbltb `by lirof `f nilsbrvfnmþl eb `f emvbrsmefe ami`þdmnf y `f utm`mzfnmþl sistblma`b eb sus niopilbltbs bl nilnireflnmf nil `is frtïnu`is 88 y 87 eb `f Nilstmtunmþl Si`ïtmnf eb` Sbrû. @is  prmlnmpmis y ebhmlmnmilbs eb` Nilvblmi siarb Emvbrsmefe Ami`þdmnf rmdbl pfrf `is bhbntis eb fp`mnfnmþl eb `f prbsbltb `by.

5 gttps;//smlmf.omlfo.dia.pb/l gttps;//smlmf.omlfo.dia.pb/lirofs/`by-nilsbrvfnmil-f irofs/`by-nilsbrvfnmil-fprivbngfomblti-sistblma`b-emvbrs privbngfomblti-sistblma`b-emvbrsmefemefe-

 ami`idmnf

 

>> Bl b` ofrni eb` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b, `f nilsbrvfnmþl y utm`mzfnmþl sistblma`b eb `f emvbrsmefe  ami`þdmnf mop`mnf;  

Nilsbrvfr `f emvbrsmefe eb bnismstbofs, bspbnmbs y dblbs, fsï nioi ofltblbr `is prinbsis bni`þdmnis bsblnmf`bs eb `is qub ebpblebl `f supbrvmvblnmf eb `fs `f s bspbnmbs.

 

Srioivbr `f pfrtmnmpfnmþl kustf y bqumtftmvf bl `is ablbhmnmis qub sb ebrmvbl eb `f utm`mzfnmþl eb `f emvbrsmefe ami`þdmnf.

 

Mlnbltmvfr `f beunfnmþl, b` mltbrnfoami eb mlhirofnmþl, b` ebsfrri``i eb `f nfpfnmefe eb `is rbnursis guoflis, `f mlvbstmdfnmþl nmbltïhmnf y `f trflshbrblnmf tr flshbrblnmf tbnli`þdmnf, rbhbrmeis f `f emvbrsmefe ami`þdmnf y f `f utm`mzfnmþl sistblma`b eb sus niopilbltbs.

 

Hiobltfr b` ebsfrri``i bnilþomni eb` pfïs bl afsb f `f utm`mzfnmþl sistblma`b eb `is niopilbltbs eb `f emvbrsmefe ami`þdmnf, prioivmblei `f pfrtmnmpfnmþl eb` sbntir prmvfei  pfrf bstis hmlbs. hmlbs.

6.2  NIL^BQXFNMÞL EB @I^ NBLUQI^ FQVRBI@ÞDMNI^ ] URQÏ^UMNI^ B` bstfei pbrufli bstæ bl `f ia`mdfnmþl eb dfrfltmzfr `f nilsbrvfnmþl eb `is nbltris frqubi`þdmnis y turïstmnis obemfltb `fs emhbrbltbs mlstmtunmilbs vmlnu`fefs f` turmsoi. 6.2.6 

@f dbstmþl turïstmnf eb` pftrmoilmi nu`turf`.  nu`turf`. 

Bs `f fp`mnfnmþl eb nilinmombltis bspbnïhmnis pfrf `f febnufnmþl eb amblbs eb pftrmoilmi nu`turf` bl rbnursis turïstmnis. Bl bstb nfsi lubstri pulti eb pfrtmef bs, bl rfzþl eb smtmis nil frtb rupbstrb y rumlfs eb irmdbl prbgmspælmni, `f nilsbrvfnmþl eb `is omsois y `f prbsbrvfnmþl eb` bspïrmtu qub rbprbsbltfl. Nioamlfei nil b` gbngi eb qub b` pftrmoilmi vmvb ulf nrbnmbltb n rbnmbltb prbsmþl  pfrf sbr fefptfei f ul usi turïstmni, rb`fnmilfei nil b` pridrbsmvi fuoblti eb` turmsoi ‐nu`turf`‟, i ambl eb smtmis turïstmnis sml prbvmis bstuemis eb sustbltfam`mefe. @f utm`mzfnmþl eb f`dulis mlstruobltis aæsmnis pbromtmræ qub `is prinbsis eb mltbrfnnmþl bltrb b` sbntir turïstmni y b` sbntir eb` pftrmoilmi nu`turf` pbromtfl, li sþ`i blniltrfr b` bqum`marmi bltrb foais, smli obkirfr b` rblemomblti eb `is eis sbntirbs (Dbrilmoi riermdubz, 1334, pæds. >-2). @f dbstmþl turïstmnf eb` pftrmoilmi nu`turf` pierïf ebhmlmrsb nioi `f fp`mnfnmþl eb nilinmombltis bspbnïhmnis pfrf `f nilvbrsmþl eb amblbs eb pftrmoilmi nu`turf` bl rbnursis turïstmnis. @is nilinmombltis pubebl privblmr eb emsnmp`mlfs vmlnu`fefs f emvbrsis nfopis eb `f dbstmþl nioi sbr; emrbnnmþl eb boprbsfs, dbstmþl hmlflnmbrf, dbstmþl eb rbnursis guoflis, itrfs bspbnïhmnfs eb` turmsoi nioi; `f dbstmþl eb ebstmlis, `f p`flmhmnfnmþl turïstmnf, `f dbstmþl eb irdflmzfnmilbs turïstmnfs, `f prioinmþl turïstmnf. Nuyi iakbtmvi prmlnmpf` bs; prbsbrvfr `f gbrblnmf, bl bstb nfsi b` pftrmoilmi nil frtb rupbstrb y rumlfs eb irmdbl prbgmspælmni, ulf vbz qub bsti sb

 

>5 gf dfrfltmzfei, bs pisma`b rb`fnmilfr b` ambl bl ul niltbxti sinmf` y bnilþomni oæs fop`mi (turmsoi) (Hbrlfebz Ef ^m`vf, 133=, pæds. 63-66). 6.2.1  @f beunfnmþl foambltf` (NQR[, UBKF DRUMÍQQB[, & UQRBAF B^SMLI^F, 136>). @f beunfnmþl bs mlemspblsfa`b bl `fs `fairbs foambltf`bs, emrmdmef tflti f `fs dblbrfnmilbs kþvblbs nioi f `is feu`tis, y qub prbstb `f ebamef ftblnmþl f` sbntir eb `f pia`fnmþl oblis prmvm`bdmfef, pfrf blsflngfr `fs afsbs eb ulf ipmlmþl pûa`mnf ambl mlhirofef y eb ulf nileuntf eb `is mlemvmeuis, eb `fs boprbsfs y eb `fs ni`bntmvmefebs, mlspmrfef bl b` sbltmei eb e b su rbspilsfam`mefe bl nuflti f `f pritbnnmþl y obkirfomblti eb` obemi bl tief su emoblsmþl guoflf. bs tfoamíl bsblnmf` qub `is obemis eb nioulmnfnmþl eb ofsfs bvmtbl b vmtbl niltrmaumr f` ebtbrmiri eb` obemi guofli y emhulefl,  pir b` niltrfrmi, mlhirofnmþl eb nfræntbr beunftmvi siarb `f lbnbsmefe lbnbsmefe eb pritbdbr`i y obkirfr`i, f hml eb qub b` gioarb pubef ebsfrri``frsb bl tieis `is fspbntis, nil b` pfsi eb` tmbopi surdmbril ulf sbrmb bvbltis, y nil ístis b` nilnbpti eb beunfnmþl foambltf` f lmvb` mltbrlfnmilf`. 6.2.>  B` ebsfhïi eb `f beunfnmþl foambltf` B` ebsfhïi eb `f beunfnmþl foambltf` bs prioivbr ulf lubvf rb`fnmþl eb `f sinmbefe guoflf nil su bltirli, f hml eb prinurfr f `fs dblbrfnmilbs fntuf`bs y huturfs ul ebsfrri``i  pbrsilf` y ni`bntmvi oæs kusti, bqumtftmvi y sistblma`b. ^m nilsmebrfois b` pblsfomblti eb (dufttfrm, 6==1) siarb `fs trbs bni`idïfs, ulf bs `f bni`idïf obltf` (pfrf nilomdi), itrf `f bni`idïf sinmf` (pfrf nil `is eboæs) y hmlf`obltb `f bni`idïf foambltf` (pfrf nil `f lfturf`bzf). ^bdûl bstis trbs tmpis bstæl mltbrrb`fnmilfeis eb hirof qub li sb pubeb obkirfr uli y pistbrmirobltb itri: smli qub ebab rbf`mzfrsb r bf`mzfrsb ulf fnnmþl smstíomnf y nilkultf niltbop`flei ebsfhïis prihuleis nioi `f suakbtmvmefe, `f rb`fnmþl eb` gioarb nilsmdi omsoi y `f f`tbrmefe bl `f rb`fnmþl nil `is eboæs. Siebois ebnmr qub `f beunfnmþl foambltf` bs pir siarb tiefs `fs nisfs ulf beunfnmþl pfrf `f fnnmþl, ebseb ulf fprixmofnmþl d`iaf` b mltbremsnmp`mlfr, hfnm`mtflei fsï ul obkir nilinmomblti eb `is prinbsis bni`þdmnis, bnilþomnis, sinmf`bs y nu`turf`bs. @f beunfnmþl foambltf` bs nioi ul b`boblti hulefobltf` pfrf `idrfr ul obkir niltblmei ítmni y sinmf`, f `f girf eb prbinupfrsb pir `is pria`bofs qub b` ebtbrmiri eb` obemi foambltb infsmilf niltmlufobltb y qub bs ouy pini fairefei bl `f bsnub`f. Niltmluflei nil `fs mop`mnfnmilbs ebseb `i ítmni fhmrof (@irblf, Nf`ebrf , & Obleizf , 1338). @f beunfnmþl foambltf` ebab hiobltfr b` nfoami sinmf` f pfrtmr eb` ebsfrri``i eb vf`irbs, fntmtuebs y gfam`mefebs pfrf fsuomr ulf rbspilsfam`mefe foambltf`. Bs ulf gbrrfombltf pfrf obkirfr `fs rb`fnmilbs eb `is sbrbs guoflis nil su obemi, y pir `i tflti ebab mlnmemr bl `f  prbvblnmþl y rbsi`unmþl eb pria`bofs foambltf`bs. Bl bstb sbltmei bs iavmi qub ul nirrbnti

 

>2 emsböi eb `f mltbrvblnmþl beunftmvf rbqumbrb ul nilinmomblti prbvmi bxgfustmvi siarb `f rbf`mefe foambltf` bl `f qub sb vf f trfafkfr. Bstb flæ`msms prb`momlfr ebab mebltmhmnfr `is emhbrbltbs  pria`bofs, `fs nfusfs, nilsbnublnmfs y prinbsis, fsï nioi `f pbrnbpnmþl qub tmblb `f pia`fnmþl siarb tieis bstis fspbntis. B` iakbtmvi hmlf` eb `f beunfnmþl foambltf` bs `idrfr qub ul drupi sinmf`, i ul mlemvmeui pfrtmblei eb` nilinmomblti eb su rbf`mefe mlobemftf, `idrb nfoamis eb nilnmblnmf, eb fntmtue y eb nileuntf, y obemfltb ul oítiei eb flæ`msms nrïtmni, hiobltb su pripmf rbspilsfam`mefe y pfrtmnmpfnmþl bl `f si`unmþl eb `is pria`bofs foambltf`bs bl niipbrfnmþl nil b` rbsti eb `f pia`fnmþl.

 

>8 NILN@R^MILB^ B` turmsoi y ebsfrri``i sistblma`b bs ulf hirof rbspilsfa`b eb omrfr `f fntmvmefe turïstmnf rb`fnmilæleilis nil b` pftrmoilmi y ftrfntmvis turïstmnis eb ulf hirof nigbrbltb rbspbtflei b` obemi foambltb y `f nu`turf `inf`. @is rbnursis lfturf`bs y nu`turf`bs li sil m`momtfeis, pir `i tflti, gfy qub iptmomzfr su nilsuoi rbdu`fr, su bxp`itfnmþl. B` turmsoi y ebsfrri``i sistblma`b trfafkf nioi ul fdbltb qub ofxmomzf `is mldrbsis bnilþomnis y omlmomzf `is eföis lfturf`bs: fuobltfr `f nilnmblnmf siarb `f lbnbsmefe eb ul niopriomsi nioûl pfrf `idrfr ul turmsoi sistblma`b eb tiefs pfrtbs eb` oulei. Nilsbrvfr `is rbnursis lfturf`bs pfrf emshrutfr`is bl ul prbsbltb y bl ul huturi, tblbr bl nubltf qub b` obemi foambltb li si`i bs mopirtfltb pfrf lubstrf sf`ue smli tfoamíl pfrf `f prispbrmefe eb `f fntmvmefe turïstmnf. turïstmnf.   Fuobltfr `f nilsnmblnmf siarb `f lbnbsmefe eb ul niopriomsi nioûl pfrf `idrfr ul turmsoi sistblma`b eb tiefs pfrtbs pfrtbs eb` oulei. Nilsbrvfr `is rbnur rbnursis sis lfturf`bs pfrf ems emshrutfr`is hrutfr`is bl ul  prbsbltb y bl ul huturi. B` obemi foambltb li sþ`i bs mopirtfltb pfrf lubstrf sf sf`ue `ue smli tfoamíl  pfrf `f prispbrmefe prispbrmefe eb `f fntmvmefe turïstmnf. Fsbdurfr `fs lbnbsmefebs prbsbltbs sml niopriobtbr `fs lbnbsmefebs l bnbsmefebs huturfs, li ebabois i`vmefr qub fntuf`obltb `f smtufnmþl foambltf`, bs afstfltb niop`mnfef. Nil b` nf`bltfomblti d`iaf`, b` ebtbrmiri eb `f nfpf eb izili, i `f emsomlunmþl eb gmb`i bl `is pi`is, pir li gfa`fr eb` ebtbrmiri suhrmei pir `is bnismstbofs. Sir tiei b``i dfrfltmzfr b` huturi eb `fs smdumbltbs dblbrfnmilbs bs sml euef b` prmlnmpf` ablbhmnmi eb` ebsfrri``i sustbltfa`b, pbri b` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b supilb feboæs itrf sbrmb eb ablbhmnmis pfrf b` nilkulti eb `f sinmbefe.

 

>4 Ama`midrfhïf Frmb` @þpbz , p. (1335). oilidrfhïf eb mlvbstmdfnmþl eb` inmi. U.^ .  Frtfrfz, O. (1331). `fs trbs emoblnmilbs eb` ebsfrri``i sistblma`b. Qbvmstf eb bni`idïf y obemi foambltb, 1-2. Aurjfrt, F. K., & Obe`mj, ^. (6=76). Uurmsoi; Sfsfei, Srbsbltb y Huturi.  @ilerbs; Gmblbofll. NQR[, O. @., UBKF DRUMÍQQB[, Q., & UQRBAF B^SMLI^F, F. (136>). URQM^OI ] BERNFNMÞL FOAMBLUF@ SFQF B@ EB^FQQI@@I. niomb.ird.ox, 6-1. Inmi; oieb`is y pripubstfs. Am`afi; Rlmvbrsmefe eb Nublnf Nfabzf, Ebusti . O. (1335). Sbefeidmf eb` Inmi; Eb`dfei, J. (s.h.). Fnfebomf Beu. Iatblmei eb Fnfebomf Beu Tba ^mtb; gttps;//www.fnfebomf.beu/>4482362/MopirtflnmfYeb`YturmsoiYpeh Hbrlfebz Ef ^m`vf, H. (133=). B` pftrmoilmi nu`turf` eb `f guoflmefe y `fs ` fs obemefs eb niipbrfnmil mltbrlfnmilf` pfrf su pritbnnmil. ^FLUI^ NM NIS . Dbrilmoi riermdubz, riermdubz, K. (Ku`mi eb 1334). Dbstmil turmstmnf pfrf `f nilsbrvfnmil eb` pftrmoilmi turmstmni y nu`turf` . pæds. 18->3. Dib`elbr, N., & Qmtngmb, A. (6==3). Uurmsoi; Srmlnmpmis, Sræntmnfs, Hm`isihïfs.  Lbw ]irj; Kigl Tm`by fle ^ils. dufttfrm. (6==1). fpue `bo.  Gulzmjbr, T., & Jrfph, J. (6=51). Hulefobltis eb `f Ubirïf Dblbrf` eb` Uurmsoi. [urmng; Si`ydrfpgmngbr Xbr`fd. Jgftngmjmfl, O. (1333). Gmstirmf eb` Uurmsoi. @mof; Rlmvbrsmefe eb ^fl Ofrtml eb Sirrbs. Bsnub`f Srihbsmilf` eb Uurmsoi y Gitb`brïf.

@irblf, `f H.,Beunfnmþl Nf`ebrf , ]., & Obleizf , M. (1338). f trflsvbrsf`mefe nurrmnu`fr y `f blsböflzf eb Foambltf`. IQAM^ nmblnmfs@guoflfs . Hïsmnis y ^inmf`bs eb` Uurmsoi.  Oftgmbsil, F., & Tf``, D. (6=71).  Mopfntis Bnilþomnis, Hïsmnis @ilerbs; @ildofl. Irdflmzfnmþl Oulemf` eb` Uurmsoi (IOU). (6==5).  Mop`mnfnmilbs eb `fs Ebhmlmnmilbs eb Uurmsoi eb `fs LFnmilbs Rlmefs/ION pfrf b` Uurmsoi eb `is Bstfeis Bstfei s Rlmeis ^mstbof bstfeïstmni. Oferme; Qbnioblefnmilbs siarb bstfeïstmnfs eb Uurmsoi. Irdflmzfnmil Oulemf` eb` Uurmsoi (IOU). (1367).  Fsmf y b` Sfnïhmni nrbnbl bl Mopirtflnmf Mopirtflnmf bl b` Uurmsoi Oulemf`. Oferme; Fsmf Uiurmso Urbles . Qben`mht, O. (6==8). Ebsfrri``i sistblma`b.  ^flngi, F. (1336). Mltrieunnmþl f` Uurmsoi. Obxmni; Sftrmf. Umlini Diobz, I. (1365). Sbrpbntmvfs eb `f oief sistblmaj`b bl bl b` Sbrû. @mof; Mleustrmf` Eftf

. iakbtmvis eb ebsfrri``i sistblma`b. Oerme Bpföf; turmsoi, i. o. (1368). sbntir turmsoi y `is iakbtmvis Befob`. RLB^NI. (133>). Nilvblnmþl Nilvblnmþl pfrf `f sf`vfdufref eb` pftrmoilmi nu`turf` mloftbrmf`. mlof tbrmf`. RLB^NI, pæds. 7-=. Rrmfrtb, K. O. (136=). Nfrfntbrmstmnfs eb` bsfrri``i sistblma`b.  Xb`fsni Dilzæ`bz, O. (133=). Blhiqubs pfrf ul Ebsfrri``i ^istblma`b eb` Uurmsoi Nu`turf`Blhiqubs pfrf ul Ebsfrri``i ^istblma`b eb` Uurmsoi Nu`turf`. pæd. 2. Tir`e Urfvb` Fwfres. (1367). Ebn`frfnmþl eb Oflm`f siarb b` turmsoi oulemf`. IOU , pæd. 1>.