TUNELES

 

TSLCJCU Ealtclhda   Ealtclhda 6. Hltrad tradu ueeh ehõl õl 2. Mhstar Mhstarhf hf dc dc jas jas tÿlcj tÿlcjcs cs cl cl cj kuld kulda a 5. Guleh Gulehal alcs cs y lcecs lcecshdf hdfdcs dcs dc dc jas tÿlcj tÿlcjcs cs 4. Thpa Thpass dc Tÿ Tÿlc lcjc jcss 3. Larkf Larkfvf vf pfrf pfrf tÿlc tÿlcjcs jcs cl E Eaja ajakb kbhf. hf. 7. Tÿ Tÿlc lcjc jcss cl Eaj Eajak akbh bhff 0. Kfquhlfrh Kfquhlfrhff y cquhp cquhpas as pfrf pfrf jf ealstruee ealstrueehõl hõl dc dc tÿlcjcs tÿlcjcs =. Uc`u Uc`urh rhdf dfd d Hld Hldus ustrh trhfj fj

HLTRADSEEHÕL Cl abrfs ehvhjcs sc pjfltcf grceucltckcltc cj prabjckf dc jf ealstrueehõl dc tÿlcjcs, yf quc lucstra pfës clc ulf feehdcltfjhdfd `ca`rff f efusf dc `rfldcs shstckfs kaltföasas, ja quc f dfda arh`cl f cstc pa dc ealstrueehalcs, pfrf padcr cljfzfr cl garkf kæs ræphdf y shl abstæeujas ehudfdcs a ju`frcs dc hkpartflehf y gfehjhtfr jas trflspartcs kæs dhvcrsas. Jfs tèelhefs dc ealstrueehõl dc tÿlcjcs sc kcoarfl y pcrgceehalfl eallufkcltc, tflta cl cj fspceta dc sc`urhdfd eaka cl cj dc rcldhkhclta, cs fsë eaka sur`c jf lcecshdfd dc ealaecr jas cquhpas y kfquhlfrhf pfrf cj fpravcemfkhclta dc jas rceursas dhspalhbjcs f ul easta dc apcrfehõl y kfltclehõl kæs bfoa. DCGHLHEHÕL

Sl tÿlcj cs ulf abrf subtcrrælcf dc efræetcr jhlcfj quc eakulhef das pultas pfrf cj trflspartc dc pcrsalfs a kftcrhfjcs. Larkfjkcltc cs frthghehfj. Jf ealstrueehõl dc tÿlcjcs f ja jfr`a dc jf mhstarhf mf shda jf sajuehõl quc cj scr mukfla mf dfda f jf lcecshdfd dc eruzfr `rfldcs cjcvfehalcs dc crrf daldc cj rcjhcvc la dcof atrf apehõl. Uu abocva prhlehpfj cs cj dc cstfbjcecr ulf kfyar uhdcz cl cj dcspjfzfkhclta tcrrcstrc cltrc das pultas eal ulf lcecshdfd dhrcetf dc eakulhefehõl, ja eufj dc atrf kflcrf hkpjhefrëf jf ealstrueehõl dc rutfs kæs jfr`fs y eal pcldhcltcs bfstfltc cjcv cjcvfdfs. fdfs. Sl tÿlcj cs ulf cstrueturf quc larkfjkcltc mfec pfrtc dc ul dhscöa vhfj u atra pa dc prayceta dc hl`clhcrëf, par ja tflta y pfrf cj efsa dc jfs vëfs tcrrcstrcs, su ealstrueehõl pfrtc dc ul trfka prcvha dc vëf. Eal cj pfsa dc jas föas, sc mfl vclhda hkpjckcltflda kètadas dc ealstrueehõl cl tada cj kulda, fj h`ufj quc dhgcrcltc kfquhlfrhf dcsfrrajjfdf dc feucrda eal jfs lcecshdfdcs praphfs dcj prayceta y f jas fvflecs tcelajõ`heas.

 

GSLEHALCU X LCECUHDFDCU DC JAU TßLCJCU

Trflspartc. Uc padrëf dcehr quc cs jf gulehõl kæs fl`uf. Jf ealstrueehõl dc tÿlcjcs pfrf sfjvfr Trflspartc. Uc abstæeujas lfturfjcs sc prfeef dcsdc jf fl`úcdfd9 padrëfkas rcsukhr dhehclda quc cl ul prhlehpha guc cj trflspartc dc f`uf ja quc lcecshtõ dc jf sajuehõl tÿlcj, dcbhda f jas rcqucrhkhcltas dc pcldhcltc pcldhcltc këlhkf a lujf9 kæs fdcjfltc cj dcsfrrajja dcj gcrraefrrhj, y pastcrharkcltc cj dcsfrrajja dc jas vcmëeujas katarhzfdas, mhehcral lcecsfrhf jf ealstrueehõl dc tÿlcjcs par rfzalcs pfrcehdfs f jfs fltcrharcs (cvhtfr gucrtcs pcldhcltcs) pcra tfkbhèl par rfzalcs lucvfs? feartfr dhstflehfs y `flfr sc`urhdfd. Tÿlcjcs pfrf cj trflspartc dc pcrsalfs y kcrefleëfs ? Cl efrrctcrfs - Cl jëlcfs dcj gcrraefrrhj - Cl jëlcfs dc trflspartc urbfla (Kctra) - ^fsas pfrf pcftalcs - ^fsas pfrf ehejhstfs Tÿlcjcs pfrf cj trflspartc dc f`uf? Cl eflfjcs - Cl fbfstcehkhcltas urbflas - ^frf cj rhc`a - Cl ecltrfjcs mhdracjèetrhefs - ^frf cj f`uf dc clgrhfkhclta cl ecltrfjcs tèrkhefs y luejcfrcs Tÿlcjcs cl shstckfs dc fjefltfrhjjfda Tÿlcjcs pfrf dhvcrsas scrvhehas (efbjcs y tubcrëfs) Fjkfeclfkhclta. Cj dhehj fjkfeclfkhclta Fjkfeclfkhclta. Cj fjkfeclfkhclta dc dctcrkhlfdfs sustflehfs y kftcrhfjcs sc sajuehalf cl aefshalcs eal tÿlcjcs, quc `frflzfl jfs lcecsfrhfs ealdhehalcs dc sc`urhdfd cl ulas efsas, y cvhtfl cl atras cj gucrtc hkpfeta fkbhcltfj quc aefshalfrëfl ulas `rfldcs dcpõshtas cl jf supcrehc? Fjkfeclfkhclta dc pctrõjca - Fjkfeclfkhclta dc rcshduas rfdhafevas - Fjkfeclfkhclta dc Fjkfeclfkhclta kftcrhfjcs pfrf usas khjhtfrcs - Ckbfjscs subtcrrælcas Hlstfjfehalcs. Fquë sc hlejuycl jfs `rfldcs hlstfjfehalcs subtcrrælcfs quc sc ealstruycl par dhsltas kavas (præeeas, cstrftè`heas, cte). F eallufehõl, sc lakbrfl jfs dhsltfs fpjhefehalcs quc eal cstf gulehõl sc ealstruycl par kcdha dc tÿlcjcs fulquc, fj h`ufj quc jas dc fjkfeclfkhclta, fjkfeclfkhcl ta, kæs quc tÿlcjcs, sal par sus dhkclshalcs, vcrdfdcrfs efvcrlfs?  - Ecltrfjcs clcr`èefs - Cstfehalfkhclta dc vcmëeujas - Dcpurfdarfs dc f`ufs rcshdufjcs Ehclgef Cl jf fetufjhdfd jas pfëscs kæs dcsfrrajjfdas ealstruycl tÿlcjcs pfrf hlvcs`fehalcs Ehclgef Cl ehclefs dc dhehj rcfjhzfehõl cl jf supcrehc? - Fecjcrfdar dc pfreujfs subftõkhefs ^ratceehõl Tfkbhèl sc ealstruycl tÿlcjcs euyf gulehõl cs jf pratceehõl dc jfs pcrsalfs, tflta ^ratceehõl Tfkbhèl khjhtfrcs eaka ehvhjcs9 cl jas ÿjkas ckpas sc mfl ealstruhda pfrf jf dcgclsf grcltc ftfqucs luejcfrcs. Cl cstc pa dc tÿlcjcs cj kfyar rcta cs jf rcshstclehf dc jf cstrueturf f jas cxpjashvas, fsë eaka jf prcscrvfehõl dc jf vhdf durfltc ul jfr`a pcrëada dc ckpa? - Rcgu`has - ^ucstas dc ealtraj

 

KÈTADAU DC ^CRGARFEHÕL. Uc`ÿl jf lfturfjczf dcj tcrrcla sc pucdc ftfefr jf cxefvfehõl dcj tÿlcj eal ulf sceehõl kæs a kclas `rfldc. Jf raef durf pcrkhræ cj ftfquc f sceehõl eakpjctf9 shl ckbfr`a jas tcrrclas sucjtas (frclfs, `rfvfs) sõja pcrkhræl fvflzfr kcdhfltc pcqucöfs sceehalcs y pravhstas dc bjhldfoc. Cltrc cstas cxtrckas cxhstcl atras pas dc tcrrclas cl jas eufjcs jf pcrgarfehõl sc pucdc rcfjhzfr par vfrhas kètadas quc f eallufehõl dcserhbhkas.

Kètada dc ftfquc f pjclf sceehõl a kètada hl`jès. hl`jès. Uucjc ujhzfrsc pfrf tÿlcjcs dc pcqucöf sceehõl (kclas dc 63 k 2 ), a cl kuy bucl tcrrcla cl sceehalcs kfyarcs, y par supucsta cl raef

Cl cj csquckf quc hldhef cj praecsa dc fetufehõl, sc lukcrfl jfs ctfpfs par ardcl dc coceuehõl y sc rcdaldcf eal ul eëreuja jf gfsc dc sastclhkhclta. Kètada dc jf `fjcrëf cl ejfvc a kètada bcj`f. bcj`f. Cs ula dc jas kètadas kæs ujhzfdas. Thclc jf efrfetcrësef dc coceutfr prhkcrfkcltc jf cxefvfehõl cxefvfehõl dc jf bõvcdf (cs ja quc sc jjfkf fvflec cl bõvcdf a efjatf), hlejuhda cj sastclhkhclta quc dcseflsf dhrcetfkcltc sabrc cj tcrrcla, pucs dc cstf kflcrf sc pratc`c jf abrf par clehkf.

 

Kètada dc jfs das `fjcrëfs a kètada fustrhfea. Cstc fustrhfea. Cstc kètada sc efrfetcrhzf par cj ckpjca dc ulf `fjcrëf dc fvflec cl cj coc y bfsc dcj tÿlcj, daldc sc hlstfjf ulf vëf dc cvfeufehõl quc sc ujhzf durfltc tadf jf abrf.

Kètada dc jfs trcs `fjcrëfs a kètada fjckæl Uc fjckæl Uc efrfetcrhzf par jf ealscrvfehõl dc jf dcstrazf mfstf jf lfjhzfehõl dcj sastclhkhclta dc jf bõvcdf y jas mfsfjcs. Uc ujhzf cl sceehalcs supcrharcs f jas 3> k2

LARKFTHWF ^FRF JF EALUTRSEEHÕL DC TSLCJCU CL EAJAKBHF

mttps?//www.hlvhfs.`av.ea/hldcx.pmp/daeukcltas-tcelheas Uc`ÿl cj kflufj pfrf cj dhscöa, ealstrueehõl y kfltclhkhclta dc tÿlcjcs dc efrrctcrf cl Eajakbhf jf prhkcrf cdhehõl 2>63, dfda cl jf prcsehclehf dcj scöar Oufl Kflucj Ufltas Efjdcrõl, cj eufj fbardf = efpëtujas fsë Efpëtuja 6 KFREA LARKFTHWA X RC@SJF TARHA Efpëtuja 2 DCGHLHEHALCU Efpëtuja 5 RHCU@AU Efpëtuja 4 HLWCUTH@FEHÕL X C]^JARFEHÕL Efpëtuja 3 DHUCÖA

 

Efpëtuja 7 CVSH^FKHCLTA X UHUTCKFU CJCETRAKCEÆLHEAU Efpëtuja 0 EALUTRSEEHÕL Efpëtuja = KFLSFJ DC A^CRFEHÕL X KFLTCLHKHCLTA

 

TSLCJCU CL EAJAKBHF

Jf mhstarhf dc jas tÿlcjcs cl Eajakbhf  Eajakbhf  eakclzõ cl jf dèefdf dc 683> y 687> cl cj dcpfrtfkclta dcj Wfjjc dcj Efuef, cspceëghefkcltc cl jf vëf Jaba`ucrrcra ― Buclfvclturf. Fjjë sc ealstruycral 3 tÿlcjcs eal jal`htudcs cltrc =3 y 4=> k, jas eufjcs sc pushcral cl scrvheha cl 6877, pfrf eakulhefr cj vfjjc dcj rha Efuef eal cj ^fehghea, ftrfvcsflda jf eardhjjcrf aeehdcltfj par cj eföõl dcj rëa Df`uf. Fetufjkcltc cstas tÿlcjcs sc uthjhzfl cl cj prayceta Jaba`ucrrcra ― Ehslcras. Eajakbhf thclc jas 3 prhkcras tÿlcjcs kfs jfr`as dc Jfthlafkèrhef ealtflda eal jf praltf cltrc`f dcj tÿlcj Hbf`uè- Efjfreæ

Tÿlcj dc Arhcltc?  Arhcltc?  Tÿlcj vcmheujfr cxefvfda ejfshefda eaka ula dc jas kæs jfr`a dcj eallcltc. Cj tÿlcj dc Arhcltc cs ul tÿlcj vcmheujfr eajakbhfla quc ealcetf jas vfjjcs dc Fburræ y Ufl Lheajæs, cltrc jfs ehudfdcs dc Kcdcjjël y Rhalc`ra, cl cj dcpfrtfkclta dc Flaquhf. Thclc ulf jal`htud dc =.2 Ik

Gh`. 0. tÿlcj dc Arhcltc (mps?//eajakbhf.fr`as.ea/Fecref-dc-Fr (mps?//eajakbhf.fr`as.ea/Fecref-dc-Fr`as/Fetufjhdfd-pfrf`as/Fetufjhdfd-pfrfealstruetarcs/Tulcj-dc-Arhcltcealstruetarcs/Tul cj-dc-Arhcltc-cj-kfs-jfr`a-dc-Uu cj-kfs-jfr`a-dc-Uurfkcrhef) rfkcrhef)

 

Ufl Ocrõlhka a dc aeehdcltc jal`htud dc 4,7 ihjõkctras . sc ubhef Cltrc jfs ehudfdcs eajakbhflfs

Kcdcjjël Kcdcjjël y  y Ufl Ocrõlhka,  Thclc 3> eækfrfs dc tcjcvhshõl, =>> jækpfrfs y 22> ihj ihjõkctras õkctras dc efbjcfda cjèetrhea. Eucltf eal shstckfs dc vclthjfehõl c hjukhlfehõl9 cj shstckf ealtrf hlecldhas cstæ ealgarkfda par tflqucs eal efpfehdfd dc fjkfeclfkhclta dc 642.>>> jhtras.  tfkbhèl dhspalc dc fkh`fbjc scöfjhzfehõl `clcrfj y kadcrlas cquhpas dc eakulhefehalcs9 fdckæs, dc ulf ckhsarf apcrfdf dcsdc cj shstckf ecltrfj (6>7.8 cl cj dhfj), quc sõja gulehalf cl cj hltcrhar dcj tÿlcj y agrcec fj usufrha hlgarkfehõl pcrthlcltc f jf trfvcsëf

Tÿlcj Dfzf Cj tÿlcj sc cleucltrf shtufda cltrc jf vëf ^fsta-^apfyæl. Thclc ulf jal`htud dc 6.06> k, cs bhdhrceehalfj eal efjzfdf dc 6 efrrhj. Cj cquhpfkhclta cquhpfkhclta hlejuyc?    



Uhstckf dc scöfjhzfehõl vfrhfbjc? 6= scöfjcs fspf-gjcemf y jëkhtc dc vcjaehdfd Uhstckf dc scöfjhzfehõl dc cvfeufehõl? cvfeufehõl? 67 scöfjcs dc cvfeufehõl Uhstckf dc dctceehõl dc hlecldhas? 6.00> k dc efbjc dc dctceehõl dc hlecldhas Uhstckf dc ealtraj dc vclthjfehõl? 5 sclsarcs dcj shstckf dc ealtraj dc vclthjfehõl (apfeëkctras, EA, Lax 4 Uhstckfs dc ealtraj dc hjukhlfehõl

Tÿlcj Rclfecr Cj Tÿlcj dcj Rclfecr, dc 4,5 ihjõkctras, sc eftfja`f eaka cj eufrta tÿlcj kæs jfr`a dc Jfthlafkèrhef. cj tÿlcj eucltf eal fjtas cstældfrcs dc efjhdfd y tcelaja`ëf. cj shstckf dc Dctceehõl Futakæthef dc Hlehdcltcs (DFH), quc hltc`rf jf hlgarkfehõl praecdcltc dc jfs eækfrfs y sclsarcs hlstfjfdas f ja jfr`a dcj tÿlcj, clvëf fjcrtfs futakæthefkcltc fj ecltra dc ealtraj, dcsfrrajjfda par Hldrf, cl efsa dc eufjquhcr hlehdclehf a ckcr`clehf.

 

KFVSHLFRHF X CVSH^AU ^FRF JF EALUTRSEE EALUTRSEEHÕL HÕL TSLCJCU Cl fj`ulfs ctfpfs dc jf ealstrueehõl dc ul tÿlcj sc rcquhcrc cj khska pa dc kfquhlfrhf pcsfdf quc sc ujhzf pfrf jf ealstrueehõl dc ulf vëf, eaka ja cs pfrf jfs gfscs dc jhkphczf, dcsefpatc, cxpjflfehalcs, cxefvfehalcs cxefvfehalcs y dckæs fevhdfdcs quc sc rcquhcrcl pfrf jf fdceufehõl dcj sha dc jf abrf y cj hlheha dc jf ealstrueehõl dcj tÿlcj dcsdc efdf ula dc sus partfjcs. Dc feucrda f jfs dhgcrcltcs ctfpfs dc jf ealstrueehõl dc ul tÿlcj, tclckas jf sh`uhcltc kfquhlfrhf?

CTF^FU EALUTRSEEHAL DC TSLCJCU

^frf jf prhkcrf ctfpf sc rcfjhzf jf jhkphczf, dcsefpatc y cxpjflfehalcs sc rcfjhzfl eal trfetarcs dc maof sabrc aru`fs. 6.^RCJHKHLFRCU BSJJDA_CR? Cstfs kæquhlfs rckucvcl y ckpuofl jf crrf eal su euemhjjf graltfj. Jf cehclehf dc cstfs kæquhlfs sc jhkhtfl f dcspjfzfkhcltas dc paea kæs dc 6>> k cl marhzaltfj. Fdckæs cstæl dhscöfdfs pfrf trfbfofr cl tcrrclas eal pcldhcltcs fjtfs `rfehfs f su patclehf, bfjflec y cstfbhjhdfd Y2[. Cl cstc efsa sc clc ul trfetar sabrc aru`fs-eft D5I2?

 

Wcjaehdfd dc dcspjfzfkhclta kæxhkf (fvflec)? 8 ik/m Wcjaehdfd dc dcspjfzfkhclta kæxhkf (rctraecsa)? 6> ik/m ^rauldhdfd dc cxefvfehõl? 3== kk Efpfehdfd dc jf maof? 6.3= kµ Dc h`ufj garkf, jas rcshduas dc cstfs fevhdfdcs prcjhkhlfrcs prcjhkhlfrcs eaka dc jfs subsh`uhcltcs ctfpfs ctfpfs sc trflspartfl fj batfdcra, kcdhfltc vajquctfs freujfdfs a rë`hdfs Y2[.

WAJVSCTF sus prhlehpfjcs gulehalcs cs jf dcj kavhkhclta y trfsjfda dc ærhdas y atras kftcrhfjcs. Jasefkhalcs vajquctc cstæl eakpucstas par ulf efof fbhcrtf quc larkfjkcltc sc fevf kcdhfltc ul shstckf mhdræujhea pfrf vajefr cj kftcrhfj. Cl cstc efsa tclckas ulf vajquctf freujfdf eft 053?

Kfremf dc fvflec? = ik/m-30 ik/m Kfremf ftræs? 8 ik/m. Thckpa dc cjcvfehõl? 62 s. Thckpa dc dcseclsa? 66 s. Dhkclshalcs dc `hra? æl`uja dc dhrceehõl f hzquhcrdf/dcrcemf? 43¾. Efpfehdfd dc jf efr`f? 2> kµ 2. FDCESFEHAL DC JAU ^ARTFJCU Uc rcfjhzfl jfs prhkcrfs prhkcrfs cxefvfehalcs kæs cspceëefkcltc cspceëefkcltc cl cj ckbaquhjjc ckbaquhjjc dcj tÿlcj, cj eufj sc cxefvf eal cxefvfdarf kceælhef sh cj pa dc raef a sucja ja pcrkhtc. C]EFWFDARF MHDRFSJHEF Cs ulf kæquhlf pcsfdf quc dhspalc dc dhvcrsas tfkföas, ul brfza mhdræujhea eal ulf pfjf cl jf pultf, dcslfdf f dcspjfzfrsc sabrc rucdfs a efdclfs y fdckæs clc jf efpfehdfd dc `hrfr 57>¿ sabrc su prapha coc, fdckæs eucltfl eal brfzas y pjukfs feapjfbjcs jas eufjcs c clcl lcl Euemfralcs eal dhcltcs cspcehfjcs pfrf efvfr cl kftcrhfjcs fbrfshvas a sucjas eakulcs.

 

Cl cstc efsa tclckas t clckas cxefvfdarf mhdræujhef 504GJ?

^rauldhdfd kæxhkf dc cxefvfehõl? 022> kk ^csa dc ulehalfkhclta? 0520> i` Fjturf kæxhkf dc eartc? 66>6> kk Fjturf kæxhkf dc efr`f? 0>=> kk Fjturf këlhkf dc efr`f ? 548> kk  Eaka sc pucdc abscrvfr sc kucstrf cj Euemfrõl Ecltcr-Jaei™ pfrf trfbfoa pcsfda eal fjtf durfbhjhdfd cl cxefvfehalcs cl raef. ^ar ja `clcrfj durfltc jf ctfpf dc ealstrueehõl dcj ckbaquhjjc ckbaquhjjc cj kftcrhfj f cxefvfr rcquhcrc scr sapartfda eal ulf earalf dc pcrlas Uphjjhl` sc ujhzf kfquhlfrhf cspcehfj pfrf jfs pcrgarfehalcs, èstf sc ealaecl eaka Oukba. OSKBA Cstæ eakpucsta par ul ealoulta dc kfrjjas pcrgarfdarcs kaltfdas sabrc brfzas freujfdas dc feehalfkhclta mhdræujhea mhdræujhea pfrf jf coceuehõl dc jas trfbfoas dc pcrgarfehõl par cj grcltc, dhscöfda pfrf cxefvfehalcs ræphdfs y prcehsfs prcehsfs dc tÿlcjcs. Jf pcrgarfdarf ealtrajfdf par eakputfdarf clc gulehalcs dc pcrgarfehõl futakæefs y ealtraj dc pashehalfkhclta dcj brfza f efr`a dcj apcrfdar. Cl jf hkf`cl sc pucdc abscrvfr abscrvfr cj cquhpa dc pcrgarfehõl pcrgarfehõl Ufldvhi Ufldvhi DT6256h

Ærcf dc eabcrturf? 2>-266 k² (263-2.206 phcs²) Dhækctra dc pcrarfehõl? 43 - 74 kk (6 ¼ f 2 » puj`fdfs) Jfr`a dc pcrarfehõl? Mfstf 7.>=3 kk Fjturf dc pcrarfehõl? 4.70> kk kk (63,5> phcs)  

 

^frf kavcr cj kftcrhfj cxefvfda sc ujhzfl efr`fdarcs dc `rfl patclehf y efpfehdfd. EFR@FDARCU Ealshstc cl ul trfetar sabrc aru`fs a lcukæeas cquhpfda dc ulf euemfrf euya kavhkhclta dc cjcvfehõl sc ja`rf kcdhfltc das brfzas jftcrfjcs freujfda Cl jf hkf`cl sc fprcehf ul efr`fdar 8==i ]C eft

Æl`uja dc asehjfehõl? 65¾ Æl`uja dc dhrceehõl tatfj? =7¾ W. Fvflec? 0ik/m - 52.6 ik/m W. Rctraecsa? 0ik -2=.2 ik/m Euflda jas pcrlas dc flejfoc la sal suehcltcs pfrf cstfbhjhzfr jas tfjudcs quc ealgarkfl jas partfjcs (a jf raef ehreuldfltc f jf sceehõl hltcrlf dcj tÿlcj) sc ealstruycl tcldalcs dc flejfoc, flejfoc, jfs eufjcs sc hlstfjfl kcdhfltc pcrgarfdarfs ^CRGARFDARFU ^FRF HLUTFJFEHAL DC TCLDALCU DC FLEJFOC Cstfs pcrgarfdarfs dcbcl dcbcl scr efpfz dc tfjfdrfr tfjfdrfr praguldhdfdcs supcrharcs f jas 7 kctras y eajaefr eajaefr vfrhas `rupas dc efbjcs dc 6‛6/4 dc dhækctra, èstf kæquhlf tfkbhèl sc cleucltrf pravhstf dc ulf kczejfdarf (khxcr) pfrf jf hlyceehõl dc jf jcemfdf. Jf sh`uhcltc `urf kucstrf ulf kæquhlf dc 23 talcjfdfs efpfz dc hlstfjfr tcldalcs dc 23 k.

 F dhgcrclehf dcj fltcrhar cquhpa, cj quc sc kucstrf f eallufehõl pascc ulf efbhlf ecrrfdf, pcsf 2=,3 talcjfdfs y pucdc hlstfjfr tcldalcs dc mfstf 5= k.

 

5. C]EFWFEHALCU USBTCRRÆLCFU Slf vcz fdceufdas jas partfjcs sc hlhehfl jfs cxefvfehalcs subtcrrælcfs praphfkcltc praphfkcltc dhemfs, jfs eufjcs dfl arh`cl fj eucrpa dcj tÿlcj. H`ufjkcltc, cl èstf gfsc sc ujhzfl jfs cxefvfdarfs kceælhefs pravhstfs dc sus rcspcevas feecsarhas feecsarhas a sc ujhzfl jfs kæquhlfs pfrf rcfjhzfr jfs ^crgarfehalcs pfrf jfs vajfdurfs. vajfdurfs. Cl tÿlcjcs dc dc pcqucöf sceehõl sceehõl trflsvcrsfj sc pucdcl pucdcl ujhzfr kfrjjas kflufjcs pfrf pcrgarfehõl subtcrrælcf. KFRTHJJA MHDRFSJHEA Cs ul kfrjja eakpfeta y vcrsæj. F pcsfr dc su paea pcsa pucdc rcfjhzfr jas trfbfoas kæs duras. Cl jf sh`uhcltc hkf`cl sc vc ^crgarfdarf mhdræujhef JMD 25 K?

pcrgarfdarfs mhdræujhefs pfrf pcrgarfehõl dc bfrrclas pfrf vajfdurf, flejfoc y raturf dc raefs, jf sh`uhcltc `urf kucstrf ulf mcrrfkhcltf quc pcrgarf mfstf 3>kk dc dhækctra y praguldhzf mfstf 7k kcdhfltc patclehf mhdræujhef pfrf cj hkpfeta y jf ratfehõl. Cl jf sh`uhcltc hkf`cl sc vc Kfrjja Mhdræujhea EA^ 6=5=KC?

 

Tfkbhèl cxhstcl kfrjjas mhdræujheas dc fjtf vcjaehdfd pfrf pcrgarfehalcs graltfjcs y dc bfrrclas mfstf 07kk. Cl jfs cxefvfehalcs subtcrrælcfs dc `rfl tfkföa tfkbhèl sc ujhzf kfquhlfrhf dc pcrgarfehõl Graltfj pcra kuema kæs `rfldc ( oukba). OSKBA  Eucltf kÿjpjcs brfzas cxtclshbjcs eal dcsjhzfdcrfs tcjcseõphefs, ratfehõl jftcrfj y kfrjjas pfrf mfecr jas bfrrclas pfrf vajfdurf y jas flejfocs, f eallufehõl sc kucstrf atra pa dc Oukba eakputfrhzfda, futakfzfda y cquhpfda eal brfzas BST 43 y kfrjjas EA^ 5>5=.

^frf pcrgarfehõl dc bfrrclas jfr`as (fsecldcltcs y dcsecldcltcs) cl `fjcrëfs kcdhflfs f `rfldcs sc ujhzfl cquhpas eal kfrjjas lcukæeas dc fjta rcldhkhclta y prcehshõl eaka Cquhpa dc ^crgarfehõl Fsecldcltc y Dcsecldcltc. ^CRGARFDARF (FUECLDCLTC X DCUECLDCLTC) cl jf sh`uhcltc sh`uhcltc hkf`cl hkf`cl sc pucdc abscrvfr abscrvfr Cquhpa Cquhpa dc ^crgarfeh ^crgarfehõl õl Fsecldcltc Fsecldcltc y Dcsecldc Dcsecldcltc ltc Uhkbf C0 E-HTM? ^crkhtc pcrgarfr bfrrclas pfrfjcjas fsecldcltcs y dcsecldcltcs dcsecldcltcs eal ul cspfehfda dc mfstf 7,8 k

Eabcrturf, flemurf kæxhkf? = >>> kk Eabcrturf, fjturf kæxhkf? = 0>> kk Dhækctra dcj bfrrcla? =8 kk - 620 kk Jal`htud dcj bfrrcla? 36 k Atra pa dc kfquhlfrhf ujhzfdf pfrf cxefvfr par kcdha kceælhea cs jf razfdarf a Rafdmcfdcr. RA_FDARF? cs ulf cxefvfdarf dc efbczf `hrftarhf dc eartc ujhzfdf cl kftcrhfjcs eaka raef, efrbõl, ycsa, patfsf y sfj, su brfza fjeflzf ulf fjturf kæxhkf dc eartc dc 7.=> k (dcpcldhclda dcj

 

kadcja). Cj patcltc efbczfj dc eartc trflsvcrsfj dc cstf pjftfgarkf pcrkhtc eartfr raefs mfstf ulf rcshstclehf f jf eakprcshõl dc 6>> K^f. Cl jf sh`uhcltc hkf`cl sc abscrvf ulf razfdarf Ufldvhi KR576.

Fjturf dcj eartc (kæx.)?3.>3> kk Fjturf dcj eartc (kël.)? 5.>>> kk Flema dcj eartc ? 4.3>> f 0.7>> kk kël./kæx. Efpfehdfd dc efr`f? 5>> k5/m Wcjaehdfd kæx. dc fefrrca? 7,= k/kël. Euflda jf sceehõl trflsvcrsfj dcj tÿlcj sc cxefvf par ctfpfs y cj cspfeha dc trfbfoa cs kuy jhkhtfda, tfkbhèl sc rcquhcrc kfquhlfrhf pfrf cj rcra y efr`uc dc jf raef cxefvfdf. ^frf èstf fevhdfd cxhstcl efr`fdarcs y vajquctfs dc paef fjturf y dc `rfl efpfehdfd. EFR@FDARCU Cl jf sh`uhcltc hkf`cl sc pucdc vcr ul efr`fdar Ufldvhi JM46>

Efpfehdfd? 6> talcjfdfs kètrhefs Rfl`a dcj euemfrõl? 4 - 3,4 k5 ^csa (apcrfva)? 2=.3>> i` Gucrzf dc frrflquc mhdræujhea - jcvfltfkhclta? 2>.58> i` Gucrzf dc frrflquc mhdræujhea ― hlejhlfehõl? 68.54> i` Wcjaehdfd (eal efr`f)? 56,0 ik/m WAJVSCTFU

 

^ar atrf pfrtc, tfkbhèl cxhstcl vajquctfs pfrf trfbfoa subtcrrælca cl fjturf rcstrhl`hdf, pravhstfs eal tajvfs dc fjtf efpfehdfd (cltrc 24―5> k5), f eallufehõl sc kucstrf jf vajquctf freujfdf Ufldvhi® TM336 Y24[.

Thckpa dc cjcvfehõl? 62 s. Thckpa dc dcseclsa? 66 s. Efpfehdfd ? 24―5> k5 Euflda jas rcqucrhkhcltas tèelheas dcj tÿlcj oulta eal jfs efrfetcrësefs `cakceælhefs dcj kfehza ja ousefl, sc pucdcl ujhzfr kæquhlfs tulcjfdarfs a TBK (Tullcj Barhl` Kfemhlc). JFU TSLCJFDARFU TBK  TBK  sal kæquhlfs dc `rfl tfkföa, quc trfbfofl eal ul ckpuoc dhrh`hda, rcfjhzfl jf cxefvfehõl f sceehõl eakpjctf (Ehreujfr) kcdhfltc efbczfs eartfdarfs, rceupcrfl y trfsjfdfl cj kftcrhfj cxefvfda y ealoultfkcltc eajaefl cj sapartc y rcvcskhclta (flhjja cl ealercta) dcj tÿlcj. Èstfs kæquhlfs sc ejfshefl cl das eftc`arëfs, dc ^hlzf ^hlzf  y dc Uc`kclta  Uc`kclta (@rhppcr fld Uc`kclt), ^HL_F sal ujhzfdfs pfrf cxefvfehalcs cl raef y sc dhvhdcl cl Thpa Cseuda Ecrrfda y Thpa Wh`f Fbhcrta (Umhcjd Typc Ejascd fld Bcfk Typc Apcl) Jfs TBK Thpa Cseuda Ecrrfda sc ujhzfl cl cxefvfehalcs daldc jf raef sc cleucltrf dcshltc`rfdf, hlcstfbjc y eal paea sapartc. F pcsfr dc cstfr ejfshefdfs eaka dc pa ecrrfda, jf efrf dc cstfs kæquhlfs la sc cleucltrf prcsurhzfdf y la pucdc kflcofr prcshalcs dc f`ufs subtcrrælcfs. Èstfs tulcjfdarfs pucdcl scr dc Cseuda Uclehjja, dc Cseuda Dabjc a dc Cseuda dc ^hlzf

 

Dhfkctra? 6>.=2> kk ^atclehf? 4.2>> iP Jal`htud dc cxefvfehõl? 4 trfkas pfrf ul tatfj dc 63.55> k Jf TBK Thpa Wh`f Fbhcrta cs jf kæs fdceufdf pfrf cxefvfr cl raef dcshltc`rfdf pcra cstfbjc, eal zalfs dc grfeturf aefshalfjcs y ul lhvcj ealtrajfbjc dc f`uf subtcrrælcf. Èstfs pucdcl scr dc Wh`f ^rhlehpfj, dc Slhdfd Icjjy y dc ^hlzf Fbhcrtf.

 

Tulcjfdarf? U-=55 Thpa dc kæquhlf? C^B Umhcjd Dhfkctra? 66.54> kk ^atclehf? 4.33> iP Jal`htud dc cxefvfehõl? 60.43> k UC@KCLTA  sc ujhzfl pfrf cxefvfehalcs cl sucjas bjfldas y sc dhvhdcl cl Thpa JFU DC UC@KCLTA  Mhdracseuda Ecrrfda y Thpa Bfjflec dc ^rcshõl dc Thcrrfs Ecrrfda Mhdracseuda,  jfs eufjcs sc ujhzfl cl shas daldc sc clc kuemf hlcstfbhjhdfd cl cj grcltc dc Mhdracseuda, cxefvfehõl dcbhda f jfs ealdhehalcs `cajõ`hefs y daldc prcdakhlfl jas sucjas `rflujfrcs eal kuemf f`uf.

 

Dhækctra Kël.? >,4 k (6'>5") Dhækctra Kæx.? 4,= k (63'>=") Jfs tulcjfdarfs Thpa Bfjflec dc ^rcshõl dc Thcrrfs (C^B) sc  sc  ujhzfl pfrf cxefvfr cl sucjas bjfldas, frehjjasas, sucjas frclasas y frclfs jhkasfs, èstfs kæquhlfs trflskhtcl jf prcshõl f jf efrf par kcdhas kceælheas f trfvès dc ul sucja `rflujfr y jf rcduecl f ja jfr`a dc ul tarlhjja trflspartfdar

jal`htud? 6>> k (fprax.) dhækctra cxtcrhar? 63,2> k ckpuoc? 567.>>> Il rcldhkhclta kæxhka? 57 k/dëf ulf patclehf dc ?22.>>> Iw 4. EALUTRSEEHÕL DC JF CUTRSETSRF DC ^FWHKCLTA DCJ TßLCJ Jf cstrueturf dc pfvhkclta sc ealstruyc eal jf khskf kfquhlfrhf ujhzfdf cl ealstrueehõl dc vëfs. F eallufehõl sc prcscltfl fj`ulas pas. EAK^FETFDARFU cs ulf kæquhlf futaprapujsfdf sabrc rucdfs quc eucltf eal dhgcrcltcs pas dc radhjjas quc fyudfl, eaka su lakbrc ja hldhef, f fecjcrfr cj praecsa dc eakpfetfehõl dc crrfs. Eakpfetfdarf Radhjjas vhbrftarhas cl tældck EB0-EFT ?

 

Radhjjas vhbrftarhas pfrf jf eakpfetfehõl dcj kftcrhfj `rflujfr

Flema dc eakpfetfehõl cstældfr? 63>> kk Flema dc eakpfetfehõl kæxhkf? 670> kk Wcjaehdfd dc dcspjfzfkhclta kæxhkf? 62 ik/m Eakpfetfdarf Radhjjas lcukætheas EP67? Radhjjas lcukætheas dc `akf pfrf trfbfoas dc scjjfda cl jf eakpfetfehõl dc kczejfs fsgæjthefs, pfrf eakpfetfr bfscs, sub-bfscs y sucjas cstfbhjhzfdas

Flema dc eakpfetfehõl? 602= kk Rfdha dc `hra ― c cxtcrla? xtcrla? 7433 kk Wcjaehdfd dc dcspjfzfkhclta kæxhkf?68 ik/m Cspfeha jhbrc sabrc cj sucja?270 kk ^FWHKCLTFDARF cs ul pa dc cquhpa pfrf ealstrueehõl dc efrrctcrfs, cj eufj sc clefr`f dc dhstrhbuhr dc kflcrf ulhgarkc jas kftcrhfjcs sabrc jf supcrehc dcj sucja fdckæs, agrcec kfyar gucrzf dc trfeehõl fj cstfr cl ealtfeta eal cj sucja .Eajaef cj fsgfjta pjfla y praparehalf ulf eakpfetfehõl kclar fltcs dc quc scf eakpfetfda par ul radhjja a fphsalfdarf.

 

@fkf dc pfvhkcltf pfvhkcltfehõl ehõl cst cstældfr ældfr 6,03 k f 5,4 5,42 2 k (3,7' f 66,6 66,6') ') Flema Fle ma kæxhka kæxhka dc p pfvh fvhkcl kcltfe tfehõl hõl 4 k Flema Fle ma këlhk këlhkaa dc pfvh pfvhkcl kcltfe tfehõl hõl 0> 0>> > kk Wcjae cjaehd hdfd fd kæ kæxxhk hkff dc dc p pfv fvhk hkc cltfe tfehõ hõl l 76 k/k k/khhl Wcja Wc jaeh ehdf dfd d kæ kæxh xhkf kf d dc c dc dcsp spjf jfzf zfkh khcl clta ta 67 ik ik/m /m

HLDSUTRHFJJ UC@SRHDFD HLDSUTRHF Cl cstf prcscltfehõl, saja las vfkas f rcgcrhr f jas rhcs`as kæs eakulcs fsaehfdas f jf ealstrueehõl dc tÿlcjcs pfrf efrrctcrfs.  Jas prhlehpfjcs rhcs`as dc feehdcltcs durfltc jf ealstrueehõl dc ul tÿlcj sc praduecl fj clealtrfr ealdhehalcs ealdhehalcs dcj sucja hkprcvhstfs, eaka par cockpja ? frrfstrcs dcbhda f earrhcltcs dc f`ufs cxecshvfs daldc cj trftfkhclta dcj sucja rcsujtf r csujtf hlfdceufda9 hluldfehalcss fj clealtrfr ghsurfs feuëgcrfs a fj dcskaralfrsc jas kuras9 eakprcshalcs y hluldfehalc dhjftfehalcs dcj sucja, y jas cgcetas dc jf dhjftfehõl9 eaka tfkbhèl par efusfs eaka? pèrdhdf dc fhrc `clcrfjhzfdf khcltrfs sc trfbfof cl cj fhrc eakprhkhda9 cxpjashõl fj clealtrfr `fscs hlgjfkfbjcs9 cj usa dc tèelhefs dc ealstrueehõl dc tÿlcjcs cl raef dc sucjas paea rcshstcltcs9 kflugfeturf dcgcetuasf9 dcsaxh`clfehõl 9 guc`a cl fkbhcltc eal fhrc eakprhkhda, y cxpjashalcs prckfturfs.

WFJJFDA? Eal cj abocta dc cvhtfr jfs hltcrgcrclehfs prcvhshbjcs, tflta eal jas vhfjcs dc feecsa f jf abrf eaka eal jfs ærcfs flcofs f èstf, pravaefdfs par cj trælshta dc tcrecras (vcmëeujas y trflscÿltcs), sc dcbcræ fdaptfr cj earrcspaldhcltc ecrrfkhclta f ja jfr`a dc tadf jf abrf, dc garkf quc qucdc hkpcdhda cj feecsa dc pcrsalfs la futarhzfdfs.

 

HLUTFJFEHALCU DC MH@HCLC X BHCLCUTFR? ^frf BHCLCUTFR?  ^frf cj pcrsalfj dc abrf sc dhspaldræl ulfs hlstfjfehalcs dc vcstufrhas, fscas y eakcdarcs sc`ÿl jf Larkfvf dc ^rcvclehõl dc Rhcs`as Jfbarfjcs, ubhefdfs sc`ÿl sc hldhquc cl cj apartula pjfla dc shtufehõl. Cs rceakcldfbjc jf dhspashehõl dc ulf zalf dc fpfrefkhclta pfrf cj pcrsalfj dc abrf, jf eufj cstè dcbhdfkcltc pratc`hdf y scöfjhzfdf eaka ærcf dc abrf.

EAKCDARCU? Uc dhspaldræ dc rcehltas pravhstas dc vcljfehõl lfturfj suehcltc, hjukhlfehõl

fdceufdf y takfs dc earrhcltc quc pcrkhtfl jf hlstfjfehõl dc cstugfs pfrf cj hlvhcrla, y datfda dc kcsfs y fshcltas.

WCUTSFRHAU? WCUTSFRHAU Uc dhspaldræ dc rcehltas datfdas dc pucrtfs fj cxtcrhar eal vcljfehõl c hjukhlfehõl fdceufdfs, pravhstas dc frkfrhas a tfquhjjfs kctæjhefs hldhvhdufjcs eal ecrrfdurf pfrf jf rapf y efjzfda, fsë eaka fshcltas pfrf cj pcrsalfj.

FUCAU? Uc dhspaldræ dc ul rcehlta pravhsta dc jas sh`uhcltcs cjckcltas? Hladaras a pjfefs turefs cl efbhlfs hldhvhdufjcs eal pucrtf, pcsjja hltcrhar y pcremf.

  HLUTFJFEHALCU UFLHTFRHFU? Uc dcbc prcvcr jf hlstfjfehõl y fdceufehõl dc ul ju`fr pfrf sfjf dc prhkcrfs eurfs, dhspalhclda ulf hlstfjfehõl pfrf tfj l, fsë eaka jf eajaefehõl dc baquhlcs

 

ubhefdas cstrftè`hefkcltc cstrftè`hefkcltc f ja jfr`a dc jfs zalfs dc trfbfoa,

HLUTFJFEHALCU DC C]^JAUHWAU? ^frf C]^JAUHWAU? ^frf cj fjkfeclfkhclta dc cxpjashvas sc pucdcl hlstfjfr vfrhfs bftcrëfs dc dcpõshtas. Cstfs bftcrëfs scræl tatfjkcltc hldcpcldhcltcs, eal vfjjfda pcrhkctrfj y efdf ulf ealtfræ eal vfrhas khlh pajvarhlcs, jf kfyarëf pfrf cxpjashvas y, fj kclas ula, pfrf hlhehfdarcs. Fkbfs bftcrëfs dhspaldræl dc futarhzfehõl dc ^ucstf cl Ucrvheha dc jf Uubdcjc`fehõl dc @abhcrla.

_ALF DCUTRSEEHÕL DC C]^JAUHWAU? Eal hldcpcldclehf dcj shstckf dc dcstrueehõl quc sc fdaptc, par cxpjashõl a par eakbusõl, dcbcl ealshdcrfrsc ulfs dhstflehfs dc sc`urhdfd, tflta rcspceta f zalfs mfbhtfdfs y vëfs dc eakulhefehõl eaka cl ja rcjfva fj ju`fr dc rcgu`ha dcj pcrsalfj quc rcfjhzf jf dcstrueehõl. TFBJF H Dhstflehfs këlhkfs f ju`frcs mfbhtfdas y vëfs dc eakulhefehõl.

 

TFBJF HH Dhstflehf këlhkf dc pratceehõl dcj pcrsalfj clefr`fda dc jf dcstrueehõl.

RHCU@AU X KCDHDFU ^RCWCLTHWFU Cxhstcl vfrhas pas dc rhcs`as cl jf ealstrueehõl dc tÿlcjcs, vfkas f lakbrfr jas kæs csclehfjcs. EFËDFU DC ^CRUALFU F DHUTHLTA LHWCJ? ^ucs fj hltcrhar dc jf cxefvfehõl, durfltc cj kfltclhkhclta dc jf kfquhlfrhf, zalfs dc feecsa y trælshta f jas ju`frcs dc trfbfoas.  ▰ Uc pratc`cræ, scöfjhzfræ a dcjhkhtfræ (sc`ÿl praecdf) cj bardc dc jf cxefvfehõl, fsë eaka jfs zalfs dc feecsa y trælshta. ▰ Kfltclcr jfs pratceehalcs (bfrfldhjjf (bfrfldhjjf ...) dc jas rcearrhdas mfbhjhtfdas pfrf cj kfltclhkhclta dcj cquhpa. Cl efsas cspcehfjcs sc ujhzfræl kcdhas fuxhjhfrcs hdõlcas. ▰ Uc ujhzfræ jf pjftfgarkf cjcvfdarf, kflhpujfdarf tcjcseõphef, sc`ÿl jfs hlstrueehalcs dcj gfbrhefltc cvhtflda fsh cj usa dc jfs csefjcrfs kflufjcs ▰ Jas fldfkhas ealtfræl eal tadas jas cjckcltas dc pratceehõl eukpjhclda eal su earrcspaldhcltc larkfvf.

 

 

EFËDFU DC ^CRUALFU CL CJ KHUKA LHWCJ? par ealdhehalcs dcj tcrrcla, hlejckclehfs kctcarajõ`hefs a gfjtf dc ardcl jhkphczf  dcrhvfdfs dc jas prabjckfs dc ehreujfehõl hltcrlf par kfj cstfda dc feecsas, zalfs dc trælshta y prcsclehf dc aboctas cl jfs zalfs dc pfsa. ^frf csta sc tcldræ cl eucltf quc? ▰ Cj tfoa cstfræ jhkpha y ardclfda. Jas kftcrhfjcs cstfræl bhcl fphjfdas y cstfbjcs.

EFËDFU DC ABOCTAU ^AR DCU^JAKC, DCRRSKBFKHCLTA A DCU^RCLDHDAU? Efëdf dc cjckcltas par pèrdhdf dc cstfbhjhdfd dc jf cstrueturf f jf quc pcrtclcec. dcsprcldhkhcltas. ▰ Jas tfjudcs mfbræl shda ealsajhdfdas prcvhfkcltc pfrf cvhtfr dcsprcldhkhcltas. ▰ Durfltc cj trfsjfda dc phczfs y coceuehõl dcj pfrf`ufs la mfbræ apcrfrhas foclas fj trfbfoa. ▰ Uh durfltc jf kflhabrf, cj kfquhlhstf la tuvhcrf ulf vhshõl dhrcetf dc jf zalf daldc ubhefr jf phczf sc fyudfræ dc ul scöfjhstf. ▰ Durfltc jf kflhpujfehõl dc jfs

braefs, vfhlfs,dhemas cleagrfdas, frkfdurfs, cte.jfla mfbræ apcrfrhas foclas fj praecsa. Jas apcrfrhas quc kflhpujcl cjckcltas prcstfræl ftclehõl hdõlcf.

@AJ^CU X EARTCU ^AR ABOCTAU A MCRRFKHCLTFU MCRRFKHCLTFU?? ^raduehdf durfltc jf kflhpujfehõl dc phczfs (vfhlfs, braefs. ▰ Sjhzfehõl dc cph‘s fdceufdas fj praecsa.

 

FTRF^FKHCLTA A F^JFUTFKHCLTA ^AR A CLTRC ABOCTAU? Uc praduec durfltc kflhabrfs dc jf kfquhlfrhf, kfltclhkhclta y trflskhshalcs dc earrcfs dc jf kfquhlfrhf. ▰ Cl jf apcrfehõl dc feapjc dc braefs cj kfquhlhstf y cj apcrfrha quc kflhpujf jfs braefs, dcbcræl cstfr eaardhlfdas. ▰ Tadas jas õr`flas kõvhjcs (earrcfs dc trflskhshõl) sc clealtrfræl pratc`hdas kcdhfltc efrefsf kctæjhef a shkhjfr.

FTRF^FKHCLTA A F^JFUTFKHCLTA ^AR WSCJEA DC KÆVSHLFU A WCMËESJAU? ^raduehda durfltc jfs kflhabrfs dc jf kfquhlfrhf. ▰ Cj kfquhlhstf, shckprc quc vfyf f rcfjhzfr ulf kflhabrf eal jf kæquhlf sc fsc`urfræ quc la mfyf trfbfofdar fj`ula cl su cltarla. ▰ Jas vcmëeujas a kfquhlfrhf sc ubhefræl cl ulf zalf cstfbjc, ulhgarkc y lhvcjfdf y cl su efsa sc ujhzfræl jas cjckcltas dc cstfbhjhzfehõl dc jas quc dhspal`f. dhspashvas dc sc`urhdfd tfjcs eaka `hragfra, ▰ Jf kfquhlfrhf dhspaldræ dc jas earrcspaldhcltcs dhspashvas scöfj feÿsef kfremf ftræs... ▰ La sc fbfldalfræ jf kæquhlf eal cj katar clecldhda.

 C]^AUHEHÕL F FKBHCLTC F KBHCLTC ^SJWË@CLA? ^raduehda par Jas fkbhcltcs efr`fdas dc pajva ▰ Tadas jas trfbfoas dc pcrgarfehõl sc coceutfræl eal vëf mÿkcdf y sc rcvhsfræ rc`ujfrkcltc cj shstckf dc hlyceehõl.

 

HLECLDHAU X/A C]^JAUHALCU? cl tfrcfs dc kfltclhkhclta quc `clcrcl gaeas dc efjar prõxhkas f pultas dc h`lhehõl, cl ehreujfehõl. ^frf cjja sc tcldræ cl eucltf quc ▰ Uh durfltc cj praecsa dc cxefvfehõl la sc pudhcrf cjhkhlfr jf prcsclehf dc pajva, sc ujhzfræl kcdhas pfrf khlhkhzfr cj rhcs`a. Cl eufjquhcr efsa sc jhkhtfræ cj lÿkcra dc apcrfrhas cxpucsta. ▰ Jfs tfrcfs dc kfltclhkhclta sc rcfjhzfræl fjcofdas dc gucltcs eakbusbjcs tfjcs eaka fechtcs a `rfsfs, ▰ Jfs batcjjfs dc axheartc dhspaldræl dc væjvujfs flrrctraecsa cl fkbas cxtrckas dc jfs kfl`ucrfs. ▰ y Tadfs jfs kæquhlfs jjcvfræl cxltar.

 

UC@SRHDFD ^CRUALFJ Jf ealstrueehõl dc tÿlcjcs rcquhcrc dc supcrvhshõl dc pcrsalfs eakpctcltcs y eal cxpcrhclehf. Uc dcbc pjflhefr eal flehpfehõl ul pra`rfkf dc sc`urhdfd cgceva y gæehj dc palcrsc cl præeef, quc sc sc`uhræ rh`urasfkcltc durfltc jfs apcrfehalcs. Uc dcbcl clscöfr f jas trfbfofdarcs jfs rc`jfs dc sc`urhdfd y cxh`hr quc jfs abscrvcl cl tada kakclta. Tadas jas ju`frcs subtcrrælcas daldc mfyf pcrsalfs trfbfoflda, dcbcrëfl scr abocta dc hlspceehõl, par ja kclas, ulf vcz cl efdf turla dc trfbfoa.  Jas ju`frcs daldc trfbfoc ulf pcrsalf sajf dcbcrëfl scr abocta dc hlspceehõl, par ja kclas das vcecs cl efdf turla dc trfbfoa. Mfy quc tclcr cl eucltf quc sc dcbcræ cvfeufr tadas jas trfbfofdarcs aeupfdas cl ulf abrf subtcrrælcf?

cl efsa dc gfjjf cl jf vcljfehõl së cxhstc ul pcjh`ra hlkhlcltc, par cockpja, dc dcrrukbcs, hluldfehalcs, cxpjashalcs, hlecldha, ckflfehalcs dc `fs u atra rhcs`a `rfvc quc cxpal`f scrhfkcltc jf hltc`rhdfd shef dc jas trfbfofdarcs.

 

CVSH^A DC ^RATCEEHÕL ^CRUALFJ

Cj usa dc jas cjckcltas dc pratceehõl pcrsalfj (efsea, zfpftas dc sc`urhdfd, batfs, rapf hkpcrkcfbjc, emfquctf emfquctf a frlès rccetfltc, jækpfrf dc sc`urhdfd, cltrc atras), pucs cstas prcvhclcl dc jas rhcs`as cgcevas f quc cstæl cxpucstas jas trfbfofdarcs. Uc dcbcrëfl cgcetufr cstudhas dc jfs rcfjcs lcecshdfdcs dc cjckcltas dc pratceehõl pcrsalfj pfrf efdf pucsta dc trfbfoa, cl rcjfehõl eal jas rhcs`as cgcevas f quc cstèl cxpucstas jas trfbfofdarcs. Uh la tclckas csc cstudha sc dcbcrëf cxh`hr quc euflda trfbfocl cl tÿlcjcs, jas apcrfrhas uscl fdckæs dc efsea y zfpftas dc sc`urhdfd, batfs y rapfs hkpcrkcfbjcs cl fqucjjfs abrfs subtcrrælcfs daldc mfyf kuemf mukcdfd y pratcetarcs pfrf jf vhstf, rcsphrftarhas y fudhvas cl fqucjjfs gfclfs eal prayceehõl dc pfreujfs, ckflfehalcs dc pajva y ruhda fkbhcltfj.

 

EFUEA? Cj prhlehpfj abocthva dcj efsea dc sc`urhdfd cs pratc`cr jf efbczf dc quhcl ja usf dc pcjh`ras y `ajpcs kceælheas. Tfkbhèl pucdc pratc`cr grcltc f atras rhcs`as dc lfturfjczf kceælhef, tèrkhef a cjèetrhef

.  Gh`. 6. Efsea9 HLDSRF (mp?//www.erya`fs.e (mp?//www.erya`fs.eak.ea/ealtclt/starf`c/ce/bhbj ak.ea/ealtclt/starf`c/ce/bhbjhatcef/5d0=2df66>2b446=86be6bdb2056e=) hatcef/5d0=2df66>2b446=86be6bdb2056e=)

ARCOCRFU? Jfs arcocrfs cstæl garkfdfs par ul frlès dc efbczf dc kctfj a dc pjæsea quc suoctf das efsquctcs mcemas efsh shckprc dc pjæsea.  Efsh tadfs jfs arcocrfs clcl ul rcvcskhclta hltcrhar quc fbsarbc cj salhda trflskhda f trfvès dcj frkfzõl dhscöfda pfrf kcoarfr jf ftclufehõl par clehkf dc fpraxhkfdfkcltc 2.>>> Mz. (Mcrzt). ^ar cjja cvhtf cj dföa fudhva, fdckfs csta tfkbhcl sc praduec par jf dhskhluehõl dc fhrc quc radcf fj trfbfofdar dcltra dcj tulcj.

  Gh`. 6. ^ratceehõl fudhvf, Arcocrfs 9 HLDSRF (mp?//www.erya`fs.eak.ea/ealtclt/starf`c/ce/bhbjhatcef/5d0=2df (mp?//www.erya`fs.eak.ea/ealtclt/starf`c/ce/bhbjhatcef/5d0=2df66>2b446=86be6bdb2056e=) 66>2b446=86be6bdb2056e=)

JCLTCU DC UC@SRHDFD? Jfs `fgfs a jcltcs dc Uc`urhdfd, flpfrrfs a `a``jcs sal ul pa dc fltcaoas pratcetarcs quc larkfjkcltc sc usfl pfrf cvhtfr jf cltrfdf dc aboctas, f`uf a praduetas quëkheas cl jas aoas. Cl eufjquhcr kakclta sc pucdcl praduehr sfjphefdurfs dc praduetas quëkheas, pucdcl cstfr atflda pfreujfs dc pajva u atras aboctas «vajfltcs¹ pucdcl hr f pfrfr f jas aoas. ^ar cstc kava, jf pratceehõl aeujfr dcbc ealshdcrfrsc eaka kuy hkpartfltc.

 

 

Gh`. 6.^ratceehõl vhsufj, Jcltcs dc sc`urhdfd9 HLDSRF (mp?//www.erya`fs.eak.ea/ealtclt/starf`c/ce/bhbjhatcef/5d0=2df66>2b446=86be6bdb2056e=)

RCU^HRFDAR? Jas rcsphrfdarcs pratc`cl f jas abrcras dc rcsphrfr ealtfkhlfltcs pcjh`rasa pcjh`rasass cl cj fhrc. Tfjcs eaka pajva a `fecs quc sc pucdfl feukujfr dcltra dcj tulcj.

  Gh`. 6. ^ratceehõl rcsphtarhf, Rcsphrfdar 9 HLDSRF (mp?//www.erya`fs.eak.ea/ealtclt/starf`c/ce/bhbjhatcef/5d0=2df66>2b446=86be6bdb2056e= ( mp?//www.erya`fs.eak.ea/ealtclt/starf`c/ce/bhbjhatcef/5d0=2df66>2b446=86be6bdb2056e=)

@SFLTCU? Jfs kflas sal ula dc jas õr`flas kæs jfskfdas dcj eucrpa, par ja eufj sc dcbc tclcr jf suehcltc prcvclehõl prcvclehõl y ujhzfr jf pratceehõl fdceufdf euflda sc cxpalcl f pcjh`ra, eal cj l dc dhskhluhr y cvhtfr su feehdcltfjhdfd. Cl cstc efsa sc dcbcl dc ujhzfr `ufltcs dc eucra eal praphcdfdcs fldcsjhzfltcs quc pcrkhtfl jf pratceehõl y cj f`frrc.

 

Gh`. 6. ^ratceehõl dc kflas, @ufltcs 9 HLDSRF ( mp?//www.erya`fs.eak.ea/ealtclt/starf`c/ce/bhbjhatcef/5d0=2df66>2b446=86be6bdb2056e=)

DCTCETAR DC @FU? Sl dctcetar dc `fs cs ul fpfrfta quc dctcetf jf prcsclehf dc `fs cl cj fhrc y quc, f ulf dctcrkhlfdf ealecltrfehõl, ealecltrfehõl, ckhtf ulf scöfj õpef ― feÿsef dc fvhsa, bhcl scf pa B a pa F. Fdckæs, pucdcl palcr cl gulehalfkhclta ul shstckf dc eartc futakæea dc `fs. Jas dc pa F sal fqucjjas fpfrftas dc ehreuhta fbhcrta ealecbhdas pfrf la scr ealcetfdas f ul ealdueta dc cvfeufehõl dc jas praduetas dc jf eakbusõl (pde) fj cxtcrhar dcj jaefj daldc sc cleucltrfl hlstfjfdas (fpfrftas dc eaeehõl, grh`arëeas, cstugfs kõvhjcs, cte). Uc jcs dclakhlf ‚fpfrftas la ealduehdas‛.

 

Jas dc pa B sal fqucjjas fpfrftas dc ehreuhta fbhcrta ealecbhdas pfrf scr ealcetfdas f ul ealdueta dc cvfeufehõl dc jas praduetas dc jf eakbusõl (pde) fj cxtcrhar dcj jaefj daldc sc cleucltrfl hlstfjfdas

  Gh`. 6. ^ratceehõl rcsphtarhf, Dctcetar dc `fs 9 HLDSRF (mp?//www.erya`fs.eak.ea/ealtclt/starf`c/ce/bhbjhatcef/5d0=2df66>2b446=86be6bdb2056e=)

JHLTCRLF GRALTFJ? Slf jækpfrf graltfj a jhltcrlf graltfj cs ulf gucltc dc juz eajaefdf eal ul sapartc cl jf pfrtc fltcrhar dc jf efbczf, kuy ÿj pfrf fevhdfdcs fj fhrc jhbrc dc laemc a cl ealdhehalcs aseurfs tfjcs eaka jfs quc tclckas cl tulcj

Gh`. 6. Jhltcrlf Graltfj 9 HLEAJDC]T ( mps?//hleajdcxt. mps?//hleajdcxt.eak/wp-ealtclt/upj eak/wp-ealtclt/upjafds/2>68/>2/Eftfj afds/2>68/>2/Eftfja`a-HLEAJD a`a-HLEAJDC]T-JTDF-Uc`urhdf C]T-JTDF-Uc`urhdfd-Hldustrhfjd-Hldustrhfj-

2>6=-sc`ulda.pdg )

EFRCTF GFEHFJ A ^RATCETAR GRALTFJ? Cstc pa dc pratceehal cs dc `rfl hkpartflehf cl jf ealstrueehal dc tulcjcs, dcbhda f quc cstc trfbfoa pucdc `clcrfr pfreujfs quc hkpfetcl cl cj rastra y cstc ja pratcoc dc kflcrf `clcrfj.

 

Gh`. 6. ^ratcetar Graltfj 9 HLEAJDC]T ( mps?//hleajdcxt.ea mps?//hleajdcxt.eak/wp-ealtclt/upj k/wp-ealtclt/upjafds/2>68/>2/Eftfj afds/2>68/>2/Eftfja`a-HLEAJDC a`a-HLEAJDC]T-JTDF-Uc`urhdfd]T-JTDF-Uc`urhdfd-

Hldustrhfj-2>6=-sc`ulda.pdg )

BATFU DC UC@SRHDFD ^SLTF DC FECRA? ^ucdcl prcvclhr feehdcltcs feehdcltcs par hkpfeta a par y pcrgarfehalcs, par scr pultf dc fecra prcvclhkas quc jas dcdas dc jas phcs qucdcl ftrfpfdas par jfs kfquhlfs y cquhpas pcsfdas usfdas cl jf ealstrueehõl dcj tulcj u atrfs abrfs.

 

  Gh`. 6. Batfs fldcsjhzfltcs 9 HLEAJDC]T (mps?//hleajdcxt.ea mps?//hleajdcxt.eak/wp-ealtclt/upja k/wp-ealtclt/upjafds/2>68/>2/Eftfja fds/2>68/>2/Eftfja`a-HLEAJDC]T `a-HLEAJDC]T-JTDF-Uc`urhdfd-JTDF-Uc`urhdfdHldustrhfj-2>6=-sc`ulda.pdg  )

BATFU DC UC@SRHDFD HK^CRKCFBJCU? Cstc zfpfta cstf gfbrhefda eal sucjf fldcsjhzfltc y ul kftcrhfj hkpcrkcfbjc pfrf euflda cs lcecsfrha trfbfofr cxpucstas f jf mukcdfd, cl cstc efsa sc prcscltf ul pa dc batf hkpcrkcfbjc quc clc pultf dc fecra pfrf kfyar sc`urhdfd cl cstc pa dc abrfs.

mps?//hleajdcxt.eak/wp-ealtclt/ t.eak/wp-ealtclt/upjafds/2>68/>2/Eftf upjafds/2>68/>2/Eftfja`a-HLEAJD ja`a-HLEAJDC]T-JTDFC]T-JTDFGh`. 6. Batfs dc sc`urhdfd sc`urhdfd hkpcrkcfbjc 9 RAXFJ FR@XJ FR@XJJJ ( mps?//hleajdcx Uc`urhdfd-Hldustrhfj-2>6=-sc`ulda.pdg )

FSTARRCUEFTFDAR? Cs ul cjckclta csclehfj quc pcrkhtc kfltclcr jf vhdf dc ul trfbfofdar cl efsa dc ul feehdcltc dcltra dcj tulcj, dcbhda f quc cs efpfz dc prcvccr axh`cla fj trfbfofdar.

Gh`. 6. Futarcseftfdar Futarcseftfdar 9 GCRRCTCRHF C HLDSUTRHF (mps?//crrctcrhfysc`urhdfdhldus (mps?//crrctcrhfysc`urhdfdhldustrhfj.eak/sc`urhdfd-h trhfj.eak/sc`urhdfd-hldustrhfj-eajakbhf/76-futarcs ldustrhfj-eajakbhf/76-futarcseftfdar.mtkj eftfdar.mtkj)

Mfy quc tclcr cl eucltf quc sc dcbcrëf rcvhsfr cl garkf pcrhõdhef cj cstfda dc jas cjckcltas dc pratceehõl pcrsalfj y vcrhefr su usa par pfrtc dc jas trfbfofdarcs. Jas freujas dc prhkcras fuxhjhas, fsë eaka tfkbhèl jas rcsphrfdarcs futõ`clas, jfs jækpfrfs dc sc`urhdfd y jas dctcetarcs

 

dc `fscs, sc dcbcl tclcr cl ju`frcs dc gæehj feecsa dcbhda f su `rfl hkpartflehf, fdckæs quc sc dcbc hlstruhr f tadas jas trfbfofdarcs dc jf ubhefehõl dc cstas ju`frcs.

^RCWCLEHÕL X EALTRAJ DC HLECLDHAU ^crsalfj dc prcvclehal y eakbftc dc hlecldhas dcj tÿlcj.

Gh`. 6. Eufdrhjjfs cxlehal dc hledcldhas9 FEMU (mps?//mh`hclcysc`ur ( mps?//mh`hclcysc`urhdfdjfbarfj hdfdjfbarfjevs.jcs.ward evs.jcs.wardprcss.eak/2>62/6>/ealtra prcss.eak/2>62/6>/ealtraj-dc-rhcs`asj-dc-rhcs`ascl-abrfs-dc-ealstrueehe5b5l-te5bflcjcs.pdg )

^frf csta sc dcbc hlstruhr y efpfehtfr pcrsalfj cl jf prcvclehõl y eakbftc dc hlecldhas, y tada cj pcrsalfj quc dcsfrrajjf jfbarcs cl cj tÿlcj, dcbcrëf cstfr fdvcrda dc jfs feehalcs f dcsfrrajjfr cl efsa dc praduehrsc ul shlhcstra. Jas cquhpas dc cxlehõl y eufdrhjjfs cltrclfdfs cl jf cxlehõl dc hlecldhas dcbcl cstfr dhspalhbjcs cl tada kakclta. H`ufjkcltc sc dcbcrëf ealtfr eal ul praecdhkhclta bhcl cstudhfda y cserhta dc cvfeufehõl dc pcrsalfj dcj tÿlcj cl efsa dc hlecldha, fdckæs dc dhspalcr dc pcrsalfj efpfehtfda pfrf dhrh`hr jf cvfeufehõl y eufdrhjjfs dc rcseftc. Ucöfjèef bæshef f ujhzfr cl jf ^rcvclehõl y Ealtraj dc hlecldhas?

 

Gh`. 6. Ucöfjhzfeha Ucöfjhzfehal l ^rcvclehal y ealtraj dc hlecldhas9 FEMU (mps?//mh`hclcysc`ur mps?//mh`hclcysc`urhdfdjfbarfj hdfdjfbarfjevs.jcs.ward evs.jcs.wardprcss.eak/2>62/6>/ealtra prcss.eak/2>62/6>/ealtraj-dc-rhcs`as-cl-abr j-dc-rhcs`as-cl-abrfs-dc-ealstrueehe5b5l-te5bf fs-dc-ealstrueehe5b5l-te5bflcjcs.pdg  lcjcs.pdg )

Cl tadfs jfs abrfs sc dcbcrëf dhspalcr dc ul cquhpa fpraphfda dc cxlehõl dc hlecldha, fdckæs, dc tclcr ealcxhalcs pfrf kfl`ucrfs y kfl`ucrfs dc jal`htud suehcltcs, eaka tfkbhèl hlstfjfrsc cl tada cj tÿlcj, jas cquhpas cxltarcs dc hlecldha partæjcs lcecsfrhas y fpraphfdas sc`ÿl jfs efrfetcrësefs y dhkclshalcs dc jfs gfclfs, jas eufjcs sc shtufræl cl ju`frcs dc gæehj feecsa y bhcl scöfjhzfdas. F cxecpehõl dcj kfrea dc supcrehc, la sc dcbc hlstfjfr lhl`ulf cstrueturf eakbusbjc cl jf cltrfdf dcj tÿlcj. Tfkpaea sc dcbc cdhefr lhl`ulf ealstrueehõl eakbusbjc, eaka par cockpja ul jaefj dc fjkfeclfkhclta, fjkfeclfkhcl ta, f kclas dc 5> kts. dc jf cltrfdf dcj tÿlcj a dc jas jaefjcs daldc sc cleucltrcl jas vcljfdarcs. EAKSLHEFEHALCU

Gh`. 6.Apcrfdar dc eakulhefehalcs9 FEMU (mps?//mh`hclcysc ( mps?//mh`hclcysc`urhdfdjfbarf `urhdfdjfbarfjevs.jcs.wardp jevs.jcs.wardprcss.eak/2>62/6>/ealtr rcss.eak/2>62/6>/ealtraj-dc-rhcs`as-claj-dc-rhcs`as-clabrfs-dc-ealstrueehe5b5l-te5bflcjcs.pdg )

Uc dcbc hlstfjfr ul tcjègala u atra shstckf dc eakulhefehalcs, quc `frflec jf eakulhefehõl pcrkflcltc cltrc cj grcltc dc trfbfoa y/a jf `fjcrëf dc fvflec y jf baef dcj tÿlcj, eal cxtclshalcs  oulta f jas fpfrftas vcljfdarcs vcljfdarcs y f atras shas daldc sscc cstè trfbfoflda.

BHBJHA@RFGHF mps?//mh`hclcysc`urhdfdjfb arfjevs.jcs.wardprcss.eak/2>62/6>/e rcss.eak/2>62/6>/ealtraj-dc-rhcs`as-c altraj-dc-rhcs`as-cl-abrfsl-abrfsmps?//mh`hclcysc`urhdfdjfbarfjevs.jcs.wardp dc-ealstrueehe5b5l-te5bflcjcs.pdg 

 

mps?//www.c mps?//www.cusifdh.cus/ea usifdh.cus/ealtclhdas/jhbra/ ltclhdas/jhbra/sc`urhdfdQ2>6263/csQd sc`urhdfdQ2>6263/csQdae/fdoultas/ ae/fdoultas/`uhfQtulcjcs.pd `uhfQtulcjcs.pdg. g. pdg  mp?//fpultcsdchlvcs`fehal mp?//fpul tcsdchlvcs`fehal.buefrfkfl`f.upb. .buefrfkfl`f.upb.cdu.ea/wp-ea cdu.ea/wp-ealtclt/upjafds/ ltclt/upjafds/2>67/>5/4.2>67/>5/4.KFVSHLFRHF.pdg 

mps?//eajakbhf.fr`as.ea/F mps?//e ajakbhf.fr`as.ea/Fecref-dc-Fr`as/Fetu ecref-dc-Fr`as/Fetufjhdfd-pfrf-ealstrue fjhdfd-pfrf-ealstruetarcs/Tulcj-dc tarcs/Tulcj-dc-Arhcltc-cj-Arhcltc-cjkfs-jfr`a-dc-Uurfkcrhef