Tugas Makalah Imdg-1

 

XUMFS IFGFLFB

^EJULKS ? Xrk [ujkjtd Hs (0>F3>3>>6>02) Gelfs ? H3 IXL F 0>0> Iftf Gulkfb ? KIHM ( Ofi >2.8> – 6>.0> ) Hdsej? [dmk Fsbfrk, SE, ISc, C^KSC

KJSXKXUX XPFJS^DPXFSK & LDMKSXKGXPKSFGXK XFBUJ FOFPFJ 0>06/0>00

 

GFXF ^EJMFJXFP 

^uok Syugur gfik pfjoftgfj ftfs gebfhkrft Xubfj [fjm Ifbf Esf, yfjm telfb iei`erkgfj rfbift sertf gfrujkf-Jyf gepfhf gfik, sebkjmmf sfyf hfpft iejyelesfkgfj ifgflfb kjk tepft pfhf wfgtujyf. Hkifjf hk hflfi ifgflfb kjk se`fmfk sflfb sftu persyfrftfj ujtug ieiperdleb jklfk tumfs pfhf iftf gulkfb KIHM ( Kjterjftkdjfl Ifrktkie Hfjmerdus Hfjmerdus Mddhs Cdhe) Se`fmfk `fbfj pejulksfj hkfi`kl hfrk ifterk yfjm `fpfg `erkgfj pfhf sfft perteiufj pergulkfbfj. Sfyf iejyfhfrk tfjpf `ki`kjmfj hfj hdrdjmfj hfrk `fpfg, pejulksfj ifgflfb kjk tkhfg fgfj `eroflfj hejmfj lfjcfr. Hejmfj semflf gerejhfbfj bftk gfik iejyfhfrk `fbwf hflfi pejulksfj hk hflfi ifgflfb ifskb ofub hfrk geseipurjffj hfj tkhfg luput hfrk gesflfbfj. ]flfupuj heikgkfj,sfyf iejmbfrfpgfj ifgflfb hfj bfskl  pei`fbfsfj kjk hfpft `ermujf hfj hfj `erifjafft `fmk seiuf pkbfg. Ffi Ffikkj. kkj.

@fjofr, 0; Iek 0>06

^ejulks

 

^EJHFBULUFJ ^ejmertkfj Hfjmerdus Mddhs ( @fbfj @3 )

Hfjmerdus Mddhs ( @fbfj @3 fhflfb @fbfj `er`fbfyf hfj `erfcuj) secfrf speskakg hkheakjkskgfj se`fmfk zft, ejermk eje rmk yfj yfjm m gfr gfrejf ejf ska skaft, ft, gdj gdjsej sejtrf trfsk, sk, hfj hfj/ft /ftfu fu oui ouilfb lfbjyf jyf,, `fk `fkg g sec secfrf frf lfj lfjmsu msujm jm ifu ifupuj puj tkh tkhfg fg lfj lfjmsu msujm jm hfp hfpft ft iejceifrk hfj ierusfg lkjmgujmfj bkhup, gesebftfj hfj gelfjmsujmfj bkhup ifjuskf sertf ifgblug bkhup lfkjjyf.

Hfjmerdus Mddhs ( @fbfj @3 ) ^fhf Gemkftfj Xrfjspdrtfsk ^ejmfj ^ej mfjmgu mgutfj tfj Gemkft Gemkftfj fj Xrfjsp Xrfjspdrt drtfsk fsk @3 Secfrf Secfrf kjt kjterj erjfskd fskdjfl jfl hkwfok` hkwfok`gfj gfj ieieju ieiejubk bk fturfj fturfj - fturfj fturfj

geselfiftfj yfjm telfb hktetfpgfj. Gfrejf bfl kjk iejyfjmgut gefifjfj tkjmgft hkstrk`usk @3 hfrk ldgfsk fsfl @3 ktu hkgkrki hkgkr ki sfipfk sfipfk ge teipft tuoufj fmfr tkhfg iejceifrk iejceifrk ftfu `erpejmfrub `erpejmfrub terbfhfp terbfhfp gesebftfj,g gesebftfj,geself eselfiftfj iftfj sertf lkjmgujmfj bkhup. Lfjmgfb - lfjmgfb yfjm bfrus hk lfgugfj sfft pejfjmfjffj fgtkaktfs @3 ielkputk ? 

^ejmglfskakgfskfj prdhug @3

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Gemkftfj fhikjkstrfsk hdguiej

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^ejmepfgfj

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^eifsfjmfj lf`el sertf tfjhf pfhf geifsfj @3

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^ei`erkfj plfcfrh hfj pejfjhffj pfhf ujkt gejhfrffj

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 ^ejmecegfj pfhf pkjtu mer`fjm

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 @djmgfr-iuft

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 Dperfsk pejmkskfj hfj pejmdsdjmfj Wujtug iuftfj cfkrY

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 ^ejmfturfj pejmfifjfj ftfs `frfjm gfrmd

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 ^rdcureiejt prdcess

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 Xfjmmfp hfrurft/Eiermejcy Pespdjse

 

FJFLKSF IFSFLFB

^rdhug @3 ieiklkgk pdtejsk `fbfyf yfjm ielkputk akskg, gesebftfj sertf lkjmgujmfj hflfi iejmfgk`ftgfj  `fbfyf secfrf gdjtfj pfhf pejfjmfjfj/prdhugskjyf. pejfjmfjfj/prdhugskjyf. Hfipfg pdtejsk `fbfyf prdhug @3 pfhf trfjspdrtfsk hkse`ut hks e`ut hejmfj kstklfb ?

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Fcute Fcu te Hfjmer Hfjmer

yfjm yfjm

`erhfi `erhfipfg pfg lfjmsu lfjmsujm jm sfft prdses prdses peifpf peifpfrfj rfj hfj `erefg `erefgsk sk sfjmft sfjmft cepft cepft,, bkjmmf bkjmmf

iejye`f`gfj geiftkfj.

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 Cbrdjkc Hfjmer yfjm `erhfipfg pfhf gesebftfj secfrf lfi`ft hfj hflfi ofjmgf wfgtu lfif tetfpk pfhf fgbkrjyf fgfj iejki`ulgfj hfipfg fgut pfhf ifjuskf.

@fbfj @3 hkgftemdrkgfj `er`fbfyf hkgfrejfgfj ftfs bfl-bfl se`fmfk `erkgut?

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Hfyf lehfg 

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 Skaft `fgfr 

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 Pefgtkaktfs

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 Hfyf rfcuj

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 Peskgd terkjaegsk

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 Hfyf rfhkdfgtkvktfs  Skaft gdrdska 

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 @fbfyf terbfhfp lkjmgujmfj

Xerhfp Xer hfpft ft ; gelfs gelfs prdhug prdhug @3 yfjm yfjm hkmdld hkmdldjmg jmgfj fj gei`fl gei`flkk ge hflfi hflfi su`-cl su`-clfss fss yfjm yfjm hkse`u hkse`utt Hkv Hkvksk kskdj dj ^rdhug ^rdhug @3 hkfjtfrfjyf ? 

Clfss 6 fhflfb oejks `frfjm/prdhug yfjm iejmfjhujm ujsur hfrk fiujksk, XJX, hkjfikt, jktrduref, ftfu gei`fjm fpk.

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Clfss Clf ss 0 iejcfg iejcfgup up mfs-mf mfs-mfss yfjm yfjm iuhfb iuhfb ter ter`fg `fgfr fr sepert sepertkk prd prdpfj pfje, e, mfs  hkpfhf hkpfhftgfj tgfj jfiuj tkhfg iuhfb ter`fgfr sepertk jktrdmej sertf mfs `erfcuj sepertk cbldrkje.

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Clfss 3 Fhflfb oejks `fbfj cfkr iuhfb ter`fgfr pfhf subu jdrifl terofhk prdses pejmufpfj yfjm iuhfb terofhk pei`fgfrfj iejcfgup cfkrfj iuhfb ter`fgfr sepertk `ejskj.

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Clfss 8 iejcfgup `ejhf pfhft iuhfb ter`fgfr sepertk jktrdcelluldse, spdjtfjedusly cdi`ustk`le ifterkfl sepertk pbdspbdrus, sertf hfjmerdus wbej wet ifterkfl sepertk sdhkui.

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Clfss 5 fhflfb oejks `fbfj Hfjmerdus Hfjmerdus Mddhs sepertk sepertk cbldrftes, cbldrftes, cbldrktes, cbldrktes, jktrf jktrftes, tes, jktrktes, cbrdikc fckh hfj lfrutfj byhrdmej perdxkhe tergdjsejtrfsk.

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Clfss 1 ielkputk `fbfj `erfcuj (Hkvksk (Hkvksk 1.6) sepertk sdhkui cyfjkhe hfj kjaectkdus kjaectkdus su`stfjces su`stfjces (Hkvksk 1.0) sepertk iehkcfl wfste sesufk remulfsk.

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Clfss = ielkputk `fbfj rfhkdfctkve sepertk cd`flt hfj urfjkui.

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Clfss 2 ielkputk cdrrdskve cdrrdskve ifterkf ifterkfls. ls. Lfrutfj fsfi sepertk sepertk sulpburkc sulpburkc fckh hfj lfrutfj `fsf sepertk sepertk sdhkui byhrdxkhe terifsug gftemdrk kjk.

 

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Clfss ; iejcfgup iejcfgup ikscellfjedus ikscellfjedus bfzfrhdus bfzfrhdus ifterkfls hkifjf grkterkfjy grkterkfjyff tkhfg terhfpft terhfpft pfhf bfzfrh clfss se`eluijyf jfiuj ieiklkgk pdtejsk `fbfyf gepfhf ifblug bkhup, lkjmgujmfj sertf prdper.

^rdhug ^rd hug hejmfj hejmfj glfska glfskakgf kgfsk sk @3 gbususjy gbususjyff hfrk hfrk mdldj mdldjmfj mfj Clfss 3, 8, 5.6, 5.6, 1.6 1.6,, 2, hfj ; hk`fmk hk`fmk ftfs 3 oejks oejks  pejmeifsfj yfjm `er`ehf tergfkt tergfkt fgfj tkjmgft `fbfyf yfjm hktki`ulgfjjyf? hktki`ulgfjjyf? Ejermk yfjm terlepfs secfrf tkhfg tergejhflk ter`fmk ftfs?

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Ejermk ^dtejskfl? terofhk sfft se`ufb `ejhujmfj ftfu tf`ujm `ertegfjfj iejmflfik ge`dcdrfj.  Ejermk Gkjetks? terofhk sfft gecelfgffj hk oflfj rfyf, fjmkj gejcfjm ifupuj meldi`fjm pfsfjm WtsujfikY  Ejermk Xberifl? gecelfgffj fgk`ft tergejf fkr pfjfs ftfu lelebfj ldmfi

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 Ejermk Pfhkfjt? gecelfgffj fgk`ft pfjcfrfj skjfr, sejmftfj lkhfb fpk ftfu rfhkfsk fgk`ft skjfr rfhkdfgtka

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 Ejermk pdtejskfl `fbfj gkikf? terofhk fgk`ft ejermk yfjm terlepfs hfrk ge`fgfrfj, lehfgfj ftfupuj refgsk gkikf yfjm tkhfg tergejhflk

Skaft-skaft @fbfyf prdhug @3 pfhf gesebftfj ? - Cdrrdskves (gdrdska) - Krrktfjts (iejye`f`gfj krktfsk) - Cfrckjdmejs (pejye`f` gfjger) - Sejsktkzers (flermks) - Lfcbryiftdrs (perjfpfsfj) - Systeikc Xdxkjs (gerfcujfj)

 

XKJHFGFJ IFSFLFB

Gfrejf pdhug @3 ierupfgfj prdhug yfjm sfjmft `er`fbfyf ifgf hksfft pejfjmfjfj hfj trfjspdrtfsk prdhug @3 hklfgugfj `e`erfpf remulfsk ftfu fturfj,fturfj – fturfj ktu ielkputk ? Pemulfsk Kjterjfskdjfl iejmejfk Hfjmerdus Mddh ( @fbfj @3 )

Fturfj Ftu rfj `fgu `fgu hflfi hflfi prd prdses ses glfskak glfskakgfs gfskk `fbfj `fbfj @3 se`elu se`elui i prdses prdses pej pejmkr mkrkif kifj j ^rdhug ^rdhug @3 bfrus bfrus hkl hklfgu fgugfj gfj serfjmgfkfj pejmuokfj hfj hkglfskakgfsk sesufk hejmfj grkterkf yfjm telfb hktejtugfj hfj hkjyftfgfj se`fmfk `fbfj  `er`fbfyf yfjm fgfj hktrfjspdrtfskgfj, prdhug @3 terse`ut bfrus hklfgugfj pejmeifsfj fmfr tkhfg terofhk reskgd yfjm `er`fbfyf. Setkfp jemfrf ieiklkgk fturfj yfjm `er`ehf hflfi bfl trfjspdrtfsk @3, fmfr terckptfjiyf gebfridjksfskfj remulfsk trfjspdrtfsk @3 selurub hujkf, ifgf ^^@ ielfgugfj stfjhfrksfsk trfjspdrtfsk @3 hflfi bfl pejhegftfj fjtfrf lfkj fhflfb?

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^ejyerfmfifj ietdhe glfskakgfsk hfj heakjksk hfrk selurub prdhug @3

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 ^ejyerfmfifj gdiujkgfsk ftfs reskgd-reskgd `fbfyf prdhug @3 yfjm telfb hfpft hkkhejtkakgfsk

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Ielfgugfj pelftkbfj `fmk drfjm yfjm `ergeckipujm hflfi gemkftfj trfjspdrtfsk @3

Hewfj su`-gdikte pfgfr ^@@ ujtug urusfj trfjspdrtfsk @3 iejer`ktgfj regdiejhfsk perhfjfjyf hk tfbuj 6;51. Pegdie Peg diejhf jhfsk sk ter terse` se`ut ut geiuhk geiuhkfj fj hkgejf hkgejfll hejmfj hejmfj se`utfj se`utfj Ujkte Ujkteh h Jftkd Jftkdjs js Pecdiiejh Pecdiiejhftkdj ftkdj dj Xrfjspdr Xrfjspdrtt da  Hfjmerdus Mddhs (UJ-PXHM) ftfu Xbe Ujkteh Jftkdjs Drfjme @ddg  yfjm   yfjm hkhflfijyf `erksk tejtfjm kjadrifsk

^erfturfj-perfturfj iejmejfk hfatfr prdhug, pejmetesfj geifsfj, persyfrftfj pejfjhfffj sertf hdguiejtfsk pfhf ifskjm ifs kjm-if -ifskj skjm m idhf idhf `fkg `fkg ielflu ielflukk

uhfrf, uhfrf, hfrft, hfrft, geretf geretf fpk, fpk, lfu lfut.H t.Hflf flfi i ielfgu ielfgugfj gfj glfskakgf glfskakgfsk sk prd prdhug hug @3.

trfjspdrtfsk.Ujkteh Jftkdjs Pecdiiejhftkdj dj Xrfjspdrt da Hfjmerdus Mddhs (UJ-PXHM) oumf iei`uft remulfsk lfkj yfjm `erskaft le`kb gbusus, hkfjtfrf fhflfb? 6. Pemulfsk kjterjfskdjfl fhflfb Pemulfsk yfjm hk terfpgfj / hk`erlfgugfj secfrf Kjterjfskdjfl , ielkputk ? - Fjmgut Fjmgutfj fj Idhf Idhf Uhfrf Uhfrf yfjm yfjm bfrus bfrus `erpeh `erpehdif difj j gepfhf gepfhf

KCFD/KF KCF D/KFXF XF ( Kjter Kjterjftk jftkdjfl djfl Ckvkl Fvkftkdj Fvkftkdj

Drmfjkzftk Drmfj kzftkdjXec djXecbjkcf bjkcfll Kjstruct Kjstructkdj) kdj) gfr gfrjf jf iejur iejurut ut KCFD KCFD /KF /KFXF XF  @f @fbf bfj j @e @er` r`fb fbfy fyff hf hfj j @e @erf rfcu cuj j ( @3 @3))

ieierlugfj pejmeifsfj hfj pejfjhffj secfrf gbusus, ter`ftfs hflfi ugurfj iuftfj sertf peiksfbfj hfrk  prdhug lfkjjyf. Ifgf bfrus hkter`ktgfj remulfsk yfjm iejmftur `fmk pejmkrki `frfjm, perusfbffj ofsf pejmkrkifj sertf ser tf ifsgfp ifsgfpfk fk pejer` pejer`fjm fjmfj. fj.hfj hfj ter terhfp hfpft ft oumf oumf

perftur perfturfj fj tfi`fb tfi`fbfj fj `erhfs `erhfsfrg frgfj fj jemfrf jemfrf sertf sertf ifsgfp ifsgfpfk fk

 pejer`fjmfj.   - Fjmgutfj Fjmgutfj Idhf Lfut. hkhflfi hkhflfi gelfutfj fhf cdhe yfjm hkgejf hkgejfll se`fmfk KIHM ( Kjterjftkdjfl Ifrktkie Hfjmerdus Mddhs Cdhe) yfjm hkhflfijyf  `erksk `erksk tejtfjm `er`fmfk ifcfi fturfj - fturfj terikjdldmk gelfutfj

terifsug trfjspdrtfsk oflur lfut yfjm iejmfcu pfhf bfskl gdjvejsk kjterj kjterjftkdjfl ftkdjfl iejmejfk tbe Sfaety da Lkae ft Sef (SDLFS) 0. Pemulfsk remkdjfl fhflfb Pemulfsk yfjm hk terfpgfj / hk`erlfgugfj hk`erlfgugfj bfjyf hk hferfb rem remkdjfl kdjfl tertejtu ielkputk ?

 

  - Fjmgutfj Idhf hfrft Ujk Erdpf FHP (Fccdrh eurdpëej relftka fu trfjspdrt kjterjftkdjfl hes ifrcbfjhkses Hfjmereuses pfr Pdute ftfu Fmreeiejt dj Hfjmerdus Mddhs `y Pdfh) `erksk semflf fturfj trfjspdrtfsk `3 pfhf oflur/  oflfj hfrft erdpf.

  - Fjmgutfj Fjmgutfj geretf geretf fpk? PKH (Pemulftkd (Pemulftkdjs js Cdjcerjkjm Cdjcerjkjm tbe Kjterjft Kjterjftkdjfl kdjfl Xrfjspdrt Xrfjspdrt da Hfjmerdus Hfjmerdus Mddhs Mddhs `y Pfkl)  `erksk semflf fturfj trfjspdrtfsk `3 pfhf oflur rel geretf fpk ujk erdpf

- Fjmgutfj perfkrfj/@frme? FHJP (Pemulftkdj adr tbe Cfrrkfme da Hfjmerdus Su`stfjces dj tbe Pbkje) `erksk semflf fturfj trfjspdrtfsk `3 pfhf oflur lfut ujk erdpf

- US-HDX (Ujkteh Stftes Hepfrtiejt da Xrfjspdrtftkdj) `erksk semflf fturfj trfjspdrtfsk `3 pfhf oflur fiergf.

Setkfp Set kfp pejmkr pejmkrkifj kifj `frfjm `frfjm @3 bfrus bfrus ielfgu ielfgugfj gfj khejtk khejtkakg akgfsk fsk hfj iejmg iejmglfsk lfskakg akgfsk fsk seluru selurub b prdhug prdhug yfjm yfjm  `erpdtejsk iejmfgk`ftgfj reskgd ftfs gesebftfj, geselfiftfj, lkjmgujmfj sertf prdpertk. ^@@ telfb ielfgugfj  pejmei`fjmfj ftfs pejmuokfj sertf grkterkf glfskakgfsk hfrk `e`erfpf oejks prdhug @3 sertf iei`erk pejoelfsfj hflfi iejejtugfj ietdhe-ietdhe pejmuokfj. ^ejfjhffj Geifsfj ^rdhug @3 ielkputk ? 6. ^rdper Sbkppkjm Jfie ( Jfif teipft ^ejmkrkifj )

^rdper Sbkppkjm Jfie ieiklkgk se`ufb UJ jui`er yfjm hktetfpgfj ujtug selurub idhe trfjspdrtfsk 0. UJ-Jui`er

Ujtug setkfp geldipdg prdhug @3, pejdidrfj iejmmujfgfj UJ Jui`er `erhfsfrgfj glfskakgfskjyf hfj terhkrk ftfs 8 fjmgf 3. ^fcgkjm Mrdups

^ejetfpfj ^fcgkjm Mrdup bfrus hktulks hejmfj fjmgf rdifwk K, KK hfj KKK hfj hkhfbuluk hejmfj burua ^M ^ejmmdldjmfj ^ejmmdldjm fj ^fcgkjm Mrdup hktetfpgfj hktetfpgfj ftfs hfsfr tkjmgft tkjmgft `fbfyf yfjm hkgfjhujm hkgfjhujm ftfs prdhug @3 hflfi lkjmgup gelfs `fbfyfjyf Wbfzfrh clfssY sertf pejmkjhkgfskfj ftfs geguftfj geifsfj yfjm hkperlugfj heik geselfiftfj pejmkrkifj prdhug @3. ^fcgkjm Mrdup K ? Bkmb Hfjmer ( @fbfyf Serkus )  ^fcgkjm Mrdup KK ? Iehkui Hfjmer (@fbfyf Sehfjm )  ^fcgkjm Mrdup KKK KKK ? Ikjdr Hfjmer Hfjmer (@fbfyf Pkjmfj )

 

^ejfjmfjfj hfj pejykipfjfj prdhug @3

Xkps `fmk geselfiftfj hfj pejfjmfjfj prdhug @3 ?

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Mujfgfj ISHS ( Ifterkfl Sfaety Hftf Sbeets ) ujtug kjadrifsk hfrk eaeg @fbfj Gkikf terbfhfp gesebftfj,  pertdldjmfj pertfif, flft pelkjhujm pelkjhujm hkrk ftfu `klf terofhk tuipfbfj

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Selflu iejcuck tfjmfj hejmfj iejmmujfgfj fkr sf`uj se`elui ifgfj, ikjui

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Xeipftgfj @fbfj Gkikf pfhf fref yfjm fifj hejmfj vejtklfsk yfjm cu cugup gup

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Ieikjkiflkskr gdjtfg hejmfj `fbfj gkikf getkgf `egerof  ^fstkgfj `fbwf pejeipftfj hfj pejfjmfjfj `fbfj gkikf tkhfg `erbu`ujmfj lfjmsujm hejmfj flkrfj fkr ftfu

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hrfkjfse.

 

GESKI^ULFJ HFJ SFPFJ

Gfrejf ^rdhug @3 ierupfgfj prdhug yfjm sfjmft `er`fbfyf yfjm hfpft iejmfjcfi  gesebftfj geselfiftfj uift ifjuskf ifjus kf ifupuj ifupuj lkjmgujmfj lkjmgujmfj bkhup, ifgf bfl – bfl yfjm perlu hkperbftkgfj hkperbftkgfj pfhf sfft iejfjmfjkjyf iejfjmfjkjyf   gktf bfrus ielfgugfj suftu skstei glfskakgfsk `fbfyf `fbfj gkikf sertf cfrf pei`uftfj lf`el/gdheakgfsk yfjm hk`erlfgugfj secfrf mld`fl hejmfj tuoufj ielkjhujmk gesebftfj uift ifjuskf ifupuj lkjmgujmfj bkhup yfjm   iejmfcu /  `erpftdgfj pfhf MBS ( Mld`fl Bfridjkseh Systei).Hflfi pejmfplkgfskfjjyf ifgf hk lfgugfj pejhegftfj ujkv ujkver ersf sfll

hfj hfj

sk skst stei eift ftkg kg

ujtu ujtug g

iejh iejhea eakj kjks kskg kgfj fj

hfj hfj

iejm iejmgl glfs fska kakg kgfs fskg kgfj fj

`fbf `fbfyf yf

`fbf `f bfj j

gkik gkikff

se sert rtff

iejmgdiujkgfskgfj `fbfyf terse`ut pfhf lf`el hfj lei`fr hftf geselfiftfj `frfjm.  Bfl-bfl @er`fbfyf yfjm bfrus hkperbftkgfj? ◄ Khejtkakgfsk @fbfj-`fbfj yfjm @er`fbfyf (Khejtkaykjm Bfzfrhdus Ifterkfls)  ◄ @erk tfjhf ftfu lf`el (Lf`elkjm) ◄ Lkbft kjadrifsk fturfj tejtfjm Skaft-skaft `fbfj gkikf hfj cfrf pejmmujffj yfjm `ejfr hfj oelfs sertf fifj cfrf bfjhlkjm (Sfaety fjh Bfjhlkjm ◄ Lkbft / `uft Lei`fr Hftf Geselfiftfj @fbfj (ISHS) ◄ Mujfgfj flft pelkjhujm hkrk (^^E)