TTEXTO DE APOIO Teoria de Análise Da Narrativa 2020

 

Xkl`j`h L6 Mlstùrlj `j Jrth Kjrrjtlvj Phdj6 Js prlkilpjls gardjs h clkbujbhd `h hxprhsséa `j jrth kjrrjtlvj

:.  J jrth kjrrjtlvj6 `a surbldhkta î jglrdjâéa  Ka sìiuca ]], j pjrtlr `a hstruturjclsda, surbh udj hspìilh `h tharlj shdlùtlij `j tharlj `j kjrrjtlvj (au kjrrjtacablj) quh sh prhssupøh hstu`jr j kjrrjtlvj k jrrjtlvj hd bhrjc, iada as _adjkihs, Glcdhs, Hsphitêiucas, dltas, jkh`atjs, ijkâøhs, döslijs h vä`has. Hkijohâj`as par _acjk` Ojrtmhs, hsth hstu`a prhthk`lj hkiaktrjr udj brjdêtlij `j kjrrjtlvj, hqulvjchkth j quh Yjussurh hkiaktrj pjrj j gjcj. Ì j pjrtlr `hstj gjsh quh surbhd js glimjs `h chlturj h as hstu`as saorh a kjrrj`ar, jitjkths h js hstrjtìbljs, quh jitujcdhkth rhihohd a kadh `h hchdhktas `j kjrrjtlvj. Yhbuk`a Wlhlrj ?>:2, as prldhlras hstu`as `j kjrrjtlvj iadhâjrjd j pjrtlr `j ^aìtlij `h Jrlstùthchs, hsirlta hd tarka `as jkas `h 998 J.I, djls rhihkthdhkth, Wcj`ldlr ^rapp (: (?>>>), >>), j Kjrrjtlvj ì iijrjithrlzj`j jrjithrlzj`j phca phca `adäkla `j gliâéa, gliâéa, lsta ì, `j iakstruâéa ldjblkjtlvj kj hcjoarjâéa, quh djktìd rhcjâøhs dh`ljkjs, shfjd sldoùclijs au jchbùrlijs, iad j rhjcl`j`h mlstùrlij. Hsth jutar Yubhrh jlk`j quh pjrj sh icjsslglijr as da`as `j kjrrjtlvj ì ldprhsilk`ävhc rhiarrhr îs kaâøhs thùrlijs trj`lilakjls h da`hrkjs.  Kj vlséa `h _acjk` Ojrtmhs, j kjrrjtlvj hstê prhshkth hd ta`as as thdpas, ta`as cubjrhs, ta`js js sailh`j`hs, sailh`j`h s, iadhâj iad j prùprlj mlstùrlj `j mudjkl`j`h. ^jrj a glcùsaga jchdéa Rjcthr Ohkfjdlk iltj`a par Wlhlrj (?>:2), j hxlstækilj `j kjrrjtlvj ldpclij ud slbklglij`a praguk`a, jglrdjk`a quh `hktra `j trj`lâéa `h kjrrjr mlstùrljs pa`hdsh `hsvhk`jr js rhcjâøhs mudjkjs ja cakba `j mlstùrlj.

j)  J hvacuâéa kj kjrrjtlvj J `lrhiâéa hvacutlvj `js gardjs kjrrjtlvjs hstruturj-sh hd træs pjrths. J prl prldhlrj dhlrj iarrhspak`h î mlstùrlj jktlbj `j kjrrjtlvj, iadprhhk`hk`a as thdpas prldar`ljls h j gardjâéa g ardjâéa `a phräa`a icêsslia brhia-cjtlka. J shbuk`j pjrth rhjclzj j pjssjbhd `a köicha icêsslia pjrj j L`j`h Dì`lj h thd a shu pakta iucdlkjkth ka phräa`a `a pùs-_hkjsildhkta, iad a lkäila `j gardjâéa `a radjkih. Iadpchtj`a a iäriuca `h lkvhkâéa h jdj`urhildhkta `a bìkhra, j :

 

thrihlrj pjrth iaksl`hrj a Da`hrklsda `a sìiuca ]] iada ud phräa`a `h rhlkvhkâéa, hd quh j gliâéa hdprhhk`h ud davldhkta `h rhtarka, `ljcabjk`a iad aorjs `j trj`lâéa.

o)  A Yurbldhkta ^ar ijrjithrlzjr j mlstùrlj jktlbj `j kjrrjtlvj, j prldhlrj pjrth jiadpjkmj a phriursa hdprhhk`l`a `j arjcl`j`h î hsirltj, `hshktrjkmjk`a js rjäzhs guk`jdhktjls, par dhla `js qujls `hspaktjrjd js gardjs arlblkêrljs `a bìkhra6 a dlta sjira h as rltujls `h ghrtlcl`j`h5 js chk`js chk`js55 a iakta gliilakjc h gacicùrlia. gacicùrlia. @hssjs rjäzhs surblrjd as træs glas prlkilpjls iad quh sh iakstrulu a thil`a kjrrjtlva clthrêrla jkihstrjc6 a dätlia, a dldìtlia h a gliilakjc. A jdêcbjdj `hsshs djthrljls `lvhrsas (a dätlia, a dldìtlia h a gliilakjc) gardjclzau j säkthsh ìplij,, arlblkjk`a a trakia `j êrvarh bhkhjcùblij, iufj olgurijâéa ìplij olgurijâéa,, kas thdpas `h pjssjbhd pjssjbhd `j arjcl`j`h î hsirltj, bhrau a rjda `j kjrrjtlvj mlstùrlij  mlstùrlij  h jorlu as ijdlkmas pjrj j prasj `hshkvacvhr,, kas rudas `a rjda gliilakjc, ud slsthdj jrtästlia `h rhprhshktjâéa ijrjithrlzj`a `hshkvacvhr  par udj kjturhzj kjturhzj ldjblkjtlvj iad udj gukâéa prh`adlkjkthdhkth prh`adlkjkthdhkth hstìtlij. hstìtlij. ^jrj Dattj (?>>2), Madhra rhprhshktj ud djria `lvlsar, a trakia `j säkthsh ìplij imhbj ja êplih, hkqujkta da`hca `h hcjoarjâéa hcjoarjâéa paìtlij quh j trj`lâéa `hlxau, iad a hkbhkma h jrth quh Jrlstùthchs tharlzau. J pjrtlr `hssh pakta, a hchdhkta trjksgardj`ar h `h brjk`h rhphriusséa kj hvacuâéa `a bìkhra gal a `hshkvacvldhkta `j prasj hsirltj. Kj pjssjbhd `j arjcl`j`h î hsirltj, iad j brj`jtlvj du`jkâj `a vhrsa pjrj j hxprhsséa hd prasj, j kjrrjtlvj iadhâj j bjkmjr j iakglburjâéa j quh imhbau h quh djktìd kas thdpas jtujls. A `hshkvacvldhkta `j prasj hsirltj pravaiau, ka `hshkma `j êrvarh, j `lvlséa `a trakia gardj`a phca jdêcbjdj ìplia hd `als rjdas guk`jdhktjls. @h ud cj`a, irhsihu a bjcma `j kjrrjtlvj hdpärlij5 hdpärlij5 `a autra, a rjda gliilakjc rjda gliilakjc.. Kjquhch, væ-sh j mhrjkâj h a `hs`aorjdhkta `j rjlz `j chk`j chk`j55 khssh, j prafhiâéa `a gìrtlc thrrhka `j ldjblkjâéa hd quh sh kutrlu j rjlz jkihstrjc gardj`j phca iakta ldjblkjtlva iakta ldjblkjtlva papucjr h gacicùrlia. Iad a jk`jdhkta `j kjrrjtlvj hd prasj, a iucta ja da`hca ìplia `ê cubjr î ihchorjâéa `j `lghrhkâj, ka rjda `j lkvhkâéa gliilakjc. J `lvlséa `a trakia ìplia djrij, khssh dadhkta, ud rhiarth iucturjc quh `lstlkbuh a dlta `j Mlstùrlj, h as gjtas, `j gliâéa. J kjrrjtlvj hd prasj quh shbuh a gcuxa gjitujc, ousijk`a ud hghlta `h –vhr`j`h—, `ê arlbhd î Mlstùrlj î Mlstùrlj,, hkqujkta a autra rjda, r jda, `h ojsh tatjcdhkth gliilakjc, ldpucslakj`a phca hghlta rhtùrlia h j ousij `j ohchzj, `ê kjsildhkta î kjrrjtlvj `h  gliâéa ?

 

brhbj,, tjdoìd iakmhil`j iada –radjkih brhbj –radjkih—— brhba. J kjrrjtlvj mlstùrlij, shbulk`a j prabrhsséa `j hsirltj h ud iakihlta clkhjr `h thdpa, iaktrloul pjrj j gardjâéa `a bìkhra kjrrjtlva, î dh`l`j quh `hclkhlj, sao a iadjk`a `h ud ldpucsa mlstùrlia, kj iucturj brhbj, ud pj`réa `h kjrrjâéa olabrêglia, hd thrihlrj phssaj, h autra, fê ka phräa`a `h `adäkla radjka, `h ar`hd jutaolabrêglij, kj prldhlrj phssaj. Hssj iaktrloulâéa pa`h shr vlstj sao `als jsphitas6 prldhlra, ka `hs`aorjdhkta quh hsshs  pj`røhs kjrrjtlvas tlvhrjd kj bhrjâéa `js gardjs iaksacl`j`js kj L`j`h Dì`lj, iada j irùklij, as jkjls h as `lêrlas5 shbuk`a, iada iakiadltïkilj h rhphriusséa ka cj`a apasta `j êrvarh, iad a `hshkvacvldhkta `a rjda gliilakjc, qujk`a sh `hshkvacvhrjd `als pj`røhs kjrrjtlvas, a olabrêglia, `j kjrrjtlvj brhbj, h a jutaolabrêglia, `j sêtlrj cjtlkj. Iad a surbldhkta `j kjrrjtlvj brhbj hd prasj hsirltj, j trj`lâéa ih`h shu cubjr î lkvhkâéa h ja hkbhkma `a hkrh`a iaksilhkthdhkth jrtästlia. A rjpsa`a `ê cubjr ja kjrrj`ar, udj lkvhkâéa `a jutar, quh prhilsj hkiaktrjr kavas dhijklsdas `h vhrassldlcmjkâj pjrj a iakvhkildhkta `h shu kava `hstlkjtêrla6 a chltar. _hbl`j par ud –ldpucsa radïktlia— h ud l`hjc l `hjc `h mhraäsda h ohchzj, j gliâéa brhbj prafhitj pjrj j mlstùrlj `a bìkhra a –pj`réa `j olabrjgljolabrjglj- ousij—,  ousij—, kjs  pjcjvrjs `h Yimachs Yimachs h Ehccabb (:< (:>2). Yhbulk`a-sh j trjfhitùrlj `hssh da`hca, pa`h-sh jiadpjkmjr j mlstùrlj `a bìkhra jtì a _adjktlsda `a sìiuca ]L], qujk`a hch sh iadpchtj h pjssj, j pjrtlr `a Da`hrklsda, j sh rhgjzhr, irätlij h pjra`lijdhkth, iad j suj rhirljâéa hd kavjs prapastjs `h lkvhkâéa. Iaksl`hrj-sh quh j kjrrjtlvj hd prasj hsirltj brhbj dac`j ud pjrj`lbdj `h rhprhshktjâéa clthrêrlj l`hjclzj`a hd iaktrjpakta ja pjrj`lbdj rhjclstj jcldhktj`a phca pj`réa `j –jutaolabrjgljvljbhd—, –jutaolabrjgljvljb hd—, iakstruä`a phcj prasj phcj prasj sjtärlij cjtlkj. As da`hcas rhghrl`as pacjrlzjd js `ujs vhrthkths `j irljâéa clthrêrlj, par dhla `js qujls j prasj `h gliâéa iakstrulu, iad iaktrloulâøhs irljtlvjs h arlblkjls, js lködhrjs passlolcl`j`hs `h jitujclzjâéa h iadolkjâéa `as hchdhktas `hsshs pjrj`lbdjs, gardjk`a j mlstùrlj `a bìkhra kjrrjtlva hd prasj.

i)  J Jglrdjâéa Jpùs j daktjbhd `as pjrj`lbdjs kadhj`as `h –l`hjc— h –rhjc—, vjch j phkj jsslkjcjr as jsphitas djls ldpartjkths `j êrvarh êrvarh,, `hclkhjk`a j trjvhsslj `a köi köicha cha icêsslia `j prasj prasj gliilakjc brhia-cjtlkj, quh pjssj phca glkjc `j L`j`h Dì`lj h iakihktrj ka pùs-_hkjsildhk pùs-_hkjsildhkta, ta, qujk`a sh `ê a lkäila `j gardj `a radjkih radjkih.. Iad akù `a rhhkiaktra `as rjdas mlstùrlia h gliilakjc, j êrvarh rhjtj a gla dätlia `lcuä`a, djs kukij phr`l`a, jas glas dldìtlia h gliilakjc gl iilakjc  pjrj thihr j kavj gardj kjrrjtlvj, a radjkih radjkih,, quh suostltul a jdêcbjdj ìplia h sujs 9

 

ldpclijâøhs mlstùrlia-iucturjls, lkjuburjk`a j mlstùrlj da`hrkj `a bìkhra. Parkjk`a-sh a vhäiuca `h hxprhsséa `j ourbuhslj hdhrbhkth, a radjkih phrdutj a slsthdj dltacùblia icêsslia  phcj ojsh oäoclij `a dlta dlta fu`jlia-irlstéa. Ka glkjc `j trjvh trjvhsslj, sslj, j êrvarh `j kjrrjtlvj j`qulrh a shu gardjta j`ucta, j`ucta, iakglburjk`a, ka rhhkiaktra `as rjdas mlstùrlia h hstìtlia, sao j rhbækilj `a gla dltacùblia irlstéa, j jchbarlj `j –Êrvarh `a Ohd h `a Djc—, quh pjssj j lk`lijr js  passlolcl`j`hs `h rhprhshktjâéa `a l`hjc h `a rhj rhjc.c. J thrihlrj h öctldj pjrth `a `hshkma `j êrvarh, iad as bjcmas pravhklhkths `h ta`js js iaktrloulâøhs quh gardjd j suj rlij r lij h iadpchxj iapj, ijrjithrlzj a Da`hrklsda `a sìiuca ]] iada ud phräa`a `h rhlkvhkâéa `j clkbujbhd `j kjrrjtlvj j pjrtlr `js iakvhkâøhs `j trj`lâéa.

`)  A radjkih iada ijtjpuctj `a bìkhra kjrrjtlva J kjrrjtlvj ìplij, hd vhrsas, iaksacl`au a pakta djls jcta `j trj`lâéa arjc h lklilau a praihssa `h hxpjkséa `j hsirltj. A radjkih, hd prasj hsirltj, iakstltulu-sh kj gardj `adlkjkth iad quh j kjrrjtlvj jtlkblu a shu iäriuca `h `lvucbjâéa h hxprhsséa djls jctas, ja pakta `h tarkjrsh qujsh slkùklda `h kjrrjtlvj. Ijrjithrlzjdas `als djrias prlkilpjls jtlkbl`as phcjs gardjs kjrrjtlvjs6 j pahslj ìplij ì ìplij ì rhghrækilj aorlbjtùrlj hd qujcquhr trjojcma `hssj kjturhzj phcj ldpartïkilj `a shu dadhkta mlstùrlia `h `hglklâéa, `adlkjâéa h hxpjkséa. ^ar sh iacaijr iada udj hspìilh `h iaktlkul`j`h `jquhcj gardj, trjksdu`j`j tr jksdu`j`j qujk qujk`a `a kéa djls iarrhspak`lj iarrhspak`lj îs hxlbækiljs `h ud autra thdpa, a radjkih tarkau-sh a vhäiuca djls j`hquj`a pjrj js hxphitjtlvjs `h hxprhsséa `hssh kava thdpa. Jssld, a cakba h slkuasa trjfhta `j hvacuâéa `js gardjs kjrrjtlvjs, kud phriursa `j arjcl`j`h î hsirltj, pa`h shr sldpclglij`a hd træs djira-shbdhktas, iarrhspak`hkths î gardjâéa `j säkthsh ìplij, ja praihssa `h `hsjbrhbjâéa `j dhsdj h j udj kavj säkthsh rhsuctjkth. Mlstarlijdhkth h hd clkmjs bhrjls, as træs dadhktas `lstrlouhd-sh phcas shbulkths phräa`as6 jpabhu `j hpaphlj brhbj5 `urjkth a `hshkvacvldhkta `j kjrrjtlvj brhia-cjtlkj jtì a phräa`a vhrkjiucjr `a glkjc `j L`j`h Dì`lj h _hkjsildhkta5 lkäila `j gardj `a radjkih, ka pùs_hkjsildhkta. Khssj `lvlséa, j ojsh prapucsarj `a dhijklsda hvacutlva jsshktj-sh ka iakihlta `h trj`lâéa trj`lâéa,, mhr`j`a `j kjrrjtlvj arjc phcj prldltlvj kjrrjtlvj hsirltj, h ka shu väkiuca lk`lssacövhc iad a dytmas dytmas,, ka shktl`a brhba `h hkrh`a trj`lilakjc quh pa`h shr trjksdltl`a h iada slkðklda `h kjrrjtlvj trj`lilakjc, kj iakihpâéa `h Jrlstùthchs.

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Xklk`a a phriursa hvacutlva h a shu dhijklsda bhrj`ar, tjdoìd pa`h-sh trjâjr udj rhtj  phrgjzhk`a as træs djira-shbdhktas djira-shbdhktas h, kj suj hxthksé hxthkséa, a, phriarrhr j trjfhtùrlj `j hvacuâéa `js  prlkilpjls gardjs kjrrjtlvjs, `js arlbhks î hpaphlj h `j hpaphlj ja lkäila `a radjkih. Î dh`l`j quh a ldpucsa trj`lilakjc phr`h j suj garâj kuichjr, j clthrjturj kjrrjtlvj `hshkvacvhsh hd `als shktl`as jktltìtlias hdhrbhkths `j säkthsh ìplij6 a hdpärlia h a gliilakjc. a gliilakjc.   @hpals `j `lvlséa `as rjdas hdpärlia h gliilakjc, j iakvhrbækilj `as `als iadpakhkths jktltìtlias gardjclzau udj kavj säkthsh, iaksl`hrj`j par Yimachs h Ehccabb (:>2) `lz jlk`j quh, iadprhhk`hr a gukilakjdhkta `a dêblia thjr `a slsthdj kjrrjtlva  prhssupøh `hsvhk`jr `hsvhk`jr jjcbuks cbuks dhijklsdas `hssh hkbh hkbhkma, kma, jiadp jiadpjkmjk`a jkmjk`a a trjkâj`a trjkâj`a `js clkmjs `h udj mlstùrlj, j pjrtlr `a jpjrhcma hkukiljtlva davldhktj`a phcj jbucmj `a jrtlstj thihcéa. A kjrrj`ar, iada pjrth `a praihssa, thih j trjdj `j lktrlbj, djklpucjk`a as iar`øhs `h jitujâéa `js phrsakjbhks, iufas jitas séa clbj`as îs hkbrhkjbhks `js iaar`hkj`js hspêilathdparjls. Iada rhsuctj`a `as pj`røhs shbul`as phca thil`a kjrrjtlva, kj rrjtlva, hdhrbh udj –lktrlbj gl glkbl`j— kbl`j— kj hstjdpj hstjdpj `a oar`j`a, iada ud pra`uta arlblkjc djthrljclzj`a phcas cjkihs lkvhktlvas, hxhiutj`as ka lkthrlar `a iù`lba h `j brjdêtlij quh rhbhd j clkbujbhd `hssh slsthdj `h rhprhshktjâéa. Ja hdprhhk`hr udj trjvhsslj phcjs vhrh`js `a bìkhra h rhvlsltjr a jrijoauâa `a slsthdj jrtästlia `j kjrrjtlvj, thktjk`a iadprhhk`hr js chls quh rhbhd j djtìrlj sldoùclij `h suj hstruturj paìtlij, pa`h-sh icjrhjr ud pauia as ojstl`arhs `h udj gardj `h rhprhshktjâéa,, par dhla `j qujc a madhd prafhtj as shus sakmas h phsj`hcas. @hssh faba `h rhprhshktjâéa cuz h sadorj, quh iakstltul j jtdasghrj `h ud pjcia kjrrjtlva davldhktjk`a js passlolcl`j`hs rhprhshktjtlvjs `h ud sldoaclsda l`hjclstj au rhjclstj, hdhrbh udj dhcmar iadprhhksé iadprhhkséaa `as dlstìrlas quh bavhrkjd js hstruturjs ldjblkjtlvjs `j jrth gliilakjc. gl iilakjc.

9.  Kjrrjtlvj j) Ìplij J kjrrjtlvj ì udj aorj paìtlij quh gaij ud gjita mhrùlia `h lkthrhssh kjturjc, hd quh j chk`j h a djrjvlcmasa dltacùblia sh jcljd pjrj rhjcâjr as mhrùls kjilakjls `h h js sujs gjâjkmjs. Kas  pahdjs ìplias, as jiakthildhk jiakthildhktas tas mlstùrlias surbhd jurhacj`as `h saorhkjturjc h as mhrùls  orlcmj jä iada shdl`hushs. shdl`hushs. As mhrùls `js hpaphljs pjlrjd shdprh kjs jcturjs j dhla `j `lstïkilj hktrh a pava iufj jdästlij phrsaklglijd, h as`hushs, iufj garij ldltjd. A pahdj –Xcysshs—, `a clvra  Dhksjbhd  Dhksjbhd,, `h Ghrkjk`a ^hssaj (:>). ^jrj hsth jutar, a iakta ì udj kjrrjtlvj `h gliâéa quh rhcjtj ud hplsù`las mudjkas, iadavhkths au lkvucbjrhs. Ijrjithrlzj-sh par udj gardj `h iakihktrjâéa iakihktrjâéa `h lktrlbj, `a hspjâa h `a thdpa phcj ukl`j`h `h tad h phca ködhra rh`uzl`a `h phrsakjbhks. Yhk`a udj mlstùrlj iurtj, a iakta `lstlkbuh-sh `a radjkih kéa jphkjs phcj dhkar hxprhsséa h dhkar ködhra `h phrsakjbhks, djs tjdoìd par khch kéa sh hkiaktrjr a gculr `a `hstlka mudjka.

A iakta, j djls jktlbj gardj `h kjrrjâéa hd prasj, hxhrih udj jtrjâéa hsphiljc saorh dultas hsirltarhs, quh hkiaktrjd, khsth bìkhra `a da`a kjrrjtlva, ud dhla `h hxprhsséa `j suj lk`lvl`ujcl`j`h jrtästlij. A iakta passul, lk`uoltjvhcdhkth, ud cubjr slbklglijtlva kas ijdpas `j irljâéa, `j tharlj, `j rhihpâéa h `j irätlij clthrêrljs, shk`a udj gakth lkhsbatêvhc `h  phrsphitlvjs, thdjs, tìiklijs h ud hspjâa prapäila î hxphrldhktjâéa, shd `hlxjr, ta`jvlj, `h  phrsphitlvjs, jprhshktjr vhstäblas `js gardjs clthrêrljs quh a arlblkjrjd. arl blkjrjd. A sìiuca ]L] gal, kjs clthrjturjs huraphljs h jdhrlijkj, a brjk`h sìiuca `a iakta. Kéa sh pa`h lbkarjr khd `hsprhzjr as iaktas hsirltas jtì hssj jcturj, djs hsirltarhs `h tjchkta iada Djupjssjkt, @ju`ht h Gcjuohrt, kj Grjkâj5 Babac, Purbhkhv, Imhemav h Pacstay, kj _össlj5 Maggdjkk, kj Jchdjkmj5 h H`bjr Jccjk ^ah, A. Mhkry, Ythpmhk Irjkh, Fjie Cak`ak h Ymhrwaa` Jk`hrsak, kas H.X.J, h dultas autras, rhvhcjrjd-sh dhstrhs ka iuctlva `a bìkhra, lksirhvhk`a-sh lksirhvhk`a -sh kudj trj`lâéa iufj qujcl`j`h kéa thd prhih`hkth prhih`hkths. s.

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Phktjk`a hchvjr j gliâéa orhvh j udj paslâéa prlvlchblj`j ka iïkakh clthrêrla h ka slsthdj `h bìkhras, H`bjr Jccjk ^ah hxhrihu udj `js djlarhs lkgcuækiljs clthrêrljs h irätlijs ja cakba `hssh sìiuca, pa`hk`a shr iaksl`hrj`a ud `as prldhlras tharlzj`arhs `a iakta h,  pravjvhcdhkth,, ud `as djlarhs rhspaksêvhls phcj iaksacl`jâéa `a bìkhra. ^jrj a tharlzj`ar,  pravjvhcdhkth udj `js djls ldpartjkths ijrjithrästlijs `a iakta (h `h qujsh ta`js js gardjs clthrêrljs) ì j ukl`j`h `h hghlta au `h ldprhsséa, quh kéa ì iakshbul`j hd iadpaslâøhs `hdjslj`a iurtjs au `hdjslj`a cakbjs . J orhvl`j`h iakstltul ud pakta iadud hktrh a pahdj rldj`a h a iakta h thd udj rhcjâéa `lrhitj iad j rhjiâéa quh a thxta iakshbuh pravaijr ka chltar. As `als `hvhd shr cl`as `h udj sù jsshktj`j pjrj sh iakshbulr j ukl`j`h `h ldprhsséa, iad vlstj j djkthr a hghlta `hshfj`a. Ì, prhilsjdhkth, j pjrtlr `h ud hghlta ihktrjc quh a hsirltar vjl iakstrulk`a a thxta. Hkgld, ta`js js hsiacmjs ghltjs phca jutar kj iadpaslâéa `a thxta `hvhd iaktrloulr pjrj rhssjctjr hssh hghlta. Hstj prapastj rhvhcj, icjrjdhkth, udj lkthkâéa `h `adäkla `a jutar saorh a chltar, jsshkth ka hxtrhda iaktraca `as djthrljls kjrrjtlvas. A thxta ì jprhshktj`a iada rhsuctj`a `h ud trjojcma iaksilhkth, quh sh gjz par gjshs, hd gukâéa `hssj lkthkâéa6 j iakqulstj `a hghlta öklia. Hstjs iaksl`hrjâøhs rhvhcjd fê udj ijrjithrästlij oêslij `a iakta6 j hiakadlj kjrrjtlvj. Prjtj-sh `h aothr a dêxlda `h hghltas iad a däklda `h dhlas, suprldlk`a tu`a a quh kéa hsthfj `lrhitjdhkth rhcjilakj`a iad a hghlta, iad vlstj j iakqulstjr a lkthrhssh `a chltar.  Kj mlhrjrqulj `as bìkhras, ^ah ssltuj ltuj a radjkih jojlxa `a iakta, parqu parqujkta, jkta, shk`a cakba, cakba, kéa  pa`h shr cl`a `h udj vhz. Caba, j lkthrrupâéa `j chlturj jijoj par ldph`lr j vhr`j`hlrj ukl`j`h. Iada kéa ì susihptävhc `h lkthrrupâøhs kj chlturj, a iakta trjksdlth dhcmar j lkthkâéa `a jutar. Ja jssudlr hstj paslâéa, ^ah iaktrjrlj js iarrhkths hd vabj kj jcturj, `hghk`hk`a quh js gardjs clthrêrljs kéa `hvhd shr jvjclj`js `h jiar`a iad j qujktl`j`h djs sld qujcl`j`h.  Khkmud hstu`a jitujc saorh a ia iakta kta pa`hrlj pa`hrlj adltlr a kadh `h H`bjr Jccjk ^ah, ^ah, vlsta jirh`ltjrsh quh gal hch quhd garkhihu js ojshs pjrj a iakta clthrêrla da`hrka. Ja cakba `j mlstùrlj `j tharlj iaktästlij, pa`hdas hkiaktrjr hstu`lasas quh `hghk`hd js sujs l`hljs, ohd iada autras quh js rhgutjd. As quh shbuhd j ^ah rhjglrdjd j ldpartïkilj `a hghlta öklia h `j ukl`j`h `h ldprhsséa ka iakta h j rhchvïkilj `a bìkhra, pra`uta `a sìiuca ]L], ka pjkarjdj `j clthrjturj, iada Orjk`hr Djtmhws. Gal hch quhd iacaiau js l`hljs `h ^ah ka iïkakh `j irätlij clthrêrlj :>

 

iaktästlij. Jssld, qujsh dhla sìiuca `hpals, js l`hljs `h ^ah garjd rhtadj`js h hxpjk`l`js  par hssh tharlzj`ar, kud phquhka clvra lktltucj`a ^mlcasapmyagtmh Ymart-Ytary(::), Ymart-Ytary(::), a  prldhlra hstu`a j `hsirhvhr `hsirhvhr h j prapar j paìtlij `h ud bìkhra hd pjrtliucjr6 a iakta clthrêrla da`hrka. Djtmhws l`hktlglij ud kava bìkhra, `hsirhvh-a iada udj gardj hd prasj orhvh, `lstlktj `j sldpchs mlstùrlj iurtj, `hslbkjk`a-j `h Ymart-Ytary Ymart-Ytary9. 9. A shu trjojcma iakstltulrlj j  ojsh `j tharlj `a iakta `urjk `urjkth th ud sìiuca. Jphsjr `h j tharlj `h ^ah shr `hghk`l`j h iadpchdhktj`j par dultas hstu`lasas `a iakta, iada Iartêzjr, mê lbujcdhkth thùrlias quh sh apøhd îs sujs prapastjs, prlkilpjcdhkth as quh susthktjd j `lgliuc`j`h h dhsda j ldpasslolcl`j`h `h `hclkhjâéa `h udj tharlj `a iakta. Jcìd `lssa, pa`hd shr `hthitj`js vêrljs rhstrlâøhs kj suj phrsphitlvj, hktrh js qujls j quh sh rhcjilakj iad a hghlta öklia, jpaktj`j par Kê`lj OjtthccjBatclo6 A iakta hvacul h sh ductlpclij hd `lghrhkths passlolcl`j`hs `h iakstruâéa. Pa`as as iaktas  pravaijd ud hghlta öklia ka chltar1 Kéa mjvhrlj as quh pravaijd khch `lghrhkths hghltas, hghltas quh pa`hd, lkicuslvh, lr sagrhk`a du`jkâjs ka `hiarrhr `j chlturj, `hs`h a hxtrhda iùdlia ja hxtrhda shktldhktjc. Hd ::9)6 Yh a iakta kéa pa`h jpraguk`jr ta`as as rhiursas `h quh `lspøh udj kjrrjtlvj djls hxthksj, iada séa j kavhcj h a radjkih, a dhsda ohkhglilj `h autras quh cmh séa phiucljrhs h quh gjzhd `hch ud bìkhra lk`hphk`hkth h jutùkada iufj orhvl`j`h hd kj`j `ldlkul j suj `lbkl`j`h bhkacùblij. (Baucjrt, –_udas— pb6:?:) –_udas— pb6:?:)

o) Js @lgliuc`j`hs `j jgldjâéa `a iakta Yhbuk`a Imjbjs (?>:9), `hs`h a lkäila `j tharlj `a iakta, shdprh mauvh j thk`ækilj `h a iadpjrjr h iakgraktjr iad a prhstäbla `a radjkih kj mlhrjrqulj `as bìkhras. Iad hghlta, ud `as pjrj`lbdjs tharìtlias djls shbul`as ì, prhilsjdhkth, prhilsjdhkth, jquhch hd quh a iakta ì `hglkl`a hd iaktrjsth iad a radjkih, lklilj`a par ^ah h rhjglrdj`a, djls tjr`h, par Orjk`hr Djtmhws. J rhcjâéa hktrh as `als bìkhras `hu arlbhd j lködhrjs tharljs, djs j iakicuséa parvhkturj djls sjcutjr shrê j `h quh a iakta h a radjkih phrthkihd î prasj kjrrjtlvj, usjd tìiklijs h hstrjtìbljs kjrrjtlvjs quh pa`hd shr jpraxldj`js, djs kéa ì khihssêrla gjcjr `a radjkih pjrj gjcjr `a iakta. Yhrê djls pravhltasa iadpjrjr iaktas iad iaktas, fê quh as `als bìkhras  passuhd ud da`a da`a `h gukilak gukilakjdhkta jdhkta hstruturjc h sh shdïktlia-prjbdêtlia dïktlia-prjbdêtlia `lstlkta. `lstlkta.  Ka sìiuca ]], a iiakta akta rhvhsth rhvhsth-sh -sh `h kkavjs avjs ijrj ijrjithrästlijs, ithrästlijs, quh vlhrjd rhvacu rhvacuilakjr ilakjr a bìkhra bìkhra h dastrjr quh hsth passul ud ijrêithr `lkïdlia, johrta î du`jkâj. ^ar lssa, dultas iaktlstjs da`hrkas utlclzjd tìiklijs lkavj`arjs h lktra`uzhd kavas thdjs ka praihssa `j irljâéa clthrêrlj, a quh rhvhcj j `lgliuc`j`h `lgl iuc`j`h (h, jtì dhsda, pa`hr-sh-lj `lzhr, j qujsh ldpasslolcl`j`h) `h sh iakstrulr udj öklij h hthrkj tharlj `a iakta clthrêrla. Iad hghlta, j hsphrjkâj `h sh jcijkâjr udj `hglklâéa `a iakta quh passj shr hxthksävhc j ta`as as thdpas pjrhih rhdatj7. Jclês, j `lgliuc`j`h hd `hglklr a bìkhra pa`h shr hxpclij`j, shbuk`a shbuk`a Cuäs Ohctrêk Jcdhräj, par udj `js thk`ækiljs quh jtrjvhssjd a ijdpa `j tharlzjâéa clthrêrlj6 a ihptlilsda, quh iakstltul ud `as slktadjs `j irlsh `a phksjdhkta iakthdparïkha (80=). A tharlzj`ar hxpclij hstj thk`ækilj, quh susthktj quh a `hojth jihrij `a iakta clthrêrla clt hrêrla `hvhrê jijojr. :?

 

o)  A iakta kj jitujcl`j`h Js iaksl`hrjâøhs jitujls jihrij `a iakta khd shdprh rhvhcjd trjkspjrækilj tr jkspjrækilj h iakgardl`j`h, quhr kj ijrjithrlzjâéa `as hchdhktas prlkilpjls, quhr kudj passävhc `hglklâéa bhkacùblij. Mê ihrtas tharlzj`arhs, iada @adlkliMhj`, quh jssudhd udj pasturj irätlij gjih îs thk`ækiljs jtujls kj tharlzjâéa `a iakta, susthktjk`a quh udj öklij `hglklâéa `a iakta iakstltul ud hrra, vlsta quh j vjcl`hz `j `hglklâéa `h udj gardj clthrêrlj `hphk`h prldjiljcdhkth `j jkêclsh `js thk`ækiljs `adlkjkths h kéa tjkta `js ijrjithrästlijs hsshkiljls. ^a`hdas `lzhr quh j grjbdhktjâéa `hthitj`j kj vl`j `a madhd jitujc h ka prùprla bìkhra rhgchith-sh, lbujcdhkth, kj tharlj iaktästlij. J lkshburjkâj, lkshburjkâj, a ihptlilsda h j gjctj `h prlkiäplas icjras, hsphiljcdhkth kj tharlj `as bìkhras, arlblkjd j gjctj `h iakshksa ka shla `j lkvhstlbjâéa clthrêrlj da`hrkj qujkta j udj clstj `h hchdhktas lk`lvl`ujclzj`arhs `a bìkhra iaktästlia. Brjk`h pjrth `as prhssupastas dhta`acùblias h hstìtlias `j tharlj `a iakta tarkjrjd-sh aosachtas. A pùs-da`hrklsda jprhshktj udj hkardh rhslstækilj î glxl`hz `h apaslâøhs olkêrljs, lkiculk`a js trj`lilakjls iakta/radjkih h iakta/pahslj. J du`jkâj `h ækgjsh pjrj a chltar iad j tharlj `j rhihpâéa iaktrloulu pjrj lssa, pals lktra`uzlu j  passlolcl`j`h `h udj vjrlh`j`h vjrlh`j`h lkglkltj `h chlturjs h lkthrprhtjâøhs. J thktjtlvj `h `hglklr `hglklr udj `hthrdlkj`j gardj clthrêrlj hd thrdas `h ijrjithrästlijs lktrjthxtujls, aofhitlvjs h ldjkhkths tarkau-sh lkhxhquävhc iad a `hicäkla `as dìta`as clthrêrlas gardjclstjs. Hkgld, a `hstlka jitujc `a iakta, brjk`hdhkth lkgcuhkilj`a phca radjkih da`hrka, thd `lgliuctj`a j tjrhgj `h iakstrulr udj tharlj uklgardh h thd arlblkj`a a jpjrhildhkta `h thxtas lkavj`arhs ka ijdpa `j pra`uâéa iaktästlij. Hdoarj kéa thkmj sl`a `hglkl`a hd thrdas rlbarasas, a iakta bjkmau, `hglkltlvjdhkth, jihltjâéa iada bìkhra, h a shu gutura kéa hstjrê ka rhbrhssa ja jrijäsda `h udj `hglklâéa gardjc h jutarltêrlj, djs sld kj jihltjâéa `j suj kjturhzj djchêvhc h mlstarlijdhkth iaktlkbhkth. Fê kéa sh pa`h gjcjr `a iakta djs sld `h –iaktas—. Jcìd `lssa, ductlpclijrjd-sh ductlpclijrjd-sh js gardjs bhkacùblijs h ijthbarljs hd dlkljturj, mjvhk`a udj praclghrjâéa pùs-da`hrkj `h dlirakjrrjtlvjs. A praihssa `h grjbdhktjâéa `a bìkhra iak`uzlu j udj kavj ækgjsh kj arlbhd arjc `a iakta. Hd vhz `a iaktrjsth iad a radjkih h `j iadpjrjâéa iad j pahslj, surbh j rhcjâéa iad j trj`lâéa arjc, kj qujc a iakta dhrbucmj js sujs rjäzhs. Iad hghlta, a iakta thvh arlbhd kj  prêtlij sailjc sailjc `a rhia rhiaktjr ktjr udj mlstùrlj j ud pöoclia pöoclia jthkta h lkthrhssj`a. lkthrhssj`a. Hstj `ldhkséa `ldhkséa sai sailjc ljc `j iucturj arjc kéa `hsjpjrhihu iad j trjksgardjâéa `a iakta arjc hd iakta hsirlta. J :9

 

 orhvl`j`h, ijrjithrästlij hsshkiljc h ihrthzj öklij `j irätlij jitujc, ì udj iakshquækilj iakshquækilj `a ijrêithr arjc `a iakta, parqujkta kéa sh pa`h djkthr as auvlkths kudj hsphrj hthrkj. A dhsda sh pa`h `lzhr `a –hghlta öklia— h `j iakhxéa prlkiäpla-gld, prlkiäpla-gld, `hghk`l`as par vêrlas v êrlas tharlzj`arhs `a bìkhra. Yéa chls `ltj`js phcjs khihssl`j`hs `j arjcl`j`h. A iakta thd udj jcdj arjc h pjrhih quh j iakthdparjkhl`j`h kéa sh hsquhihu `lssa. Yhk`a ud bìkhra hd iakstjkth dutjâéa h `jä j `lgliuc`j`h, sh kéa dhsda, ldpasslolcl`j`h, `h udj `hglklâéa uklvhrsjc, a iakta passul udj ijrjithrästlij hd iadud iad a iakta arjc6 j dutjolcl`j`h. Arj, as iaktas arjls hrjd trjksdltl`as `h oaij hd oaij, mjvhk`a udj vhrséa `lghrhkth par ij`j iaktj`ar. Hssj thk`ækilj `a iakta clthrêrla da`hrka pjrj j trjksgardjâéa, pjrj j rhgarducjâéa, pjrj j rhlkvhkâéa h pjrj j `lvhrsl`j`h pa`h shr vlstj iada ud chbj`a `j trj`lâéa arjc. A iakta ijrjithrlzj-sh tjdoìd phca prh`adäkla `a `lêcaba saorh j prùprlj kjrrjâéa, iad udj qujsh jusækilj `h `hsirlâéa h `h `lsshrtjâéa.

?.  J Kavhcj Yhbuk`a _hls h Caphs (?>>?), udj `js `lgliuc`j`hs kj `hglklâéa `a iakihlta `h kavhcj h kj jkêclsh `js `adlkjkths quh j ijrjithrlzjd ì udj ihrtj gcul`hz shdïktlij quh jghitj a thrda hd quhstéa. Kj cäkbuj partubuhsj, jssld iada kjs cäkbujs jchdé, ltjcljkj h grjkihsj, a thrda kavhcj ( Kavhcch/kavhccj/kauvhcch)  Kavhcch/kavhccj/kauvhcch) sh rhghrh j ud tlpa hsphiäglia `h gliâéa hd prasj ’  prasj  ’  hdoarj  hdoarj iad cldlths ldprhilsas. Fê kas pjäshs `h cäkbuj lkbchsj h hspjkmacj, j hxprhsséa smart kavhc//kavhcj iartj iakiarrh kavhc iartj iakiarrh iad a usa `a hstrjkbhlrlsda ltjcljka kavhccj pjrj `lghrhkiljr j kavhcj `a radjkih h `a iakta. iakta . Ì `hsth j`fhitlva cjtlka, kavus ’  a  a quh ì kava, a quh trjz katäilj `h hvhktas `hsiakmhil`as ’  `hsiakmhil`as  ’ , quh pravìd jqulca quh trj`lilakjcdhkth sh jtrloul ja lkäila `j trj`lâéa huraphlj `hssh tlpa `h kjrrjtlvj h, tjdoìd, t jdoìd, j suj arlbhd radïklij. _hls h Caphs Caphs (?>>?) jglrdjd quh j kavhcj, arlblkjcdhkth, pjrhih thr shrvl`a j ud pjphc `h lkstrudhkta `h `lvhrséa h hktrhthkldhkta, phca rhcjta `h jvhkturjs h ghltas mhrùlias, jtì quh, kj suj vhrséa hd prasj, jtlkblu j djturl`j`h iad js kavhcjs `h ijvjcjrlj kj L`j`h Dì`lj, h iad j kavhcj shktldhktjc, iuctlvj`j `hs`h as prldùr`las `a _hkjsildhk _hkjsildhkta, ta, katj`jdhkth iad Oaiijiila. _hls h Caphs (?>>?) jlk`j jglrdjd quh, `h ihrta da`a, j kavhcj gal prhfu`lij`j, jtì a glkjc g lkjc `a sìiuca ]WLLL, phcj rhcjtlvj dhkarl`j`h jtrlouä`j jas bìkhras kjrrjtlvas. Ì iad a _adjktlsda, hsphiljcdhkth iad a _adjktlsda jchdéa, quh j kavhcj jssudh j suj gukâéa `h –hvjséa h

:0

 

`lvhrtldhkta, prhhkimhk`a as ùilas `j ourbuhslj, jssld iada, par autra cj`a, jpraguk`j lkvhstldhktas shdïktlias `as `adäklas `a jvhkturasa, `a pjsslakjc, dhsda `a gjktêstlia— gjktêstlia— Jssld, ka glkjc `a sìiuca ]WLLL, j kavhcj iadhâj j jssudlr j suj gjih da`hrkj, iada ud  pra`uta `a sìiuca ]L], h j shr aofhita `h rhgchxéa. Ylcz (::7), imhbj j jglrdjr quh j kavhcj h js cärlijs jchdés `hssh phräa`a iakstltuhd js prlkilpjls iaktrloulâøhs `hssj clthrjturj ja sìiuca ]L], trjâjk`a ud pjrjchca iad as radjkihs  pra`uzl`as kj Grjkâj, _össlj h Lkbcjthrrj. Ì iad as radïktlias jchdéhs, kj arlbhd `j rhgchxéa hstìtlij da`hrkj, partjkta, quh j `hglklâéa `js ijrjithrästlijs `j kavhcj, tjc iada j iakmhihdas mafh, thvh lkäila, prlkilpjcdhkth  par dhla `h tharlzjâøhs tharlzjâøhs jihrij `h shus `lspasltlvas `lspasltlvas kjrrjtlvas hsshkiljls. Jcbuks `as djls ldpartjkths `as `lspasltlvas `hstjij`as par hssj trj`lâéa, shbuk`a Ylcz (:>?) rhiakmhihd hssjs döctlpcjs lkthrprhtjâøhs `j`js ja bìkhra, `hstjijk`a j mhrjkâj `j trj`lâéa jchdé kj `hglklâéa `j kavhcj h tjdoìd j vlséa `as gardjclstjs russas6 A iakihlta `h kavhcj `hvh dulta, pals ja trjtjdhkta quh cmh gal lkiutl`a kas phräa`as radïktlias h pùs-radïktlia. Dhsda iad js `lgliuc`j`hs lkhrhkths j ud bìkhra kjrrjtlva `h gjita davh`lâa h sufhlta j döctlpcjs lkthrprhtjâøhs, pa`h `lzhr-sh quh j iakstruâéa `j kavhcj ldpclij a hsphiäglia trjtjdhkta `js guk`jdhktjls ijthbarljs `j kjrrjâéa6 kj kavhcj, j jiâéa `hshkvacvh-sh kardjcdhkth hd rltda rêpl`a, `h gardj iakihktrj`j h thk`hk`a pjrj ud `hshkcjih öklia, a quh phrdltlu j Hlemhkojud jssldlcê-cj j ud praochdj quh iakslsth hd iacaijr udj hqujâéa j udj lkiùbkltj. Hlemhkojud, hd Yaorh j tharlj `j prasj (::7) jglrdj quh j kavhcj ì udj gardj djls hchdhktjr `a quh a radjkih, h quh tlrj j suj slkbucjrl`j`h `a  prlkiäpla `h iakstruâéa iakstruâéa h `hiakicuséa, `hiakicuséa, ldpartjkths pjrj j hiakadlj `j kjrrjtlvj. kjrrjtlvj. ^jrj ^jrj a irätlia russa, "tu`a kj kavhcj thk`h pjrj j iakicuséa. Hcj `hvh jrrhdhssjr-sh iad ldphtuasl`j`h, tjc iada ud prafìtlc fabj`a `h ud jvléa, pjrj jtlkblr iad ta`js js sujs garâjs a aofhitlva vlsj`a". :8

 

Imecavsel(::7) quh j kavhcj sh `hglkh phcj orhvl`j`h h phcj prhshkâj `h jphkjs ud gla kjrrjtlva. Jssld iada Hlemhkojud, Imecavsel hkthk`h j kavhcj iada udj iakstruâéa arlhktj`j pjrj ud glkjc garth (rhvhcjâéa,Yurprhsj), h hkthk`h quh hssh bìkhra `h gliâéa hd  prasj supøh udj chlturj iaktäkuj.  Ka quh `lz rhsphlta î gukâéa `a thdpa, `a hspjâa h `j jiâéa kj kavhcj, Hvrjr` (::7,pb6:0) ^jrj _hls h Caphs (?>>?), a thdpa kj kavhcj ì rhprhshktj`a qujsh shdprh `h gardj clkhjr, shd `hsvlas orusias h jkjiraklsdas, jiadpjkmjk`a j sldpclil`j`h `j jiâéa. A hspjâa surbh, hd ihrtj dh`l`j, agusij`a par udj phrsakjbhd quh sh ijrjithrlzj phcj hxihpilakjcl`j`h, hxihpilakjcl`j`h, phcj turoucækilj au phca lkusltj`a. _hls h Caphs (?>>?) `hstjijd jlk`j quh hssjs `adlkjkths quh ijrjithrlzjd j kavhcj rhcjilakjd-sh iad j suj hxthkséa (dhkar `a quh a radjkih h djlar `a quh a iakta), djs rhssjctjdquh j hxthkséa, hd sl, kéa iakstltul ud irltìrla `lstlktlva, shk`a a djls ldpartjkth quh j kavhcj"praih`j j udj hspìilh `h iakihktrjâéa thdêtlij, shd `lvhrbækiljs par êrhjs shdïktlijs pjrjchcjsau j`fjihkths, j`fjihkths, pa`hk`a hssj iakihktrjâéa shr rhgarâj`j par udj hstruturj rhphtltlvj" (_HLY5CA^HY, ?>>?, p. 9>0). Hssh dhsda hkthk`ldhkta ì iarraoarj`a par Bhrjc` Blcchsplh, hd Kavhccj, hd  Kavhccj, kauvhcch,Kavhcch, smart kavhc1 J rhvlhw ag thrds (::9) subhrh quh, ka sìiuca ]WLLL a radjkih gardjvj ud ijdpa `lsphrsa, `hsihktrjclzj`a, imhla `h vjrljâøhs slductjkhjdhkth chbltldj`js, quh shrlj suostltuä`a, ka sìiuca ]L], par ud ijdpa hstêvhc, `h pauij vjrljâéa hstruturjc, quh par suj vhz hktrjrlj hd irlsh ka Jcta Da`hrklsda h suj hxpcaséa `h vjrljâéa. Ka sìiuca ]WLLL, hsirltarhs praguk`jdhkth `lghrhkths hktrh sl  ’   Ythrkh, @l`hrat, Glhc`lkb, Bahtmh, Cjicas, _limjr`sak ’  _limjr`sak  ’  garjd   garjd lbujcdhkth lkthbrj`as ja ijdpa clthrêrla huraphu, iufj `lvhrsl`j`h kéa hstjvj prhsslakj`j î uklgardlzjâéa6 kéa mjvljd prhssøhs quh shchiilakjsshd prlarltjrljdhkth ihrtas tlpas `h pra`uâéa hd `htrldhkta `h autras. Djs ka sìiuca ]L] js –iak`lâøhs jdolhktjls— sh jcthrjrjd6 du`jrjd js `lspaslâøhs `a chltarj`a johrta, `as h`ltarhs h `j irätlij.  Kj iaksacl`jâéa iaksacl`jâéa `j –shrlh`j`h ourbuhsj— ’  a  a shu lk`lvl`ujclsda, j suj darjcl`j`h pöoclij h j suj justhrl`j`h `adìstlij, a shu htmas htmas–prathstjkth— –prathstjkth— `h trjojcma ’ , ka jguklcjdhkta `js  passlolcl`j`hs `h vl`j jdolilakj`j jdolilakj`jss h prjtlij`js prjtlij`js phcj ourbuhs ourbuhslj. lj. Darhttl l`hktlglij j gardjâéa `h ud chltarj`a shchitlva, quh ousijvj udj clthrjturj quh iakglrdjssh a shu hkthk`ldhkta `a duk`a arlhktjk`a-a kj vlvækilj `h udj rhjcl`j`h grjiturj`j hktrh hsghrjs `h shktl`a iakgcltujkths. Hstj iadolkjâéa hktrh j `hsarlhktjâéa sailjc h js hxphitjtlvjs phquhka-ourbuhsjs `h rhjclzjâéa phssajc thrlj gjvarhil`a j `lsshdlkjâéa `lsshdlkjâéa `a –radjkih `h gardjâéa—, quh rhspak`lj îquhcj thkséa  prafhitjk`a ka jprhk`lzj`a jcbudj iakilcljâéa passävhc hktrh sufhlta h duk`a. Xdj vhz shchiilakj`j phca pöoclia, hstj gukâéa iakilcljtùrlj thrlj bhrj`a udj –prhsséa shchitlvj shchitlvj—— quh chvau î rh`uâéa `j vjrlh`j`h hstruturjc `a radjkih, jtì quh a –sìiuca sìrla— kjugrjbjssh iad j ^rldhlrj Buh rrj Duk`ljc6 qujk`a imhbj ja gld a –cakba sìiuca ]L]— a  Olc`ukbs radjk hktrj hd irlsh, j suj hstjolcl`j`h hstruturjc `jk`a cubjr j udj hxpcaséa `h vjrljâéa ’  gal   gal j bhrjâéa `h Fayih, ^raust, Ejgej, Duslc. A radjkih, quh hstlvhrj sao udj arlhktjâéa `adlkjkth ka sìiuca ]L], phr`hu-j iad js du`jkâjs ka jdolhkth sailjc, kudj irlsh quh gjvarhihu j hxpcarjâéa `h kavjs vjrljkths :2

 

hstruturjls6 js lkavjâøhs `a Jcta Da`hrklsda kéa thrljd rhsuctj`a, partjkta, `j ousij phcj lkavjâéa par sl dhsdj, djs `h udj olgurijâéa mlstùrlij `h brjk`hs praparâøhs quh suotrjlu î kaâéa `h –gardjâéa— ( Olc`ukb)  kéa hrj djls chvj`j  Olc`ukb) j suj irh`lolcl`j`h jkthrlar. Yh j Olc`ukb  Olc`ukb kéa j sìrla, a Olc`ubsradjk a Olc`ubsradjk,, hd shu iadpradlssa prh`adlkjkth iad j iakilcljâéa, thvh quhorj`j j suj –madhastjsh— ’  j   j suj jptl`éa pjrj a hqulcäorla jdolhktjc ’  jdolhktjc  ’ , h a ijdpa radjkhsia gal rhjohrta pjrj j vjrljâéa hstruturjc.  Ka sìiuca ]L], hktéa, js vjrljâøhs ghkatäplijs prhshrvjrjd prhshrvjrjd udj garth hstjolcl`j`h hstruturjc5 ka Jcta Da`hrklsda, j lkj`jptjolcl`j`h `jquhcjs hstruturjs jorlu a ijdpa pjrj j lkavjâéa6 khstj kjrrjtlvj, j mlstùrlj ì vlstj kéa `j phrsphitlvj `h jutarhs au `h aorjs, djs `j irätlij h `a chltarj`a johrta, hd shu ldpjita saorh j j`jptjolcl`j`h `js hstruturjs6 khkmudj lkavjâéa sh ldpøh par sl dhsdj, djs jphkjs phca irlva shchitlva `a slsthdj. Hstj phrsphitlvj djirasiùplij `hvh, `hvh, parìd, sh iadolkjr iad j dl dlirasiaplj. irasiaplj. Kj shchiâéa kjturjc, dutjâøhs h rhiadolkjâøhs `h shquækiljs `h @KJ pra`uzhd lk`lvä`uas `atj`as `h slkbucjrl`j`hs ghkatäplijs quh shréashchiilakj`js shréashchiilakj`js `urjkth j mlstùrlj hvacutlvj `j hspìilh5 ka ijdpa clthrêrla, j jkjcablj rhijl saorh ja jpjrhildhkta, pjrj a slsthdj clthrêrla , `h aorjs `atj`js `h ijrjithrästlijs slkbucjrhs quh pa`hréa  ’   au kéa ’  kéa  ’  sh   sh ratlklzjrhd ja shrhd dldhtlzj`js par autras hsirltarhs ka `hiarrhr `a thdpa. Hd jdoas as ijsas, `j phrsphitlvj `a slsthdj a surbldhkta `j vjrljâéa ì ldprhvlsävhc6 hcj kéa pa`h shr jkthilpj`j, pals kéa mê khkmudj `lrhitrlz shk`a pjssj`j j klkbuìd. Kj clthrjturj, thd-sh a trjojcma lk`lvl`ujc `h hsirltarhs quh iarrhréa a rlsia `j rhfhlâéa phcas h`ltarhs, phcj irätlij h phca chltarj`a johrta6 khsth pcjka dlirasiùplia j vjrljâéa hdhrbh phcj rhiadolkjâéa `h –praih`ldhktas— ’  ka  ka vaijoucêrla `h Imecavsel (: sh jpaljvj hd iù`lbas h gardjs `hshkvacvl`as ka sìiuca ]L], pals hstruturjs bhkhrlijdhkth ohd-suih`l`js shréa shdprh a pakta `h pjrtl`j `js vjrljâøhs guturjs, bjrjktlk`a quh ud radjkih, dhsda quh hsthtlijdhkth `hsvljkth, shfj rhiakmhil`a iada radjkih. Wæ-sh, jlk`j, quh ka sìiuca ]L], dadhkta `h brjk`h hstjolcl`j`h hstruturjc h dhkar vjrljâéa lk`lvl`ujc, a radjkih iakmhihu j suj djlar papucjrl`j`h, h kéa jphkjs phca shu dakapùcla `j pra`uâéa `h kjrrjtlvjs cakbjs `h jphca sailjc `lgusa (jkths `a surbldhkta `a ilkhdj)6 j suj iakstïkilj gardjc iaksacl`au mêoltas `h chlturj h hxphitjtlvjs hstìtlijs quh sh da`lglijd jphkjs chktjdhkth. ^ar lssa js lkavjâøhs `a Jcta Da`hrklsda kéa hcldlkjrjd a radjkih trj`lilakjc, quh iaktlkuau pra`uzl`a hd djlar ködhra5 iada kj hvacuâéa kjturjc, hspìilhs kavjs h hspìilhs jktlbjs iakvlvhd cj`a j cj`a shd djlarhs  praochdjs6 a slsthdj fjdjls hvacul lkthbrjcdhkth hd iakfukta5 j jrth lkavj`arj kéa du`j djlarltjrljdhkth j jrth slkirùklij.  Ka sìiuca ]L], a vjcar jtrlouä`a par h`ltarhs, irätlias h phca chltarj`a johrta jk`jvjd djls au dhkas prùxldas5 ka sìiuca ]], vêrlas klimas iakvlvhrjd slkiraklijdhkth, slkiraklijdhkth, passlolcltjk`a j madhastjslj h j mhrh`ltjrlh`j`h `h tlpas `lghrhkths `h radjkih.

0.  J `lstlkâéa hktrh radjkih, iakta h kavhcj. J kavhcj ì ud bìkhra kjrrjtlva kéa vhrslglij`a , djls  , djls cakba `a quh a iakta a  iakta h,  h, bhrjcdhkth, dhkas cakbj `a quh a radjkih. Fucbj-sh, parìd, quh j hstj `lstlkâéa suphrgliljc, sh `hvhd saorhpar as irltìrlas hstruturjls h qujcltjtlvas. Hkqujkta kj kavhcj kavhcj   prh`adlkj a hvhkta, j mlstùrlj clkhjrdhkth iaktj`j, ka radjkih radjkih   jvuctj udj jtdasghrj psliapjsslakjc, a radjkih iakglburj ud duk`a `h phrsakjbhks djls `hksa h iadpchxa, jpraxldj-kas `a jiakthihr quatl`ljka, rhsuctjk`a `jä ud rltda thdparjc djls chkta. Hkqujkta a iakta sh ijrjithrlzj phcj ukl`j`h `h jiâéa, `h hspjâa h `h thdpa, phca ködhra rh`uzl`a `h phrsakjbhks, phca :<

 

 prh`adäkla `a `lêcaba saorh j prùprlj kjrrjâéa, iad udj qujsh jusækilj `h `hsirlâéa h `h `lsshrtjâéa, j kavhcj fê j`dlth pcurjcl`j`h `h jiâøhs (suih`hk`a-sh clkhjrdhkth udjs îs autrjs), `lvhrslglijâéa `h hspjâa h `h thdpa, djlar ldpartïkilj `j kjrrjâéa. Jpraxldj-sh, ka hktjkta, `a iakta phcj pauij ldpartïkilj quh `ê î `hsirlâéa h î `lsshrtjâéa.

?>

 

Xkl`j`h 96 Kävhls h Dìta`as `h Jkêclsh `j Kjrrjtlvj J Kjrrjtlvj ì ud iakfukta `h jiakthildhktas `h udj mlstùrlj hkvacvhk`a phrsakjb phrsakjbhd hd iufa js jiâøhs caijclzjd-sh ka thdpa h ka hspjâa. Iaktu`a, ì ak`h pa`hdas hkiaktrjr as hchdhktas `j kjrrjtlvj. (_hls, :