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Quadrivium - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrivium

Quadrivium The quadrivium quadrivium (plural:  (plural: quadrivia[1]) is the four subjects, or arts, taught after teaching the trivium. The word is Latin, meaning four meaning  four ways, ways , and its use for the four subjects has been attributed to Boethius or Cassiodo Cassiodorus rus in the 6th centur century. y.[2][3]  Together, the trivium and the quadrivium comprised the seven liberal arts (based on thinking skills),[4] as distinguished from the practical arts (such as medicine and architecture). The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. These followed the preparatory work of  the trivium, consisting of grammar, logic, and rhetoric. In turn, the quadrivium was considered preparatory work  for the study of philosophy (sometimes ( sometimes called the "liberal art art par  par excellence") excellence")[5] and theology.

Contents Origins Medieval usage Modern usage See also References

Origins These four studies compose the secondary part of the curriculum outlined by Plato in The Republic   and are described in the seventh book of that work (in the order Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music). [4]   The quadrivium is implicit in early Pythagorean writings and in the De the De nuptiis of nuptiis of Martianus Capella, although the term quadrivium was quadrivium  was not used until Boethius, early in the sixth century.[6] As Proclus wrote: The Pythagoreans considered all mathematical science to be divided into four parts: one half they  marked off as concerned with quantity, the other half with magnitude; and each of these they posited as twofold. A quantity can be considered in regard to its character by itself or in its relation to another quantity, magnitudes as either stationary or in motion. Arithmetic, then, studies quantities as such, music the relations relations between quantities quantities,, geome geometry try magnitude magnitude at rest, spherics [astronom [astronomy] y] magnitude inherently moving.[7]

Medieval usage  At many medieval universities, this would have been the course leading to the degree of Master of Arts (after the BA). After the MA, the student could enter for bachelor's degrees of the higher faculties (Theology, Medicine or Law). To this day, some of the postgraduate degree courses lead to the degree of Bachelor (the B.Phil and B.Litt. degrees are examples in the field of philosophy). The study was eclectic, eclectic, approaching the philosophical philosophical objectives objectives sought by consid considering ering it from each aspect of the quadrivium within the general structure demonstrated by Proclus (AD 412–485), namely arithmetic and music on the one hand[8] and geometry and cosmology on the other. [9]

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The subject of music within the quadrivium q uadrivium was originally the classical subject of h harmonics, armonics, in particular the study  of the proportions between the musical intervals created by the division of a monochord. A relationship to music as actuall actu ally y practis practised ed was not part of this study, study, but the framewo framework rk of clas classica sicall har harmon monics ics would would sub substa stanti ntiall ally  y  influence the content and structure of music theory as practised in both European and Islamic cultures.

Modern usage In modern modern applica applicatio tions ns of the libera liberall arts as cur curric riculu ulum m in colleg colleges es or uni univer versit sities ies,, the quadriv quadrivium ium may be considered to be the study of number and its relationship to space or time: arithmetic was pure number, geometry   was number in space, music was number in time, and astronomy was number in space and time. Morris Kline classified the four elements of the quadrivium as pure (arithmetic), stationary (geometry), moving (astronomy), and applied (music) number.[10] This schema is sometimes referred to as "classical education", but it is more accurately a development of the 12thand 13th-ce 13th-centu ntury ry Renais Renaissan sance ce with recove recovered red classic classical al elemen elements, ts, rather rather than an org organi anicc growth growth from from the educational educa tional systems systems of antiquity. antiquity. The term continues continues to be used by the Classical education education movement movement and at the independent Oundle School, in the United Kingdom.[11]

See also  Andreas Capellanus Degrees of the University of Oxford Trivium Four arts

References 1. Kohler, Kaufmann. "Wisdom" (http://www.jewis (h ttp://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14950-wisdom). hencyclopedia.com/articles/14950-wisdom). Jewish Encyclopedia.. Retrieved 2015-11-07. Encyclopedia 2. "Part I: The Age of Augustine". ND.edu. 2010. ND205 (http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hwp205.htm). 3. "Quadrivium (education)". Britannica Online. Online. 2011. EB (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/485943 /quadrivium). 4.

Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, Colby, F. F. M., eds. (1905). "Quadrivium". New International Encyclopedia (1st Encyclopedia (1st

ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. 5. Gilman, Daniel Coit, et al. (1905). New International Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia. Lemma "Arts, Liberal". 6. Marrou, Henri-Irénée (1969). "Les Arts Libéraux dans l'Antiquité Classique". pp. 6–27 in Arts in  Arts Libéraux et  Philosophie au Moyen Âge. Âge. Paris: Vrin; Montréal: Institut d'Études Médiévales. pp. 18–19. 7. Proclus. Proclus. A  A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements, Elements, xii. trans. Glenn Raymond Morrow. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. pp. 29–30. ISBN 0-691-02090-6. 8. Wright, Craig (2001). The Maze and the Warrior: Symbols in Architecture, Theology, and Music . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 9. Smoller, Laura Ackerman (1994). History History,, Prophecy and the Stars: Christian Astrology of Pierre D'Ailly, D'Ailly, 1350–1420. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 10. Kline, Morris (1953). "The Sine of G Major". In Mathematics in Western Culture. Culture. Oxford University Press. 11. "Oundle School – Improving Intellectual Challenge" (http://www.boarding.org.uk/media/news/article /2352/Oundle-School-Improving-Intellectual-Challenge). The Boarding Schools' Association. Association. 27 October 2014. Each of these iterations was discussed in a conference at King's College London on "The Future of Liberal  Arts (http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/liberal/conference.aspx)" at schools and universities.

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