Tridilosa-OCHO - Ventajas y Desventajas VS Otros Sistemas

 

Augf`rke EAJE Y`ktgogs y/e f`sv`ktgogs vs. etres snst`cgs

VRNFNLEQG Cns gpukt`s f` trgbgoe  Grq. Ogvn`r Agstnlle Ouçr Ouçr`z `z

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: µG a`re `struaturgl e aekar`te r`ierzgfe5 :.7 Gkt`a`f`kt`s

Trnc`res uses f`l jn`rre y `l ga`re. Gukqu` ke jg snfe pesnbl` `stgbl`a`r lg i`ajg `k qu` `l jn`rre s` usñ per prnc`rg v`z, les ebo`tes cçs gktnhues r`hnstrgk per le c`kes 0,444 g÷es= les prnc`res grt`igates `kaektrgfes per grqu`ñlehes fgtgk f`l g÷e 1.444 G.A. `k @hnpte y les hrn`hes `kfur`aãgk grcgs f` jn`rre jgang `l 7.444 G. f` A. Lg anvnlnzganñk f` glhukg cgk`rg s` jg f`sgrrellgfe `k lg pgz y `k lg hu`rrg aek `l cgk`oe y use f` `st` cgt`rngl, `l jecbr` gpr`kfnñ g cgknpulgrle f` les c`t`erntes qu` agy`rek g lg tn`rrg. @l ga`re `s ukg gl`ganñk f` jn`rre y agrbeke `k p`qu`÷gs agktnfgf`s (c`kes f`l 2%). Q` jg igbrnagfe f`sf` jga` 2 e 1 cnl g÷es y su prefuaanñk nkfustrngl s` `cp`zñ g aeksucgr `k lg s`hukfg cntgf f`l snhle ZNZ, `l brntçknae J`kry B`ss`c`r (7:71-7:>:) c`fngkt` `l r`inkgfe f`l grrgbne aek ajerres f` gnr` `k 7:00 f`sgrrellñ `l jerke e aekv`rtnfer qu` ll`vg su kecbr`. @k lg gatuglnfgf `l jn`rre y `l ga`re aecpr`kf`k `l >0% `k p`se, f` tefes les c`tgl`s prefuanfes `k `l cukfe. c ukfe. ^ gprexncgfgc`kt` `l :4% f`l ga`re `struaturgl prefuanfe jey fãg s` jga` iukfn`kfe ajgtgrrg f` ga`re (f`sp`rfnane). :.2 G a`re `struaturgl

@l pr prnc nc`r `r use use f` f`ll c`tg c`tgll pg pgrg rg uk ukgg `str `strua uatu turg rg f` f`ll qu qu`` s` tn tn`k `k`` r`hn r`hnst stre re `s `l Tu Tu`k `kt` t` Aegl Aeglbr bree eemf mfgl gl`` `k Qj Qjre reps psjn jnr` r` Nkhl Nkhlgt gt`r `rrg rg se sebr br`` `l rãe rãe Q` Q`v` v`rk rk,, `k jn jn`r `rre re iukfn iukfnfe fe,, ae aeks kstru trunfe nfe `k `ktr tr`` 78887888-788 788>, >, pe perr Oejk Oejk Xnlm Xnlmnk nkse sek, k, aek aek ie ierc rcgg f` grae grae y uk algre algre e luz luz f` 14 c` c`tr tres. es. @s @stg tg `s `str trua uatu turg rg `s uk pukt puktee ar arãt ãtna naee `k lg jn jnst ster erng ng f` lg nk nkh` h`kn kn`r `rãg ãg,, qu qu`` agcb agcbnñ nñ `l au aurs rsee f` lg r`ve r`velu luan anñk ñk nk nkfu fust strn rngl , gls nktr nkqu` nrf`rg. `lrg. jn jn`r `rre re aece aece cgt` cgt`rn rngl gl `st `stru ruat atur urgl gl== cgt` cgt`rn rngl gl 6 v`a` v`a`ss cçs cçs iu iu`r `rt` t` qu` qu` lg pn`f pn`frg rg y 14 v`a` v` a`s sgl,cç cçs qutref `efua lguanr cg cgf`

 

Jey fãg lg nkh`kn`rãg, lg grqunt`aturg y sus fns`÷es cef`rkes, agprnajeses, `sp`atgaulgr`s, f`p`kf`k f`p`kf`k pgrg su `lgberganñk f`l use nkt`ksnve f` `st` cgt`rngl, lgs iercgs f` sus `l`c`ktes, lgs hrgkf`s glturgs, `kerc`s algres g sglvgr, ke s`rãgk snk îl ukg r`glnfgf. Y`ktgogs f`l ga`re aece cgt`rngl `struaturgl @l ga`re `s `l cgt`rngl `struaturgl p`ri`at p`ri`ate, e, pu`f` s`r utnlnzgfe `k agsn tefgs lgs `struaturgs= bgraes, gvnek`s, pu`kt`s, `fninanes y tgktgs etrgs `struaturgs. Lgs agrgat agrgat`rã `rãstn stnags ags f` `st `st`` cgt cgt`rn `rngl gl s` pu` pu`f`k f`k f` f`sar sarnbn nbnrr aece aece snh snhu`? u`?

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Fns Fnspek peknbn nbnlnf lnfgf gf f` sus cn` cn`cbr cbres. es. R`analgbl` agsn gl 744%. Içanl pr`igbrnaganñk f` `struaturgs. Aeste f` r`aup`rganñk.

F`sv` F`sv`ktg ktgog og f` l g a` a`re re aece aece cgt`rn cgt`rngl gl `strua `struatur turgl gl Aeste f` cgkt`kncn`kte. Aeste pret`aanñk aektrg iu`he. Qusa`ptnbnlnfgf gl pgkf`e. •

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Gltg r`snst`kang per uknfgf f` p`se. Jeceh`k`nfgf `k su aecpesnanñk y ukniercnfgf. @lgstnanfgf? `s `l cgt`rngl qu` cçs s` ga`rag g uk aecpertgcn`kte lnk`glc`kt` `lçstnae. Tr`ansnñk fnc`ksnekgl? sus p`rinl`s lgcnkgfes p`rcnt`k `stgbl`a`r f` cgk`rg pr`ansg lgs prepn`fgf`s h`ecîtrnags f` lg s`aanñk. Furgbnlnfgf. Fuatnlnfgf? p`rcnt` hrgkf`s f`iercganek`s snk igllg, `vnf`kangkfe gf`cçssepertgr îstgs pgrg su aerr`aanñk e r`pgrganñk. V`kganfgf? tn`k` agpganfgf f` gbserb`r hrgkf`s agktnfgf`s f` `k`rhãg `k f`iercganñk. Tesnbnlnfgf f` gcplnganek`s f` `struaturgs `xnst`kt`s (`fninanes, pu`kt`s, `ta.). Iganlnfgf f` uknrs` aek fni`r`kt`s p`rinl`s, yg s`g s `g selfgkfe, r`cgajgkfe e gterknllgkfe. Rgpnf`z f` cektgo`.

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Igtnhg.

:.1 Aek Aekar` ar`te te r`i r`ierz erzgfe gfe

@l aekar`te r`ierzgfe gprev`ajg `k iercg cuy `inan`kt` lgs agrgat`rãstnagss f` r`snst`kang `k aecpr`snñk, furgbnlnfgf, inrc`zg gl agrgat`rãstnag iu`he y cgl`gbnlnfgf f`l aekar`te, oukte aek lgs f`l ga`re qu` tn`k` gltg r`snst`kang `k t`ksnñk y fuatnlnfgf iercgk uk cgt`rngl aecpu`ste qu` r`ÿk` cuajgs v`ktgogs snkîrhnags f` gcbes aecpek`kt`s. Y`ktgogs f`l aekar`te aece cgt`rngl `struaturgl R`snst`kang aeksnf`rgbl` g lg aecpr`snñk. •

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Hrgk r`snst`kang gl iu`he.

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Hrgk r`snst`kang gl ghug.

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@struaturgs cuy rãhnfgs.

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R`qun`r` f` peae cgkt`kncn`kte.

 

:.6 µAugl seluanñk `s c`oer, `struaturg c`tçlnag e aekar`te r`ierzgfe5 •

Lgrhg vnfg f` s`rvnane.

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Lg r`snst`kang f`l aekar`te augkfe `xnst` uk bu`k cgkt`kncn`kte, aek

`l tn`cpe ke fnscnkuy`. Pk cgt`rngl `aekñcnae pgrg zgpgtgs, sñtgkes, cu`ll`s, `ta. •

Q` pu`f` aelgr `k nkinknfgf f` iercgs qu` vgk f`sf` vnhgs, aeluckgs, lesgs, graes, agsagrek`s. Gprev`ajg pgrg su igbrnaganñk les cgt`rngl`s f` lg zekg (gr`kg hrgvg ghug) y r`qun`r` p`qu`÷gs agktnfgf`s f` ga`re y a`c`kte. Ke r`qun`r` f` cgke f` ebrg cuy aglninagfg. •

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F`sv`ktgogs f`l aekar`te r`ierzgfe aece cgt`rngl `struaturgl

@xnst` cuajg fnsausnñk gl r`sp`ate, per uk lgfe, `l ga`re s` aerre` y per `l etre `l aekar`te `s uk cgt`rngl qu` tn`kf` g r`hr`sgr g su `stgfe kgturgl bgoe `siu`rzes f` t`ksnñk f`cgsngfe hrgkf`s. Ke jgy ukg r`spu`stg sncpl`, gcbes cgt`rngl`s tn`k`k `xa`l`kt`s agrgat`rãstnags y sek gcplngc`kt` utnlnzgfes `k trgbgoes sncnlgr`s aek `stup`kfes r`sultgfes. T`re pef`ces `kaektrgr lgs snhun`kt`s r`spu`stgs agrgat`rãstnags `k lg nkfustrng f` lg aekstruaanñk. @k `fninanes f` c`kes f` 6 pnses, pu`f` `cpl`grs` auglqun`r cgt`rngl aece? • • •

aekar`te r`ierzgfe. ga`re cures `struaturgl. f` agrhg (aekar`te e tgbnqu`).

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Bgog r`snst`kang g lg t`ksnñk. R`qun`r` f` ancbrgs, ebrgs iglsgs e gpuktglgcn`ktes, lg ebrg iglsg `s agrg y r`p`raut` `k `l aeste inkgl f` lg ebrg.

Tgrg `fninanes c`fngkes f` 6 g 24 pnses?

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Bgog r`snst`kang per uknfgf f` p`se, qu` aekfua` g cn`cbres p`sgfes  y g uk iu`rt` `i`ate `k les cec`ktes cec`ktes il`xnekgkt`s y `k lg anc`ktganñk. anc`ktganñk.

Tgrg rgsagan`les agsn sn`cpr`?

Bgog r`snst`kang per uknfgf f` veluc`k, aek cn`cbres hrgkf`s f` ncpertgkang `k `fninanes gltes y `k `struaturgs f` hrgkf`s algres.

Les igater`s qu` f`ink`k ku`strg f`ansnñk s` `kau`ktrgk?

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Qus prepn`fgf`s vgrãgk gcplngc`kt` f`bnfe g su fesninaganñk y c`zalgfe. @l aelgfe y aurgfe `k lg r`glnfgf ke `s tgk aektrelgfe, aece le `s lg prefuaanñk f`l ga`re `struaturgl y lg cgf`rg lgcnkgfg.

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aekar`te r`ierzgfe. ga`re `struaturgl. ga`re `struaturgl.

Lg anc`ktganñk.

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G cgyer cgsg cgyer`s s`aanek`s y preiukfnfgf (qu` igver`a` gl ga`re). @l p`se hrgvntganekgl (qu` igver`a` gl ga`re). Lg pret`aanñk aektrg nka`kfne (qu` igver`a` gl aekar`te).

 

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Lg au`stnñk f` tn`cpe (qu` igver`a` gl ga`re). Les algres e luz `ktr` gpeyes (qu` igver`a` gl ga`re). Lgs aekfnanek`s f` agrhg (qu` igver`a` gl ga`re). Lgs aeksnf`rganek`s, aekfnanek`s y agrgat`rãstnags agrgat`rãstnags Grqunt`atñknags.

:.0 T`re µTer quî usgr Vrnfnlesg `k cn prey`ate5

Vecgkfe `k au`ktg `stgs agrgat`rãstnags agrgat`rãstnags h`k`rgl`s f` lgs `struaturgs c`tçlnags y lgs f` aekar`te gkglna`ces lgs pgrtnaulgr`s `k lg Vrnfnlesg. Tef`ces f` glhukg cgk`rg aecpgrgrlg aek lgs `struaturgs cçs usgfgs us gfgs cçs aecuk`s, f`sf` `l pukte f` vnstg f` su igbrnaganñk, aeste y f` s`rvnane, r`sucnîkfelgs `k lgs snhun`kt`s? Y`ktgogs F` Trey`ate Lg Vrnfnlesg, aece yg s` aec`ktñ pr`vngc`kt`, pu`f` usgrs` `k algres p`qu`÷es, c`fngkes y hrgkf`s, aek agrhgs cãkncgs e cuy hrgkf`s, usgkfe pgrg `lle `l `spgane f` gnr` qu` qu`fg `ktr` lgs agpgs sup`rner ` nki`rner, pgrg cgk`ogr gsã lg nk`rang g aekv`kn`kang, fgkfe r`spu`stg y v`rsgtnlnfgf gl prey`ate grqunt`atñknae. Lg `struaturg pu`f` gf`cçs s`r fns`÷gfg aek `k ou`he h`ecîtrnae f` sus pgrt`s y `l`c`ktes, aece ukg `saulturg u erkgc`kte s`hÿk lg ar`gtnvnfgf ` nkt`rîs `k `l fns`÷e aeka`ptugl grqunt`atñknae. Vîaknags @struaturgl`s Lg fni`r`kang iukfgc`ktgl aek lgs lesgs cganzgs e vnhgs f` aekar`te grcgfe, `k sus fnv`rsgs vgrngkt`s, `s qu` lg Vrnfnlesg ke aektn`k` aekar`te f` r`ll`ke.

Etrg v`ktgog `s qu` `l aekar`te f` aecpr`snñk `k lg Vrnfnlesg vg g s`r c`ker qu` `k lgs lesgs l esgs e vnhgs f` aekar`te, pgrg aecpr`kf`r c`oer le r`vnsgr`ces br`v`c`kt`. Qn ebs`rvgces `l fnghrgcg f` `siu`rzes `k ukg vnhg f` aekar`te, gl gplnagr lg agrhg g ukg uk g vnhg y qu`fgr bgoe llgg gaanñk f`l cec`kte il`xnekgkt`, `stglgs s`suo`tgs f`iercgg t`ksnñk gaertçkfes` inbrgs g aecpr`snñk y glgrhçkfes` `ktr`lgs `stgs fessuo`tgs s` `kau`ktrg uk plgke qu` p`rcgk`a` snk suirnr f`iercganñk `l `o` k`utre. Lg pgrt` rgygfg r`pr`s`ktg lg au÷g f` `siu`rzes f` lg pgrt` sup`rner qu` sek lgs f`iercganek`s f` aecpr`snñk f`l aekar`te y lg au÷g f` `siu`rzes f` lg pgrt` nki`rner kes r`pr`s`ktg lgs f`iercganek`s qu` suirnrç `l aekar`te `k agse f` pef`r r`snstnr lg t`ksnñk, p`re `st` `siu`rze `s sepertgfe `k su tetglnfgf per `l ga`re.

 

Y`gces Y`gc es g ae aekt ktnk nkug ugan anñk ñk añ añce ce s` pr`s pr`s`k `ktg tgkk les les `s `siu iu`r `rze zess f` ae aecp cpr` r`sn snñk ñk `k ukg aecpg aecpgrgt rgtnvg nvg `ktr` `ktr` uk `l` `l`c`k c`kte te r`atg r`atgkhu khulgr lgr f` aekar` aekar`te te (qu` pu`f` pu`f` s`r uk ukgg vn vnhge hge uk ukgg lesg lesg)) y lg Vrnfnlesg. Tg Tgrg rg qu qu`` lg r` r`su sult ltgk gkt` t` f` les les `s `siu` iu`rz rzes es f` ae aecp cpr` r`sn snñk ñk (A (A), ), s` s`gg nhug nhugll `k uk ukgg le lesg sg e vnhg vnhg f` ae aeka kar` r`te te,, r` r`sp sp`a `ate te g lg Vrn Vrnfn fnle lesg sg f` f`b` b` au aucp cplnlnrs` rs` qu qu`? `? (Lesg e vnhg f` aekar`te) 3

  ∘∘ 

  3   ∘  ∘   (Vrnfnlesg)

Te Terr le tg tgkt kte, e, `l çr çr`g `g k` k`a` a`sg sgrn rngg f` lg ag agpg pg f` ae aecp cpr` r`sn snñk ñk `k lg Vrnfnlesg `s nh nhug ugll g lg cntg cntgff f` f`ll çr çr`g `g k` k`a` a`sg sgrn rngg f` lg lesg lesg e tr trgb gb`` f` ae aeka kar` r`te te gr grcg cgfe fe..  3 /2

Te Terr le tg tgkt kte, e, `l çr çr`g `g k` k`a` a`sg sgrn rngg f` lg ag agpg pg f` ae aecp cpr` r`sn snñk ñk `k lg Vrnfnlesg `s nh nhug ugll g lg cntg cntgff f` f`ll çr çr`g `g k` k`a` a`sg sgrn rngg `k lg tr trgb gb`` f` ae aeka kar` r`te te gr grcg cgfe fe.. Gf`cçs, s` `lncnkg `l aekar`te sntugfe gbgoe f`l `o` k`utre. A

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Qn pgrg uk vgler aecÿk f` m34.1 `k uk f`t`rcnkgfe p`rglt` `i`atnve `i`atnve (f), `l `sp`ser (`) f` lg agpg f` aecpr`snñk `k lg Vrnfnlesg `k aecpgrganñk aek ukg lesg aecÿk e vnhg f` aekar`te `s? 4.1   3 4.70 3 2

@l `sp`ser f` lg agpg f` aekar`te (`) `k ukg Vrnfnlesg `s sñle f` 4.70 r`sp`ate gl r`qu`rnfe per ukg vnhg e lesg f` aekar`te r`ierzgfe, ` f`anr `l gjerre f` aekar`te `s f` :0%. blequ` f` `siu`rzes (ncghnkgrne) g aecpr`snñk.

Fekf`? Ia 3 @siu`rze ukntgrne f` aecpr` aecpr`snñk snñk `k `l aekar`te. b 3 gkaje f` lg vnhg e lesg. is 3 @siu`rze ukntgrne f` t`ksnñk t`ksnñk `k lg vgrnllg f` r`iu`rze. Gs 3 Çr`g trgksv`rsgl f` lg vgrnllg f` r`iu`rze. r 3 Fnstgkang f`l `o` k`utre g lg inbrg cçs r`ierzgfg g aecpr`snñk fnvnfnfg `ktr` `l p`rglt` `i`atnve. f 3 T`rglt` `i`atnve, `s lg fnstgkang f`l `o` e a`ktre f` lg vgrnllg g t`ksnñk jgstg lg inbrg cçs r`ierzgfg g aecpr`snñk.  o 3 Fnstgkang Fnstgkang f` lg r`sultgkt` r`sultgkt` g aecpr`snñk aecpr`snñk A gl `o` e a`ktre f` lg vgrnllg fnvnfnfe `ktr` `l p`rglt` `i`atnve (f). ( f). A 3 Qucg f` les `siu`rzes f` aecpr`snñk `k `l blequ` ncghnkgrne f`sarnte `k lg hrçinag. V 3 Qucg f` les `siu`rzes f` t`ksnñk `k lg vgrnllg f` r`iu`rze. F` 3 “Brgze f` pglgkag– f`l pgr r`snst`k t`, fnstgkang `ktr` les

r`sultgkt`s g aecpr`snñk A y g t`ksnñk V, lg qu` `s lg r`snst`kang r`gl f` lg vnhg. Gf`cçs f` t`k`r c`ker veluc`k f` aekar`te, `l “brgze f` pglgkag– (F`) `s cgyer, qu` igver`a` g qu` lg Vrnfnlesg t`khg ukg

`inan`kang sup`rner.

 

Aecpgrgtnvg `ktr` ukg vnhg f` aekar`te y Vrnfnlesg aek uk p`rglt` f` 04 ac (pgrg uk algre f` 0c gprexncgfgc`kt`).

Iu`rzg Qãscnag

Lg `xantganñk fnkçcnag qu` r`anb` ukg `struaturg gl vnbrgr `l t`rr`ke per ekfgs sãscnags pu`f` ll`hgr g preveagr `siu`rzes `siu`r zes y f`iercganek`s cgyer`s, per `lle `s aekv`kn`kt` fns`÷gr tefe tnpe f` `struaturg aeksnf`rgkfe `ste, pgrg `vntgr su aelgpse. @l prebl`cg `s aecplnagfe perqu` f`p`kf` f` cuajes igater`s. Ter ukg pgrt`, les aerr`spekfn`kt`s gl i`kñc`ke sãscnae= nkt`ksnfgf, nkt`ksnf gf, furganñk, ga`l`rganñk, kgturgl`zg h`elñhnag f`l t`rr`ke y su ir`au`kang i r`au`kang f` vnbrganñk h`k`rglc`kt` gltg. Ter etrg, t`k`ces lgs prepn`fgf`s h`ecîtrnags y aekfnanek`s fnkçcnags f` lg `struaturg= fnc`ksnñk, fnstrnbuanñk f` cgsgs, ir`au`kang kgturgl qu` f`b` fns`÷grs` pgrg ke aenkanfnr aek lg sãscnag y `vntgr lg r`sekgkang. @k lg Vrnfnlesg pef`ces trgtgr lgs agrgat`rãstnags h`ecîtrnags `k fni`r`kt`s glt`rkgtnvgs= Y, X, Z `ta., cgk`ogr p`rglt`s, `sp`ser f` les aekar`tes y fnstrnbuanñk f` sus cgsgs (`k uk l`aje e `k fes -agpg sup`rner ` nki`rner-), `ste `s, use y aekfuaanñk f` lg nk`rang g plga`r. Ter `stg rgzñk `s qu` lg Vrnfnlesg s` pu`f` aektrelgr içanlc`kt` pgrg nkilunr pesntnvgc`kt` gkt` g kt` lg nka`rtnfucbr` f` `st` `kerc` prebl`cg. (v`r agpãtule 77.6) Iãsnags T`se prepne

T acs.

B acs.

F (p`rglt` `i`atnve %)

 of 3 F` acs.

% @inan`kang

Aekar`te

04

20

>1.6

64.4

:4

Vrnfnlesg

04

20

>:.6

6 9. 9.8

>1

R`lganñk `inan`kang

76 % c`kes qu` Vrnfnlesg 79 % cçs qu` vnhg f` aekar`te

F`bnfe g qu` les `l`c`ktes f` lg `struaturg, ga`re y aekar`te r`sultgk s`r aeksnf`rgbl`c`kt` cçs `sb`ltes, `k prec`fne s` pu`f` cgk`ogr 8.0 acs. f` aekar`te `k lg Vrnfnlesg, `l p`se f`l aekoukte s` r`fua` aeksnf`rgbl`c`kt`, cçs e c`kes `k uk 60% aektrg lg lesg cganzg trgfnanekgl, gatugkfe fnajg fnscnkuanñk `k b`k`inane f` ku`strg anc`ktganñk y aektrg lg gaanñk sãscnag.

 

Qn tecgces aece `o`cple les `fninanes qu` s` f`sgrrellgk `k `l agpãtule 77 t`kfr`ces? Lesg Cganzg Lesg R`tnaulgr Lesga`re Vrnfnlesg

T`se prepne 3 04.64 mh/c2 T`se prepne 3 6>.7: mh/c2 T`se prepne 3 17.64 mh/c2 T`se prepne 3 2>.19 mh/c2

Anc`ktganñk

Lg anc`ktganñk `s uk `l`c`kte ncpertgkt` ke sñle `k lg `stgbnlnfgf f` lg aekstruaanñk, tgcbnîk le `s `k `l aeste f` lg `struaturg, perqu` g cgyer agrhg, s`rç cçs vnel`ktgfg lg agpganfgf f`l t`rr`ke, r`sultgkfe anc`ktganek`s cçs preiukfgs y f` cgyer s`aanñk. s `aanñk.

Glturg tetgl f`l `fninane

@st` pu`f` s`r uk nkaekv`kn`kt` gl cgk`ogr lg Vrnfnlesg, `l p`rglt` cãknce g usgr ke pu`f` nhuglgrs` aek les f` ukg lesg cganzg gpeygfg `k cures p`rnc`trgl`s aek lg l g trgb` nkt`hrgfg, f`inkntnvgc`kt` `l p`rglt` `k `stg `struaturg ke pefrç s`r c`ker g 24 ac, jga`rle gsã lg vu`lv` ukg pn`zg f` grt`sgkãg, aestesg y peae `inan`kt`. @k uk prey`ate aek algres p`qu`÷es y cures cu res f` agrhg p`rnc`trgl`s, qu` ke aeksnf`rg trgb`s e vnhgs `xpu`stgs pgrg agrhg, t`kfr`ces uk nkar`c`kte per knv`l `k uk rgkhe f` 70 g 14 a`ktãc`tres, uk `fninane aek `stgs agrgat`rãstnags agrgat`rãstnags `k sus algres y gpeye, f` augtre g s`ns knv`l`s, ar`a`rç `k su glturg `l erf`k f` 7 c`tre, `s f`anr pgsgrç f` 74 c`tres f` glturg tetgl aek `l snst`cg f` lesg cganzg g 77 c`tres aek lg Vrnfnlesg. Vr nfnlesg.

Vrgb`s f` gpeye

Aek `stg `struaturg lgs Vrnfntrgb`s pu`f`k qu`fgr nkt`hrgfgs içanlc`kt` aek lg lesg, p`re per `aekecãg e fns`÷e pu`f`k jga`rs` aek fnstnktg h`ec`trãg y tgcg÷e= sn`cpr` nhugl`s e cgyer`s g lgs lesgs qu` sepertgk ‑ke `xnst`k çrbel`s aek rgcgs f` cgyer s`aanñk qu` sus trekaes- `st` `s uk `rrer ir`au`kt` per au`stnek`s f` fns`÷e grqunt`atñknae e per f`saekeancn`kte `k `l fns`÷e `struaturgl-, per le qu` sglvgr hrgkf`s algres s` vu`lv` uk trgbgoe jgbntugl furgkt` `l fns`÷e f` `stgs.

@fninane aek Vrnfnlesg

@fninane aek lesg cganzg

@k lg c`fnfg qu` ku`stre `fninane s`g cçs hrgkf` `k sus algres y ke f`p`kfg pgrg su sepert` `k les cures f` agrhg y sn `k lgs vnhgs e trgb`s aece auglqun`r etre snst`cg `struaturgl, lg fni`r`kang `k glturg per p`rglt` ke `xnstnrç.

 

Nkstglganek`s

Etrg v`ktgog iukfgc`ktgl f` lg Vrnfnlesg `s qu` gl s`r îstg ukg `struaturg jnp`r`stçtnag kes p`rcnt` lg `v`ktuglnfgf f` trgbgogr ` nkt`hrgr lgs nkstglganek`s `lîatrnags y sgkntgrngs `k su nkt`rner `k auglqun`r fnr`aanñk, pu`s sn bn`k pef`ces `kaektrgr ebstçaules `k sus bgrrgs fnghekgl`s, `xnst` lg pesnbnlnfgf f` `lncnkgrlgs r`ierzgkfe lg aelnkfgkang f` `stg, tgcbnîk h`k`rgkfe breagl`s gl prepek`r ju`aes per fekf` s`g pesnbl` fnstrnbunr fuates.

F`sgrrellgkfe `st` aeka`pte= uk `fninane aekstrunfe aek `l snst`cg Vrnfnlesg pu`f` cefninagrs` `k sus uses y s`rvnanes gl p`rcntnrkes gbrnr zgkogs `k lgs lesgs (ke `k trgb`s y c`kes gÿk `k agpnt`l`s) pgrg `stgbl`a`r ku`ves snst`cgs f` fr`kgo`, ku`vgs nkstglganek`s `lîatrnags, zekgs f` `sagl`rgs, `ta. @s knigatnbl` recp`rf`ukg f`l l`aje sup`rner snk qu` s` ernhnk` `l aelgpse f`iercganñk lg pgrt` `struaturg. @k `stgs aekfnanek`s, ke `xnst` lncntganñk aece sua`f` aek etres snst`cgs `struaturgl`s f` aekar`te, pef`ces gsã ubnagr bg÷es, lgvgbes, tecgs jnfresgkntgrngs, `ta., `k sntnes ke pr`vnstes. Tgrg lg nkstglganñk f` gnr` gaekfnanekgfe, kercglc`kt` s` aeleagk plgiek`s pgrg les fuates, sn t`k`ces `ste `k au`ktg ` nkar`c`ktgces `l p`rglt` f` lg Vrnfnlesg, `sgs nkstglganek`s pu`f`k gleogrs` f`ktre f` lg prepng `struaturg, pef`ces prey`atgr `kteka`s ku`strg prepu`stg sncultçk`gc`kt` aek lgs nkstglganek`s y per quî ke, jga`r lg grqunt`aturg cnscg f` ku`stre prey`ate, ke aece seluanñk `struaturgl y sn aece prepu`stg grqunt`atñknag nkt`hrgl. G pgrtnr f` an`rte p`rglt`, lg Vrnfnlesg s` pu`f` rr`hnstrgr `hnstrgr lgt`rglc`kt`, lgt`rglc`kt`, jgan`kfe cçs içanl auglqun`r tnpe f` r`pgrganñk `k lgs nkstglganek`s y tgcbnîk `k lgs v`rninaganek`s `k ukg `v`ktugl igllg `struaturgl eagsnekgfg per snsce. Trepn`fgf`s tîrcnags y gaÿstnags

Ter `l `spgane f` gnr` iercgfe `ktr` lg agpg jernzektgl sup`rner ` nki`rner t`k`ces lg pesnbnlnfgf f` gprev`ajgrle `k b`k`inane f` aekiert tîrcnae y gaÿstnae, p`re jgy qu` `stufngr `sgs prepu`stgs y trgbgogrlgs perqu` ke sncpl`c`kt` aek les aelgfes `k sus fes agpgs aeks`hunr`ces `s` r`sultgfe.

 

@k alncgs `xtr`ces, pef`ces ebt`k`r ukg t`cp`rgturg c`kes ghr`snvg y cçs aekiertgbl` gl cgk`ogr gf`augfgc`kt` `l p`rglt` y sus velÿc`k`s f` gnr`, aeksnhun`kfe su gnslgcn`kte pgrg qu` iukanek` aece uk t`rce, tgcbnîk `s pesnbl` aeks`hunr ukg fnscnkuanñk f` runfes prefuanfes `k les knv`l`s aektnhues, sn s` gprev`ajg lg utnlnzganñk f` `l`c`ktes gaÿstnaes `k les cgt`rngl`s y `l tnpe f` plgiñk g utnlnzgr. Aekstruatnvgs

Ter lgs agrgat`rãstnags f` lg Vrnfnlesg y lg l g iganlnfgf pgrg pr`igbrnagrlg, `s pesnbl` prehrgcgr su `lgberganñk y cektgo`, `ste p`rcnt` trgbgogr `k lgs aeluckgs aece sepert`s nkf`p`kfn`kt`s y ga`l`rgr lg aekstruaanñk f` ku`strg aekstruaanñk gf`cçs f` ebt`k`r gjerres `k tn`cpe y `k cgke f` ebrg f` aeksnf`rganñk, sebr` tefe aektrg `struaturgs f` aekar`te pure, aektrg `struaturgs f` ga`re aece Lesga`re `l tn`cpe f` `o`auanñk `s uk peae cgyer, p`re `l aeste inkgl `s nki`rner.

Lgs `struaturgs f` aekar`te sek lgs cçs aecuk`s, sebr` tefe pgrg `fninaganek`s p`qu`÷gs, `st` `o`ranane `s aekeanfe per cuajes aekstruater`s per lg iganlnfgf y gpr`kfnzgo` f` h`k`rganñk `k h`k`rganñk.

Vn`cpe y prehrgcg f` `o`auanñk f` lg Ebrg

Tef`ces ukaecuk`s `o`rananepgrg f`l tn`cpe pgrg f`sgrrellgr les fni`r`kt`s snst`cgs,jga`r les cçs lg aekstruaanñk `k Cîxnae. Les prehrgcgs f` ebrg sek `squ`cçtnaes, y aeksnf`rgces `fninanes f` aekar`te, f` ga`re y ukg pesnbnlnfgf aek Vrnfnlesg. Vr nfnlesg. Les tn`cpes r`pr`s`ktgk les prea`fncn`ktes y tn`cpes gprexncgfes aece r`lganñk g cn `xp`rn`kang p`rsekgl `k les fnstnktes tnpes f` `struaturg.

 

Lgs `struaturgs f` ga`re sek jey fãg cuy selnantgfgs pgrg `fninaganek`s c`fngkgs y hrgkf`s p`re tgcbnîk s` ll`hgk g utnlnzgr `k `fninaganek`s p`qu`÷gs. @st` snst`cg tn`k` aece prnkanpgl v`ktgog `l tn`cpe f` `o`auanñk y lg lnh`r`zg f` su `struaturg

Lgs Vrnfnlesg aecbnkg agrgat`rãstnags f` lgs fes gkt`rner`s y sn bn`k ke `s tgk rçpnfg aece lgs `struaturgs f` ga`re, `s gÿk cçs lnh`rg y r`snst`kt` perqu` trgbgog `ky `l gcbes s`ktnfes cgk`oe f` sus agrgat`rãstnags h`ecîtrnags p`rcnt` utnlnzgr su ga`re aek ukg `inan`kang a`ragkg gl 744%.

 

@l aelgfe f` les pnses pu`f` jga`rs` aek pr`aelgfes `k lg `struaturg e sncultçk`gc`kt`. Vefe `ste il`xnbnlnzg y cefninag lg prehrgcganñk aek uk pesnbl` gjerre `k tn`cpe y `k `l aeste inkgl.

Ter s`r kgturglc`kt` gutepertgkt` `s pesnbl` aelgr snk puktgl`s, selgc`kt` les `strnatgc`kt` k`a`sgrnes pgrg ke `kagr`a`r lg `struaturg. Tef`ces aelhgrl` lg ancbrg f` aektgate (lesg nki`rner) f` lg Vrnfnlesg, `lncnkgkfe `l use f` les pn`s f`r`ajes.

 

Vgcbnîk s` pu`f`k usgr tgbl`tgs f` i`rre a`c`kte e auglqun`r etre cgt`rngl f` aektgate sncnlgr f` lgs fnc`ksnek`s f` lg r`tãaulg sup`rner f` agfg cñfule qu` g lg v`z l` snrv`k aece `l`c`ktes `struaturgl`s yg qu` qu`fgk aece ancbrg cu`rtg y trgbgogk g lg aecpr`snñk. Q` jg utnlnzgfe nkaluse cgaepgk f` 1 cc aece ancbrg sepertgfg aek vgrnllgs prevnsnekgl`s gcgrrgfgs gl l`aje sup`rner, r`aup`rgbl`s ukg v`z irghugfg lg lesg, `k `struaturgs tnpe bñv`fgs e agsagrek`s, `l gjerre per aeka`pte f` ancbrg `s aeksnf`rgbl`.

Lg rnfnles `s ukg glt`rkgtnvg, etrg epanñk g les snst`cgs f` ga`re y aekar`te trgfnanekgl`s y pef`ces prepek`rlg gl r`vnsgr les aestes inkgl`s.

 

@aekñcnags

F`sv`ktgogs

Vefgs lgs v`ktgogs f`sarntgs ncpgatgk `k iercg igvergbl` `k `l aeste f` lg `struaturg.

Exnfganñk

Ke sñleaeksnf`rgbl` s` trgtg f` uk gjerre `k?c`ker aeste per c2 f` lesg, tgcbnîk t`kfr`ces uk

ilunfe `k aektgate aek `l c`tgl y f` lgs prepn`fgf`s f` les c`tgl`s `k au`stnñk.

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ANC@KVGANÑK. G c`ker p`se, c`ker preiukfnfgf y s`aanñk f` les `l`c`ktes. AELPCKGQ. G c`ker agrhg v`rtnagl, c`ker `i`ate f` snsce, c`ker s`aanñk f` les gpeyes. LEQGQ. @stçk suo`tgs g uk c`ker `siu`rze, perqu` `l algre `s `l qu` s` `kau`ktrg `ktr` les cñfules jernzektgl`s, qu`fgkfe gf`cçs aece fev`lgs suo`tgs g lg aecpr`snñk aece lesgs pr` aecprncnfgs, gf`cçs `l plgiñk qu`fg suo`te `k su agse g les aerfek`s nki`rner`s, aek lg pesnbnlnfgf f` utnlnzgrle aece gnslgkt` tîrcnae y gaÿstnae. Q` `vntgk cgt`rngl`s nkgatnves (cgsg). @l aekar`te ke trgbgog g lg t`ksnñk, tefe `l aekar`te qu` s` `kau`ktrg `k lg Vrnfnlesg trgbgog `struaturglc`kt` e aece pnse. @ste ke eaurr` `k etrgs `struaturgs. Nkstglganek`s `k lg Vrnfnlesg. Vgkte lgs nkstglganek`s `lîatrnags aece lgs sgkntgrngs sek s`kanllgs f` aeleagr, f`bnfe g lg iercg y agrgat`rãstnagss iãsnags agrgat`rãstnag lg V Vrnfnlesg, rnfnlesg,less``spganes tn`k` lg fns`÷gfes v`ktgog gf`cçs qu` pest`rnerc`kt`, pu`f`kf`cefninagrs` nkalusnv` aek nkstglganek`s sgkntgrng ` jnfrçulnags ke aekt`cplgfgs f` ernh`k, f` gau`rfe aek lgs k`a`snfgf`s qu` surogk. Terqu` `xnst` lg pesnbnlnfgf f` cefninagr lg `struaturg fgfe su glte hrgfe f` jnp`r`stgtnanfgf jnp`r`stgtnanf gf guk sn`kfe ukg `struaturg t`rcnkgfg y `k iukanekgcn`kte, pgrg `ste s` f`b`rç r`ierzgr `k sus `l`c`ktes s`hÿk lgs k`a`snfgf`s f` aertgkt` (fnghekgl`s) e f` cec`kte (aerfek`s sup`rner ` nki`rner) e `k agse `xtr`ce s` pu`f` nkaluse nkar`c`ktgr `l p`rglt` f` lg `struaturg t`rcnkgfg y `k iukanekgcn`kte.

Lg exnfganñk f`p`kf` `k le h`k`rgl f` lg t`cp`rgturg, f` lg sglnknfgf f`l Qeluanñk= Q` pu`f` `vntgr aek `l cgkt`kncn`kte p`rnñfnae gf`augfe.

Lg aerresnñk

@s uk prea`se kgturgl y `spektçk`e, uk i`kñc`ke gcplne qu` gi`atg g tefes les cgt`rngl`s (c`tgl`s, a`rçcnags, pelãc`res, `ta.) `k tefes les gcbn`kt`s (c`fnes gaueses, gtcñsi`rg, gltg t`cp`rgturg, `ta.).

 

Tu`f` preveagr gaanf`kt`s (rupturg f` ukg pn`zg) y r`pr`s`ktg uk aeste ncpertgkt` y lg pesnbnlnfgf f` fg÷es jucgkes, le qu` le vu`lv` uk prebl`cg cgyer. Qeluanñk= @l ga`re `xpu`ste g nkt`cp`rn` f`b` r`aubrnrs` sn`cpr` aek `scglt`s glqunfçlnaes (prncgrnes gktnaerresnves) `xa`ptugkfe g les ga`res `sp`angl`s aece `l nkexnfgbl`.

Agler y iu`he.

@k `l agse f` nka`kfnes, `l agler s` prepghg rçpnfgc`kt` per lgs `struaturgs jgan`kfe fnscnkunr su r`snst`kang. r `snst`kang. Qeluanñk= F`b` pret`h`rs` aek r`aubrncn`ktes gnslgkt`s f`l agler y f`l iu`he (r`tgrfgkt`s) aece cert`re, aekar`te, gsb`ste, `ta.

Tgkf`e `lçstnae.

F`bnfe g su gltg r`snst`kang/p`se `l `cpl`e f` p`rinl`s `sb`ltes suo`tes g aecpr`snñk, les jga` susa`ptnbl`s gl pgkf`e `lçstnae. Qeluanñk= Pk bu`k fns`÷e pr`vî `st` nkaekv`kn`kt`.

 

Igtnhg

Lg r`snst`kang f`l ga`re (gsã aece f`l r`ste f` les cgt`rngl`s), pu`f` fnscnkunr augkfe s` sec`t` g uk hrgk kÿc`re f` agcbnes f` agrhg y `k

R`aec`kfganek`s h`k`rgl`s pgrg `l cgkt`kncn`kte `k `struaturgs c`tçlnags

7- Les `l`c`ktes f` ga`re s` pret`h`rçk gprepngfgc`kt` gkt`s f` su cektgo` aek pnkturgs u etres prefuates qu` r`trgs`k r`tr gs`k `l prea`se f` aerresnñk.

aekfnanek`s nki`rner`s gl lãcnt` f` su r`hnñk `lçstnag), aeks`au`kt` aek `st` prebl`cg s` r`snst`kang cgknin`stgk(`k hrn`tgs qu` ar`a`k jgstg qu` `l cgt`rngl igllg.

2- Ke f`ogr f` `i`atugr cgkt`kncn`kte p`rnñfnae pgrg glgrhgr lg vnfg ÿtnl f` lg `struaturg.

Qeluanñk= Fns`÷gr gf`augfgc`kt` les `l`c`ktes prnkanpgl`s, agpnt`l`s y trgb`s, y `vntgr agcbnes snk gatuglnzgr `l `fninane aek `l `struaturnstg r`speksgbl` f`l `fninane.

1- Ke f`b`k r`glnzgrs` p`rierganek`s, kn selfgr e inogr `l`c`ktes gfnanekgl`s, pu`s pu`f`k gi`atgr g lg r`snst`kang f`l `l`c`kte, e cefninagr su `stgfe f` `siu`rzes.

Cgkt`kncn`kte `k lgs `struaturgs

Furgkt` lg vnfg ÿtnl f` lgs `struaturgs c`tçlnags gl pgse f`l tn`cpe y per su use, suir`k suir `k ukg f`hrgfganñk kgturgl qu` ke `s gpr`angfg `k cuajgs eagsnek`s per les prepn`tgrnes f` `stgs. Lg igltg f` cgkt`kncn`kte pu`f` eagsnekgr hrgv`s fg÷es, `k eagsnek`s nrr`v`rsnbl`s, qu` eblnhgk g r`pgrganek`s cgyer`s y aestesgs qu` le qu` supekfrãg `l use y cgkt`kncn`kte gf`augfes.

6- Auglqun`r iuhg f` nkstglganek`s f` ghug, f`sghü`s e auglqun`r etre ilunfe pu`f` nkilunr `k `l f`t`rnere f`l aekar`te y `l ga`re, f`b` s`r r`pgrgfg f` nkc`fngte. 0- Les r`v`stncn`ktes f` lg `struaturg (pnkturg, cgt`rngl aektrg nka`kfnes, `ta.), f`b`k cgkt`k`rs` lncpnes y `k bu`k `stgfe. 9- @s aekv`kn`kt` ukg r`vnsnñk h`k`rgl gkugl, ppgrg grg ebs`rvgr les puktes gkt`s c`kanekgfes. 8- Agfg 1 g÷es, sn `s k`a`sgrne pret`aanñk f` lg `struaturg c`tçlnag aek gktnexnfgkt`s y `scglt`s e sncnlgr`s, nksp`aanñk f`l `stgfe f` aeks`rvganñk f` lg pret`aanñk aektrg `l iu`he f` `stg. :- @k `l agse f` `xnstnr gcpellgs, p`rfnfg f` r`aubrncn` r`aubrncn`kte, kte, ghrn`tgcn`kt ghrn`tgcn`ktee e auglqun`r etre tnpe f` f`i`ate, aece pgse pr`vne g lg pnkturg, s` `lncnkgrçk lgs pgrt`s su`ltgs aek a`pnlle f` glgcbr`, s` gplnagrç ukg aecpesnanñk f`agpgkt`, s` lnogrç y s` lgvgrç, `k agses `xtr`ces s` f`b`rçk r`pek`r les `l`c`ktes fg÷gfes. >- Agfg > g÷es, `s aek aekv`kn`kt` v`kn`kt` qu` uk tîaknae aglninagfe e `sp`anglnstg jghg ukg r`vnsnñk tetgl y iercul` uk nkierc` sebr` les `l`c`ktes `struaturgl`s, aece `k auglqun`r etrg `struaturg, cçs sn `s c`tçlnag.