Trends and Issues in Social Studies Review PDF

 

TRENDS AND ISSUES IN SOCIAL STUDIES A RELATED REVIEW Prepared by: Sir Jeston Jestonyy L. Matilla LPT Bio. Sci. & Soc. Stud Instructor

 

The most important thing in taking LET: ■

Have an enough review on important topics. Memorize but most importantly familiarize.

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Set your goals. To PASS and TOP the LET.

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Don’t stress stress yours yourself elf about about how how can you you manage manage your time time when when taking taking the LET LET.. Be confident confident and smile.

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Use mnemonics and simple strategies in doing your review.

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Follow your basic instincts. Do not skip with the choices. Remember, every item is worth of 1 minute of your time.

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Don’t be rush.

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Eat before you go.

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Be on time on the day of the exam.

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PUT GOD first. Remember that prayers prayers move us to different different pace. Make peace with your body and mind. Chances are 10 % for what you know 90% for PRAYER.

 

I POPULATION POPULA TION AND RELA RELATED TED ISSUES ■

POPULATION

Comes from Greek word populous, mean people – Considered both an influence on society and phenomenon which is subject to  social influence. – Number of people living in a given area –

 Demography  

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Science of population Is defined as the study of the size, distribution and changes in population

POPULATION GROWTH –

Means the increase in the size of population

 

Components of Population Change 1. FERTILITY  –  A demographic phenomenon greatly greatly responsible for for setting population population trends –

Often viewed as the main variable in population change and it is negativel negativelyy considered as crux of the Philippin Philippine e population problem

–  Actual reproduction – ■

Means that a woman has actually given birth to a live child.

Fecundity – or the biological capacity of a woman to have children in the future time. ■

Refers to potential reproduction

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Begins at menarche or the onset of menstruation

 

Several methods to measure fertility ■

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) –

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General Fertility Rate (GFR) –

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Which is computed by dividing the number of live births during a calendar year to the midyear population of the same period, expressed per 100 1000 0 population. More refined measure of fertility which is the number of births occurring in calendar year to 1000 women of childbearing ages 15-49

Differential Fertility –

Is the fertility of each various social groups comprising a given population

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Indicates the variation observed in fertility within or among population

 

Several Factors influencing Differential Fertility ■

Education – Most important factor influencing fertility in Philippines –

The higher the education attainment, att ainment, esp. that of a woman, the lower is the number of children.

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Occupation of the Father and Income – There is an inverse relation between the number of children and income

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Rural-Urban Differential –

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Fertility is higher in rural areas

Age at Marriage – Delayed marriage means lesser exposure to fertility and therefore reduces the

number of children born to a woman

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Ambition – The desire to maintain or to secure a good social status.

 

Components of Population Change 2. MORTALITY  –

Refers to death

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It is negative component of population change, believed to reduce population

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Has an unequal impact on the various age groups of a population.

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Is an indicator of health conditions of a given society 

 

Sev Several eral measures to study Mor Mortality tality Trends ■

Crude Death Rate (CDR) –

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Age Specific Death Rate –

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Commonly used measure in mortality which is the number of deaths per 1000 population Is the number deaths of person in a given age-group age -group per 1000 population of that age-group.

Infant Mortality

Is a special mortality measure to indicate the death rate of children in their first  year of life – It is expressed as the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births. – It indicates how many babies die before reaching the age one –

 

Several eral measures to study Mor Mortality tality Sev Trends ■

Death Rate by Cause of Date –

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This rate is commonly expressed in terms of deaths from a given country expressed in terms of deaths from a given disease (cause of death) per 100,000 population

Maternal Mortality Rate –

States the number of mothers dying per 1000 live births

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The risks of childbirth is highest at the later ages.

 

Components of Population Change ■

MIGRATION –

The movement of people from one are to another to settle permanently  ■

TWO GENERAL KINDS KINDS OF MIGRA MIGRATION TION –

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International migration- is the movement International movement of people from one country to another to settle permanently  ■

Immigration- the coming into the country country of which a person is not a citizen for permanent residence.

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Emigration- the going from one’s country for permanent residence in another country

Internal migrationmigration- is the movement movement of people from one part of the country to another for permanent residence ■

May be out-migration or in-migration

 

THE PHILIPPINE POPULATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (PPMP) Commission onPopulation PopulationFund (POPCOM) support from the United Nations (UNPFwith 1997) ■

The PPP has always been concerned with achieving a balance between population growth, available available resources and state of the environment and natural resources ■

P for population

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R for resources (financial and man-made)

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E for environment and natural resources

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P-R-E means that in order to have a population (P) that is healthy, educated,  gainfully emp employed, loyed, etc., we need we to have hav e adequate adequat e environment resources (R)(E) for education, health and other ser vices services and a healthy h ealthy envir onment

 

II. MARRIAGE AND AN D THE FAMIL AMILY Y: NATURE AND SCOPE ■

MARRIAGE- is an institution admitting a man and woman to MARRIAGEto family life, that is, living living in the intimate personal relations of husband and wife for the primary purpose of begetting and rearing children. ■

TWO DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF MARRIAGE –

LEGAL POINT OF VIEW  ■

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Considers a contract bet. A man and a woman to live li ve together as husband and wife for the discharge of the duties they legally assume to each other and to the community.

RELIGIOUS POINT OF VIEW  ■

(Catholic) is that marriage is a sacrament (sacred institution) whose main purpose is to beget, rear, and educate children and to maintain a permane permanent nt social relationship with mutual responsibility to each spouse.

 

THE SELECTION OF MARRIAGE MATES ■

ENDOGAMY  ■

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When one is allowed to marry within his group only, only, that is, he marries one of his own race, religion, social class, or locality

EXOGAMY  ■

If he is allowed to marry outside his group.

 

The Number of Marriage Spouses ■

MONOGAMY  – –

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Refers to the marriage of one male to one female at any given time. This form of marriage is universally accepted as superior to all others.

POLYGAMY  –

is plural marriage, it is the practice of marrying more than one mate. ■

TWO KIND OF POLYGAMY  –

POLYGYNY 

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Polyandry 

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Refers to the marriage of one male to more than one female Indicates the marriage of one female to more than one male.

GROUP MARRIAGE –

Signifies the marriage of several men and women among primitive societies.

 

THE NATURE OF THE FAMILY  ■

FAMILY  –

Defined group of persons united bysupplying ties of blood adoption which providesas forathe rearing of children and theirorneeds.

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Basic unit of the society 

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Where we first acquire our social position in the society 

 

VARIATIONS IN THE SELECTION OF RESIDENCE ■

MATRILOCAL MA TRILOCAL SYSTEM –

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PATRILOCAL SYSTEM –

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When the young married couple required to take up residence with the bride’s parents

Requires the couple to reside in the groom’s home.

NEOLOCAL – When newly married couple sets up residence apart from the family of either

bride or groom

 

ARIATION TION IN TRACING TRACING DESCENT DESCENT VARIA ■

MATRILINEAL –

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PATRILINEAL DESCENT –

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Descent the children to trace their family line to the mother and mother’srequires kin. Where descent is traced through the father and kinship relations

BILATERAL – Descent allows the children to trace their lineage through both the father and

the mother.

 

VARIATIONS IN THE LOCALITY OF AUTHORITY  ■

EQUALITARIAN – –

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The husband and wife both exercise almost equal authority over the children Both father and mother work outside the home

MATRICENTRIC –

The mother is the center of the family family..

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This is is the type thatmore is emerging the suburban of the large cities where the family organized around in the mother thanareas around father.

 

THE COMPOSITION AMILY  Y  COMPOSITION OF THE FAMIL ■

EXTENDED FAMIL FAMILY Y (Consanguineal Family) – This family is generally composed of grandparents, married sons, their wives and

children, and unmarried sons and daughters living together in one household. Characteristically,, the head of the family may be the oldest male with the highest Characteristically  status. – Which emphasizes the importance of blood relations (kinship) –

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NUCLEAR FAMILY (Conjugal Family) – The primary or elementary e lementary family, composed of the father, the mother and their – –

children. Usually found in the urban areas where space (home) and the food (cost of living) are at premium. The parents and their offspring are the center of importance.

 

VARIATIONS DUE TO ORIGIN ■

FAMILY OF ORIENTATION – –

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The family into which he is born and reared Status position is ascribed and unchangeabl unchangeable e

FAMILY FAMIL Y OF O F PROCREA PROCR EATION TION –

The family in which he begets children and has the responsibilities of providing for them

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Either of the married couple or both must leave the household of the family of orientation

 

FUNCTIONS OF THE BASIC FUNCTIONS THE FAMIL FAMILY  Y  ■

BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICA L FUNCTION

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AFFECTIONAL FUNCTION SOCIALIZATION FUNCTION

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STA ST ATUS FUNCTION

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ECONOMIC FUNCTION

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RECREATIONAL FUNCTION

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SOCIAL CONTROL FUNCTION

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RELIGIOUES FUNCTION

 

CHANGES IN THE FAMILY  ■

INDUSTRIALIZATION

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URBANIZATION DEMOCRATIC IDEALS

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RELIGIOUS VIEWS

 

FAMIL AMILY Y DISO DISORGAN RGANIZA IZATION TION ■

DESERTION – When one of the partners par tners to the marriage deliberately severs his ties and leaves

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SEPARATION – Is the result of desertion – It breaks up the marriage relation partially, although the marriage remains in force,

his family 

the husband and wife either informally or illegally set up separate households.

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ANNULMENT – Is the process which makes the marriage contract null and void, decides that there

was no marriage contract at all.

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DIVORCE – The absolute dissolution of marriage bond

 

FAMIL AMILY Y DISO DISORGAN RGANIZA IZATION TION ■

ROBERT HARPER –

States that main contributing factorsattached in divorce probably various change’s inthe women’s role, less disgrace toare divorce, the the growth of pleasure philosophy, increased childlessness, lack of training for marriage and parenthood, higher standards standards for married life, and the emotional e motional immaturity of those who enter marriage.

 

The EMPTY-SHELL FAMILY  ■

Wherein the members of the family no longer feel satisfying emotional relations with each other, but for some reason the husband and wife do not separate or divorce.

 

ART. 55 OF THE NEW FAMILY CODE THE BASES FOR LEGAL SEPARA SEPARATION TION OR RELA RE LATIVE TIVE DIVORCE IN PHILIPPINES ■

Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner, a common child or a child of the petitioner

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Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or political affiliates

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Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, to engage prostitution

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Final judgment sentencing respondent to imprisonment of more than 6 years, even if pardoned

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Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent

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Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondent

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Contracting of the respondent of a subsequent bigamous marriage

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Sexual infidelity or perversion

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Attempt by the respondent against the life of the petitioner

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Abandonment of the petitioner by the respondent without justifiable cause for more than 1 year

 

MARIT MARITAL AL CONFLICT CONF LICT ■

SITUATIONAL CONFLICT –

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PERSONALITY CONFLICTS –

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These are the usual day-to-day discor discord d or bickering ofbrief. husband and wife on matters which are trivial or petty but momentary and These conflict arise because of some psychological characteristics characteristics of one of the mates.

STRUCTURAL STRUCTURA L CONFLICT –

Husband and wife may agree to the roles they will play in marriage but society may frustrate their being performed.

 

ALTERNATE FAMILY FORMS ■

SWINGING –

Husband and wife swap sexual partners with another couple.

–  sexual These individuals freedom look at traditional marriage as very restrictive in terms of – ■

COHABITATION –

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They contend that extramarital sex and the honesty about it, actually  strengthen the marriage bond bond

Unmarried man and woman live together and share a personal and sexual relationship

COMMUNE FAMIL FAMILY  Y  ■

Several monogamous monogamous couples with their children live in the same house and share common facilities, resources and experiences

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Group marriage, marriage, where all individuals are married to each other and are parents to the children. This form rarely found

 

ALTERNATE FAMILY FORMS ■

OPEN MARRIAGE –  Advoca  Advocated ted by Nena and George O’Neil. They proposed that married couples couples

 should have have sexual equality  ■

DUAL-CAREEER DUAL -CAREEER MARRIAGE

This is a dual-breadwinner nuclear family. family. – Here both husband and wife pursue their careers and treat each other as –

companions and equal ■

SECOND-CAREER FAMILY  –

Here the wife takes a job or attend a college when the children begin school or after they have left home permanently 

 

FAMIL AMILY Y PLANNING: PLANNING: FOR A BETTER QUALIT QUALI T Y OF LIFE FOR THE FILIPINO ■

FAMILY PLANNING –

Is defined as the process regulating and spacing the births of children and helping subfertile couplesof beget children. ■

THE NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING –

Health concerns

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Economic concerns

 

FAMIL AMILY Y PLANNING PLANNING METHODS: BIRTH SPACING/LIMITATION METHODS ■

THE CUT 380A INTRA-UTERINE DEVICE (IUD) –

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THE TRISPHASIC PILLS –

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It is a tiny mechanical device inserted into the uterus which prevents the meeting of the sperm and egg cells. It is 99.0% effective. ef fective. Latest birth control. These pills do not only prevent pregnancy, pregnancy, but also reduce the incidence of cancer in the ovary and the uterus. It also prevents cystic cystic  growth in the breast if used continuously continuously for some length length of time according according to US Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. It is 99.1% effective

NORISTERAT –  An injectable contraception contraception administ administered ered every two months which inhibits

ovulation for the period. 99% effective

 

FAMIL AMILY Y PLANNING PLANNING METHODS: BIRTH SPACING/LIMITATION METHODS ■

NORPLANT –  A contraceptive contraceptive consisting consisting of several several capsules implant implanted ed under the skin. It

protects one against pregnancy for 5 years. 99.9% effective. ■

CONDOM –  A barrier method for men which which does not only protect protect the woman woman against against

pregnancy but also against sexually-transmitted diseases esp. AIDS. 75-98% effective ■

FEMALE CONDOM –

One of the latest and most popular in US and Europe, which the woman inserts into the vagina before sexual contact. It is not commercially available available in the Philippines because of its high cost (US $2.00 each)

 

FAMIL AMILY Y PLANNING PLANNING METHODS: BIRTH SPACING/LIMITATION METHODS ■

Spermicides –  Are chemical contraceptiv contraceptives es that kill/ immobilize immobilize the sperm after their entry to

the vagina and womb. Sold in drugstores in the form of jelly, cream, foam tables or supposit suppositories. ories. ■

Cervical Caps –

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Diaphragm –

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It is dome shape plastic or rubber cap made to fit the cervix. It is usually used with spermicides It is a shallow rubber cup designed to cover the womb opening to prevent prevent entry of the sperms.

Douche –

This is the washing away of sperms and semen in the womb with a medicated

 solution after sexual sexual intercourse  

FAMIL AMILY Y PLANNING PLANNING METHODS: BIRTH SPACING/LIMITATION METHODS ■

Sterilization –

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Tubal Ligation –

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Involves the permanent cutting or tying of the fallopian tube or vas deferens to Involves prevent the meeting of egg and sperm cell. Generally 100% effective Is a surgery performed per formed by tying or cutting the fallopian fallopian tube of the woman to prevent entry of egg from the ovary. This is a surgery usually performed after childbirth

Vasectomy –  A form of sterilization sterilization that ties or cuts the vas deferens to prevent the passage of

 sperms from the urethra – It takes 2-3 months before semen will be completely free from sperm.

 

FAMIL AMILY Y PLANNING PLANNING METHODS: BIRTH SPACING/LIMITATION METHODS ■

Rhythm – Most widely approved contraception. It is legal, inexpensive, free from religious – –

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objection and from physical and medical side effects. ef fects. Based on the principles that a woman produces one ripe egg every 28 days that can live and be fertilized within 24 hours. Sperm on the other hand, can live in the womb of the woman for 48 hours after af ter ejaculation Can also be means through calendar method, temperature method, ovulation method

Withdrawal – Refers to common method of withdrawing the penis before ejaculation. It requires

tremendous self-control on the part of the male and causes frustration on the part of the female

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Celibacy –

Is voluntary and total abstinence from any sexual contact.

 

FERTILITY TEST TESTER ER PG/53 - A new device by which a gadget is used to to determine the the fertility of a woman woman by the use of her saliva or uterine cervical mucus to indicate her period of fertility.

 

SOCIAL VALUES AND SOCIAL CONSCIENCE ■

VALUES –  Are shared conceptions conceptions or convictions, convictions, or beliefs beliefs in what are are considered

desirable or undesirable

 

RE-EXAMINING THE PHILIPPINE VALUE SYSTEM ■

PAGGALANG –

Means respect teachers, for elders superiors, (parents, grandparents, grandparents , older brothers and sisters, older relatives, etc. ■

PARTRIARCHALISM –

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This is basic structure which fosters the attitude of authoritariani authoritarianism. sm. It means  superior-inferior  superior-in ferior relationship. relationship.

TWO ATTITUDES CONSIDERED NEGATIVE RELATED TO PAGGALANG – PAKIKIALAM ■

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Suppresses the innate ability of the person to achieve more because of suspicion

TUNGKULIN NG PANGANAY SA PAMILYA

 

RE-EXAMINING THE PHILIPPINE VALUE SYSTEM ■

PAGMAMAY-ARI (PROPERTY OWNERSHIP) –

Tendency to regard highly the attainment of possessions. ■

NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF PAG-MAMAY-ARI –  ANG ANAK AY AY KAYAMAN KAYAMANAN AN ■

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CHILDREN ARE HIGHLY VALUED. BECAUSE EOF THIS VALUE PARENTS ARE OVERPROTECTIVE OF THEIR CHILDREN, GIVING NO ROOM TO DEVELOP INDEPENDENCE AND SELF-RELIANCE.

PAGKATITULADO ■

THIS ATTITUDE DISTORTS THE PURPOSE OF EDUCATION

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THE ATTRIBUTES THAT PUTS EMPHASIS ON ST STATUS ATUS LEADS TO DISCRIMINATION AND SHARPENS THE AWRENESS OF INEQUALITY.

PAGPAPAHALAGA PAGPAP AHALAGA SA PAMILY PAMILYA A ■

THE FAMILY FAMILY DEMANDS LOY LOYAL ALTY TY FROM ITS MEMBERS AND COMPELS THEM TO PLEASE THE WHOLE FAMILY FAMILY IN ANY UNDERTAKING.

 

RE-EXAMINING THE PHILIPPINE VALUE SYSTEM ■

PAKIKISAMA – Is the concept of good public pu blic relations or yielding to the will of the majority or the

leader of the group. ■

BAHALA NA/ I-DON’T I-DON’T CARE COME-WHAT-MAY COME-WHAT-MAY ATTITUDE – This value rests on a belief that one can leave matter as they are by following “the line of resistence” or without exerting any effort because the supernatural spirits

will take care of everything for everybody.

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HIYA OR SHAME be havior.. It disciplines the – is a social sanctions that regulates all aspects of social behavior

individual to conform to social norms. ■

WALANG HIYA – Is the term given to a deviant who refuses to live up to the standards of the society.

 

OTHER ASPECTS OF HIYA OR DEFENSE MECHANISM ■

AMOR PROPIO –

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PALABRA PA LABRA DE HONOR or word of honor –

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Is a Spanish term meaning self-esteem. It moderates one’s behavior to be in constant social grace. Observances of higher values and ideals. It brings a person to an awareness of responsibility that touches his integrity.

DELICADESA –  A sense of propriety propriety which can bring to to the Filipino Filipino the kind of refinement refinement that

is measuring stick of gentleman or a lady.

 

RE-EXAMINING THE PHILIPPINE VALUE SYSTEM ■

MACHISMO – – –

Masculinity or male supremacy  Is considered a negative value because becaus e it revolves around the double standard of morality. This value system allows and tolerates tolerates certain cer tain behavior in men, but not in women. ■

QUERIDA SYSTEM –

Is the attitude that a woman’s place is confined at home. This attitude serves to

limit the involvement of women.

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PAKIKIPAGKAPWA-TAO OR CONCERN FOR OTHERS – –

Is manifested in a basic sense of justice and fairness to others. Father Frank Lynch used the term SIR (Smooth Interpersonal Relations)