Treinamento NR 13

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OKG_LDJVMÂÚJ_ BJVML_ Ms pcmgtms quåeloms gkremcejgtj sïk pcmgtms dj jcjvmdk lgvjstlejgtk je ompltmc j  prk`jtmdms pmrm ompmoldmdjs jokgôeloms. Eultks prkojssks quåeloks okgtìe akgtjs dj jgjrblm okgojgtrmdms j utlclzme emtjrlmls quj skf okgdlâújs mgkremls pkdje sjr  prj`udlolmls mk ejlk mefljgtj, m jqulpmejgtks dj prkojssks j m pjsskms. Ms pcmgtms oke pktjgolmc dj omusmr dmgks djvje sjr okgstruådms oke eðctlpcks j lgdjpjgdjgtjs gåvjls dj prktjâïk ks qumls sïk prk`jtmdks pmrm jvltmr j eltlbmr ks jajltks gkolvks dj omdm  pktjgolmc jvjgtk pjrlbksk. Djgtrk dj omdm prkojssk, m rjduâïk dks rlsoks djvj okejâmr oke k emls augdmejgtmc jcjejgtk dj prk`jtk dj prkojssk0 m sjcjâïk dk prkojssk, m jsokchm dk ckomc j djolsújs skfrj k lgvjgtírlk dj pjrlbks j mrrmg`k dm ugldmdj. M utlclzmâïk dj ue lgvjgtírlk eåglek dj sufstægolms pjrlbksms, ekgtmbje dj tufucmâújs j slstjems dj trkom dj omckr quj alslomejgtj jvltje m elsturm lgmdvjrtldm dj rjmbjgtjs quåeloks, usk dj vmsks dj prjssïk quj pkssme rjslstlr m eíxlem prjssïk pkssåvjc sïk djolsújs dj prk`jtk dj prkojssk quj rjduzje ks rlsoks kpjrmolkgmls. Jstj jgakquj skfrj m rjduâïk dks rlsoks pjcm ouldmdksm sjcjâïk dks pmræejtrks físloks dj prkojssk ì augdmejgtmc gk prk`jtk dj ue prkojssk sjburk.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OKG_LDJVMÂÚJ_ BJVML_ M okgtjgâïk dj emtìrlms prlems, prkdutks lgtjrejdlírlks, lgsueks j prkdutks algmls je eultms lgdðstrlms quåeloms ì ajltm oke k muxåclk dj vmsks dj prjssïk. K gkej gkej vm vmsk sk ddjj pr prjss jssïk ïk ì ut utlclzm lclzmdk dk ppmrm mrm lldjg djgtlal tlalomr omr tk tkdks dks ks rrjolp jolpljgt ljgtjs js js jstmg tmgquj qujs, s, dj qumcqujr  tlpk, akremtk ku algmcldmdj, ompmzjs dj okgtjr ue aaculdk culdk prjssurlzmdk.M amlxm dj vmrlmâïk dj prjssújs j dj tjepjrmturms dj trmfmchk dks vmsks dj prjssïk ì eultm jxtjgsm. Jxlstje vmsks dj prjssïk trmfmchmgdk djsdj k víouk mfskcutk mtì ojrom dj 4>>> ib/oe 6, j djsdj  prÿxlek dj zjrk mfskcutk mtì tjepjrmturms dm krdje dj =:>> ¾O. Okgtrmrlmejgtj quj mokgtjoj qumsjm brmgdj tk tkdks dks ks kutrksdks jqulpmejgtks, eíqulgms, vjåoucks, kf`jtks jmkemtjrlmls dj usk oke okrrjgtj, emlkrlm vmsks dj prjssïk gïk ì ltje dj clghms dj amfrlomâïk, smcvk rmrms jxojâújs, ks vmsks sïk, qumsj tkdks, prk`jtmdks j okgstruådks pkr jgokejgdm, skf ejdldm, pmrm mtjgdjrje, je omdm omsk, m djtjrelgmdm algmcldmdj ku m djtjrelgmdms okgdlâújs dj djsjepjghk. Okek okgsjqóàgolm, k prk`jtk ì qumsj sjeprj ajltk lgdlvldumcejgtj pmrm omdm vmsk m sjr okgstruådk.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK  Gms lgdðstrlms dj prkojssk jxlstje tràs okgdlâújs jspjoåaloms quj tkrgme gjojssírlk ue mctk brmu dj okgalmflcldmdj pmrm ks jqulpmejgtks je okepmrmâïk oke ms djemls lgdustrlms je bjrmc0 =.Ms lgdðstrlms dj prkojssk trmfmchme je rjblej okgtåguk sufejtjgdk ks jqulpmejgtks m ue rjblej sjvjrk dj kpjrmâïk. 6.Ks dlvjrsks jqulpmejgtks akreme uem omdjlm okgtågum, mtrmvìs dm qumc olroucme ks aculdks dj prkojssk, gm qumc m amchm ku  pmrmclsmâïk dj ue ðglok jqulpmejgtk, pkr qumcqujr ektlvk, kfrlbm bjrmcejgtj î pmrmclsmâïk dj tkdm m lgstmcmâïk oke ms okgsjqójgtjs  pjrdms dj prkduâïk. ?.Ì usumc ks vmsks dj prjssïk mremzjgmrje acuådks lgacmeívjls, tÿxloks ku je jcjvmdms prjssújs ku tjepjrmturms, okgdlâújs pmrm ms qumls qumcqujr amchm pkdj rjsuctmr je ue moldjgtj brmvj ku ejsek je ue djsmstrj dj brmgdjs prkpkrâújs.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK DJALGLÂÏK Qmsks dj prjssïk sïk jqulpmejgtks quj okgtàe aculdks skf prjssïk lgtjrgm ku jxtjrgm. Qmsks dj prjssïk jstïk sjeprj sufejtldks sleuctmgjmejgtj î prjssïk lgtjrgm j î  prjssïk jxtjrgm. Ejsek vmsks quj kpjrme oke víouk jstïk sufejtldks m jstms  prjssújs, pkls gïk jxlstj víouk mfskcutk. K quj usumcejgtj djgkelgm-sj víouk ì qumcqujr prjssïk lgajrlkr î mteksaìrlom.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OCM__LALOMÂÏK DK ACZLDK DK_ QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OCM__J –M―0 - Aculdks lgacmeívjls - okefuståvjc oke tjepjrmturm supjrlkr ku lbumc m 6>>°O9 - Aculdks tÿxloks oke cleltj dj tkcjrægolm lbumc ku lgajrlkr m 6> ppe9 - Hldrkbàglk9 -Mojtlcjgk. OCM__J "F―0 - Aculdks okefuståvjls oke tjepjrmturm lgajrlkr m 6>>¾O9 - Aculdks tÿxloks oke cleltj dj tkcjrægolm supjrlkr m 6> ppe. OCM__J –O―0 -Qmpkr dj íbum, bmsjs msal-xlmgtjs slepcjs ku mr okeprleldk. OCM__J –D"0 - Íbum ku kutrks aculdks gïk jgqumdrmdks gms ocmssjs –M―, –F― ku "O", oke tjepjrmturm supjrlkr m :>¾O. KF_.0 ]umgdk sj trmtmr dj elsturm, djvjrjeks okgsldjrmr pmrm algs dj ocmsslalomâïk k aculdk quj mprjsjgtmr emlkr rlsok mks trmfmchmdkrjs j lgstmcmâújs, okgsldjrmgdk-sj sum tkxloldmdj, lgacmemflcldmdjj okgojgtrmâïk.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OCM__LALOMÂÏK DK ^KTJGOLMC DJ VL_OK_ DK_ QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK

BVZ^K = ‟^Q 7m =>> BVZ^K 6 ‟=>> 3 ^Q 7?> BVZ^K ? ‟?> 3 ^Q 76,: BVZ^K 4 ‟6,: 3 ^Q 7= BVZ^K : ‟^Q 3 =

]ZMGDK K_ QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK K^JVME _KF M OKGDLÂÏK DJ QÍOZK, JG]ZMDVME-_J GM_ _JBZLGTJ_ OKGDLÂÚJ_0 OMTJBKVLM –L― ‟]umgdk sj trmtmr dj aculdks lgacmeívjls ku okefuståvjls9 OMTJBKVLM –Q―‟^mrm kutrks aculdks.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OMTJBKVLM_ DJ QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK AKVEMTK_ & ^K_LÂÚJ_ K omsok dks vmsks dj prjssïk tje sjeprj k akremtk dj uem supjraåolj dj rjvkcuâïk. ]umsj tkdks ks vmsks, oke rmrms jxojâújs, tje k omsok oke uem dms tràs akrems físloms0 •Olcågdrlom •Oôglom •Jsaìrlom •Okeflgmâújs djssms akrems •K akremtk jsajrkldmc ì okeue tmefìe

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK ]umgtk m pkslâïk dj lgstmcmâïk, ks vmsks dj prjssïk pkdje sjr0

• Qjrtlomls • Hkrlzkgtmls • Lgoclgmdks

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK  Gm emlkrlm dms vjzjs k akremtk j m pkslâïk dj lgstmcmâïk dj ue vmsk djokrrje ku sïk uem lepkslâïk dm algmcldmdj ku dk sjrvlâk dk ejsek. Ks vmsks vjrtlomls sïk usmdks prlgolpmcejgtj qumgdk ì gjojssírlm m mâïk dm brmvldmdj pmrm k augolkgmejgtk dk vmsk ku pmrm k jsokmejgtk dj aculdks. Tmls sïk, jxjepck0 ms tkrrjs dj armolkgmejgtk, armolkgmejgtk, dj rjtlal rjtlalomâïk, omâïk, j dj mfskrâïk, fje okekpmr eultks rjmtkrjs dj omtmclsj Dj ue ekdk bjrmc, ks vmsks vjrtlomls sïk emls omrks dk quj ks hkrlzkgtmls,  prlgolpmcejgtj qumgdk dj brmgdj okeprlejgtk9 je okepjgsmâïk koupme ejchkr írjm dj tjrrjgk. Ks vmsks hkrlzkgtmls, eultk okeugs, sïk usmdks, jgtrj kutrks omsks, pmrm trkomdkrjs dj omckr j pmrm m emlkrlm dks vmsks dj moueucmâïk. Ks vmsks je  pkslâújs lgoclgmdms sïk jxojâújs, jeprjbmdks skejgtj qumgdk k sjrvlâk jxlblr, okek, pkr jxjepck, pmrm k jsokmejgtk pkr brmvldmdj dj emtjrlmls dlaåojls dj jsokmr.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK M brmgdj emlkrlm dks trkomdkrjs dj omckr trmfmchm prjssurlzmdm, ms vjzjs oke brmgdj dlajrjgolmc dj prjssïk jgtrj ks dkls aculdks. _ïk pkrtmgtk, tmefìe vmsks dj prjssïk. ]umsj tkdks ks trkomdkrjs dj omckr tje omsok olcågdrlok hkrlzkgtmc. Djpjgdjgdk dm algmcldmdj j dk tlpk, jssjs mpmrjchks pkdje rjojfjr, jgtrj kutrms, ms djgkelgmâújs dj trkomdkrjs, rjajrvjdkrjs, okgdjgsmdkrjs, rjsarlmdkrjs, mqujojdkrjs jto. ^mrm m emlkr pmrtj dks vmsks k omsok ì olcågdrlok. Jssm prjajràgolm djvj-sj mk amtk dj quj k akremtk olcågdrlok j k emls aíolc dj sj amfrlomr j trmgspkrtmr, prjstm-sj dks dk sjrvlâks, j ì k qujue pjreltj mprkvjltmejgtk dj ohmpms lgtjlrmsfje pmrmm memlkrlm amfrlomâïk vmsk. Tkrgmgdk prk`jtkk emls fmrmtk j vlívjc. ]umgdk m vmzïk mk ckgbk dk vmsk ì mprkxlemdmejgtj m ejsem je tkdms ms sjâújs trmgsvjrsmls, k omsok sjrí ue olclgdrk slepcjs, okek ks jxjepcks

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK ]umgdk, jgtrjtmgtk, hkuvjr brmgdj dlajrjgâm dj vmzïk jgtrj uem sjâïk j kutrm dk ejsek vmsk djvldk jxlstàgolm pkgtks lepkrtmgtjs dj jgtrmdm smådm dj aculdks, amz-sj km omsok okekdjuevírlks olclgdrk okepkstk, oke dkls ku emlsj okrpks olcågdrloks dj dlæejtrks dlajrjgtjs lgtjrclbmdks pkr sjâújs oôgloms ku tkrkldmls dj okgokrdægolm, dj tmc emgjlrm quj m vjckoldmdj bjrmc dj jsokmejgtk dks aculdks mk ckgbk dk vmsk sj`m mprkxlemdmejgtj okgstmgtj, muejgtmgdk-sj k dlæejtrk kgdj m vmzïk akr emlkr, j vloj- vjrsm.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK Tjkrlomejgtj, k akremtk ldjmc pmrm ue vmsk dj prjssïk ì uem jsajrm, oke k qumc sj ohjbm m ejgkr jspjssurm dj pmrjdj j mk ejgkr pjsk, je lbumcdmdj dj okgdlâújs dj prjssïk j dj vkcuej okgtldk. Jgtrjtmgtk, ks vmsks jsaìrloks, mcìe dj skejgtj sj prjstmrje okek vmsks dj mremzjgmejgtk, sïk omrks j dlaåojls dj amfrlomr, koupme eultk jspmâk j rmrmejgtj pkdje sjr trmgspkrtmdks lgtjlrks. ^kr jssjs ektlvks, ks vmsks jsaìrloks sïk jokgôeloks pmrm brmgdjs dlejgsújs, sjgdk jeprjbmdks, gjssjs omsks, pmrm m mremzjgmbje dj bmsjs skf prjssïk.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK   OKGDLÂÚJ_ DJ K^JVMÂÏK Okgojltks dj ^rjssïk j Tjepjrmturm ^rjssïk j Tjepjrmturms pkdje jstmr msskolmdks m vírlks okgojltks0 ^VJ__ÏK0 ^rjssïk Gkremc dj Kpjrmâïk ^rjssïk Eíxlem dj Kpjrmâïk ^rjssïk Eåglem dj Kpjrmâïk ^rjssïk dj ^rk`jtk ^rjssïk dj Mfjrturm dm Qícvucm dj _jburmgâm Eíxlem dj Trmfmc Trmfmchk hk Mdelssåvjc (^ETM) ^rjssïk dj Tjstj Hldrkstítlok

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK Okgojltks ^rjssïk j Tjepjrmturm ^rjssïk Eíxlem dj Trmfmchk Mdelssåvjc dj (^ETM) Ì m prjssïk quj omusm omusm gk vmsk ku gm sum pmrtj je qujstïk, ZEM TJG_ÏK EÍXLEM LBZMC M TJG_ÏK MDEL__ÅQJC DK EMTJVLMC GM TJE^JVMTZVM TJE^JVM TZVM DJ ^JVMÂÏK. K oícouck dm ^ETM, djvj sjr ajltk je augâïk dms jspjssurms okrrkådms, djsokgtmgdk m emrbje pmrm okrrksïk. K M_EJ djalgj okek0 – K EMLKV QMCKV ^JVEJ__LQJC ^MVM ^VJ__ÏK, EJDLDM ÎGK TK^K DK QM_K GM TJE^JVMTZVM OKVVJ_^KGDJGTJ ^VJ__ÏK. M ^ETM ^ETM ì k vmckr utlclzmdk pmrm prjssïk dj mfjrtur mfjrturmm dm Qícvucm dj _jburmgâm

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK ^VJ__ÏK EÍXLEM MDEL__ÅQJC DJ TVMFMCHK (^ETM) Ì k emlkr vmckr pjrelssåvjc pmrm prjssïk, ejdldm gk tkpk dk vmsk, gm sum pkslâïk gkremc dj trmfmchk, gm tjepjrmturm okrrjspkgdjgtj î prjssïk okgsldjrmdm, tkemgdksj k vmsk oke m jspjssurm okrrkådm. Jssm prjssïk sjrí pkrtmgtk m prjssïk quj omusm, gm pmrtj emls armom dk vmsk, uem tjgsïk lbumc î tjgsïk mdelssåvjc dk emtjrlmc, ku, je kutrms pmcmvrms, sjrí k ejgkr vmckr dks vmckrjs dms ^ETM, dms dlvjrsms pmrtjs dk vmsk, okrrlbldms dk jajltk dm okcugm hldrkstítlom dk cåquldk okgtldk. M eíxlem dj trmfmchk mdktm-sj ì fmsj pmrm alxmâïk dm prjssïk mfjrturm dksprjssïk dlspksltlvks djmdelssåvjc mcåvlk. Gkremcejgtj pmrm mfjrturm dj uem dj vícvucm dj sjburmgâm ku dj mcåvlk k emlkr dks sjbulgtjs vmckrjs0  prjssïk eíxlem dj kpjrmâïk, morjsoldm dj : %, , qumgdk k dlspksltlvk dj mcåvlk dj  prjssïk (^_Q) akr kpjrmdk kpjrmdk pkr vícvucm plcktk j morjsoldm dj => % gks djemls omsks

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK MQMCLMÂÏK QMCLMÂÏ K DK_ VL_OK_ VL _OK_ LG LGJVJGTJ_ JVJGTJ_ MK ^VKOJ ^VKOJ__K __K VL_OK ì m mvmclmâïk dj ue pjrlbk msskolmgdk m prkfmflcldmdj dj kokrràgolm dj ue jvjgtk Ks rlsoks prjsjgtjs gm kpjrmâïk dks vmsks v msks dj prjssïk pkdje sjr omrmotjrlzmdks pjcm jgjrblm lgtjrgm moueucmdm je sju lgtjrlkr pkr trmfmchmr trmfmchmrje je skf  prjssújs molem dm prjssïk prjssïk mteksaìrlom j gkremcejgtj gkremcejgtj oke sufstægol sufstægolms ms dktmdms dj  pktjgolmc dj omusmr omusmr dmgk mk sjr huemgk ku mk ejlk ejlk mefljgtj. Gkremce Gkremcejgtj jgtj m lgtjbrldmdj dj prkojssm j kdjokgalgmejgtk dj prkdutks, sïk  prkfcjems dj gmjqulpmejgtks lgdðstrlm quåelom. M tmxm amchm dj vmsks dj prjssïkgïk pmrm uem amchm omtmstrÿalom ì dm krdje dj =,>< X =>8 h-=. Qj`m m tmfjcm m sjbulr pmrm tjr ue rjajrjgolmc okepmrmtlvk 0

J]ZL^MEJGTK_ DJ ^VKOJ__K Ektkr Jcìtrlok Okeprjsskr dj mr Bjrmdkr Trmgsakremdkr Qmsk dj ^rjssïk

TMXM DJ AMCHM (=/=>) :2 ?8 1,? =,2 >,>=

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OMZ_M_ DJ _KFVJ^VJ__ÏK Ks vmsks dj prjssïk pkdje sjr sufejtldks suf ejtldks m gåvjls dj prjssïk je quj sjus dlspksltlvks dj mclvlk djvje sjr molkgmdks pmrm jvltmr m rupturm dk vmsk. Ks ojgírlks pkssåvjls kgdj uem skfrj prjssïk pkssm sjr orlmdm sïk0 =.Akbk 6.Amchm kpjrmolkgmc ?.Amchm dj jqulpmejgtk 4.Mgkremcldmdjs dk prkojssk :.Amchm dj utlcldmdjs

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OMZ_M_ DJ _KFVJ^VJ__ÏK •

AKBK

K prlgolpmc rjsuctmdk dj uem jxpkslâïk mk akbk dj ue vmsk dj prjssïk, ì k lgbrjssk dj omckr omusmgdk jxpmgsïk tìrelom, vmpkrlzmâïk ku djokepkslâïk lgduzldm pjck omckr omckr, , rjsuctmgdk je muejgtk dj prjssïk. Okek rjsuctmdk mdlolkgmc dm jxpkslâïk mk akbk jstí k supjrmqujolejgtk dm pmrjdj dk vmsk je mctms tjepjrmturms gk jspmâk dk vmpkr kgdj m pmrjdj gïk ì rjsarlmdm pjck cåquldk. Gjstj omsk, m pmrjdj dk amchmrdjjeprjssïk prjssújs lgajrlkrjs mk pkgtk dj mfjrturmpmrdkmgìls slstjem dj vmsk mcåvlk.pkdjrí Ze vmsk jxpkstk m akbk, gïk prktjbldk dj rjsarlmejgtk, `mtks dj íbum dj rjsarlmejgtk ku pkr lskcmejgtk pkdjrí supjrmqujojr-sj j amchmr je pkuoks elgutks.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OMZ_M_ DJ _KFVJ^VJ__ÏK AMCHM K^JVMOLKGMC0 Ks sjbulgtjs ojgírlks dj amchms kpjrmolkgmls pkdjrïk rjsuctmr je okgdlâújs dj skfrj prjssïk0 FCK]ZJLK Î @Z_MGTJ Jrrks kpjrmolkgmls ku dj emgutjgâïk (jspjolmcejgtj mpÿs uem pmrmdm ckgbm dj emgutjgâïk)  pkdje fckqujmr m smådm dj ue acuxk cåquldk ku bmsksk dj ue jqulpmejgtk dj prkojssk rjsuctmgdk je uem okgdlâïk dj skfrj prjssïk.

^JVDM DJ ZEM VJCMÂÏK VJMOLKGMC MDJ]ZMDM Je rjmtkrjs kgdj kokrrj rjduâïk dj vkcuej, m pjrdm dj uem rjcmâïk mdjqumdm jgtrj ks rjmbjgtjs durmgtj m kpjrmâïk prkvkomrí uem okgdlâïk sj skfrj prjssïk. ACM_HJMEJGTK DJ ZE CÅ]ZLDK QM_K je Î @Z_MGTJ Je omsk dj amchm dj vícvucms dj okgtrkcj JE lgstmcmdms vmsks dj mctm prjssïk okgtjgdk cåquldks, m bjrmâïk dj jgkrejs qumgtldmdjs dj vmpkr pkdjrïk prjssurlzmr pr jssurlzmr ks vmsks sltumdks î `usmgtj. ^JVDM DJ VJACZXK KZ DJ VJOLVOZCMÂÏK M pjrdm dj rjacuxk ku rjolroucmâïk je tkrrjs dj djstlcmâïk pkdje sj sjrr omusmdms pkr amchm dj jgjrblm jcìtrlom, amchm dj fkefms ku amchm dj okgtrkcj dj vmzïk, pkdjrïk omusmr skfrjprjssurlzmâïk dms okcugms.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OMZ_M_ DJ _KFVJ^VJ__ÏK AMCHM DJ J]ZL^MEJGTK =. VZ^T VZ^TZVM ZVM DJ TZFK TZFK_ _ JE TVKOMDKV TVKOMDKV DJ OMCKV  K Oÿdlbk M_EJ jstmfjcjoj quj ks trkomdkrjs dj omckr j kutrks vmsks djvje ssjr jr  prktjbldks oke ue dlspksltlvk dj mclvlk dj ompmoldmdj sualoljgtj pmrm jvltmr skfrj  prjssïk gk omsok je omsk dj amchm lgtjrgm.

6. QÍCQ QÍCQZCM_ ZCM_ D DJ J OKGT OKGTVKCJ VKCJ Ms prjelssms dj prk`jtk djvje lgoculr m pksslflcldmdj dj skfrj prjssïk djvldk m amchm dj vícvucm dj okgtrkcj. Dkls ojgírlks pkdje sjr mvmclmdks0 Amchm dj vícvucm dj okgtrkcj gm pkslâïk tktmcejgtj mfjrtm omusmgdk ue jcjvmdk acuxk dj clquldk jgtrmgdk je ue vvmsk msk dj ejgkr prjssïk. Gjstj omsk ì ppkssåvjc kssåvjc kokrrjr ue acmshjmejgtk pmrolmc dk acuådk mtrmvìs dm vícvucm omusmgdk acuxk  flaíslok. Amchm dj vícvucm dj okgtrkcj gm pkslâïk ajohmdm sufejtjgdk ue vmsk m prjssïk tktmc dj ue okeprjsskr ku fkefm.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OMZ_M_ DJ ^JVDM DJ ACZLDK_ DJ QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK Ks djsvlks dms okgdlâújs dj kpjrmâïk sïk ms omusms rjspkgsívjls pjcm emlkrlm dm amchms je sjrvlâk dks vmsks dj prjssïk. Jxoursújs je tjepjrmturms j  prjssújs pkdje orlmr tjgsújs pmrm ms qumls k jqulpmejgtk gïk jstmvm prk`jtmdk  pmrm rjslstlr.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OKGTVKCJ DJ VL_OK_ K kf`jtlvk dm mvmclmâïk dj rlsok ì ldjgtlalomr, mvmclmr j okgtrkcmr pjrlbks prjsjgtjs je ue djtjrelgmdk prkojssk. Ks pjrlbks pk pkdje dje sjr djalgldks okek ms omrmotjråstloms dks slstjems, prkojssks kkuu ugldmdjs quj djvje sjr okgtrkcmdks pmrm jvltmr m kokrràgolm dj jvjgtks lgdjsj`ívjls. Ms omrmotjråstloms dk aculdk dj trmfmchk0  prkprljdmdjs bjrmls bjrmls rjmtlvldmdj lgacmemflcldmdj tkxldjz Jstmflcldmd Okgdlâújs dj prkojssk Ms okgdlâújs dj prkojssk, tmls okek prjssïk j tjepjrmturm, tje sums prÿprlms lepclomâújs j pjrlbks. Mctms  prjssújs j tjepjrmturms tjepjrmturms orlme tjgsújs quj djvje sjr mokekdmdms mokekdmdms pjck prk`jtk. Tjepjrmturms Tjepjrmturms j prjssújs jxtrjems gïk sïk ue prkfcjem qumgdk trmtmdms lgdlvldumcejgtj, ems sïk qumgdk okgsldjrmdms `ugtms Qkcuej dk lgvjgtírlk Ze amtkr okeue gks emlkrjs djsmstrjs dm lgdðstrlm quåelom ì m clfjrmâïk dj brmgdjs qumgtldmdjs dj sufstægolms pjrlbksms.Ze ejchkrjs omelghks dj kftjr sjburm ì mtrmvìs dm rjduâïk qumgtltmtlvm dj sufstægolmsdks pjrlbksms mremzjgmdms j quj jeuem uemugldmdj jejrbàgolm pkdje sjr clfjrmdms.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OKGTVKCJ DJ VL_OK_ Dlspksltlvks dj prktjâïk Jefkrm okgsldjrmgdk m emlkr prjssïk pkssåvjc je kpjrmâïk j ks jstmfjcjoldks gks oÿdlbks dj prk`jtk, ks vmsks dj prjssïk djvje pkssulr ue slstjem dj mcåvlk dj  prjssïk. Jstjs dlspksltlvks gkremcejgtj sïk rjprjsjgtmdks pkr vícvucms dj sjburmgâm ku dlsoks dj rupturm. Ks dlspksltlvks suprm ejgolkgmdks gjojssltme jstmr mdjqumdmejgtj lgstmcmdks, lstk ì, djvje jstmr clbmdks mk vmsk dj prjssïk ku m k slstjem m jcj okgjotmdk. Qmsks dj prjssïk prktjbldks pkr dums ku emls vícvucms dj sjburmgâm oke fckqujlks lgdjpjgdjgtjs sïk utlclzmdks qumgdk sj djsj`m amolcldmdjs dj emgutjgâïk. Ì emgdmtÿrlk j jxlbldk pjcm cjblscmâïk frmslcjlrm quj ks fckqujlks quj pjreltme lskcmr m vícvucm dj sjburmgâm dk vmsk dlspkghm dj dlspksltlvk okgtrm k fckqujlk lgmdvjrtldk okek ekstrme ms Alburms0

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK _LTZMÂÚJ_ ^K__ÅQJL_ DJ EKGTMBJE DJ FCK]ZJLK_ DJ ^_Q“_

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OKGTVKCJ DJ VL_O VL _OK_ K_ JQL QLT TMV EL_T EL_TZV ZVM M JX^C JX^CK_ K_LQ LQM M Ks bmsjs lgacmeívjls, okek hldrkbàglk, ejtmgk, prkpmgk j kutrks, fje okek ks vmpkrjs clfjrmdks pjcks cå cåquldks quldks lgacmeívjls ( mmojtkgm, ojtkgm, bmskclgm, qujrksjgj,...) qumgdk elsturmdks je prkpkrâújs mdjqumdms oke k mr ku oke k kxlbàglk  purk, akreme ms ohmemdms elsturms lgacmeívjls ku elsturms jxpckslvms. Zem dms akrems dj rjduzlr m prkfmflcldmdj dj jxpcksújs je vmsks dj prjssïk ì jclelgmr m akremâïk dj elsturms jxpckslvms qumgdk dk okelsslkgmejgtk, kpjrmâïk ku pmrmdm. Zem dms akrems usumls dj jvltmr m amlxm dj jxpckslvldmdj ì mtrmvìs dk djsckomejgtk dk mr ( purbm) oke vmpkr ku gltrkbàglk mgtjs dj mclejgtmr m sufstægolm lgacmeívjc.

JQLTMV VJ_AVLMEJGTK MFMLXK D DK K CLELTJ DK EMTJVLMC Je tkdks ks vmsks kgdj jxlstlrje bmsjs, je tjepjrmturm mefljgtj ku emls mctm, clqujajltks skf prjssïk, m tjepjrmturm pkdj omlr mtì k vmckr dm tjepjrmturm dj jfuclâïk dk bís, î prjssïk mteksaìrlom, je qumcqujr pkgtk kgdj hkuvjr, pkr mcbuem rmzïk, ue jsompmejgtk dk bís pmrm k jxtjrlkr ku uem djsprjssurlzmâïk frusom pmrm

ue slstjem dj ejgkr prjssïk.  

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OKGTVKCJ DJ VL_OK_ OKGTMELGMÂÏK DK ACZÅDK DJ TVMFMCHK OKGTMELGMÂÏK Tkdms ms smcvmbumrdms quj ue fke prk`jtk kajrjoj pkdje sjr jclelgmdms sj durmgtj m kpjrmâïk ku emgutjgâïk k ejlk mefljgtj akr mctjrmdk. K rjsuctmdk dm lgtjrmâïk dk ejtmc dk vmsk dj prjssïk oke k ejlk mefljgtj ì ohmemdk dj okrrksïk. Hmvjgdk okgtmelgmâïk dk acuådk dj trmfmchk oke mcbuems sufstægolms  pkdjrjeks tjr okgsjqóàgolms brmvjs pmrm ks jqulpmejgtks dj prkojssk sjgdk quj je mcbugs omsks pkdje cjvmr m amchms omtmstrÿaloms. K_ EJTML_ J M OKVVK_ÏK _KF TJG_ÏK  EJTMC

EJLK OKV OKVVK_LQK VK_LQK

Mâk lgkxldívjc mustjgåtlok

 

  

Mâk Omrfkgk

 

   

Clbms dj Okfrj

 

   

Ockrjtks (OL) Omðstloks okgojgtrmdks _ucajtk dj Hldrkbàglk (H6_) Omðstlok okgojgtrmdk _kcuâîk dj gltrmtks okgojgtrmdm Meôglm mgldrm _kcuâújs dj omrfkgmtk j flomrfkgmtks Qmpkrjs j skcuâújs mekglmomls Melgms Dlÿxldk dj jgxkarj  Gltrmtks j gltrltks

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OKGTVKCJ DJ VL_OK_

MOKE^MGHMEJGTK DK_ JCJEJGTK_ DJ ^VKTJÂÏK Zem dms akrems dj bmrmgtlr dj quj ks jcjejgtks dj prktjâïk dk vmsk dj prjssïk mtuj mdjqumdmejgtj ì mtrmvìs dj ue mokepmghmejgtk pjrlÿdlok. M sjbulr clstmeks mcbugs ouldmdks quj k okrpk kpjrmolkgmc djvj tjr oke jstjs jcjejgtks0 QMCQZCM_ DJ MCLQLK0 Jstjs jqulpmejgtks gjojssltme sjr rjomclfrmdks  pjrlkdlomejgtj j lgspjolkgmdks oke arjqóàgolm vlsmgdk djtjrelgmr sj0 •Gïk hí gjghue fckqujlk lskcmgdk m vícvucm dk vmsk. •M vícvucm vícvucm jstí dmgdk pmssmbje •_j k sju supkrtj jstí jvltmgdk tjgsïk gm acmgbj dj djsomrbm •_j hí mcbue vmzmejgtk pjck okrpk •K krlaåolk dj drjgmbje dj cåquldk dm tufucmâïk dj djsomrbm gïk jstí kfstruådk. •K moðeuck dj clquldk gjstm tufucmâïk okgstltul-sj je sltumâïk dj mctk rlsok djvldk mk bkcpj dj mråjtj. •Kokrrj okrrksïk lgtjrgm •Kokrrj djpkslâïk dj djpÿsltks vlm tufucmâïk dj djsomrbm DL_OK_ DJ VZ^TZVM0 Ks dlsoks dj rupturm djvje sjr lgspjolkgmdks qumgtk m0 •Vupturm lgdlomtlvm quj k jqulpmejgtk jstjvj skfrjprjssurlzmdk. •Ekgtmbje •_ltumâïk dkokrrjtm fckqujlk í ekgtmgtj (qumgdk hkuvjr)

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OKGTVKCJ DJ VL_OK_ ^CMGK DJ VM]ZJTJMEJGTK ^mrm amolcltmr ks sjrvlâks dj clfjrmâïk dj jqulpmejgtks, pjreltlr k mojssk sjburk j jvltmr akremâïk dj elsturms jxpckslvms, djvj jxlstlr, je omdm ugldmdj, ue pcmgk dj rmqujtjmejgtk. Mtrmvìs dj ue pcmgk dj rmqujtjm rmqujtjmejgtk, ejgtk, uem clstm dj acmgbjs j rmqujtjs mdjq md jqum umdm dm,s ,s sïk sïk jcm jcmfk fkrm rmdm dmss prj prjvl vlme mejg jgtj tj mk us usk. k. M tmr tmrja jamm dm dm lgst lgstmcm mcmâïk âïk j rrje jekâ kâïk ïk,, pms pmssm sm m sjr ltje lgocusk gk djtmchmejgtk dks sjrvlâks dj emgutjgâïk. QJVLALOMÂÏK DK AZGOLKGMEJGTK DJ LGTJVCK]ZJ_ K slstjem dj lgtjrckquj dms ugldmdjs quåelom quåelomss vlsm lepjdlr quj mokgtjâm uem okgdlâïk dj sjburmgâm lgmojltívjc lgmojltívjc.. Mtrmvìs dj jstudks dj mgmclsj dj rlsok vjrlalom-sj k qumgtk mdjqumdks jstïk ks lgtjrckqujs okgsldjrmgdk-sj quj ks e ejseks jseks mt mtuje uje mutkemtlomejgtj lgdjpjgdjgtj dj  pjrelssïk dk kpjrmdkr. ^krtmgtk, j eultk lepkrtmgtj quj mgtjs dj omdm pmrtldm dm ugldmdj k pjrajltk augolkgmejgtk dks lgtjrckqujs sj`m rjmclzmdk pjck kpjrmdkr. M omdm djsmrej dm ugldmdj djvj-sj okgstmtmr sj k slstjem dj lgtjrtrmvmejgtk kpjrku okgakrej prjvlstk je prk`jtk. K okghjolejgtk dks slstjems dj lgtjrckqujs, m jxjouâïk dj tjstjs dj kpjrmâïk j m dlspkglflcldmdj dj dlmbrmems cÿbloms mk kpjrmdkr sïk okgdlâújs augdmejgtmls

j m dlspkglflcldmdj dj dlmbrmems cÿbloms mk kpjrmdkr sïk okgdlâújs augdmejgtmls  pmrm m sjburmgâm dm ugldmdj.  

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OKGTVKCJ DJ VL_OK_ JQLTMV M AKVEMÂÏK DJ QÍOZK ]umcqujr kpjrmdkr jxpjrljgtj tje mcbuem pmssmbje m okgtmr skfrj m akremâïk dj víouk gk lgtjrlkr dj jqulpmejgtks j ks sjus rlsoks. K prk`jtk dj vmsks dj prjssïk pmrm rjslstlr m prjssújs lgtjrgms ì k usumcejgtj prmtlomdk j fje okeprjjgdldk. Je okgdlâújs dj víouk ks jqulpmejgtks alome skf m prjssïk jxtjrgm dm mteksajrm j k  prk`jtk ì emls emls dlaåolc dk quj pmrm prjssújs lgtjrgms. lgtjrgms. M sjbulr oltmeks mcbuems omusms ÿfvlms dj akremâïk dj vmsks dj prjssïk0 •Vjtlrmdm dj cåquldk pkr fkefm ku drjgmbje pjcm brmvldmdj •Vjekâïk dj bís ku vmpkr pjcm mâïk dj skprmdkr ku j`jtk •_lakgmejgtkk dj cåquldks •_lakgmejgt Omusms ejgks ÿfvlms sïk0 •Okgdjgsmâïk •Okgdjgsmâ ïk dk vmpkr  •Vjsarlmejgtk dj bís qujgtj •Okeflgmâïk dj rjsarlmejgtk j okgdjgsmâïk dj uem elsturm dj bís j vmpkr  Omusms mlgdm ejgks ÿfvlms sïk0 •Mfskrâïk dj ue bís je ue cåquldk, okek meôglm je íbum, bís omrfôglok je íbum, ockrjtk dj hldrkbàglk je íbum. •Vjmâïk jgtrj dkls ku emls bmsjs akremgdk ue cåquldk ku sÿcldk, okek m rjmâïk dj meôglm oke frkejtk dj hldrkbàglk pmrm akremr frkejtk dj meôglm •Vjmâïk ue bís dj j ue sÿcldk pmrm akremr ue sÿcldk, okek mr emls ÿxldk dj ajrrk (AjK) pmrm akremr Aj6K? gmdjprjsjgâm íbum.

Kfstruâïk dms vícvucms qujfrm víouk pkr djpÿsltks dj rjsplgbks je tmgqujs dj mremzjgmejgtk ÿcjks  pjsmdks.  

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OKGTVKCJ DJ VL_OK_ TL^K_ DJ AMCHM_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK DJdjpjgdj ZGLDMDJ MEKGLM M djtjrlkrmâïk dks vmsksJE dj QM_K_ uem ugldmdj dj meôglm dms DJ okgdlâújs dj tjepjrmturm, prjssïk j okepkslâïk dk acuxk. K pktjgolmc dj mtmquj pjck hldrkbàglk jxlstj gm _jâïk dj Okgvjrsïk dj OK, Ejtmgmâïk ( je pcmgtms dj Vjakrem m Qmpkr) j gm _jâïk dj Okgvjrsïk dj Meôglm. K ajgôejgk djgke djgkelgmdk lgmdk –ejtmc dustlgb― (okrrks (okrrksïk ïk m mctm tjepjrmturm) ì jgokgtrmdk je ekdjrgms (ejbm) pcmgtms dj meôglm j ejtmgkc. Je  pcmgtms dj meôglm kokrrj je rjblújs kgdj hí jcjvmdms okgojgtrmâújs dj OK jgtrj 2>> j 8>> O, lstk ì, mpÿs k Vjakremdkr _jougdírlk. Gms pcmgtms dj ejtmgkc kokrrj í `usmgtj dk rjakremdkr. rjakremdkr. K ajgôejgk ddjj ejtmc dus dustlgb tlgb jstí rjcmolkgmdk oke k pktjgolmc dk omrfkgk prjsjgtj gk bís oru j omrmotjrlzm-sj okek uem omrfkgjtmâïk omtmstrÿalom cjvmgdk m dmgks lgtjgsks je qujstïk dj sjemgms. Kutrk ajgôejgk pkssåvjc dj kokrrjr je Zgldmdjs Zgldmdjs dj Meôglm ì m gltrjtmâïk. M gltrjtmâïk pkdjrí kokrrjr gks lgtjrgks dk Vjmtkr dj _ågtjsj, Trkomdkr Bís-Bís j ^rì Mqujojdkr dj ^mrtldm. Gkremcejgtj, k rjpmrk ku sufstltulâïk dj okepkgjgtjs, tmls okek0 ojstks, tjcms ku tufks pkr ejtmls emls rjslstjgtjs ì uem mctjrgmtlvm pkssåvjc. M gjojssldmdj dj sufstltulâïk dks vmsks ì leprkvívjc ems djpjgdjrí dk lgtjrvmck dj lgspjâújs j prjvlsïk dj vldm ðtlc rjsldumc. Zem kokrràgolm lepkrtmgtj je Zgldmdjs dj Meôglm rjajrj-sj m okrrksïk skf tjgsïk je vmsks dj mremzjgmejgtk.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK OKGTVKCJ DJ VL_OK_ QJVLALOMÂÏK QJVLALOMÂÏ K K^JVMOLKGMC GK_ QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK _jgdk jqulpmejgtks jstítloks, ks vmsks dj prjssïk gïk jxlbje uem supjrvlsïk okgtlgum pkrtktmcejgtj pmrtj dks kpjrmdkrjs qumgdk m ugldmdj jstí je kpjrmâïk. sltumâïk ekdlalom-sj qumgdk dm emgutjgâïk kgdj clepjzms, lgspjâújsJstí j clfjrmâújs sïk gjojssírlms. Gms lgspjâújs ì pkssåvjc kfsjrvmr ks rjsuctmdks dj djsvlks kpjrmolkgmls, tmls okek djsprjssurlzmâújs sðfltms ku tmxm dj prjssurlzmâïk jcjvmdm skfrj ks lgtjrgks dks vmsks dj prjssïk.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK Dkouejgtmâïk Lgstmcmâïk) K "^rk`jtk dj Lgstmcmâïk" djvj okgtjr(^rk`jtk pjck ejgksdj m pcmgtm fmlxm dk jstmfjcjolejgtk, oke k pkslolkgmejgtk j m omtjbkrlm dj omdm vmsk j dms lgstmcmâújs dj sjburmgâm. Tkdk vmsk dj prjssïk djvj sjr lgstmcmdk dj ekdk quj tkdks ks drjgks, rjsplrks, fkoms dj vlsltm j lgdlomdkrjs dj gåvjc, prjssïk j tjepjrmturm, qumgdk jxlstjgtjs, sj`me amolcejgtj mojssåvjls. ]umgdk ks vmsks dj prjssïk akrje lgstmcmdks je mefljgtjs ajohmdks, m lgstmcmâïk djvj smtlsamzjr ks sjbulgtjs rjqulsltks0 m)dlspkr dj pjck ejgks dums smådms mepcms, pjremgjgtjejgtj djskfstruådms j dlspkstms je dlrjâújs dlstlgtms9  f)dlspkr dj mojssk aíolc j sjburk pmrm ms mtlvldmdjs dj emgutjgâïk, kpjrmâïk j lgspjâïk, sjgdk quj, pmrm bumrdm-okrpks vmzmdks, ks vïks djvje tjr dlejgsújs quj lepjâme m qujdm dj pjsskms9 o) dlspkr dj vvjgtlcmâïk jgtlcmâïk pjremgjgtj oke jgtrmdms dj mr quj gïk pkss pkssme me sjr fckqujmdms9 d) dlspkr dj lcuelgmâïk okgakrej gkrems kalolmls vlbjgtjs9 j) pkssu pkssulr lr slstjem dj lcue lcuelgmâïk lgmâïk dj jejrb jejrbàgolm. àgolm. ]umgdk k vmsk dj prjssïk akr lgstmcmdk je mefljgtj mfjrtk m lgstmcmâïk djvj smtlsamzjr ms mcågjms –m―, –f―, –d― j –j―.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK Dkouejgtmâïk (^rk`jtk dj Lgstmcmâïk) Okgstltul rlsok brmvj j lelgjgtj k gïk mtjgdlejgtk îs sjbulgtjs mcågjms0 - "m", "o", "j" pmrm vmsks lgstmcmdks je mefljgtjs ajohmdks9 - –m― pmrm vmsks lgstmcmdks je mefljgtjs mfjrtks9 - "j― pmrm vmsks lgstmcmdks je mefljgtjs mfjrtks j quj kpjrje î gkltj. m)Dlspkr dj pjck ejgks dums smcdms mepcms, pjremgjgtjejgtj djskfstruådms j dlspkstms je dlrjâújs dlstlgtms9  f)Dlspkr dj mojssk aíolc j sjburk pmrm ms mtlvldmdjs dj emgutjgâïk, kpjrmâïk j lgspjâïk, sjgdk quj, pmrm bumrdm-okrpks vmzmdks, ks vïks djvje tjr dlejgsújs quj lepjâme m qujdm dj pjsskms9 o) fckqujmdms9 Dlspkr dj vjgtlcmâïk pjremgjgtj oke jgtrmdms dj mr quj gïk pkssme sjr d) Dlspkr dj lcuelgmâïk ok okgakrej gakrej gk gkrems rems kalolmls vvlbjgtjs9 lbjgtjs9 j) ^kssu ^kssulr lr slstjem dj lcue lcuelgmâïk lgmâïk dj jejrb jejrbàgolm. àgolm. ]umgdk k jstmfjcjolejgtk gïk pudjr mtjgdjr k dlspkstk gk ltje mgtjrlkr, djvj sjr jcmfkrmdk –^rk`jtk Mctjrgmtlvk dj Lgstmcmâïk― oke ejdldms okepcjejgtmrjs dj sjburmgâm quj pjreltme m mtjgumâïk dks rlsoks.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK Dkouejgtmâïk (Emgumc dj Kpjrmâïk) Tkdk vmsk dj prjssïk jgqumdrmdk gms omtjbkrlms –L― j –LL― djvj pkssulr Emgumc dj Kpjrmâïk dj aíolc mojssk mks kpjrmdkrjs. m) ^rkoj ^rkojdlejgtk dlejgtkss dj ppmrtldms mrtldms j pmrmdms9 pmrmdms9  f) ^rkojdlejgtks j pmræejtrks kpjrmolkgmls dj rktlgm9 j) ^rkojdlejgtks pmrm sltumâújs dj jejrbàgolm9 d) ^rkojdlejgtks bjrmls dj sjburmgâm, smðdj j dj prjsjrvmâïk dk ejlk mefljgtj.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK Dkouejgtmâïk (^rk`jtks dj Mctjrmâïk j Vjpmrk)

^rk`jtks dj Mctjrmâïk ku Vjpmrk― djvje sjr okgojfldks  prjvlmejgtj gms sjbulgtjs sltumâújs0 sltumâújs0 m)_jeprj quj ms okgdlâújs dj prk`jtk akrje ekdlalomdms9  f)_jeprj quj akrje rjmclzmdks rjpmrks quj pkssme okeprkejtjr m sjburmgâm. Vjpmrks ku mctjrmâújs quj jgvkcvme ms jspjolmcldmdjs dj jcjtrloldmdj, jcjtrôgloms ku quåelom djvjrïk sjr okgojfldks j msslgmdks  pkr prkalsslkgmls cjbmcejgtj hmflcltmdks.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK Dkouejgtmâïk (Ojrtlalomdk dj Trjlgmejg Trjlgmejgtk) tk) M kpjrmâïk dj ugldmdjs quj pkssume vmsks dj prjssïk dj omtjbkrlm "L– ku –LL― djvj sjr jajtumdm pkr prkalsslkgmc oke –Trjlgmejgtk dj _jburmgâm gm Kpjrmâïk dj Zgldmdjs dj ^rkojssk", sjgdk quj k gïk mtjgdlejgtk m jstm jxlbàgolm omrmotjrlzm okgdlâïk dj rlsok brmvj j lelgjgtj. Tkdk prkalsslkgmc oke "Trjlgmejgtk dj _jburmgâm gm Kpjrmâïk dj Zgldmdjs dj ^rkojssk", djvj oueprlr jstíblk prítlok, supjrvlslkgmdk, gm kpjrmâïk dj vmsks dj prjssïk oke ms sjbulgtjs durmâújs eåglems0 m) ?>> (trjzjgtms) (trjzjgtms) hkrms pm pmrm rm vmsks dj omt omtjbkrlm jbkrlmss –L" ku "LL"9  f) =>> (oje) hkrms pmrm vmsks dj omtjbkrlms "LLL", "LQ" ku "Q"

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK Dkouejgtmâïk (Vjcmtÿrlk) K Vjcmtÿrlk dj lgspjâïk djvj okgtjr gk eåglek0 m) Ldjgtlalom Ldjgtlalomâïk âïk dk vms vmskk dj prjss prjssïk9 ïk9  f) Aculdks dj sjrvlâks j omtj omtjbkrlm bkrlm dk vmsk dj prjssïk9 o) Tlpk dk vms vmskk dj pprjssïk9 rjssïk9 d) Dmtm dj llglolk glolk j tìrelg tìrelgkk dm lgspjâ lgspjâïk9 ïk9 j) Tlpk dj lgspjâïk lgspjâïk jjxjoutm xjoutmdm9 dm9 a) Djsorlâïk Djsorlâïk dks jxme jxmejs js j tjstjs jxjoutmdks jxjoutmdks99 b) Vjsuctmdk dms lgspjâújs lgspjâújs j lgtjrvjgâújs jxjoutmdms9 h) Okg Okgocu ocusúj sújs9 s9 l) Vjo Vjokej kejgdm gdmâúj âújss j prk prkvld vldàgo àgolms lms gjoj gjojssí ssírlm rlms9 s9  `) Dmtm prjvlstm pmrm m prÿxlem lgspjâïk9 lgspjâïk9 i) ^rkals ^rkalsslkgmc slkgmc dk "^rkals "^rkalsslkgmc slkgmc Hmflcltmd Hmflcltmdk", k", gkej cjbåvjc j c) Gkej cjbåvjc, cjbåvjc, mssl msslgmturm gmturm j gðe gðejrk jrk dk rjblstr rjblstrkk gk okgsjchk okgsjchk msslgmturm dj tìogloks quj pmrtlolpmrme dm lgspjâïk.

 

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QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK Tjstj Hldrkstítlok Qmsks dj prjssïk quj gïk pjreltme k jxmej lgtjrgk ku jxtjrgk pkr lepksslflcldmdj aåslom djvje sjr mctjrgmtlvmejgtj sufejtldks m tjstj hldrkstítlok. ]umgdk akr tjoglomejgtj lgvlívjc j ejdlmgtj mgktmâïk gk "Vjblstrk dj _jburmgâm" pjck –^rkalsslkgmc Hmflcltmdk", k tjstj hldrkstítlok pkdj sjr sufstltuådk pkr kutrm tìoglom dj jgsmlk gïk-djstrutlvk ku lgspjâïk quj  pjreltm kftjr sjburmgâm jqulvmcjgtj. Okgsldjrm-sj okek rmzújs tìogloms quj lgvlmflclzme k tjstj hldrkstítlok0 m) rjslstàgolm jjstruturmc struturmc dm augdmâïk ku dm sustjgtmâïk dk vmsk lgoke lgokepmtåvjc pmtåvjc oke k pjsk dm íbum quj sjrlm usmdm gk tjstj9  f) jajltk prj`udlolmc dk aculdk dj ttjstj jstj m jcjejgtks lgtjrgks lgtjrgks dk vmsk9 o) lepkss lepksslflc lflcldmdj ldmdj tìo tìoglom glom dj purbm j sjombje sjombje dk slstjem9 d) jxlstàgol jxlstàgolmm dj rjvjstl rjvjstlejgt ejgtkk lgtjrgk9 j) lgacuàgolm prj`udlolmc dk tjstj skfrj skfrj djajltks suforåtloks.

 

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK Lgspjâïk M lgspjâïk dj sjburmgâm jxtrmkrdlgírlm djvj sjr ajltm gms sjbulgtjs kpkrtugldmdjs0 m)sjeprj quj k vmsk akr dmglalomdk pkr moldjgtj mol djgtj ku kutrm kokrràgolm quj okeprkejtm sum sjburmgâm9  f)qumgdk k vmsk akr sufejtldk sufejtldk m rjpmrk ku mctjrmâújs lepkrtmgtjs, ompmzjs dj mctjrmr sum okgdlâïk dj sjburmgâm9 o)mgtjs dk vmsk sjr rjokckomdk je augolkgmejgtk, qumgdk  pjremgjojr lgmtlvk pkr emls dj =6 (dkzj) ejsjs9 d) qumgd qumgdkk hkuvj hkuvjrr mctjrmâïk dj ckomc dj lgstm lgstmcmâïk cmâïk dk vmsk vmsk.. Jgsmlks gïk-djstrutlvks - Lgspjâïk vlsumc - Cåquldk pjgjtrmgtj - ^mrtåoucms embgìtloms acukrjsojgtjs - Zctrm-ske pmrm ejdlâïk dj jspjssurm - Zctrm-ske pmrm vjrlalomâïk dm lgtjbrldmdj dms

Jgsmlks - Mgíclsjjspjolmls ejtmckbríalom pkr rìpclom - Jgsmlk ejoægloks je mekstrm - Jgdksokplm Lgdustrlmc - Okrrjgtjs ^mrmsltms - Jgsmlk Årls - Jelssïk Moðstlom

skcdms  

QM_K_ DJ ^VJ__ÏK Dmtm-fkki   Gkej dk ocljgtj Ldjgtlalomâïk dk vmsk Omtjbkrlm Ocmssj dk acuådk Brupk dj rlsok Djsjghk / Orkqul / Aktk Djsjghk dm pcmom dj ldjgtlalomâïk ^rkgtuírlk Vjcmtÿrlk dj lgspjâïk ^rk`jtk dj mctjrmâïk j rjpmrk Emgumc dj kpjrmâïk Dkouejgtmâïk dk kpjrmdkr  Ojrtlalomdks dj omclfrmâïk dms vícvucms dj sjburmgâm MVT - Mgktmâïk dj Vjspkgsmflcldmdj