Treasury Crash Course 2nd Edition TOC
April 5, 2017 | Author: Jawwad Farid | Category: N/A
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T R E A S U R Y C R A S H C O U R S E
T R E A S U R Y C R A S H COURSE
By Jawwad Ahmed Farid
T R E A S U R Y C R A S H C O U R S E
CONTENTS How To Use This Manual .......................................................................................................................... 8
PART ONE: TREASURY FUNCTION OVERVIEW ................................................................................................. 9 What is a Treasury? .................................................................................................................................. 10 1. Treasury .............................................................................................................................................. 10 The Money Market desk ................................................................................................................. 10 The FX Desk ..................................................................................................................................... 11 The Equity Desk ............................................................................................................................... 11 The Specialized Desks ...................................................................................................................... 11 2. What do treasuries really do? ............................................................................................................ 12 3. How is a corporate treasury different from a bank treasury? ............................................................ 12 The Treasury Function .............................................................................................................................. 13 1. Trade Flows (FX desk) ......................................................................................................................... 13 2. The Treasury Function Operations ..................................................................................................... 13 i. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 13 ii. Front Office Function .............................................................................................................. 13 iii. Middle Office Function ........................................................................................................... 16 iv. Back Office Function ............................................................................................................... 17 3. Related Terminologies ........................................................................................................................ 24 i. Four eyes .................................................................................................................................. 24 ii. Confirmation ........................................................................................................................... 24 iii. Settlement .............................................................................................................................. 25 iv. Reconciliation ......................................................................................................................... 26 v. Accounting ............................................................................................................................... 27 vi. Price discovery ........................................................................................................................ 28 vii. Proprietary Trading ............................................................................................................... 28 viii. Treasury Risks ....................................................................................................................... 29 4. Treasury Markets ................................................................................................................................ 30 i. Foreign Exchange Market ......................................................................................................... 30 ii. Fixed Income /Money Market ................................................................................................. 34 iii. Capital Market ........................................................................................................................ 38
PART TWO: DERIVATIVES .......................................................................................................................... 39 Derivatives – Terminology ........................................................................................................................ 40 1. The Terminology Crash Course ........................................................................................................... 40 i. Forward Contracts .................................................................................................................... 41 ii. Futures Contracts .................................................................................................................... 41 iii. Options ................................................................................................................................... 42 vi. Payoff Profiles ......................................................................................................................... 43 v. The Payoff profile for a forward contract ................................................................................ 44 vi. Payoff profiles for Calls and Puts ............................................................................................ 45 vii. Building Blocks and Synthetic Configurations ....................................................................... 47 Products & Pricing .................................................................................................................................... 50 1. A Second Look at Derivative Contracts ............................................................................................... 50 2. Standard Template for Evaluating Derivatives ................................................................................... 51 3. Options ............................................................................................................................................... 52 i. Option Price .............................................................................................................................. 54 4. Forward Contracts .............................................................................................................................. 58 i. Forward Price ........................................................................................................................... 59 5. Futures Contracts ............................................................................................................................... 59 i. Futures Price ............................................................................................................................. 60 6. Swaps .................................................................................................................................................. 60 i. Interest Rate Swap (IRS) ........................................................................................................... 60 Please do not photocopy or distribute without permission. All rights reserved Alchemy Software Pvt. Limited. http://FourQuants.com Page 3 of 248
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ii. Currency Swap ......................................................................................................................... 61 Calculating Forward Prices and Forward Rates in EXCEL ............................................................................ 62 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 62 2. How to calculate the forward price of security .................................................................................. 62 Forward Price of a security with no income .................................................................................... 63 Forward Price of a security with known cash income ..................................................................... 63 Forward Price of a security with known dividend yield .................................................................. 64 3. How to determine Spot Rates and Forward Rates & Yield to Maturity .............................................. 64 How to determine Forward Rates from Spot Rates ........................................................................ 66 How to determine Spot Rates from Forward Rates ........................................................................ 67 How to calculate the Yield to Maturity (YTM) of a bond ................................................................ 68 4. How to calculate the values of Forward Rate Agreements (FRA) ....................................................... 72 Value of an FRA (zero coupon rate calculated on a discrete basis) ................................................ 72 Value of an FRA (zero coupon rate calculated on a continuously compounded basis) .................. 73 5. How to calculate Forward Exchange Rates ......................................................................................... 74 Interest Rates compounded on a discrete basis ............................................................................. 74 Interest Rates compounded on a continuous basis ........................................................................ 75 6. How to calculate the value of a forward contract .............................................................................. 76 Value of a long forward contract (continuous) ............................................................................... 76 Value of a long forward contract (discrete) .................................................................................... 77 Value of a long forward contract (continuous) which provides a known income .......................... 78 Value of a long forward contract (continuous) which provides a known yield ............................... 79 Value of a forward foreign currency contract ................................................................................. 80 Product Variations .................................................................................................................................... 81 1. Options ............................................................................................................................................... 81 i. Stock Options ........................................................................................................................... 81 ii. Foreign Currency Options ........................................................................................................ 81 iii. Index Options ......................................................................................................................... 81 iv. Futures Options ...................................................................................................................... 81 v. Warrants .................................................................................................................................. 82 vi. Employee Stock Options ......................................................................................................... 82 vii. Convertibles .......................................................................................................................... 82 viii. Interest Rate Options ........................................................................................................... 82 ix. Exotic Options ......................................................................................................................... 84 2. Forwards ............................................................................................................................................. 87 i. Synthetic Forward Contract ...................................................................................................... 87 ii. Forward Rate Agreement (FRA) .............................................................................................. 88 3. Futures ................................................................................................................................................ 88 i. Stock Index Futures .................................................................................................................. 88 ii. Futures Contracts on Currencies ............................................................................................. 88 iii. Futures Contracts on Commodities ........................................................................................ 88 iv. Interest Rate Futures .............................................................................................................. 88 4. Swaps .................................................................................................................................................. 89 i. Fixed for fixed currency swap ................................................................................................... 89 ii. Floating for floating currency swap ......................................................................................... 89 iii. Cross-‐currency interest rate swap ......................................................................................... 89 iv. Step-‐up Swaps ........................................................................................................................ 89 v. Amortizing Swaps .................................................................................................................... 90 vi. Basis Rate Swap ...................................................................................................................... 90 vii. Forward or Deferred Swaps .................................................................................................. 90 viii. Compounding Swaps ............................................................................................................ 90 ix. LIBOR-‐in-‐ Arrears Swap ........................................................................................................... 91 x. Constant Maturity Swap .......................................................................................................... 91 xi. Constant Maturity Treasury Swap .......................................................................................... 91 xii. Differential Swap or Quanto .................................................................................................. 91 Please do not photocopy or distribute without permission. All rights reserved Alchemy Software Pvt. Limited. http://FourQuants.com Page 4 of 248
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xiii. Variance or Volatility Swap .................................................................................................. 91 xiv. Equity Swap .......................................................................................................................... 92 xv. Commodity Swap ................................................................................................................... 92 xvi. Asset Swap ............................................................................................................................ 92 xvii. Accrual Swap ........................................................................................................................ 92 xviii. Cancellable Swap ................................................................................................................. 92 xix. Extendable Swap .................................................................................................................. 92 Advanced Products ................................................................................................................................... 93 1. Structured Products ............................................................................................................................ 93 i. Cross Currency Swaps ............................................................................................................... 93 ii. Participating Forwards ............................................................................................................ 93 iii. Equity Linked Notes ................................................................................................................ 94 iv. Capital Protected / Capital Guaranteed Notes ....................................................................... 95 v. Commodity Linked Notes ........................................................................................................ 96 vi. Range Accruals ....................................................................................................................... 97 vii. Switchable ............................................................................................................................. 97 viii. IRD (Interest Rate Differential) Trades ................................................................................. 98 2. Credit products ................................................................................................................................... 102 i. Credit Default Swaps ................................................................................................................ 102 ii. Total Return Swaps .................................................................................................................. 105 iii. Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) ..................................................................................... 106
PART THREE: TREASURY PRODUCTS & SOLUTIONS .......................................................................................... 107 Cross Selling Treasury Products ................................................................................................................ 108 Five core themes for treasury customer discussions ................................................................................. 108 Price ............................................................................................................................................. 109 Risk or Volatility .............................................................................................................................. 111 Value ............................................................................................................................................. 112 Products .......................................................................................................................................... 115 Limits ............................................................................................................................................. 116 Wrap-‐ up and overview ................................................................................................................... 116 Core Treasury products and TMU customer reactions .............................................................................. 116 Core Treasury Products ................................................................................................................... 117 TMU Customer Reactions ............................................................................................................... 118
PART FOUR: TREASURY PROFITABILITY & OTHER CALCULATIONS ....................................................................... 125 Treasury Profitability ................................................................................................................................ 126 1. Treasury Profitability -‐ Foreign Exchange Desk .................................................................................. 126 2. Treasury Profitability – Capital Market (Equity (EQ)) Desk ................................................................. 131 Other Treasury Formulas .......................................................................................................................... 135 Cost of deposit ........................................................................................................................................... 135
PART FIVE: RISK MANAGEMENT & CONTROL TOOLS ....................................................................................... 136 Asset Liability Management ..................................................................................................................... 137 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 137 i. Interest Rate Risk ...................................................................................................................... 137 ii. Liquidity Risk ............................................................................................................................ 137 2. Duration and Convexity ...................................................................................................................... 137 i. Duration .................................................................................................................................... 137 iii. Convexity ................................................................................................................................ 139 3. ALM Risk Measurement Tools ............................................................................................................ 142 i. Fall in Market Value of Equity .................................................................................................. 142 ii. Earnings at Risk ....................................................................................................................... 147 iii. Cost to Close ........................................................................................................................... 155 iv. Rate Sensitive Gap .................................................................................................................. 158 v. Price Sensitive Gap .................................................................................................................. 160 Please do not photocopy or distribute without permission. All rights reserved Alchemy Software Pvt. Limited. http://FourQuants.com Page 5 of 248
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vi. Liquidity Gap ........................................................................................................................... 160 vii. Net Interest Income (NII) at Risk ........................................................................................... 160 viii. Duration Gap Analysis .......................................................................................................... 160 4. Applications ........................................................................................................................................ 161 i. Bank .......................................................................................................................................... 161 ii. Pension Funds and Insurance .................................................................................................. 163 Liquidity Management ............................................................................................................................. 164 1. Liquidity Ratios and Analysis .............................................................................................................. 164 a. Current Ratio ........................................................................................................................... 164 b. Quick Ratio .............................................................................................................................. 164 c. Unused lines of credit .............................................................................................................. 164 d. Borrowing/ Debt-‐to-‐Equity Ratio ............................................................................................ 164 e. Net Working Capital Ratio ....................................................................................................... 164 f. Loan-‐to-‐Deposit Ratio .............................................................................................................. 164 g. Loan-‐ to-‐ Asset Ratio ................................................................................................................ 164 2. Liquidity Management ........................................................................................................................ 165 i. Contingency Funding Plan ........................................................................................................ 165 ii. Liquidity enhancement tactics ................................................................................................ 168 Setting Limits ............................................................................................................................................ 169 1. Risk Limits and Control Process .......................................................................................................... 169 i. Operational (Exception or Management Action) Limits ........................................................... 169 ii. Capital Loss & Stop Loss Limits ................................................................................................ 169 iii. Inventory Age Limits ............................................................................................................... 170 iv. Concentration Limits .............................................................................................................. 170 v. Transaction Limits .................................................................................................................... 170 vi. Exposure and Sensitivity Limits .............................................................................................. 170 vii. Pre Settlement Risk (PSR) and Potential Future Exposure (PFE) Limits ................................. 170 viii. Hierarchy of Limits ............................................................................................................... 171 2. A More Detailed Look at Limits .......................................................................................................... 172 i. Capital Loss and Stop Loss Limits ............................................................................................. 172 ii. Value-‐at-‐Risk Limits ................................................................................................................. 175 iii. Regulatory Approach Limits ................................................................................................... 177 iv. Other Limits ............................................................................................................................ 177 v. Credit Risk Limits ..................................................................................................................... 178 vi. Application to Products .......................................................................................................... 182 vii. Setting Limits for Liquidity Risk ............................................................................................. 182 ix. Setting Limits for Interest Rate Risk ....................................................................................... 184 x. Limit Breach, Exception processing, Action Plan for Trigger Zones ......................................... 184
ANNEXURE ............................................................................................................................................. 186 Annexure A-‐ Calculating Value at Risk ...................................................................................................... 187 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 187 2. VaR Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 188 a. Variance Covariance Approach ................................................................................................ 189 b. Historical Simulation Method .................................................................................................. 190 c. Monte Carlo Simulation ........................................................................................................... 190 d. Quick Review ........................................................................................................................... 191 e. Implementing VaR ................................................................................................................... 191 2. Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 192 i. Setting the Scene ...................................................................................................................... 192 ii. Preliminary steps ..................................................................................................................... 192 iii. VaR Approach Specific Steps .................................................................................................. 196 iv. Scaling of the daily VaR .......................................................................................................... 200 2. Caveats, Qualifications, Limitations and Issues .................................................................................. 200
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Annexure B: Building Maturity & Liquidity profiles for Deposits and Advances for ALCO, Liquidity Coverage & ICAAP reporting. ................................................................................................................................ 202 Lesson Zero: Introduction and Course Overview ....................................................................................... 202 Bank Deposit & Asset Maturity profiles for ALM -‐ Objectives ........................................................ 202 Advances and Deposits Maturity & Liquidity Profile -‐ Methodology & Sample output .................. 203 Lesson One: Preparing the Core Banking Dataset ...................................................................................... 208 Extracting Relevant Data ................................................................................................................. 208 The DTM (Days to Maturity) formula .............................................................................................. 208 Lesson Two: Adding Intelligence for the Pivot Table .................................................................................. 211 Deposit Size Bracket ........................................................................................................................ 212 Maturity Bucket Bracket ................................................................................................................. 212 Cost of Deposits Bracket ................................................................................................................. 213 Lesson Three: Creating the Pivot Table ...................................................................................................... 214 Lesson Four: Reading the PivotTable and PivotChart ................................................................................. 224 Lesson Five: Quick Review & Extending the framework. ........................................................................... 229 Lesson Six: Pivot Shoot Out-‐ Pivot Tables and Pivot Charts Galore ............................................................ 230 Lesson Seven: The Pivot Chart Shoot out for Advances ............................................................................. 234 Maturity Profile Bucket ................................................................................................................... 236 Advances Size Bucket ...................................................................................................................... 237 Pivot Table and Chart Variations ..................................................................................................... 237 Lesson 8: Wrap up and building the ALM profile for the banking book ..................................................... 240 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 243 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... 244 Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................................ 248
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H OW T O U SE T HIS M ANUAL The Treasury Crash Course manual is divided primarily into five sections and an annexure. The first section “Treasury Function Overview” comprises of the chapters “What is Treasury?” and “The Treasury Function”. These chapters review the definitions, terminology, and operations of Treasury as well as the functions of the various trading desks. Before we proceed to how various products are used by the Treasury in their trading strategies/solutions, the section “Derivatives” gives an introduction and overview of the products at the core of any Treasury. In the chapter “Derivatives – Terminology” we look at vanilla products, their features, differences and payoff profiles. In “Products & Pricing” we revisit these basic product types and consider how they may be valued. “Calculating Forward Prices and Forward Rates in EXCEL” elaborates on how forwards may be valued using an EXCEL worksheet. “Product Variations” and “Advance Products” present more complicated derivative structures. In the next section “Treasury Products and Solutions” we consider how derivative products are used by the Treasury department of a bank to offer trading strategies and solutions to its customers. The chapter “Cross Selling Treasury Products” begins with 5 core themes for treasury customer discussions and then looks at core treasury products and transactions types that are presented by Treasury Marketing Units; customer reactions to the these solutions; and possible counter answers by the treasury team to these reactions. The chapters “Treasury Profitability” and “Other Treasury Formulas” in the section “Treasury Profitability and other calculations” look at other relevant calculations that are important to the treasury function. The former chapter covers how the profitability of the FX desk and the capital market desk may be determined where as the latter gives the calculation methodology for the cost of deposits of the bank. The final section “Risk Management and Control Tools” consisting of chapters “Asset Liability Management”, “Liquidity Management” and “Setting Limits” looks at the risk management and control measures that may be considered by the Treasury to manage and limit its risk. The “Annexure” to the course comprises of two chapters: “Calculating Value at Risk” and “Building Maturity and Liquidity Profiles for Deposits and Advances for ALCO, Liquidity Coverage & ICAAP Reporting”. Both of these measures/ tools are foundations to the ALM and Liquidity metrics and reports mentioned in the Part Five of this course.
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B IBLIOGRAPHY v Options, Futures and Other Derivatives, John C. Hull, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2009 v The Handbook of Fixed Income Securities, Frank J. Fabozzi, 7th Edition, McGraw-‐Hill, 2005 v Risk Management and Financial Institutions, John C. Hull, Low Price Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., 2007 v Exotic Equity Derivatives Manual, Salomon Smith Barney, August 1998 v Understanding Market, Credit and Operational Risk-‐ The Value at Risk Approach, Linda Allen, Jacob Boudoukh and Anthony Saunders, Blackwell Publishing, 2004 v Beyond Value at Risk, The New Science of Risk Management, Kevin Dowd, John Wiley & Sons, 1998 v Higher-‐Order Simulations: Strategic Investment Under Model-‐Induced Price Patterns, Gilbert Peffer and Bàrbara Llacay, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation vol. 10, no. 2, 6 , 2007 v VaR Applications: Setting VaR-‐based Limits, Carlos Blanco and Sally Blomstrom, Financial Engineering Associates, Inc., May 1999 v Commonly Used Market Risk Limits, Guidelines on Risk Management of Derivatives and other traded instruments, Annex D v Quantitative Finance, Second Edition, Paul Wilmott, John Wiley&Sons, Ltd., 2006 v Liquidity Risk Management, Leonard M. Martz, 2007 v Back Office and Beyond-‐ A guide to procedures, settlements and risk in financial markets, Mervin J. King, Harriman House Ltd., 1999 v Mastering Treasury Office Operations-‐ Denis Nolan & Gordon Amos, FT Prentice Hall, 2001 v Valuation of interest-‐sensitive financial instruments, Babbel David F., SOA Monograph M-‐ FI196-‐1, 1996
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