From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
NOTE : Treasures of Arabic morphology has been published by Zam zam Publishers of Pakistan. Unfortunately the quality of the print is poor and the publishers have retyped the contents pages with typing errors. If anyone is prepared to publish the book in a quality format, kindly contact the author at
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Title
From the Treasures Morphology
Author
Moulānā Ebrāhīm Muhammad
First Edition
Safar 1427 A.H. March 2006 Academy for Islamic Research Madrasah In’āmiyyah P.O. Box 39 Camperdown 3720 South Africa
Published by
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+27 031 785 1519
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email
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Arabic
Copyright © 2006 Madrasah In’āmiyyah All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Madrasah In’āmiyyah, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
Typeset on Times New Roman 12 and Traditional Arabic 18 by Academy for Islamic Research, Madrasah In’āmiyyah, Camperdown, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Contents Introduction Some Useful Terms Arabic Terms The Types of Words Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Positive and Negative Active and Passive The Second Category of Verbs Exercise 1 Types of Nouns The Scales of Verbs Exercise 2 The Categories of Triliteral Verbs Exercise 3 The Perfect Active ( ) Exercise 4 The Perfect Passive ( ) Exercise 5 The Imperfect ( ) Exercise 6 The Imperfect Passive ( ) Exercise 7 The ( !"# ) Exercise 8 The ( $ ) Exercise 9 The (%&) and ('#) of Emphasis Exercise 10 The Imperative (() Exercise 11
10 11 12 14 15 15 15 16 17 18 20 22 23 25 26 28 29 33 35 38 39 40 41 44 45 49 50 55 56 61
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Prohibition () Exercise 12 The Derived Nouns ( )*+ ,-.) The Active Participle (/01 2) Exercise 13 The Passive Participle (1 2) Exercise 14 The Elative (/ 1* 2) Exercise 15 The ( !+ 1") The Noun of the Instrument ( 3 2) Exercise 16 The Adverb ( 4 2) Exercise 17 The Intensive Adjective ( 5! 5") Exercise 18 The Categories (6 () of Verbs
61 65 66 66 68 69 70 71 73 74 76 78 79 81 82 84 85
The (6 () of (78 9:9)
85
The First (6 )
85
The Second (6 )
86
The Third (6 )
86
The Fourth (6 )
87
The Fifth (6 )
88
The Sixth (6 ) Exercise 19 The (6 () of (;< =>? 9:9) Construction of the Derived Nouns The Abbreviated Paradigm of each (6 )
88
95 97
() and (d [ PX*b (D) (/
is on the scale of (/ b X ) (h) (d X pW mb W>) (i) ( ^ q^2W ) (j) (r W W 2W ) Page 22 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Categories of Triliteral Verbs (F G!
6@;H ! )!*+)
(1) The first and third letters of a simple triliteral verb in
PPi*) e.g. (d X Ui [ W> d W U W ). ^ PX) e.g. (6) The ( P P ) of (/ (%X X Q b W> %W X ^ ). (7) The ( ) of all three scales is (/ ^ U ). (9) Based on the above-mentioned facts, there are six categories (6 () of (78
9:9) which are as follows: (X X [W> W W #W)(1) (6 X U [ W> 6 W W W ) (2) (] X *W1b W> ]W *W OW FU 2W ) (4) (%X X Q b W> %W X ^ ) (5) (d X Ui [ W> d W U W ) (6)
(10) There is no rule to specify which verb belongs to which category (6P P ). It is based on ( P P-) – as heard from the Arabs. One can also ascertain which category a verb belongs to from a dictionary. There are however certain guidelines which are as follows: [a] If the verb belongs to the category of (
]W *WPP^<
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
]X *WPb1W>) the second or third letter will be from the ( P )B)5, e.g. (d X pW mb W> d W pW v^ ), (D q^ [ W> ^ q^2W ), (OX FW o [ W> OW FW $W ). P /PP1) is of the form [b] If the perfect (P (/ ^ PU OW FU 2W ). [c] If the perfect (P /1) is of the form (/ ^ PX %W X ^ ). Exercise 3
P ) does each of the following verb To which category (6P belong:
D W ![W> (1) (w
w ^ W W) (2) (Z X X *[W> ZW W AW) (3) ( X W 1b W> W U d W B^j^ ) (5) (r X U [ W> r W W 2W )
)B ) are the following six letters: (x y z y _ y y { y ,).
5
The (
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Perfect Active Tense (
(1) There are 14 word-forms ( (PP
/PP1).
)
5PP")
of the perfect tense
All three diacritical points or vowels
(NP) can be used on the (
PFBQ GP0) as is apparent from the above-mentioned six categories (6 (). (2) The Arab Grammarians usually begin the Perfect (
/P1
P) and Imperfect ( P /P1) conjugations with the third person (dP PPIl), followed by the second person (dj|) and finally the first person (BQ*). (3) Unlike English, Arabic also has a dual form for the second and third persons. As for the first person, the plural form is used for both the dual and plural. (4) Hereunder follow the paradigms of the perfect tense. Note that the first three froms are for the masculine while the second three are for the feminine of the third person. The following six forms are for the second person, the first three being for the masculine and the second three for the feminine. The final two forms are for the first person.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
I?H7! 5 47! 67! 34 ! &'J ! (Word-form)
Verb
dIl m =
/^ W (2) dIl w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (3) m HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (4) m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b AW (5) w#~ = y W [BUW 1b AW (6) w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (7)
The following two words remain unchanged:
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
[ ^) changes the The word (
dIl w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b W> (1) w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b AW (2) positive imperfect tense (
R!H) to negative (1) with emphasis. The paradigms of ( ) – the active tense and (8) – the passive tense – when used with the other particles, (' b (^), ([ ^ ) and (' b v^ @U) will be the same as was in the case of ([ ^). Examples:
[BDW 1b W> 'b (^
: ^ W 1b W> 'b (^
/^ W 1b W> 'b (^
bDBW 1b W> [ ^
: ^ W 1b W> [ ^
/^ W 1b W> [ ^
[BDW 1b W> 'b v^ @U
: ^ W 1b W> 'b v^ @U
/^ W 1b W> 'b v^ @U
Hereunder follow the paradigms of (
/ [ ^
/^ W 1b X> [ ^
5 47! 3?^ 7!
^BW 1b W> [ ^ [BDW 1b W> [ ^ /^ W 1b AW [ ^ ^BW 1b AW [ ^ W Bb W 1b W> [ ^ /^ W 1b AW [ ^ ^BW 1b AW [ ^ [BDW 1b AW [ ^ [ BUW 1b AW [ ^ ^BW 1b AW [ ^ W Bb W 1b AW [ ^ /^ W [ ^ [BDW 1b X> [ ^ /^ W 1b AX [ ^ ^BW 1b AX [ ^ W Bb W 1b X> [ ^ /^ W 1b AX [ ^ ^BW 1b AX [ ^ [BDW 1b AX [ ^ [ BUW 1b AX [ ^ ^BW 1b AX [ ^ W Bb W 1b AX [ ^ /^ W (1) dIl w#~ = y /D W 1b AW (2) m = y /D W 1b AW (3) BQ* = y /D W (1) dIl m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b W> (2) dIl w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (3) m HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (4) m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b AW (5) w#~ = y W [BUW 1b AW (6) w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (7)
The following two words remain unchanged:
dIl w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b W> (1) Page 45 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b AW (2) The word ( [ ^) changes the positive imperfect tense ( R!H) to the negative perfect tense (1 ). The paradigms of ( ) – the active voice and (8) – the passive voice – when used with (' b @U), (hF^), (U [ .S
%X &^ ) and ( ,T &^
U [ h), will be the same as was in the case of ([ ^). Examples:
[BDW 1b W> 'b @U
: ^ W 1b W> 'b @U
/b W 1b W> 'b @U
bDBW 1b W> hF^
: ^ W 1b W> hF^
/b W 1b W> hF^
[BDW 1b WU
: ^ W 1b WU
/b W 1b WU
[BDW 1b W> &^
: ^ W 1b W> &^
/b W 1b W> &^
The word (hF^) means ‘not as yet’. Thus (/ b W 1b W>
hF^) will mean ‘he
did not do as yet’. The (U [ . S
%X &^ )
enters all the word-forms of the passive tense
(8). In the active tense ( ), it is only used in the third person (dIl) and first person (BQ*) word-forms. If any of the (
$ ) precede a ( / [ ^
W [ W> [ ^
hF^
X =[ W> hF^
%U [ W> hF^
W [ W> hF^
. %&
X =[ WU
%U [ WU
W [ WU
,&
X =[ W> &^
%U [ W> &^
W [ W> &^
(
:)
Hereunder follow the paradigms of (
/ (2) ' ^BW 1b *W^ P dIl w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (3) ' ^BW 1b *W^ P m HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (4) h BDW 1b *W^ P m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b AW (5) h BUW 1b *W^ P w#~ = y W [BUW 1b AW (6) ' ^BW 1b *W^ _ w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (7) (4) The (L) of the (
HA) is retained while the ( B)9 '#) itself becomes ( Q), e.g. (' ^BW 1b W^). (5) The () of (m O}) and the () of (w#~ =) are also deleted. The ( F) before the () and the (s ) before the () are retained, e.g. ( h BDW 1b W^) and (h BUW 1b *W^). (6)In the (w#~ O}) word-forms, an (L) is inserted between the ('#) of (O}) and the ( B)9 '#) so that three nûns do not occur in one place. This will occur in the following two wordforms:
' WBb W 1b W^ P dIl w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b W> (1) ' WBb W 1b *W^ P w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b AW (2) (7) The (
B)9 '#) itself is ( Q) in these two words. In short,
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology the (
B)9 '#) is ( Q) after (L) and (_*1) in the other
instances.
11M '#) is similar to the ( B)9 '#) except in the ( HA) and (w#~ O}) word-forms. The ( 11M '#) is only used in those words where there is no (L) before ( B)9 '#) and
(8) The (
these are eight word-forms. Once (
B)9 '#)
and (
11M '#)
enter a (
/ OX =X !X[ W> X BUo [ W> /D FW [ W>
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Imperative (() The (P
P( – imperative second person) is constructed from the ( / &^
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology THE DERIVED NOUNS (
)*+ ,-.)
The following six nouns are derived from the verb:
1 (4) / 1* 2 (3) 1 2 (2) /01 2 (1)
4 2 (6) 3 2 (5) !+ The Active Participle (/01
2)
The active participle (/01 from whom the action
2) indicates the person or being emanates, e.g. (O ` U W2) – a person who
listens. In 3-root letter verbs (78
9:9), the (/01 2) is formed by adding an (L) after the first letter, rendering a (s ) to the second letter and (>A) to the final letter. Thus, (/ ^ W d W U X W d ` 2U W W X d W U W &^ ;X [0W X [ hW d [ U [ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ 6 ` [ Xi [ W W X ? 9:9) are as follows:
)*
Example
Extra Letters
3( ! a
C/ .4V A-
%W W b (^
(
Of) s?
3/ '2 4- V O.
W h " W
C
no hamza
/ , $. ,R
/^ AW^K
no hamza
C/ .4-V A-
d W W*W$[ @U
Ny(
/" s?
C/ .4- B2A-
W f^ 1^ #[@U
'y(
/" s?
C/ , 4- V A-
h FW [ @U
E y (
/" s?
3/ b4, O.
/^ !h)^ AW
C yN
no hamza
3/ $R ,O.
/^ W^)AW
yN
no hamza
C/ .4V -2 A-
W W [*W2[ @U
Ny\y(
/" s?
C/ .4'2 4- V A-
W W [ + W M[ @U
y(
/" s?
C/ , '2 4- V A-
%h Wp7[ @U
E y y (
/" s?
C/ !c4- V A-
v^ h B^$[ @U
C y (
/" s?
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Construction of the Derived Nouns To construct the (/01
2) of any (6 ) besides (78 9:9), the ( ) is modified by adding a (%F %) at the beginning and making the penultimate letter ( Q) if it is not already ( Q). Examples:
%X U Qb X>
X ¢ W X> /D AU^)X>
¥ ¥ ¥
The (1
2)
%` U Qb X
` ¢ W X /a AU^)X is like the (/01
2)
except that the
penultimate letter is (_*1). Examples:
%X U Qb X>
X ¢ W X> /D AU^)X>
¥ ¥ ¥
%` W Qb X
` h W X /a AW^)X
The ( 4
2) of these (6 () is used on the scale of the (1 2). There is neither ( 3 2) nor (/ 1* 2) in these (6 (). In ordert to express the meaning of the ( 3 2),
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology the words (;U UW) are added to the ( =) for this purpose, e.g. (6 X W*U$[ Ub
;U UW) – the means of refraining.
To express the (/ 1*
2), the word (= W (^) is used before the (6 =), e.g. ( W*U$ [ @U = W (^) – more refraining. Words like (X H^ b (^), (/¦ K^(^) etc. can also be used.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Abbreviated Paradigm (5"
") of Each
(6 )
C4A )* X [ q^b^ %` W Qb X W X %W U b (DW `%U Qb X W X %W W b (^ %[ U Qb AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW %[ U b (^ ;X [U The sign of (P P) becomes (%X U PbQX>).
The remaining word-forms follow the same pattern. The detailed hereunder.
paradigms
of
this
verb
are
provided
11
A hamzah that is not deleted in pronunciation when prefixed by any letter.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !
5 47! 9!
%[ U Qb X> &^
87!
67!
5 47!
5 47!
%[ U Qb XU
%X U Qb X>
%W W b (^
W U Qb X> &^
W U Qb XU
'U W U Qb X>
W W b (^
[ X U Qb X> &^
[ X U Qb XU
'^ [ X U Qb X> [X W b (^
%[ U Qb AX &^
%[ U Qb *XU
%X U Qb AX
R [ W W b (^
W U Qb AX &^
W U Qb *XU
'U W U Qb AX
W*W W b (^
W [ U Qb X> &^
W [ U Qb XU
W [ U Qb X>
W [ W b (^
%[ U Qb AX &^
%[ U b (^
%X U Qb AX
R W [ W b (^
W U Qb AX &^
W U b (^
'U W U Qb AX WF*X[ W b (^
[X U Qb AX &^
[ X U b (^
'^ [ X U Qb AX [ *X[ W b (^
[ U U Qb AX &^
[ U U b (^
W [U U Qb AX R U [ W b (^
WU Qb AX &^
W U b (^
'U W U Qb AX WF*X[ W b (^
W [ U Qb AX &^
W [ U b (^
W [ U Qb AX
h *X[ W b (^
%[ U b (DT &^
%[ U b qDTU
%X U b (DT
R X [ W b (^
%[ U Qb #X &^
%[ U Qb XU
%X U Qb #X
W[ W b (^
y a P W U Qb X y '^ [ P X U Qb X y 'U P PW U Qb X y %` U P Qb X :/P P01 P P2 . N ` WU Qb X y 'U W*W U Qb X Page 98 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 20 Conjugate the following verbs:
W !WM[ (^ (5) /^ 2W [ (^ (4) W W [ (^ (3) =W W [(^ (2) W B^$[ (^ (1) 3'4O )* W X U [ AW X h W X> W ¢ " X W ` ¢ W X W X U [ AW X ¢ W X> W h " W
[ ¢ W AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ ¢ " W ;X [U X [ q^b^ ` h W X The sign of (/1A
6 ) is the tashdîd of the ( FBQ G0) in the () and ( () without a (N) preceding the ( ,< FBQ). The ( :0) of this (6 ) is also always (%F ). The ( =) of this (6 ) is also used on the following scales: ( a W
W h " W
&^
W f^ 1^ #[@U
[X fU 1^ [W> &^ [ X fU 1^ [WU '^ [ X fU 1^ [W> [X f^ 1^ #[@U [ fU 1^ [AW &^
[ fU 1^ [*WU
X fU 1^ [AW
N [ W f^ 1^ #[@U
WfU 1^ [AW &^
WfU 1^ [*WU
'U W fU 1^ [AW
WAW f^ 1^ #[@U
'^ [ fU 1^ [W> &^
'^ [ fU 1^ [WU
'^ [ fU 1^ [W>
'^ [ f^ 1^ #[@U
[ fU 1^ [AW &^
[ fU 1^ #[@U
X fU 1^ [AW
N W [ f^ 1^ #[@U
W fU 1^ [AW &^
W fU 1^ #[@U
'U W fU 1^ [AW WFAX[ f^ 1^ #[@U
[ X fU 1^ [AW &^
[ X fU 1^ #[@U
'^ [ X fU 1^ [AW [ AX[ f^ 1^ #[@U
[ U fU 1^ [AW &^ [ U fU 1^ #[@U
W [>U fU 1^ [AW N U [ f^ 1^ #[@U
WfU 1^ [AW &^
W fU 1^ #[@U
'U W fU 1^ [AW WFAX[ f^ 1^ #[@U
'^ [ fU 1^ [AW &^
'^ [ fU 1^ #[@U
'^ [ fU 1^ [AW
h AX[ f^ 1^ #[@U
[ fU 1^ #[(^S &^
[ fU 1^ #[q^SU
X fU 1^ #[(^S
N X [ f^ 1^ #[@U
[ fU 1^ [#W &^
[ fU 1^ [WU
X fU 1^ [#W
W#[ f^ 1^ #[@U
y sa W PUf1^ [X y '^ [ X PUf1^ [X y 'U W PUf1^ [X y ` PUf1^ [X :/P01 2 .N ` W fU 1^ [X y 'U WAW fU 1^ [X Page 104 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 23 Conjugate the following verbs:
W W W #[@U (5) =W )^ W #[@U (4) d W B^)^ #[@U (3) L W + W Q^ #[@U (2) W W Q^ #[@U (1) C4! )* W X d W U*X$[ (DW d ` U*Wo [ X W X d W W*W$[ @U d [ U*Wo [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW d [ U*W$[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ d ` W*Wo [ X The sign of (*
/^ !h)^ AW
: ^ !h)^ *WW> &^
: ^ !h)^ *WWU
'U : ^ !h)^ *WW>
: ^ !h)^ AW
[BD!h)^ *WW> &^
[BD!h)^ *WWU
'^ [ BD!h)^ *WW>
[ BD!h)^ AW
/b !h)^ *WAW &^
/b !h)^ *W*WU
/D !h)^ *WAW
R [ B^!h)^ AW
: ^ !h)^ *WAW &^
: ^ !h)^ *W*WU
'U : ^ !h)^ *WAW
W*B^!h)^ AW
W Bb !h)^ *WW> &^
W Bb !h)^ *WWU
W Bb !h)^ *WW>
W Bb !h)^ AW
/b !h)^ *WAW &^
/b !h)^ AW
/D !h)^ *WAW
R W Bb !h)^ AW
: ^ !h)^ *WAW &^
: ^ !h)^ AW
'U : ^ !h)^ *WAW
WF*XBb !h)^ AW
[BD!h)^ *WAW &^
[ BD!h)^ AW
'^ [ BD!h)^ *WAW
[ *XBb !h)^ AW
[ BU!h)^ *WAW &^
[ BU!h)^ AW
W [BU!h)^ *WAW
R U Bb !h)^ AW
: ^ !h)^ *WAW &^
: ^ !h)^ AW
'U : ^ !h)^ *WAW
WF*XBb !h)^ AW
W Bb !h)^ *WAW &^
W Bb !h)^ AW
W Bb !h)^ *WAW
h *XBb !h)^ AW
/b !h)^ AW(^ &^
/b !h)^ AWq^U
/D !h)^ AW(^
R X Bb !h)^ AW
/b !h)^ *W#W &^
/b !h)^ *WWU
/D !h)^ *W#W
WBb !h)^ AW
y 'U PW*B^!¢)^ *WX y a P^B!¢)^ *WX y '^ [ BD!¢)^ *WX y 'U : ^ !¢)^ *WX y /a !¢)^ *WX :/01 2 .N ` : ^ !¢)^ *WX Page 113 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 26 Conjugate the following verbs:
W BW AW (5) d W o h W AW (4) W BQ^ AW (3) %W =h )^ AW (2) W B W AW (1) 3/ $R ,.O )* /a W^)W*X W X /^ U[ )D AXW /a U^)W*X W X /^ W^)WA /b W^)W*AW &^ ;X W0 X [ hW /b W^)WA ;X [U X [ q^b^ The sign of (/01A
6 ) is that the (N) precedes the ( FBQ , W U [*X2[ (DW ` U [W* [ X W X W W [*W2[ @U [ U [*W [ AW &^ ;0 [ U [*W2[ @U ; . ` W [*W [ X W X
W W [*W2[ @U
W U [*W [ W> &^
W U [*W [ WU
'U W U [*W [ W>
W W [*W2[ @U
[X U [*W [ W> &^ [ X U [*W [ WU '^ [ X U [*W [ W>
[ X W [*W2[ @U
[ U [*W [ AW &^
[ U [*W [ *WU
X U [*W [ AW
N [ W W [*W2[ @U
W U [*W [ AW &^
W U [*W [ *WU
'U W U [*W [ AW
WAW W [*W2[ @U
'^ [ U [*W [ W> &^
'^ [ U [*W [ WU
'^ [ U [*W [ W>
'^ [ W [*W2[ @U
[ U [*W [ AW &^
[ U [*W2[ @U
X U [*W [ AW
N W [ W [*W2[ @U
W U [*W [ AW &^
^U[*W2[ @U
'U W U [*W [ AW
WFAX[ W [*W2[ @U
[ X U [*W [ AW &^
[ X U [*W2[ @U
'^ [ X U [*W [ AW
[ AX[ W [*W2[ @U
[ U U [*W [ AW &^ [ U[*W2[ @U
W [>U U [*W [ AW
N U [ W [*W2[ @U
W U [*W [ AW &^
^U[*W2[ @U
'U W U [*W [ AW
WFAX[ W [*W2[ @U
'^ [ U [*W [ AW &^
'^ [ U [*W2[ @U
'^ [ U [*W [ AW
h AX[ W [*W2[ @U
[ U [*W2[ (^ &^
[ U [*W2[ q^U
X U [*W2[ (^
N X [ W [*W2[ @U
[ U [*W [ #W &^
[ U [*W [ WU
X U [*W [ #W
W#[ W [*W2[ @U
y sa W U [*W [ X y '^ [ X U [*W [ X y 'U ^U[*W [ X y ` U [*W [ X :/01 2 .N ` ^U[*W [ X y 'U WAW U [*W [ X Page 118 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 28 Conjugate the following verbs:
%W =W [ *W2[ @U (5) =W W + [ *W2[ @U (4) W B^[ *W2[ @U (3) /^ !W)b *W2[ @U (2) W Wi [ *W2[ @U (1) C/ .4'2 4- V A- )* [ U [ + W M[ @U ; . ` U [ + W [ X W X WW [ + W M[ @U [ U [ + W [ AW &^ ;0 The sign of ( a W[U
W W [ + W M[ @U
WU [ + W [ W> &^ WU [ + W [ WU 'U WU [ + W [ W>
WW [ + W M[ @U
[XU [ + W [ W> &^ [XU [ + W [ WU '^ [ XU [ + W [ W>
[ XW [ + W M[ @U
[ U [ + W [ AW &^ [ U [ + W [ *WU
X U [ + W [ AW
R [ WW [ + W M[ @U
WU [ + W [ AW &^ WU [ + W [ *WU 'U WU [ + W [ AW
W*WW [ + W M[ @U
h U [ + W [ W> &^ h U [ + W [ WU
h U [ + W [ W>
h W [ + W M[ @U
[ U [ + W [ AW &^ [ U [ + W M[ @U
X U [ + W [ AW
R W [W [ + W M[ @U
^U[ + W M[ @U 'U WU [ + W [ AW
WF*X[W [ + W M[ @U
[ XU [ + W [ AW &^ [ XU [ + W M[ @U '^ [ XU [ + W [ AW
[ *X[W [ + W M[ @U
[ UU [ + W [ AW &^ [ UU [ + W M[ @U W [UU [ + W [ AW
R U [W [ + W M[ @U
WU [ + W [ AW &^
^U[ + W M[ @U 'U WU [ + W [ AW
WFAX[ W [*W2[ @U
h U [ + W [ AW &^
h U [ + W M[ @U
h U [ + W [ AW
h *X[W [ + W M[ @U
[ U [ + W M[ (^ &^ [ U [ + W M[ q^U
X U [ + W M[ (^
R X [W [ + W M[ @U
[ U [ + W [ #W &^ [ U [ + W [ WU
X U [ + W [ #W
hW [ + W M[ @U
[ U [ + W [ W> &^ [ U [ + W [ WU
WU [ + W [ AW &^
a WU [ + W [ X y '^ [ XU [ + W [ X y 'U WU [ + W [ X y ` U [ + W [ X :/01 2 .N ` ^U[ + W [ X y 'U W*WU [ + W [ X y
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 29 Conjugate the following verbs:
gW ^[ B^M[ @U (3) ]W ^[ B^[ @U (2) 6 W 7W [ =W [ @U (1) C/ , '2 4- V A- )* [ U Wp7[ @U %¢ Wp7[ @U %h Wp7[ @U ; . % Wp=[ X W X %h Wp7[ @U [ U Wp=[ AW &^ %¢ Wp=[ AW &^ %h Wp=[ AW &^ ;0 The sign of ( a ^B[U
[ Wp7[ @U
%h Wp=[ AW &^
%h Wp=[ *WU
% Wp=[ AW
R [ h Wp7[ @U
h Wp=[ AW &^
h Wp=[ *WU
'U h Wp=[ AW
W*h Wp7[ @U
W F[ U Wp=[ W> &^
W F[ U Wp=[ WU
W F[ U Wp=[ W>
W F[ W Wp7[ @U
%h Wp=[ AW &^
%h Wp7[ @U
% Wp=[ AW
R W F[ W Wp7[ @U
h Wp=[ AW &^
hWp7[ @U
'U h Wp=[ AW
WF*XF[ W Wp7[ @U
[ Wp=[ AW &^
[ Wp7[ @U
'^ [ Wp=[ AW
[ *XF[ W Wp7[ @U
[ ¢ Wp=[ AW &^
[ ¢ Wp7[ @U
W [¢ Wp=[ AW
R U F[ W Wp7[ @U
h Wp=[ AW &^
hWp7[ @U
'U h Wp=[ AW
WF*XF[ W Wp7[ @U
W F[ U Wp=[ AW &^
W F[ U Wp7[ @U
W F[ U Wp=[ AW
h *XF[ W Wp7[ @U
%h Wp7[ (^ &^
%h Wp7[ q^U
% Wp7[ (^
R X F[ W Wp7[ @U
%h Wp=[ #W &^
%h Wp=[ WU
% Wp=[ #W
WF[ W Wp7[ @U
y 'U W*h Wp=[ X y a h Wp=[ X y '^ [ Wp=[ X y 'U h Wp=[ X y % Wp=[ X :/01 2 .N ` h Wp=[ X
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 30 Conjugate the following verbs:
h WF[ @U (4) h WF2[ @U (3) N h WFb @U (2) 6 h W[ @U (1)
C/ !c4- V A- )* &^ ;0 vb ¢ B^$[ @U ; . va ¢ B^8[ W X v^ h B^$[ @U vb ¢ B^o [ AW The sign of ( a hU &^
vb ¢ B^o [ WU
vD ¢ B^o [ W>
v^ h B^$[ @U
v^ ¢ B^o [ W> &^
v^ ¢ B^o [ WU
'U v^ ¢ B^o [ W>
v^ h B^$[ @U
[vD ¢ B^o [ W> &^
[ vD ¢ B^o [ WU
'^ [ vD ¢ B^o [ W>
[ vD h B^$[ @U
vb ¢ B^o [ AW &^
vb ¢ B^o [ *WU
vD ¢ B^o [ AW
N [ v^ h B^$[ @U
v^ ¢ B^o [ AW &^
v^ ¢ B^o [ *WU
'U v^ ¢ B^o [ AW
WAv^ h B^$[ @U
'^ vb ¢ B^o [ W> &^
'^ vb ¢ B^o [ WU
'^ vb ¢ B^o [ W>
'^ vb h B^$[ @U
vb ¢ B^o [ AW &^
vb ¢ B^$[ @U
vD ¢ B^o [ AW
N W vb h B^$[ @U
v^ ¢ B^o [ AW &^
^v¢B^$[ @U
'U v^ ¢ B^o [ AW
WFAXvb h B^$[ @U
[vD ¢ B^o [ AW &^
[ vD ¢ B^$[ @U
'^ [ vDT ¢ B^o [ AW
[ AXvb h B^$[ @U
[ vU ¢ B^o [ AW &^
[ vU ¢ B^$[ @U
W [>vU ¢ B^o [ AW
N U vb h B^$[ @U
v^ ¢ B^o [ AW &^
^v¢B^$[ @U
'U v^ ¢ B^o [ AW
WFAXvb h B^$[ @U
'^ vb ¢ B^o [ AW &^
'^ vb ¢ B^$[ @U
'^ vb ¢ B^o [ AW
h AXvb h B^$[ @U
vb ¢ B^$[ (^ &^
vb ¢ B^$[ q^U
vD ¢ B^$[ (^
N X vb h B^$[ @U
vb ¢ B^o [ #W &^
vb ¢ B^o [ WU
vD ¢ B^o [ #W
W#vb h B^$[ @U
'U WAv^ ¢ B^o [ X y sa v^ ¢ B^o [ X y '^ [ vD ¢ B^o [ X y 'U v^ ¢ B^o [ X y va ¢ B^o [ X :/01 2 .N ` ^v¢B^o [ X y
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 31 (A) Conjugate the following verbs:
© ^ h W M[ @U (1) © ^ h B^0[ @U (2) (B) What is the (
5") of the following words: '^ [ vD ¢ B^o [ X (1) ' v^ ¢ B^o [ WU (2) [ jU ¢ B^[ AW &^ (3) a j^ h W [ X (4) ^v¢B^$[ @U (5) h *Xjb h W M[ @U (6) Wjb h B^0[ @U (7) N X [ W WF[ @U (8) 'U hAWFQb W> (9) '^ [ U WF [ AW &^ (10)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Four-Root letter Verbs The (6 () of (0 )
/ , , 42 , )* e F 6$* ; . ` H^[ !WX W X W HU[ X W ` HU[ !WX W X W H^[ W [ HU[ !WAX &^ ;0 [ HU[ W The sign of (a B^B^[ ), ( X ¢ W X>), (/D AU^)X>), (X HU[ !WX>). If the ( /1 ) has less than or more than four letters, the ( :0 ) will be (_*1), e.g. (X X [W>), (d X U*Wo [ W>), (/D W^)*WW>). Four-root letter verbs are of three types:
W $W [ AW) – to translate. (1) those of genuine four-radical origin, e.g. ( (2) verbs formed by the doubling of a biliteral root, e.g. (W l ^ [ l^ ) –
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology to gargle, ( W *WF[ AW) – to stammer. (3) composite roots taken from a familiar phrase or combination of roots, e.g. ( ^ =W F[ W ) – to say Al-hamdulillāh, (/^ FW [ W) – to say Bismillāh. Some of the detailed hereunder.
paradigms
of this verb follow
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !
5 47! 9!
5 47! 87!
5 47! 67!
[ HU[ !WX> &^
[ HU[ !WXU
X HU[ !WX>
W H^[ W
W HU[ !WX> &^
W HU[ !WXU
'U W HU[ !WX>
W H^[ W
[X HU[ !WX> &^
[ X HU[ !WXU
'^ [ X HU[ !WX>
[ X H^[ W
[ HU[ !WAX &^
[ HU[ !W*X
X HU[ !WAX
N [ W H^[ W
W HU[ !WAX &^
W HU[ !W*XU
'U W HU[ !WAX
WAW H^[ W
'^ [ HU[ !WX> &^
'^ [ HU[ !WXU
'^ [ HU[ !WX>
'^ [ H^[ W
[ HU[ !WAX &^
[ HU[ W
X HU[ !WAX
N W [ H^[ W
W HU[ !WAX &^
^UH[ W
'U W HU[ !WAX
WFAX[ H^[ W
[ X HU[ !WAX &^
[ X HU[ W
'^ [ X HU[ !WAX
[ AX[ H^[ W
[ U HU[ !WAX &^
[ U HU[ W
W [>U HU[ !WAX
N U [ H^[ W
W HU[ !WAX &^
^UH[ W
'U W HU[ !WAX
WFAX[ H^[ W
'^ [ HU[ !WAX &^
'^ [ HU[ W
'^ [ HU[ !WAX
h AX[ H^[ W
[ HU[ W(D &^
[ HU[ WqDU
X HU[ W(D
N X [ H^[ W
[ HU[ !W#X &^
[ HU[ !WXU
X HU[ !W#X
W#[ H^[ W
y 'U WAW HU[ !WX y sa W HU[ !WX y '^ [ X HU[ !WX y 'U W HU[ !WX y ` HU[ !WX :/01 2 .N ` ^UH[ !WX
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 32 Conjugate the following verbs:
e W W [ 7W (1) W Q^ [ 0W (2)
W W M[ W (3) \ W =W [pW (4) W f^ [K^ (5) (B) What is the (
5") of the following words: e [ U [ =W AX &^ (1) ` Q^ [ W X (2) [ U =U [ =W AX &^ (3) b ?U bW (4) \ ` =U [W X (5) '^ [ X fU [)^ X> (6) [ *X[ K^[
: ^ W[ W AW
[BD W[ W *WW> &^
[BD W[ W *WWU
'^ [ BD W[ W *WW>
[ BD W[ W AW
/b W[ W *WAW &^
/b W[ W *W*WU
/D W[ W *WAW
R [ B^ W[ W AW
: ^ W[ W *WAW &^
: ^ W[ W *W*WU
'U : ^ W[ W *WAW
W*B^ W[ W AW
W Bb W[ W *WW> &^
W Bb W[ W *WWU
W Bb W[ W *WW>
W Bb W[ W AW
/b W[ W *WAW &^
/b W[ W AW
/D W[ W *WAW
R W Bb W[ W AW
: ^ W[ W *WAW &^
: ^ W[ W AW
'U : ^ W[ W *WAW
WF*XBb W[ W AW
[ BDT W[ W *WAW &^
[ BD W[ W AW
'^ [ BDT W[ W *WAW
[ *XBb W[ W AW
[ BU W[ W *WAW &^
[ BU W[ W AW
W [BU W[ W *WAW
R U Bb W[ W AW
: ^ W[ W *WAW &^
: ^ W[ W AW
'U : ^ W[ W *WAW
WF*XBb W[ W AW
W Bb W[ W *WAW &^
W Bb W[ W AW
W Bb W[ W *WAW
h *XBb W[ W AW
/b W[ W AW(^ &^
/b W[ W AWq^U
/DT W[ W AW(^
R X Bb W[ W AW
/b W[ W *W#W &^
/b W[ W *WWU
/D W[ W *W#W
WBb W[ W AW
y a B^ U[ W *WX y '^ [ BD U[ W *WX y 'U : ^ U[ W *WX y /a U[ W *WX :/01 2 .N ` : ^ U[ W *WX y 'U W*B^ U[ W *WX
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 33 Conjugate the following verbs:
W B^ [ FW AW (5) W *W [ !WAW (4) r W =W #[?W AW (3) /^ W[ W AW (2) d W pW mb FW AW (1) C/ d 4- V A- )* [ U [ + W Kb @U ¢ U + W Kb @U h U + W Kb @U ; . U + W )b X W X h W + W Kb @U [ U [ + W )b AW &^ ¢ U + W )b AW &^ h U + W )b AW &^ ;0 The sign of ( a BU
)^ + W #[W [@U
[)D + U #[W ![W> &^
[ )D + U #[W ![WU
'^ [ )D + U #[W ![W>
[ )^T + W #[W [@U
g[ + U #[W ![AW &^
g[ + U #[W ![*WU
gX + U #[W ![AW
R [ )^ + W #[W [@U
)^ + U #[W ![AW &^
)^ + U #[W ![*WU
'U )^ + U #[W ![AW
W*)^ + W #[W [@U
W )b + U #[W ![W> &^
W )b + U #[W ![WU
W )b + U #[W ![W>
W )b + W #[W [@U
g[ + U #[W ![AW &^
g[ + U #[W [@U
gX + U #[W ![AW
R W )b + W #[W [@U
)^ + U #[W ![AW &^
)^ + U #[W [@U
'U )^ + U #[W ![AW
WF*X)b + W #[W [@U
[ )D + U #[W ![AW &^
[ )D + U #[W [@U
'^ [ )D + U #[W ![AW
[ *X)b + W #[W [@U
[ )U + U #[W ![AW &^
[ )U + U #[W [@U
W [)U + U #[W ![AW
R U )b + W #[W [@U
)^ + U #[W ![AW &^
)^ + U #[W [@U
'U )^ + U #[W ![AW
WF*X)b + W #[W [@U
W )b + U #[W ![AW &^
W )b + U #[W [@U
W )b + U #[W ![AW
h *X)b + W #[W [@U
g[ + U #[W [(^ &^
g[ + U #[W [q^U
gX + U #[W [(^
R X )b + W #[W [@U
g[ + U #[W ![#W &^
g[ + U #[W ![WU
gX + U #[W ![#W
W)b + W #[W [@U
y a )^ + U #[W ![X y '^ [ )D + U #[W ![X y 'U )^ + U #[W ![X y g` + U #[W ![X :/01 2 .N ` )^ + U #[W ![X y 'U W*)^ + U #[W ![X
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 35 (A) Conjugate the following verbs:
W f^ #[W M[ @U (1) _ W =W [B^ [@U (2) W Q^ #[W 0[ @U (3) ]W f^ [B^2[ @U (4) /^ W #[W [ @U (5) (B) What is the (
5") of the following words: /b U #[W i [ AW &^ (1) 'U WifU [B^ [ X (2) [ QU #[W 0[ q^U (3) N ` W=W [B^![X (4) WF[ f^ #[W M[ U (5) [ U =U [B^ [@U (6) 'U W*B^ U #[W i [ X (7) [ X )^ #[W ? 0 giB) The first category (78
0 giB) has seven (6 ():
(1) (/ e, , 42 , ) – the () is repeated, e.g. (a PW!!WBb $ W ) – to don a shawl.
d [ !UBb $W ; . d ` !UBb o W X W X d W !WBb $W : ;X 1D [>U [ AW d [ !UBb o W AX &^ ;0 . 42 , ) – there is an extra () after the ( ), e.g. (2) (/ ee, (a ^ W [ 2W ) – to don a trouser.
b U [ 2W ; . a U [ W X W X ^ W [ 2W : ;X 1D [>U [ AW b U [ W AX &^ ;0 (3) (/ , 4. '2 , ) – there is an extra () after the ( ), e.g. (sa W f ^ [" W ) – to command. This word can be used as (W f^ [2W ) as well. Page 137 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
[ fU [" W ; . ` fU [ W X W X U [ AW [ fU [ W AX &^ ;0 (4) (/ , '.42 , ) – there is an extra () after the ( ), e.g. (a 1^ W>[ W ) – to trim the extra leaves of a plant.
L [ U>[ W ; . L ` U>[ + W X W X [ W L X U>[ + W X> L W W>[ W : ;X 1D [>U [ AW L [ U>[ + W AX &^ ;0 (5) (/ , $ . 2 , )– there is an extra () after the ( ), e.g. (a W W [ $W ) – to make someone don socks.
6 [ U [ $W ; . 6 ` U [ o W X W X 6 W W [ $W : ;X 1D [>U [ AW 6 [ U [ o W AX &^ ;0 (6) (/ , K.42 , )– there is an extra (') after the ( ), e.g. (a W WBb K^) – to make someone don a hat.
[ UBb K^ ; . ` UBb )^ X W X W WBb K^ : ;X 1D [>U [ AW [ UBb )^ AX &^ ;0 (7) (/ , 42 , )– there is an extra () after the (), e.g. (sa W Bb K^ ) – to
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology make someone don a hat.
W X W U Bb KDW ¡ Bb )^ X W X W Bb K^ : ;X 1D [>U [ AW U Bb )^ AX &^ ;0 U Bb K^ ; . Bb )^ X (W Bb K^ )
was
originally
( W W Bb K^).
( [ U Bb )^ X>)
was
originally
( X U Bb )^ X>). (s¨ W Bb K^) was originally (¨ W W Bb K^). These changes will be discussed later. The second category - (=>?
0 giB) has three groups:
(1) (/ a BD[ 1W*
giB) (2) ( a ^B[U [ + W *WAW (3) W [ U [ o W AX (4) X f^ [+ W *W#W (5) [ )U [B^2[ (^ (6) [ U U [W Kb @U (7) W A[W 1b W AW (8) [ W Bb )^ AW (9) R [ Wf^ [+ W AW (10)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Seven Categories With regards to the letters of verbs, they fall into seven categories, namely:
L1 y L0 y F y JK# y $( y H y ]i" Definitions Term
]i"
Meaning Example A word whose root letters do not have a (s?), (
PB P)13
W W #W
or two letters of the same type
PB P)
=W 0W W
PB P)
^ ^K
PB P)
W07W
F
A word having a (s?P P) as a
W W (^
L0
root letter – a hamzated verb A word having, as its root letters, two letters of the same type
=h W
P P
^KW
H
A word having a ( in the (
$(
A word having a ( in the (
JK#
13
FBQ G0)
A word having a ( in the (
L1
FBQ , JKP#) eg
(W W ). 11) If the (
FBQ , (1) W UW (2) h =U W> (6) m^ MW (^ (7) %W U W (8) W FX W> (9) W
U2W (10)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Rules of (
F)
Rule 1: It is permissible to change a (s?PP), that is alone and (2) to correspond to the previous (
).
That is, (a) after a (;i*vU ). nnnnn Rule 2 If a hamzah mutaharrik (ZP Pi*
s?PP)
appears before a
(s?P) that is (P2), it becomes necessary to change the (2) letter to the corresponding (
B ).
Examples Page 147 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
W W (^ becomes W W W U bD becomes W U [ D #WbU becomes #WF[>U .
nnnnn
Rule 3 (3.1) It is permissible to change a (s?P) that is (_P*1) and is preceded by a (
F) to a ().
Example
'a ~W $X becomes 'a W $X 'a ~W $X is the plural of a #W~W $X which means a perfume holder. (3.2) It is permissible to change a (s?P) that is (_P*1) and is preceded by a (s ) into a (). Example
`
^U becomes ` WU
. nnnnn
Rule 4 (4.1) If two (s?P P)’s are (ZPPi*) and one of them is ( P Q), then it is permissible to change the second (s?P) into a (). Example
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
a h @U^ can also be read as a Fh U>^ . If there are two (s?P)'s which are (ZPi*) and none of them are ( PP Q), then it is necessary to change the second (s?) into a (). Examples i) ii)
%X 7U (^(^ will be read as %X 7U W^ /D ¢ (^(D will be read as /D ¢ W (D
(,¡ W$) originally was ( a PU>$W ) (/P0<
P2 of ,S PW$). The () which comes after (=PI LP) will change into a (s?P). It becomes ( a PPUIW$). Now there are two ( s?P ZPi*) and one of them is ( P Q) . The second (s?P) ` IUPPW$) (according to the changes into a () becoming ( rule of a P ¢ U^ - rule 4.1). ( ` IUP P$W ) can also be written as [ X>,U PPW$. The ( FPP) on the () is /PP)9 (difficult to pronounce). Therefore it is removed and ( [ [PP PUIW$) remains. Now due to (GPP2 PPF*$@) (the coming together of two [P2] letters), the (P2 ) is deleted.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology We are left with [ PIUW$ which can also be read as
,¡ W$ .
Step by Step
a PU>$W
a IUW$ ( [ [> ,U W$)
( ` IUW$) ([ X>
,U W$)
[ IU W$ (,¡ W$) nnnnn
Rule 5 If a (s?P) comes after the () or () that are
s=P and s=I or if a (s?P) comes after the () of (5PA P2), it is permissible to change the (s?P PP) into the letter that precedes it and then (%PPl7@) (incorporation of one letter into another) is made. Example of () s=I
s=
a I^[ X )b X
sa W [ X )b X
The word (a I^ [ X )b X ) is the (1 Example ()
a
^[fU MW
sa h X )b X 2) of ((DW )b W> (^W K^).
s=I s= a W[fU MW
a hfU MW .
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Example of 5A
`
U[) and the () changes to (LP). The W ). word becomes (W>^fM
NOTE: This law is compulsory ( $). Step by Step
a U>f^ MW
, ,U ^fMW
` IU^fMW nnnnn
W>^fMW
Rule 7 If a (s?P) is (ZPi*) and it comes after a (P2) that is not a ({=PI
{=) nor is it (5PA ) , then the ( P) of
the (s?) is given to the letter preceding it. This law is permissible ($). Examples 1) In the word (/ D
^P[ W>), the (
P) of the (s?P) is given to
the (\) and the (s?) is then deleted. It becomes (/ D W W>). 2) In the words ] W P^B). 3) In the words
nnnnn Rule 8 The rule of (/ D
^PP[ W>) is compulsorily applied to all the (P) and (¯W PX>) (
P P
8). Example In ( X (^[ W>) the (
Pi*).
NOTE:
P+ It is permissible to apply this rule to the (N)*P
,P-)
(derived nouns) too. The (F
=) can be read as ( [ W ) or ( W).
2) can be read as (sa [U ) or (sa W U ). The ( Pi*K GP P GP P ) and (=P P GP P GP P ) are both
permissible. 9.1 (dP>K
G G ) is to read the (s?P) between its (eP|) and the (e|) of the ( B ) corresponding to its (hamza’s) . 9.2 (=P GP G ) is to read a letter between its (eP|) and P|) of the ( PPB PP) corresponding to the the (eP preceding ( ). (G G ) is also known as / A. Examples When (G
G ) is made on the word (^ q^2W ), then in both (d>K G G ) and (=P ) the (eP|) will be that of (s?P) and (L). In the word ( W
UPW2) if (dP>K GP GP ) is made, then the Page 154 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (e|) will be between (s?) and (). If (=P
GP GP ) is
made, then the (e|) will be between (s?) and (L). In the word (%W ~ X ^) if (d>K
G G ) is made, then the (e|) will be between (s?) and (). If (=P GP GP ) is made then the (e|) will be between (s?) and (L).
PPi* s?PP) after (LPP), it is permissible to apply (d>K G G ) only. (=P GP GP ) is (9.3) If there is a (
not permissible in this case. Examples [1] In the word (,S hKD ), the (s?) is (_*1). Therefore the (s?) will be read between the (e|) of the (s?) and the (L). [2] If (,T hKD ) is read with a (
F), the (s?) will be read between the (e|) of the (s?) and (). [3] If (,U hKD ) is read with a (s ), the (s?) will be read between the (e|) of the (s?) and ().
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 10 If a (%1*2@
s?) comes before a (s?) as in the word
( [ *X#[(^(^), then it is permissible to apply the rule of
[ *X#[(^(^) will be read as ([ *X#[W (^) . (%X 7U W(^) (Rule 4). Thus, ( It is also permissible to make (/P A), whether (dP>K) or (= ). It is also permissible to bring an (L) between the two (s?)’s and read it as ( [ *X#[(^). nnnnn Exercise 38 (1) Apply rule no.1 to the following words:
` ~[ 2X (3) `
bW 2[ (D W ` 2W (D W 'U W>W 2[ (D W2[ (D ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW X 2U W(^W Page 160 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Analysis of the changes (1) The changes of this (6P ) are similar to those of (
mPM(
mPMq>) except for the imperative (P() – ([ PU [>@U) – where the a WF[>@U) applies. rule of (' (2) The other (6P P () of (7P P8 P P9:9) follow the same pattern.
Exercise 40 Conjugate the following verbs:
W 9^(^ (1) W U (^ (2) (b) What is the paradigm of the ( P P
PP)
of
W U (^)? ( (c) What is the paradigm of the (8
() of (;W ^(^)? (d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of ( W U (^)? (e) How has the word ([X U [>@U) changed from its original?
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
R .-W2l-V!, e C4A )* " ! :D X [ q^b^ ` FW AW[ X W X @U X FW AW[ X> W FU AX[ (DW ` FU AW[ X W X @U X FU AWqb W> W FW *W[>@U ` FW AW[ X ;X [U X [ 4 [ FU AWqb AW &^ ;X [0W X [hW [ FU *W[>@U ;X [U Analysis of the changes
a PWF[>@U) applies in the ( P (1) The rule of ('
P),
(
() and ( =). (2) The rule of ( W U [ (D) applies in the ( ). (3) The rule of (\ ` (b W ) applies in the ( ). (4) The rule of (\ ` ~[ P X) applies in the (P P P P ), (/01 2), (1 2) and ( 4 2).
N !,j'2 -2 lV!, e C4A )* " ! :D W X '^ v^ bq*W2[ @U 'a v^ qb *W [ X ;X [U X [ 4 'b vU qb *W [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW 'b vU qb *W2[ @U ;X [U X [q^b^ 'a v^ qb *W [ X Analysis of the changes (1) Conjugate all the verbs of (;P<
=P>? P9:9 6 () like
the conjugations of (m ^ MW (^) and (W FW *W[>@U).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 41 Conjugate the following verbs:
L W #Wqb *W2[ @U (1) W FW *WIb@U (2) W j^ q^#[@U (3) (b) What is the paradigm of the ( P P
PP)
of
( W U (^)? (c) What is the paradigm of the (8
() of (;W ^(^)? W U (^)? (d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of ( (e) How has the word ([X U [>@U) changed from its original?
Discussion of (G F) (1) The rule of (GP
GP ) or (/P A) applies to all the verbs of () of (7P8 P9:9 GP F). Note that this rule is optional. (2) The rule of (/ D
^P[ W>) applies to the ( P ) and (P() of (78
9:9 G F). (3) (X IU?[ W> W (^W ) is from (6P 6P ), (/ D
^P[ W> ^ q^PW2) is from Page 163 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (]*< 6 ), ( X
^ [ W>
W
U2W ) is from (O- 6 ), (%X ~X PbBW> %W ~X P^) is from
(% 6 ). (4) In the imperative (PP(), after applying the rule of (/ D
^P [ W>), the (/P P"
s?P P)
is deleted. Therefore ([ P IU[ @U)
becomes ( [ U ), (/ b
^P P[2@U) becomes (/b P PW2), (W
^P P[2(U) becomes ( [ 2W ) and ([
Db(D) becomes ([ D). The conjugation of the imperative second person (
PP(
) form is as follows: '^ [ U
W U
[ U U
[ X U
W U
[ U
W Bb 2W
^B2W
[ BU2W
[BD2W
^B2W
/b 2W
W F[ 2W
WF2W
[ FU 2W
[ FX 2W
WF2W
[ 2W
W F[ D
WFD
[ FU D
[FX D
WFD
[ D
Discussion of (%: F) (1) In most of the word-forms of (%:P
PF), the rule of
(G
G ) or (/ A) applies, e.g. ((DW )b W> (^W K^). (2) The rule of (` WU ) applies to (P P =P), e.g.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (,S U KD).
P2 s7P1 s?P), that is the rule of ` (b W ) applies to all the word-forms of (P() and ( P (\ %?8). Accordingly, in the words ((bW PbK@U) and ((bW Pb)W> [ P^), the hamzah can become (LP P), in the words (,V 7X [ (D) and ( [ P^ ,V 7X [ PW>), the hamzah can become () and in the words (b PU!#[(^) and ( b !U[W> [ ^), the hamzah can become (). (3) The rule of (
Exercise 42 Conjugate the following verbs:
/^ ph q^AW (6) q^j^ WAW (7) q^1^ Q^ #[@U (8) (^=W *W [@U (9) L W #Wqb *W2[ @U (10)
qDX[ W> q^WpW (1) \ X @U[ W> \ W (^ W (2) W h (^ (3) m^ MW (4) \ W q^ [(^ (5)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Rules Of (
/*)
Rule 1 (1.1) The () which appears between (
N:0) which is (_*1) and the ( PFBQ GP0) which is ( P Q), 16
falls off. Example The word = X 0U [ W> becomes =X U W> . Every () that comes between the (_*1
N:0) and the ( FB ) which is (_PP*1), the () falls off, on condition that either ( FB ) or the ( FB ) is from the ()B ) .
the
17
Example The word d X pW [ W> becomes d X W W>. Note: Every (¯
P PH)
on the scale of (6P P) follows this
rule. nnnnn
16
17
N:0 are the following letters ' N L The
)B are the following letters: x z _ { ,
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 2 If a ( =) is on the scale of (/ a [ (dPIl mP OP}), before the () there is a ( FP P) and after the () there is another (). Therefore, the first () is made (P2) and the second one falls off due to (G2 F*$@). It becomes (' ^ [ 0X =[ W>). In the word
If a () is preceded by a (sP ) and followed by another (), the first () becomes (P P2) and the other () is deleted because of (G2 F*$@). Example of ()
W [UU [ AW (P wP#~ =) there is a (sP ) before the () and it is followed by a second (). Therefore the first () becomes (P P2) and the second () falls off. It becomes ( W [U [ AW).
In the word
(10.3) If a () is preceded by a (
FP P)
and followed by a
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (), the preceding letter is made (P2) and the (
P)
of the () is transferred to the preceding letter. Then the () changes into a () and falls off due to (
PPF*$@
G2). Example In the word ( W [>U 0X =[ PWA) the () is preceded by a (
FP) and followed by a (), therefore the preceding letter ( ) is made (P2) and the ( P) of the () which is a (sP ) is transferred to the preceding letter, the ( ). It therefore becomes ( W [>[ 0U =[ PWA). Due to the preceding (sP ), the () changes into a (). Now due to (GP2 PF*$@) the () W [0U =[ AW). is deleted. It becomes (
(10.4) If a () is preceded by a (sP ) and followed by a (), the preceding letter is made (P2) and the (
P) of the () is given to the preceding letter. Then the () changes into a () and falls off due to (G2 F*$@).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Example In the word (' ^ [ PXU [ W>), the () is preceded by a (sP ) and followed by a (). Therefore, the preceding letter (%) is made (2) and the (
P) of the () which is a ( FP), is transferred to the preceding letter (%). It becomes (' ^ [ P[X [ W>). Due to the preceding ( FP), the () changes to (). It becomes (' ^ [ [ PX[ W>). Now due to (GP2 PF*$@), the () is deleted. It becomes (' ^ [ X [ W>). Further Examples
[X)U ^ ([BDU W X ) and in the ( OP} P Q) – (=X P[0U WW ), because the reason for the change is not found, namely the ( [ ) and a preceding (s ).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
R
- '2 . V! e ) . . . )* 6nW CH ;X [U X [ q^b^ ` [ X [W W X W U X>W ` 2U > W X W W W> [ U [AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ U [>@U Analysis of the changes
P ), the only change that has occurred is in (1) In this (6P the (P
P )
where the () has changed to a ()
according to rule no. 3 – the rule of (` 2 U [ X ).
3N 2 . V! e ]. - . )* @U ;X [U Analysis of the changes (1) In the imperative (P
P()
- (6P ) , the () has
changed to a () according to rule no. 3 – the rule of (7` W[ U ). The same rule applies to the (
P3 2) – ( W /a PWo[U
a Wo[U W a B^o W [U ). (2) In the word (/ D PU$W(^), the () has changed to a (s?P) according to rule no. 6 – the rule of (/ D" U W(^).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (3) It is permissible to change the () to a (s?P) in (/ ^ PU$X ) – the (P
P dPIl m =) and in (/a PW$X ) – the broken plural of the (w#~ / 1* 2). There is no other change in this (6 ). N 4. c !. ]2. V! e ]. - . )* ko ).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
N ^, 7- !. gR . . V! e S .
- . )* ). FR ,^qOl-V! e C4A )* =W K^[ (^ =[ KU[ AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW =[ KU[ (^ FR ,^'2 -2 l-V! e C4A )* =W KU[ *X2[ (D W =` KU[ *W [ X W X =W K^[ *W[2@U =[ KU[ *W [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW =[ KU[ *W2[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ =` K^[ *W [ X W X (2) W W Ah@U (3) ² ^ )^ [>(^ (4) ² ^ )^ [*W2[ @U (5) W 2W W> (6) 6 W W W$ (7) 7W ^)#[@U (9) =W h W (10)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Paradigms of (
$()
CN 2 ^, V! e . J . B. )*
'U ^[ )D W>
^B[KU
^^K
[D^)X> [ ^
[D[ )D W> [ ^
'^ [ D^)X>
'^ [ D[ )D W>
[BD[KU
[D^K
^ ^)AX [ ^
^ [ )D AW [ ^
D )^ AX
D [ )D AW
R [ B^[KU
R [ ^^K
^^)PXA [ ^
^[ )D PWA [ ^
W*B^[KU
W*^^K
W Bb )^ X> [ ^
W Bb )D W> [ ^
W Bb )^ X>
W Bb )D W>
W Bb KD
W Bb KD
^ ^)AX [ ^
^ [ )D AW [ ^
D ^)AX
D [ )D AW
R W Bb KD
R W Bb KD
^^)PXA [ ^
^[ )D PWA [ ^
'U ^^)PXA 'U ^[ )D PWA
WF*XBb KD
WF*XBb KD
[D^)AX [ ^
[D[ )D AW [ ^
'^ [ D^)AX
'^ [ D[ )D AW
[ *XBb KD
[ *XBb KD
[ U^)PXA [ ^
[ U[ )D PWA [ ^
U [U^)PXA U [U[ )D PWA
R U Bb KD
R U Bb KD
^^)PXA [ ^
^[ )D PWA [ ^
'U ^^)PXA
'U ^[ )D PWA
WF*XBb KD
WF*XBb KD
W Bb )^ AX [ ^
W Bb )D AW [ ^
W Bb )^ AX
W Bb )D AW
h *XBb KD
h *XBb KD
^ ^KD [ ^
^ [ KD^ [ ^
D ^KD
D [ KD^
R X Bb KD
R X Bb KD
^ ^)PX# [ ^
^ [ )D PW# [ ^
D ^)PX#
D [ )D PW#
WBb KD
WBb KD
'U ^^)PXA 'U ^[ )D PWA
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 87!
5 47! 87!
r ] 6K !
r ] 6K !
h ^^)X^
h ^[ )D W^
/b )^ X> [ ^
/b )D W> [ ^
' ^^)X^
' ^[ )D W^
^^)X> [ ^
^[ )D W> [ ^
h D^)X^
h D[ )D W^
[D^)X> [ ^
[D[ )D W> [ ^
h ^^)*X^
h ^[ )D *W^
/b )^ AX [ ^
/b )D AW [ ^
' ^^)PX*^
' ^[ )D PW*^
^^)PXA [ ^
^[ )D PWA [ ^
' WBb )D X^
' WBb )D W^
W Bb )^ X> [ ^
W Bb )D W> [ ^
h ^^)*X^
h ^[ )D *W^
/b )^ AX [ ^
/b )D AW [ ^
' ^^)PX*^
' ^[ )D PW*^
^^)PXA [ ^
^[ )D PWA [ ^
h D^)*X^
h D[ )D *W^
[D^)AX [ ^
[D[ )D WA [ ^
h U^)PX*^
h U[ )D PW*^
[ U^)PXA [ ^
[ U[ )D PWA [ ^
' ^^)PX*^
' ^[ )D PW*^
^^)PXA [ ^
^[ )D PWA [ ^
' WBb )^ *X^
' WBb )D *W^
W Bb )^ AX [ ^
W Bb )D AW [ ^
h ^^KD^
h ^[ KD^^
/b K^D [ ^
/b KD^ [ ^
h ^^)PX^
h ^[ )D PW^
/b )^ PX# [ ^
/b )D PW# [ ^
'^H ! K ! ]
'^H ! K ! ]
CD
5 4
y [ ^[ )D *W^ y [ D[ )D W^ y [ ^[ )D W^ : 11· ' O ^[ )D W^ y [ ^[ KDq^^ y [ U[ )D *W^ y [ D[ )D *W^ y [^[ )D *W^ [ ^^)*X^ y [ ^^)*X^ y [ D^)X^ y [ ^^)X^ : 11· ' O [ ^^)X^ y [ ^^KqD^ y [ U^)*X^ y [ D^)X*^ y
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 9!
] 5 47! 9!
CDG! 9!
5 47! 9!
h ^^)XU
h ^[ )D WU
/b )^ XU
/b )D WU
' ^^)XU
' ^[ )D WU
^^)XU
^[ )D WU
h D^)XU
h D[ )D WU
[D^)XU
[D[ )D WU
h ^^)*XU
h ^[ )D *WU
/b )^ *XU
/b )D *WU
' ^^)PX*U
' ^[ )D PW*U
^^)PX*U
^[ )D PW*U
' WBb )D XU
' WBb )D WU
W Bb )^ XU
W Bb )D WU
h ^^)*XU
h ^[ KD
/b )^ *XU
/b KD
' ^^)PX*U
' ^[ KD
^^)*XU
^[ KD
h D^)*XU
h D[ KD
[D^)*XU
[D[ KD
h U^)PX*U
h U[ KD
[ U^)*XU
[ U[ KD
' ^^)PX*U
' ^[ KD
^^)*XU
^[ KD
' WBb )^ *XU
' WBb KD
W Bb )^ *XU
W Bb KD
h ^^KDU
h ^[ KD^U
/b K^DU
/b KD^U
h ^^)PXU
h ^[ )D PWU
/b )^ XU
/b )D WU
'^H ! K !
'^H ! K !
[ ^[ KD y [ ^[ )D *WU y [ D[ )D WU y [ ^[ )D WU : 11· ' O . [ ^[ )D WU y [ ^[ KDq^U y [ U[ KD y [ D[ KD y y [ ^^)*XU y [ ^^)*XU y [ D^)XU y [ ^^)XU : 11· ' O . [ ^^)XU y [ ^^KqDU y [ U^)*XU y [ D^)*XU
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 6DK !
] 5 47! 6DK !
CDG! 6DK !
5 47! 6DK !
h ^^)X> &^
h ^[ )D W> &^
/b )^ X> &^
/b )D W> &^
' ^^)X> &^
' ^[ )D W> &^
^^)X> &^
^[ )D W> &^
h D^)X> &^
h D[ )D W> &^
[D^)X> &^
[D[ )D W> &^
h ^^)AX &^
h ^[ )D AW &^
/b )^ AX &^
/b )D AW &^
' ^^)PXA &^
' ^[ )D PWA &^
^^)PXA &^
^[ )D PWA &^
' WBb )D X> &^
' WBb )D W> &^
W Bb )^ X> &^
W Bb )D W> &^
h ^^)AX &^
h ^[ )D AW &^
/b )^ AX &^
/b )D AW &^
' ^^)PXA &^
' ^[ )D PWA &^
^^)PXA &^
^[ )D PWA &^
h D^)AX &^
h D[ )D AW &^
[D^)AX &^
[D[ )D AW &^
h U^)PXA &^
h U[ )D PWA &^
[ U^)PXA &^
[ U[ )D PWA &^
' ^^)PXA &^
' ^[ )D PWA &^
^^)PXA &^
^[ )D PWA &^
' WBb )^ AX &^
' WBb )D AW &^
W Bb )^ AX &^
W Bb )D AW &^
h ^^KD &^
h ^[ KD^ &^
/b K^D &^
/b KD^ &^
h ^^)PX# &^
h ^[ )D PW# &^
/b )^ PX# &^
/b )D PW# &^
'^H ! K !
'^H ! K !
y [ ^[ )D AW &^ y [ D[ )D W> &^ y [ ^[ )D W> &^ : 11· ' O [ ^[ )D #W &^ y [ ^[ KD(^ &^ y [ U[ )D AW &^ y [ D[ )D AW &^ y [ ^[ )D AW &^ &^ y [ ^^)AX &^ y [ D^)X> &^ y [ ^^)X> &^ : 11· ' O [ ^^)#X &^ y [ ^^K(D &^ y [ U^)AX &^ y [ D^)AX &^ y [ ^^)AX
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
s! 1!
5 X ! 1!
1!
3$ ! 1!
C47! a W )b U
a ^)W
a [ )D W
/a IU^K
'U ^W )b U
'U ^^)W
'U ^[ )D W
'U ^BIU^K
D U ^)W
D U ^)W
'^ [ D[ )D W
'^ [ BDIU^K
a ^W )b U
a ^[ )D W
a B^IU^K
'U W*^W )b U
'U W*^[ )D W
'U W*B^IU^K
D U ^)W
N ` ^[ )D W
N ` ^BIU^K
a W)b U 'U ^W)b U /D [>U ^)W Analysis (1) Rule no. 7.1 applies to the words from ( ^ ^K) till (W*^^K). (2) Rule no. 7.4 applies to the words from ( W PbBKD) till (PWBb KD) in the (
).
(3) Rule no. 9 applies to the words from (/ ^ [KU) till (W*B^[KU). (4) Rule no. 9.5 applies to the words from ( W PbBKD) till (PWBb KD) in the (
).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (5) In the paradigm of ( D [ PD)W>), rule no. 8.1 applies to all the words, while rule no. 8.2 applies to all the words of ( D W )b X>).
P() is made from (D [ PPD)AW). After (6) The imperative (P deleting the ( P P
PP:0),
the last letter is rendered
(2). The () is deleted due to (GP
PF*$@) – two
sâkins coming together. (7) Where the (GP P
PPF*$@)
no more remains, the
deleted letter returns as in the paradigms of (
PB)H 'P#),
e.g. ( h ^[ KD). (8) Rule no. 17 applies to the paradigm of (/P01
P2),
e.g. (/ a IU^K). (9) Rule no. 8 applies to the paradigm of (P P1
P P2),
e.g. ( a [ )D W ).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 46
PQ (a) List the detailed paradigms (!P
PP)
of the
following verbs:
r X [ X W> r W W (1) X [ o X W> W W$ (2) r X [ mD W> r W ^v (3) D [ o X W> ^ W$ (4) %X [ X W> %W W (5) (b) Name the word-forms (W" U ) of the following verbs:
W [ 2X (1) '^ [ (2) [ U [ o X AW [ ^ (3) ' X [ HD*W^ (4) [X [ D (5)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Paradigm of (I> $()
]R '2 ?.V! e ) . . . )* 6nW 5+ O[ U ;X [U X [ q^b^ O` [!UW W X OW [ U W O` IUW W X W W O` W![U ;X [U D ^£bW OX U>W! 'U W[!UW O` [!UW ;X [U X [ 4 O[ !UAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /D W ^!W 'U W0W![U ` W![U OX U>W! 'U W*W W![U a W W![U OX U>W! 'U W W![U 'U W0W [ X W W0[ X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW OX U>W (^ W '^ [ X W [(^ 'U WW [(^ OX W [(^ ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h N ` W0W [ XW O` W XW Analysis The (P1
2) and ( P4 P2) have become similar
after changes were made. However, the original form of
PP2 P1) was ( ` [ PX![W ) while the original form of the ( P2
4) was (O` U![W ). each word is different. The original form of the (
Hereunder follow the paradigms of this (6 ).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] 6K ! =' \O
] 6K ! =' \O
CD
5 4
W W!X> [ ^
OW [!UW> [ ^
0W W!X> [ ^
87!
87!
67!
67!
CDG!
5 47!
CDG!
5 47!
X W!X>
OX [!UW>
OW [ U
W W
W[!UW> [ ^ 'U 0W W!X> 'U W [!UW>
W [ U
W0W
[ 0X W!X> [ ^ [ X [!UW> [ ^ '^ [ 0X W!X> '^ [ X [!UW> [X [ U
[0X W
W W!AX [ ^
OW [!UAW [ ^
X W!AX
OX [!UAW
R [ W [ U R [ 0W W
0W W!AX [ ^
W [!UAW [ ^ 'U 0W W!AX 'U W [!UAW
W*W [ U
W*0W W
W [ !WX> [ ^
W [ !UW> [ ^
W [ !WX>
W [ !UW>
W [ U
W [ U
W W!AX [ ^
OW [!UAW [ ^
X W!AX
OX [!UAW
R W [ U
R W [ U
0W W!AX [ ^
W [!UAW [ ^ 'U 0W W!AX 'U W [!UAW WF*X[ U
WF*X[ U
[ 0X W!AX [ ^ [ X [!UAW [ ^ '^ [ 0X W!AX '^ [ X [!UAW
[ *X[ U
[ *X[ U
[ 0U W!AX [ ^ [ U [!UAW [ ^ U [0U W!AX U [U [!UAW
R U [ U
R U [ U
0W W!AX [ ^
W [!UAW [ ^ 'U 0W W!AX 'U W [!UAW WF*X[ U
WF*X[ U
W [ !WAX [ ^
W [ !UAW [ ^
W [ !WAX
W [ !UAW
h *X[ U
h *X[ U
W W D [ ^
OW [ U(^ [ ^
X W D
OX [ U(^
R X [ U
R X [ U
W W!#X [ ^
OW [!U#W [ ^
X W!#X
OX [!U#W
W[ U
W[ U
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 87!
5 47! 87!
r ] 6K !
r ] 6K !
h 0W W!X^
h W [!UW^
O[ !WX> [ ^
O[ !UW> [ ^
'U¸ 0W W!X^
'U¸ W [!UW^
0W !WX> [ ^
W[!UW> [ ^
h 0X W!X^
h X [!UW^
[0X W!X> [ ^
[ X [!UW> [ ^
h 0W W!*X^
h W [!U*W^
O[ !WAX [ ^
O[ !UAW [ ^
'U¸ 0W W!*X^
'U¸ W [!U*W^
0W W!AX [ ^
W [!UAW [ ^
' W[ !WX^
' W[ !UW^
W [ !WX> [ ^
W [ !UW> [ ^
h 0W W!*X^
h W [!U*W^
O[ !WAX [ ^
O[ !UAW [ ^
'U¸ 0W W!*X^
'U¸ W [!U*W^
0W W!AX [ ^
W [!UAW [ ^
h 0X W!*X^
h X [!U*W^
[0X W!AX [ ^
[ X [!UAW [ ^
h 0U W!*X^
h U [!U*W^
[ 0U W!AX [ ^
[ U [!UAW [ ^
'U¸ 0W W!*X^
'U¸ W [!U*W^
0W W!AX [ ^
W [!UAW [ ^
' W[ !W*X^
' W[ !U*W^
W [ !WAX [ ^
W [ !UAW [ ^
h 0W W D^
h W [ Uq^U
O[ WD [ ^
O[ U(^ [ ^
h 0W W!X^
h W [!UWU
O[ !W#X [ ^
O[ !U#W [ ^
'^H ! K ! ]
'^H ! K ! ]
CD
5 4
y [ W [!U*W^ y [ W [!U*W^ y [ X [!UW^ y [ W [!UW^ : 11· ' O [ W [!UW^ y [ W [ Uq^^ y [ U [!U*W^ y [ X [!U*W^ y [ 0W W!*X^ y [ 0W W!*X^ y [ 0X W!X^ y [ 0W W!X^ : 11· ' O [ 0W W!X^ y [ 0W W qD^ y [ 0U W!*X^ y [ 0X W!*X^ Page 231 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 9!
] 5 47! 9!
CDG! 9!
5 47! 9!
h 0W W!XU
h W [!UWU
O[ !WXU
O[ !UWU
' 0W W!XU
' W[!UWU
0W W!XU
W[!UWU
h 0X W!XU
h X [!UWU
[0X W!XU
[ X [!UWU
h 0W W!*XU
h W [!U*WU
O[ !W*XU
O[ !U*WU
' 0W W!*XU
' W[!U*WU
0W W!*XU
W [!U*WU
' W[ !WXU
' W[ !UWU
W [ !WXU
W [ !UWU
h 0W W!*XU
h [ U
O[ !W*XU
O[ U
' 0W W!*XU
' W [ U
0W W!*XU
W [ U
h 0X W!*XU
h X [ U
[0X W!*XU
[ X [ U
h 0U !W*XU
h U [ U
[ 0U W!*XU
[ U [ U
' 0W W!*XU
' W [ U
0W W!*XU
W [ U
' W[ !W*XU
' W[ U
W [ !W*XU
W [ U
h 0W W DU
h W [ Uq^U
O[ WDU
O[ Uq^U
h 0W W!XU
h W [!UWU
O[ !WXU
O[ !UWU
'^H ! K !
'^H ! K !
y [ U [ U y [ X [ U y [ W [ U y [ W [!U*WU y [ X [!UWU y [ W [!UWU : 11· ' O . [ W [!UWU y [ W [ Uq^U [ 0W W!XU y [ 0W W qDU y [ 0U W!*XU y [ 0X W!*XU y [ 0W W!*XU y [ 0W W!*XU y [ 0X W!XU y [ 0W W!XU : 11· ' O .
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 6DK !
] 5 47! 6DK !
CDG! 6DK !
5 47! 6DK !
h 0W W!X> &^
h W [!UW> &^
O[ !WX> &^
O[ !UW> &^
' 0W W!X> &^
'U¸ W [!UW> &^
0W W!X> &^
W[!UW> &^
h 0X W!X> &^
h X [!UW> &^
[0X W!X> &^
[ X [!UW> &^
h 0W W!AX &^
h W [!UAW &^
O[ !WAX &^
O[ !UAW &^
' 0W W!AX &^
'U¸ W [!UAW &^
0W W!AX &^
W [!UAW &^
' W[ !WX> &^
' W[ !UW> &^
W [ !WX> &^
W [ !UW> &^
h 0W W!AX &^
h W [!UAW &^
O[ !WAX &^
O[ !UAW &^
' 0W W!AX &^
'U¸ W [!UAW &^
0W W!AX &^
W [!UAW &^
h 0X W!AX &^
h X [!UAW &^
[0X W!AX &^
[ X [!UAW &^
h 0U W!AX &^
h U [!UAW &^
[ 0U W!AX &^
[ U [!UAW &^
' 0W W!AX &^
'U¸ W [!UAW &^
0W W!AX &^
W [!UAW &^
' W[ !WAX &^
' W[ !UAW &^
W [ !WAX &^
W [ !UAW &^
h 0W W D &^
h W [ U(^ &^
O[ WD &^
O[ U(^ &^
h 0W W!#X &^
h W [!U#W &^
O[ !W#X &^
O[ !U#W &^
'^H ! K !
'^H ! K !
[ W [!UAW &^ y [ W [!UAW &^ y [ X [!UW> &^ y [ W [!UW> &^ : 11· ' O [ W [!U#W &^ y [ W [ U(^ &^ y [ U [!UAW &^ y [ X [!UAW &^ y [ 0W W!AX &^ y [ 0W W!AX &^ y [ 0X W!X> &^ y [ 0W W!X> &^ : 11· ' O [ 0W W!#X&^ y [ 0W W (DT &^ y [ 0U W!AX &^ y [ 0X W!AX &^ y Page 233 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
s! 1!
5 X ! 1!
1!
3$ ! 1!
C47! O` W![U
O` [!UW
O` [!UW
O` IUW
'U WW![U
'U W [!UW
'U W [!UW
'U W IUW
OX U>W!W
OX U>W!W
'^ [ X [!UW
'^ [ X IUW
a W W![U
a W [!UW
a W IUW
'U W*W W![U
'U W*W [!UW
'U W*W IUW
OX U>W!W
N ` W [!UW
N ` W IUW
` W![U 'U W0W![U OX [U>W!W Analysis (1) Rule no. 7.1 applies to all the words from ( W PPW ) till (W[ U). (2) Rule no. 9 applies to all the words of (
).
(3) In the (
), rule no. 8 has been applied. (4) Rule no. 17 applies to the (/01 2).
Page 234 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
5 R 2 t . V!, e ]. - . )*
' ^?U W> z ^ W (2) d X [>U W> 6 W W (3) X [o U W> « W W$ (4) ¬ X [1U W> Y W ^< (5) (b) Name the word-forms (W" U ) of the following verbs:
[?X hFW AW (1) W [ W>^)*WW> [ ^ (2) [ X [1U *W WA [ ^ (3) h + U [o U *W^ (4) [ !U[> U (5)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Paradigms of (
JK#) and (L1)
N . $2 c=V!. "u .$b= !, e . J . B. )* ^0[=U , W0=[ U ¡ W=W 'U W0W =[ U sa W0=[ U ¡ W=W 'U W0W =[ U 0=[ U W0[ 7X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW '^ [ 0W 7[ (^W ¡ W7(^ 'U W0W 7[ (^ W07[ ^( ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h /D W ^[U , W[ U W %¡ WW 'U WAW[ U sa W[ U %¡ WW 'U WW [ U 'U WW[ X [ X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW '^ [ X [ (^ W %¡ W (^ 'U WW [ (^ [ (^ ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h N ` WW[ X W X Hereunder follow the detailed paradigms of this verb.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] 6K ! =' \O
] 6K ! =' \O
CD
5 4
87!
87!
67!
67!
CDG!
5 47!
CDG!
5 47!
[ X>
[ U [ W>
W U X
W
WW [ X> [ ^
WU [ W> [ ^ 'U WW [ X> 'U WU [ W>
WU X
WW W
[ W [ X> [ ^
[ W [ X> [ ^ '^ [ W [ X> '^ [ X [ W> [X X
[W W
[ X> [ ^ W U [ W> [ ^
[ AX [ ^ W U [ AW [ ^ WW [ AX [ ^
[ AX
[ U [ AW R [ WU X R [ W W
WU [ AW [ ^ 'U WW [ AX 'U WU [ AW W*WU X
W [W [ X> [ ^ W [U [ W> [ ^ W [W [ X>
W [U [ W>
[ AX [ ^ W U [ AW [ ^
[ U [ AW R W [U X R W [W W
WW [ AX [ ^
[ AX
W [U X
W*W W W [W W
WU [ AW [ ^ 'U WW [ AX 'U WU [ AW WF*X[U X WF*X[W W
[ W [ AX [ ^ [ X [ AW [ ^ '^ [ W [ AX '^ [ X [ AW [ *X[U X [ *X[W W [ W [ AX [ ^ [ U [ AW [ ^ W [W [ AX WW [ AX [ ^
W [U [ AW R U [U X R U [W W
WU [ AW [ ^ 'U WW [ AX 'U WU [ AW WF*X[U X WF*X[W W
W [W [ AX [ ^ W [U [ AW [ ^ W [W [ AX
W [U [ AW h *X[U X h *X[W W
[ (D [ ^ W U [ (^ [ ^
[ (D
[ U [ (^ R X [U X R X [W W
[ #X [ ^ W U [ #W [ ^
[ #X
[ U [ #W
W[U X
W[W W
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 87!
5 47! 87!
r ] 6K !
r ] 6K !
h WW [ X^
h WU [ W^
%W [ X> [ ^
%U [ W> [ ^
' WW [ X^
' WU [ W^
WW [ X> [ ^
WU [ W> [ ^
' X W [ X^
h X [ W^
[ W [ X> [ ^
[ X [ W> [ ^
h WW [ *X^
h WU [ *W^
%W [ AX [ ^
%U [ AW [ ^
' WW [ *X^
' WU [ *W^
WW [ AX [ ^
WU [ AW [ ^
' W[W [ X^
' W[U [ W^
W [W [ X> [ ^
W [U [ W> [ ^
h WW [ *X^
h U [ *W^
%W [ AX [ ^
%U [ AW [ ^
' WW [ *X^
' WU [ *W^
WW [ AX [ ^
WU [ AW [ ^
' X W [ *X^
h X [ *W^
[ W [ AX [ ^
[ X [ AW [ ^
h UW [ *X^
h U [ *W^
[ W [ AX [ ^
[ U [ AW [ ^
' WW [ *X^
' WU [ *W^
WW [ AX [ ^
WU [ AW [ ^
' W[W [ *X^
' W[U [ *W^
W [W [ AX [ ^
W [U [ AW [ ^
h WW [ qD^
h WU [ q^^
%W [ (D [ ^
%U [ (^ [ ^
h WW [ X^
h WU [ W^
%W [ #X [ ^
%U [ #W [ ^
'^H ! K ! ]
'^H ! K ! ]
CDG!
5 47!
y [ WU [ *W^ y [ WU [ *W^ y [ X [ W^ y [ WU[ W^ : 11· ' O [ WU [ W^ y [ WU [ q^^ y [ U [ *W^ y [ X [ *W^ y [ WW [ *X^ y [ WW [ *X^ y 'b X W [ X^ y [ WW [ X^ : 11· ' O [ WW [ X^ y [ WW [ qD^ y [ UW [ *X^ y 'b X W [ *X^ Page 253 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 9!
] 5 47! 9!
CDG! 9!
5 47! 9!
h WW [ XU
h WU [ WU
%W [ XU
%U [ WU
' WW [ XU
' WU [ WU
WW [ XU
WU [ WU
' X W [ XU
h X [ WU
[ W [ XU
[ X [ WU
h WW [ *XU
h WU [ *WU
%W [ *XU
%U [ *WU
' WW [ *XU
' WU [ *WU
WW [ *XU
WU [ *WU
' W[W [ XU
' W[U [ WU
W [W [ XU
W [U [ WU
h WW [ *XU
h WU [ @U
%W [ *XU
%U [ @U
' WW [ *XU
' WU [ @U
WW [ *XU
WU [ @U
' X W [ *XU
h X [ @U
[ W [ *XU
[ X [ @U
h UW [ *XU
h U [ @U
[ W [ *XU
[ U [ @U
' WW [ *XU
' WU [ @U
WW [ *XU
WU [ @U
' W[W [ *XU
' W[U [ @U
W [W [ *XU
W [U [ @U
h WW [ qDU
h WU [ q^U
%W [ qaU
%U [ q^U
h WW [ XU
h WU [ WU
%W [ XU
%U [ WU
'^H ! K !
'^H ! K !
y [ X [ @U y [ WU [ @U y [ WU [ *WU y [ X [ WU y [ WU [ WU : 11· ' O . [ WU [ WU y [ WU [ q^U y [ U [ @U y [ X [ *XU y [ WW [ *XU y [ WW [ *XU y [ X [XU y [ WW [ XU : 11· ' O . [ WW [ XU y [ WW [ qDU y [ UW [ *XU Page 254 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 6DK !
] 5 47! 6DK !
CDG! 6DK !
5 47! 6DK !
h WW [ X> &^
h WU [ W> &^
%W [ X> &^
%U [ W> &^
' WW [ X> &^
' WU [ W> &^
WW [ X> &^
WU [ W> &^
' X W [ X> &^
h X [ W> &^
[ W [ X> &^
[ X [ W> &^
h WW [ AX &^
h WU [ AW &^
%W [ AX &^
%U [ AW &^
' WW [ AX &^
' WU [ AW &^
WW [ AX &^
WU [ AW &^
' W[W [ X> &^
' W[U [ W> &^
W [W [ X> &^
W [U [ W> &^
h WW [ AX &^
h U [ AW &^
%W [ AX &^
%U [ AW &^
' WW [ AX &^
' WU [ AW &^
WW [ AX &^
WU [ AW &^
' X W [ AX &^
h X [ AW &^
[ W [ AX &^
[ X [ AW &^
h UW [ AX &^
h U [ AW &^
[ W [ AX &^
[ U [ AW &^
' WW [ AX &^
' WU [ AW &^
WW [ AX &^
WU [ AW &^
' W[W [ AX &^
' W[U [ AW &^
W [W [ AX &^
W [U [ AW &^
h WW [ (D &^
h WU [ (^ &^
%W [ (D &^
%U [ (^ &^
h WW [ #X &^
h WU [ #W &^
%W [ #X &^
%U [ #W &^
'^H ! K !
'^H ! K !
[ WU [ AW &^ y [ WU [ AW &^ y [ X [ W> &^ y [ WU [ W> &^ : 11· ' O [ WU [ #W &^ y [ WU [ (^ &^ y [ U [ AW &^ y [ X [ AW &^ y [ WW [ AX &^ y [ WW [ AX &^ y 'b X W [ X> &^ y [ WW [ X> &^ : 11· ' O [ WW [ #X &^ y [ WW [ (D &^ y [ UW [ AX &^ y 'b XW [ AX &^ y Page 255 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
s! 1!
5 X ! 1!
1!
3$ ! 1!
C47! [ U
[ W
U [ W
%¡ W
'U WW [ U
'U WW [ W
'U hU [ W
'U WU W
%¡ WW
%¡ WW
'^ [ U [ W
'^ [ X W
sa W[ U
a hU [ W
a WU W
'U WAW[ U
'U *WhU [ W
'U W*WU W
%¡ WW
N ` hU [ W
N ` WU W
, W[ U 'U S,W[ U U WW Analysis (1) The ( 4
2) – (P[ W ) is (GP _P*1) if the verb
is (JK#). (2) When the word (PP[ W ) is used with ( b ^) or as a ( ), the (L) reverts, e.g. ([ F W b^) , ([ QD [ W ). (3) Rule no. 25 applies to (%¡ WW ) and (%¡ W (^).
Page 256 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (4) Rule no. 7 has been applied to (P P [ (^) whereby the () has changed to an (L). (5) In the broken plural (P X ), the () was changed to an (LPP) and was thereafter deleted due to
(
PPF*$@
G ). (6) In the words (P W ) and ([PW W ), the () was changed to an (L) due to rule no. 7. (7) In the words (R [ PW W ) and (PW*W W ), the (LP) was deleted due to (G
F*$@).
(8) Rule no. 10 has been applied to ([X X ). (9) Rule no. 10 has also been applied to ( [ PU[ W>), ([ PU[ AW), ( [ U [ (^), ([ PU[ #W), ('^ [ PX[ W>), ('^ [ PX[ AW), (W [U [ PWA). After changes were made in the singular feminine second person -
W [U [ AW) – it became like the plural feminine second person. ( (10) Rule no. 7 has been applied to the passive tense verbs like ([ X>) etc. (11) In the word (%¡ W ), the () was made sâkin and then deleted due to (G (12) In the word
F*$@). (' ^ [ PPXW ), the
harakah of the () was
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology transferred to the preceding letter, the () was changed to () and then deleted. (13) Rule no. 14 has been applied to all the words of (1
2), e.g. ( U [ W ).
N !. 2 q !. 6.q !, e ]. - . )* ^[U N ` WW [ X W X 'U WW [ X [ X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW Y ¡ W (^ Analysis (1) The same changes as (0= [ PX>
W PU07X ) have occurred in the
active tense of this verb. The other words are affected in the same way as (VX0= [ W>
W07W ).
(2) As an exception to the rule, the rule of ( PU7U ) has been
U [ W ). applied to the word (
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
N '.Q 2t . V!, e ]. - . )* 6nW wMB + U [ W W X W + U MX W « ¡ WM W X W + U MW 'U W+ W [ W + [ W ;X [U X [ 4 W [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW W M[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ « ¡ WW 'U WAW+ [ U sa W+ [ U « ¡ WW 'U W+ W [ U + [ U ;X [U D ^£bW « ¡ WW 'U W+ W M[ (^ +M[ (^ ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h /D W [ ^
87!
87!
67!
67!
CDG!
5 47!
CDG!
5 47!
W )U W> [ ^
K[ X>
[ )U W>
W KUX
KW
WK^[ X> [ ^
W)U W> [ ^
'U WK^[ X> 'U W)U W>
WKUX
WK^W
[ K^[ X> [ ^
[)D W> [ ^
'^ [ K^[ X> '^ [ )D W>
[KDX
[K^W
K[ AX [ ^
W )U AW [ ^
K[ AX
R [ WKUX R [ K^W
WK^[ AX [ ^
W)U AW [ ^
'U WK^[ AX 'U W)U AW
W*WKUX
W*K^W
W [K^[ X> [ ^
W [)U W> [ ^
W [K^[ X>
W [)U W>
W [KUX
W [K^W
K[ AX [ ^
W )U AW [ ^
K[ AX
[ )U AW
R W [KUX R W [K^W
WK^[ AX [ ^
W)U AW [ ^
'U WK^[ AX 'U W)U AW WF*X[KUX WF*X[K^W
[ K^[ AX [ ^
[)D AW [ ^
'^ [ K^[ AX '^ [ )D AW
[ *X[KUX
[ K^[ AX [ ^
[ )U AW [ ^
W [K^[ AX
R U [KUX R U [K^W
WK^[ AX [ ^
W)U AW [ ^ 'U WK^[ AX 'U W)U AW WF*X[KUX WF*X[K^W
W [K^[ AX [ ^
W [)U AW [ ^
W [K^[ AX
W [)U AW
h *X[KUX h *X[K^W
K[ (D [ ^
W KU(^ [ ^
K[ (D
[ KU(^
R X [KUX R X [K^W
K[ #X [ ^
W )U #W [ ^
K[ #X
[ )U #W
W[KUX
[ )U AW
W [)U AW
[ *X[K^W
W[K^W
Page 262 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 87!
5 47! 87!
r ] 6K !
r ] 6K !
h WK^[ X^
h W)U W^
r W [ X> [ ^
gU W> [ ^
' WK^[ X^
' W)U W^
WK^[ X> [ ^
W)U W> [ ^
' X K^[ X^
h )D W^
[K^[ X> [ ^
[ )D W> [ ^
h WK^[ *X^
h W)U *W^
r W [ AX [ ^
gU AW [ ^
' WK^[ *X^
' W)U *W^
WK^[ AX [ ^
W)U AW [ ^
' W[K^[ X^
' W[)U W^
W [K^[ X> [ ^
W [)U W> [ ^
h WK^[ *X^
h W)U *W^
r W [ AX [ ^
gU AW [ ^
' WK^[ *X^
' W)U *W^
WK^[ AX [ ^
W)U AW [ ^
' X K^[ *X^
h )D *W^
[ K^[ AX [ ^
[ )D AW [ ^
h UK^[ *X^
h )U *W^
[ K^[ AX [ ^
[ )U AW [ ^
' WK^[ *X^
' W)U *W^
WK^[ AX [ ^
W)U AW [ ^
' W[K^[ *X^
' W[)U *W^
W [K^[ AX [ ^
W [)U AW [ ^
h WK^[ qD^
h WKUq^^
r W [ (a [ ^
r U (^ [ ^
h WK^[ X^
h W)U W^
r W [ #X [ ^
gU #W [ ^
'^H ! K ! ]
'^H ! K ! ]
CDG!
5 47!
y [ )D *W^ y [ W)U *W^ y [ W)U *W^ y [ )D W^ y [ W)U W^ : 11· ' O [ W)U W^ y [ WKUq^^ y [ )U *W^ y [ WK^[ *X^ y [ WK^[ *X^ y [ KD[ X^ y [ W^K[ X^ : 11· ' O [ WK^[ X^ y [ WK^[ qD^ y [ KU[ *X^ y [ KD[ *X^ Page 263 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 9!
] 5 47! 9!
CDG! 9!
5 47! 9!
h WK^[ XU
h W)U WU
r W [ XU
gU WU
' WK^[ XU
' W)U WU
WK^[ XU
W)U WU
' X K^[ XU
h )D WU
[K^[ XU
[)D WU
h WK^[ *XU
h W)U *WU
r W [ *XU
gU *WU
' WK^[ *XU
' W)U *WU
WK^[ *XU
W)U *WU
' W[K^[ XU
' W[)U WU
W [K^[ XU
W [)U WU
h WK^[ *XU
h WKU
r W [ *XU
r U
' WK^[ *XU
' WKU
WK^[ *XU
WKU
' X K^[ *XU
h KD
[ K^[ *XU
[ KD
h UK^[ *XU
h KU
[ K^[ *XU
[ KU
' WK^[ *XU
' WKU
WK^[ *XU
WKU
' W[K^[ *XU
' W[KU
W [K^[ *XU
W [KU
h WK^[ qDU
h WKUq^U
r W [ qaU
r U q^U
h WK^[ XU
h W)U WU
r W [ XU
gU WU
'^H ! K !
'^H ! K !
y [ KU y [ KD y [ WKU y [ W)U *WU y [ )D WU y [W)U WU : 11· ' O . [ W)U WU y [ WKUq^U 'b X K^[ *XU y [ WK^[ *XU y [ WK^[ *XU y 'b X ^K[ XU y [ WK^[ XU : 11· ' O . [ WK^[ XU y [ WK^[ qDU y [ UK^[ *XU y Page 264 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 6DK !
] 5 47! 6DK !
CDG! 6DK !
5 47! 6DK !
h WK^[ X> &^
h W)U W> &^
r W [ X> &^
gU W> &^
' WK^[ X> &^
' W)U W> &^
WK^[ X> &^
W)U W> &^
' X K^[ X> &^
h )D W> &^
[ K^[ X> &^
[)D W> &^
h WK^[ AX &^
h W)U AW &^
r W [ AX &^
gU AW &^
' WK^[ AX &^
' W)U AW &^
WK^[ AX &^
W)U AW &^
' W[K^[ X> &^
' W[)U W> &^
W [K^[ X> &^
W [)U W> &^
h WK^[ AX &^
h W)U AW &^
r W [ AX &^
gU AW &^
' WK^[ AX &^
' W)U AW &^
WK^[ AX &^
W)U AW &^
' X K^[ AX &^
h )D AW &^
[ K^[ AX &^
[)D AW &^
h UK^[ AX &^
h )U AW &^
[ K^[ AX &^
gU AW &^
' WK^[ AX &^
' W)U AW &^
WK^[ AX &^
W)U AW &^
' W[K^[ AX &^
' W[)U AW &^
W [K^[ AX &^
W [)U AW &^
h WK^[ (D &^
h WKU(^ &^
r W [ (a &^
r U (^ &^
h WK^[ #X &^
h W)U #W &^
r W [ #X &^
gU #W &^
'^H ! K !
'^H ! K !
&^ y [ W)U AW &^ y [ W)U AW &^ y [ )D W> &^ y [ W)U W> &^ : 11· ' O [ W)U #W &^ y [ WKU(^ &^ y [ )U AW &^ y [ )D AW [ WK^[ AX &^ y [ WK^[ AX &^ y 'b X K^[ X> &^ y [ WK^[ X> &^ : 11· ' O [ WK^[ #X &^ y [ WK^[ (D &^ y [ UK^[ AX &^ y 'b X K^[ AX &^ y Page 265 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
s! 1!
5 X ! 1!
1!
3$ ! 1!
C47! )¨ [U
K¨[ W
KU[ W
r ¡ W
'U W)^ [U
'U WK^[ W
'U hKU[ W
'U WKUW
r ¡ WW
r ¡ WW
'^ [ KU[ W
'^ [ KDW
sa ^)[U
a hKU[ W
a WKUW
'U WA^)[U
'U *WhKU[ W
'U W*WKUW
r ¡ WW
N ` hKU[ W
N ` WKUW
, ^)[U 'U S,^)[U KUWW Analysis (1) The () of ( [ PPU)W>) and all the other verbs has been deleted due to the rule of (= X U W>). (2) The rule of ( [ PPU[ W>) has been applied to the () of ( [ )U W>). (3) The imperative (r U ) was constructed from ([ P )U AW). After
Page 266 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology deleting the ( P P (
PP:0),
the last letter which is a
B ) was deleted. It became (r U ). N W.%, - V!, e S .
- . )* x y'
U ;X [U X [ q^b^ U[ W W X &^ U [ X> W UX W ¡ W W X &^ U [ BUW> UW B¨[U ;X [U D ^£bW ¡ WW 'U W^[ W ¨[ W ;X [U X [ 4 /U AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /U [ U 1b *h /D W
KW ).
b6dz !, e ) . . . )* ^ y' ;X [U X [ q^b^ U fb W W X W U jD W ¡ ^j W X ¯j^ ;X [U D ^£bW ¡ ^fW 'U W>W fb W ¯ fb W ;X [U X [ 4 U fb AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW U jb @U 'U W>Wfb U , Wfb U W ¡ ^fW 'U WAWfb U sa Wfb U ¡ ^fW 'U W>W fb U ¯ fb U w D #h~W FX bW ¡ ^j(^ W '^ [ W jb (^ 'U W>W jb (^ ¯jb (^ ;X [ U /U [ U 1b *h /D W [ jD W ¯ jD 'U WW>[ jD >[ jD ;X [U
Page 267 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
"u .?- 2 l-V!, e C4A )* h [ ^ When the final letter has ('Q2), either because of a suffix, or because it is in the jussive case (%?
) or it is the imperative
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (.), the two letters must be written separately, e.g. (W#7[ = W W ) and (7[ = X [ (D). When the final letter is (Zi*) – it is vowelled – the two are coalesced.18 This does not apply to the ( =) – verbal noun, where the (L) interposes between the two final letters, e.g. (7` W=[ @U). Exercise 52 (1) Which rule has been applied to the word ( h PP^) and how? (2) Explain the rule applied in the word (' ^ [ QD #h
[ ^).
X W>). (3) Analyse the rule applied in the word (d (4) Apply rule no. 4 to the word (7W 7W W ). (5) What are the different ways of reading the imperative singular form of the following words?
h ^ (1) ¬ h =h X W 7 W < ¶=W = FX W> =h W = FW W ; 4 7[ =X F[ AW &^ = FX AW &^ =¢ FX AW &^ h=FX AW &^ ;0 7[ =X [ (D 7` W=F[ U 7 WFW 'U WA=h FW U sa =h FW U 7 WFW 'U h=FW U = FW U ; 3 7 WFW 'U h=FW W 7 W(^ '^ [ = W (^ 'U h=W (^ = W (^ ; / 1* /7U WFW 'U W7W=F[ U N ` W>=h X 7` =W X 'U W>=h X ¯=C X ; w#~ Analysis (1) Rule no. 2 has been applied to (= h W ).
h X ), (= FX W>) and (= FW X>), rule no. 3 has been (2) In the words (= applied. (3) Rule no. 4 has been applied to (7 W), (7 WFW ) and (7 W(^). (4) In the imperative and prohibition (
.), rule no. 5 has
been applied. Hereunder follows the detailed paradigms of this verb.
Page 291 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 6K ! =' \O
6K ! =' \O
CDG!
5 47!
=h FW X> [ ^
]
87!
67!
67!
CDG!
5 47!
CDG!
5 47!
=h FX W> [ ^
= FW X>
= FX W>
=h X
=h W
h=FW X> [ ^
h=FX W> [ ^
'U h=FW X> 'U h=FX W>
=h X
h=W
[ = FW X> [ ^
[ = FX W> [ ^
'^ [ = FW X> '^ [ = FX W>
[= X
[= W
=h FW AX [ ^
=h FX AW [ ^
= FW AX
= FX AW
N [ =h X
N [ =h W
h=FW AX [ ^
h=FX AW [ ^
'U h=FW AX 'U h=FX AW
WA=h X
WA=h W
'^ 7[ =X F[ W> [ ^ '^ 7[ =W F[ X> '^ 7[ =X F[ W> '^ 7[ =U X
'^ 7[ =W W
'^ 7[ =W F[ X> [ ^
]
87!
=h FW AX [ ^
=h FX AW [ ^
= FW AX
h=FW AX [ ^
h=FX AW [ ^
'U h=FW AX 'U h=FX AW WFAX7[ =U X WFAX7[ =W W
[ = FW AX [ ^
[ = FX AW [ ^
'^ [ = FW AX '^ [ = FX AW [ AX7[ =U X [ AX7[ =W W
[ =¢ FW AX [ ^
[ =¢ FX AW [ ^
W [>=¢ FW AX W [>=¢ FX AW N U 7[ =U X N U 7[ =W W
h=FW AX [ ^
h=FX AW [ ^
'U h=FW AX 'U h=FX AW WFAX7[ =U X WFAX7[ =W W
'^ 7[ =W F[ AX [ ^
= FX AW
N W 7[ =U X N W 7[ =W W
'^ 7[ =X F[ AW [ ^ '^ 7[ =W F[ AX '^ 7[ =X F[ AW h AX7[ =U X h AX7[ =W W
=h W (D [ ^
=h X (^ [ ^
= W (D
= X (^
N X 7[ =U X N X 7[ =W W
=h FW #X [ ^
=h FX #W [ ^
= FW #X
= FX #W
W#7[ =U X
W#7[ =W W
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 87! 5 47! 87!
r ] 6K !
r ] 6K !
'^H ! K ! ]
'^H ! K ! ]
CDG!
5 47!
' =h FW X^
' =h FX W^
=h FW X> [ ^
=h FX W> [ ^
' h=FW X^
' h=FX W^
h=FW X> [ ^
h=FX W> [ ^
' = FW X^
' = FX W^
[ = FW X> [ ^
[ = FX W> [ ^
' =h FW *X^
' =h FX *W^
=h FW AX [ ^
=h FX AW [ ^
' h=FW *X^
' h=FX *W^
h=FW AX [ ^
h=FX AW [ ^
' W#7[ =W F[ X^
' W#7[ =X F[ W^
'^ 7[ =W F[ X> [ ^
'^ 7[ =X F[ W> [ ^
' =h FW *X^
' =h FX *W^
=h FW AX [ ^
=h FX AW [ ^
' h=FW *X^
' h=FX *W^
h=FW AX [ ^
h=FX AW [ ^
' = FW *X^
' = FX *W^
[ = FW AX [ ^
[ = FX AW [ ^
' =¢ FW *X^
' =¢ FX *W^
[ =¢ FW AX [ ^
[ =¢ FX AW [ ^
' h=FW *X^
' h=FX *W^
h=FW AX [ ^
h=FX AW [ ^
' W#7[ =W F[ *X^
' W#7[ =X F[ *W^
'^ 7[ =W F[ AX [ ^
'^ 7[ =X F[ AW [ ^
' =W W qD^
' =h X q^^
=h W (D [ ^
=h X (^ [ ^
' =h FW X^
' =h FX W^
=h FW #X [ ^
=h FX #W [ ^
y 'b =h FX *W^ y 'b =h FX *W^ y 'b = FX W^ y 'b =h FX W^ : 11· ' O 'b =h FX W^ y 'b =h X q^^ y 'b =¢ FX *W^ y 'b = FX *W^ y 'b =h FW *X^ y 'b =h FW *X^ y 'b = FW X^ y 'b =h FW X^ : 11· ' O 'b =h FW X^ y 'b =h W qD^ y 'b =¢ FW *X^ y 'b = FW *X^ Page 293 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 9!
5 47! 9!
CDG! 9!
5 47! 9!
' =h FW XU
' =h FX WU
=h FW XU
=h FX WU
' h=FW XU
' h=FX WU
h=FW XU
h=FX WU
' = FW XU
' = FX WU
[ = FW XU
[ = FX WU
' =h FW *XU
' =h FX *WU
=h FW *XU
=h FX *WU
' h=FW *XU
' h=FX *WU
h=FW *XU
h=FX *WU
' W#7[ =W F[ XU
' W#7[ =X F[ WU
'^ 7[ =W F[ XU
'^ 7[ =X F[ WU
' =h FW *XU
' =h X
=h FW *XU
=h X
' h=FW *XU
' h=X
h=FW *XU
h=X
' = FW *XU
' = X
[ = FW *XU
[ = X
' =¢ FW *XU
' =¢ X
[ =¢ FW *XU
[ =¢ X
' =h FW *XU
' h=X
h=FW *XU
h=X
' W#7[ =W F[ *XU
' W#7[ =X [ (D
'^ 7[ =W F[ *XU
'^ 7[ =X [ (D
' =W W qDU
' =h X q^U
=h W qDU
=h X q^U
' =h FW XU
' =h FX WU
=h FW XU
=h FX WU
'^H ! K ! ] '^H ! K ! ]
y 'b = X y 'b =h X y 'b =h FX *WU y 'b = FX WU y 'b =h FX WU : 11· ' O . 'b =h FX WU y 'b =h X q^U y 'b =¢ X 'b = FW *XU y 'b =h FW *XU y 'b =h FW *XU y 'b = FW XU y 'b =h FW XU : 11· ' O . 'b =h FW XU y 'b =h W qDU y 'b =¢ FW *XU y Page 294 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 6DK !
5 47! 6DK !
CDG! 6DK !
5 47! 6DK !
' =h FW X> &^
' =h FX W> &^
=h FW X> &^
=h FX W> &^
' h=FW X> &^
' h=FX W> &^
h=FW X> &^
h=FX W> &^
' = FW X> &^
' = FX W> &^
[ = FW X> &^
[ = FX W> &^
' =h FW AX &^
' =h FX AW &^
=h FW AX &^
=h FX AW &^
' h=FW AX &^
' h=FX AW &^
h=FW AX &^
h=FX AW &^
' W#7[ =W F[ X> &^
' W#7[ =X F[ W> &^
'^ 7[ =W F[ X> &^
'^ 7[ =X F[ W> &^
' =h FW AX &^
' =h FX AW &^
=h FW AX &^
=h FX AW &^
' h=FW AX &^
' h=FX AW &^
h=FW AX &^
h=FX AW &^
' = FW AX &^
' = FX AW &^
[ = FW AX &^
[ = FX AW &^
' =¢ FW AX &^
' =¢ FX AW &^
[ =¢ FW AX &^
[ =¢ FX AW &^
' h=FW AX &^
' h=FX AW &^
h=FW AX &^
h=FX AW &^
' W#7[ =W F[ AX &^
' W#7[ =X F[ AW &^
'^ 7[ =W F[ AX &^
'^ 7[ =X F[ AW &^
' =W W (D &^
' =h X (^ &^
=h W (D &^
=h X (^ &^
' =h FW #X &^
' =h FX #W &^
=h FW #X &^
=h FX #W &^
'^H ! K ! ] '^H ! K ! ]
'b =h FX AW &^ y 'b =h FX AW &^ y 'b = FX W> &^ y 'b =h FX W> &^ : 11· ' O 'b =h FX #W &^ y 'b =h X (^ &^ y 'b =¢ FX AW &^ y 'b = FX AW &^ y 'b =h FW AX &^ y 'b =h FW AX &^ y 'b = FW X> &^ y 'b =h FW X> &^ : 11· ' O 'b =h FW #X &^ y 'b =h W (D &^ y 'b =¢ FW AX &^ y 'b = FW AX &^ y Page 295 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology s! 1!
5 X ! 1!
C47! 1!
3$ ! 1!
= FW U
= FW W
7` [ =X F[ W
7 W
'U h=FW U
'U =h FW W
'U 7W [ =X F[ W
'U h7W
7 WFW
7 WFW
'^ [ 7X [ =X F[ W
'^ [ 7 W
sa =h FW U
sa 7W [ =X F[ W
sa 7h W
'U WA=h FW U
'U AW7W [ =X F[ W
'U WA7h W
7 WFW
N ` 7W [ =X F[ W
N ` h7W
7` W=F[ U 'U W7W=F[ U =X [>7U WFW Analysis
^ 7[ =W W ) till the end, no (%l7@) of the first (7) applies (1) From (' because the second radical is (2). (2) However, from (N h 7[ =W W ) onwards, (%l7@) applies because the (7) and (N) are (e
d>K)
– close in source of
pronunciation. (3) Rule no. 5 has been applied to (= h FX W>
[ ^) etc.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 53 (1) Conjugate the following verbs in detail:
d X W> d h 2W (1) 4D W> h ^ (2) d X W> d h pW (3) d BDW> d h ^ (4) d QD W> d h ^ (5) (2) What is the word-form (
5") of the following words: '^ [ 1¦ BDW> (1) '^ 7[ =X [ AW [ ^ (2) [ ¢mD AW [ ^ (3) h F + X W^ (4) h 7X (5)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
) )* y$ ¢ 1U AW &^ h 1U AW &^ ;0 [ U h f^ [ @U &^ h f^ [ AW &^ ;0 [ U f^ [ @U ¢ f^ [ @U h f^ [ @U ; & f^ [ X f^ [ X ; 4 [ U f^ [ AW &^ ¢ f^ [ AW In this (6 ), the (/P01
2), (P1 P2) and ( P2
PP4) have become similar in form but the original of the (/P01 P2) was (GP P Q) while the ( P2 1) and ( 4 2) was (G _*1).
Page 298 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
C4BA )* y$ 7[ =U W #[@U =¢ W #[@U =h W #[@U ; & = W [X < 7W= U #[@U = W [W> =h W #[@U = W [X ; 4 7[ =U W [AW &^ =¢ W [AW &^ =h W [AW &^ ;0 C4A )* y$ [ U )b *W2[ @U ¢ )U *W2[ @U h )U *W2[ @U ; & )U *W [ X < W)b *U2[ @U )U *W [ W> h )^ *W2[ @U )^ *W [ X ; 4 [ U )b *W [ AW &^ ¢ )U *W [ AW &^ h )U *W [ AW &^ ;0 C4A )* y$ =h U (^ ; & = FW X < 7W=[ @U = FW X> =h U D( = FU X < 7W=[ @U = FU X> =h W (^ = FW X ; 4 7[ =U F[ AX &^ =¢ FU AX &^ =h FU AX &^ ;0 7[ =U [ (^ =¢ U (^ 3'4O )* y$ 7` =h o W X < =[>=U o [ AW 7X =h o W X> 7W =¢ $X 7` =¢ o W X < =[>=U o [ AW 7X =¢ o W X> 7W =h $W 7` =h o W X ; 4 7[ =¢ o W AX &^ ;0 7[ =¢ $W ; & 3b4O )* y$ < ¨11¦ W AW L X 1 W *WX> L W 1 X AX L ` 1U¸ W *WX < ¨11¦ W AW L X 1 W *WW> L W 1 W AW Page 299 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
; 4 L [ 1 W *WAW &^ ;0 L [ 1 W AW ; & L ` 1 W *WX L ` 1 W *WX Pl7@) have not been applied in these two The rules of (%P paradigms.
$ )* y$ e WiX < ¨ $h WiX e WiX> e h [ X e WiX < ¨ $h WiX e WiX> e h W &^ e ¢ WiAX &^ e h WiAX &^ ;0 ¼[ $U W e ¢ W e h W ; & e WiX ; 4 ¼[ $U WiAX Wherever (%Pl7@) has been applied in this (6P ), it is due to rule no. 4.
3$O )* y$ 7 W *WX < 77X W AW 7 W *WX> 7h [ X AX 7 W *WX < 77X W AW 7 W *WW> 7h W AW &^ 7¢ W *WAW &^ 7h W *WAW &^ ;0 7[ 7W W AW 7¢ W AW 7h W AW ; & 7 W *WX ; 4 7[ 7W W *WAW
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
L0 ), (F) and (/*)
A Combination of (
JB )* y$ ! :D % (D %¢ (D %h (D ; & %` [ X qb W < ¨ W W@U %q^X> %h (D % < ¨ W W@U % ~X W> %h (^ % q^W ; 4 [ X qb AW &^ % qDAW &^ %¢ qDAW &^ %h qDAW &^ ;0 [ X [ (D Analysis (1) The rules of (P PF) apply to the hamzah while the rules of (L0P ) apply to the doubled letters (GP #o*). At the time of conflict, the rules of (L0P ) will be given preference. (2) In the word (% ~ X P W>), the rule of (\ ` (b W ) was not applied. Rather the rule of (= FX W>) was given preference. (3) After applying (%P Pl7@) to the word (% X (^), the rule of (%X 7U W(^) was applied whereby the hamzah changed to (). It becomes (% X (^).
]} )* y$ CH 7[ =W [>@U 7¢ W 7h W ; & 7` [ 7X [ W < ¶7X 7W X> 7h X 7 W < ¶7X 7 W W> 7h W 7 WW 'U h7W W 7 W W ; 4 7[ 7W [ AW &^ 7¢ WAW &^ 7h W AW &^ ;0 =X [>7U WW 'U W7W=[U 7` W=[U 7 WW 'U WA7h W U sa 7h W U 7 WW 'U h7W U 7 W U ; 3 Page 301 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
¯7h X ; w#~ 7 W(^ '^ [ 7 W (^ 'U h7W (^ 7 W (^ ; / 1* /7h X 7` 7W X 'U W>7h X Analysis (1) The rules of (L0PP ) apply to the doubled letters (GP #o*) while the rules of (/ E P*) apply to the (). At the time of conflict, the rules of (L0PP ) will be given preference. (2) In the word (7 W U ), the rule of (/E *) required the () to be changed to () while the rule of (L0 ) requires the transferring of the harakah of the first (7) to the (). The latter has been given preference.
]} )* y$ CH ; & AW~[ X < WF*U[>@U AW~[ X> h AX[ (D AW~[ X < WF*U[>@U AWqb W> h *W[>@U AW~[ X ; 4 [ FU AWqb AW &^ ¢ AWqb AW &^ h AWqb AW &^ ;0 [ FU *W[>@U ¢ *W[>@U h *W[>@U If there is a (P2
'P#) in one word followed any of the letters of ('PB>) in another word, (%Pl7@) will be applied to the (2 '#).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Examples ( W ¢ h
[ U ), (h#=X ^), (d X l^ [ h> [ W ), (` [U h ` [ ,T W ) and (¡ ^ v^ [ ¢ iUW"). (The tanwīn is a nūn sākin in reality). Pl7@) will not apply, If the letters are in one word, (%P (W#[ 7X ), (' a W[" U ).
e.g.
The () of the definite article () becomes assimilated in
± ), e.g. ( U F[ + h W). The ( ± ) are: (' ª © Y n « \ v 7 ¤ N) the (
It is not assimilated in the remaining letters of the
W )^ bW) alphabet, e.g. (U F The remaining letters are called (
>FK ).
Exercise 54 (1) Conjugate the following verbs in detail:
¬ W W> ¬ h 0W (1) /¦ 4^ W> / ^ (2) h @U (3) ¯h W [ @U (4) W h K^ (5) Page 303 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Special Meanings of Each (6 )
6 . N"M "M) refers to the extra meaning of a verb besides its literal meaning, e.g. (e W W M[ (^) means to expel. The verb is transitive. Here ( "M) refers to the latter meaning, namely that
The (
of being transitive. The vastness of the Arabic language can be estimated from the (N"M) due to the fact that one verb can have so many different shades of meaning merely by using the verb in different categories (6 (). The ('(k) of ( JB
)*)
(a !W^W5X ) – to mention a verb after (
B01 6 ) to show that one object overpowers another, e.g. (;X *XF [ W W $() or (I> JK#). The (
Example:
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (;X A= [ 0W W '(k) of (C4A
)*)
(1) (S 0 , , ) – To seek the (mMq), e.g. ( S
N X [ 1^ 5[ *W2[ @U)
– I sought
forgiveness from Allâh. (2) (/ M, .'-
+ x 0 ,^ 2 -2 A-) – to be entitled to the (mMq), e.g. ( OW K^[ *W2[ @U
6 X [ H) – The clothing was entitled to a patch. (3) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – (/ $. . ,zR ) – Example: (%W ^)*W2[ ^<
;X *XF[ K^(^) – I made him
stand, so he stood up. (4) ( / !.=2 - ) – Example: (;X *X[ W Qb *W2[ @U) – I found him to be noble. (5) ( / .?
2 - ) – to regard something as being described by the (mMq), e.g. (;X *X[ Wi [ *W2[ @U) – I thought him to be good. The difference between (' a W=$[ U ) and ('a W! [ U ) is that there is certainty in the former and doubt in the latter.
/ b . O.) – to become the (mMq) or to become similar to the (6) (C (mMq), e.g. ( X [f
W o Wi [ *W2[ @U) – The mud became a stone.
(7) ( / .tqOA-) – Example: (=W [U
W j^ [ *W2[ @U)
– He made India his
homeland.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (8) ( 0J 2 M, ) – to abbreviate a phrase, e.g. (OW $W [ *W2[ @U) – to say (
;U BEU h#@U
'^ [ X $U W ;U [^@U h#@UW ). (9) (C4A
3|4O C4! F N ^, , !.R ) – Examples:
(
h )^ *W2[ @U
h K^) – to settle down, (6 W W$(^ 6 W Wo*W2[ @U) – to reply, ( W !WQb *W2[ @U W !hQ^ AW) – to be arrogant, (SW*W0[ @U W W [ *W2[ @U) – to resist a temptation. (10) ("i !.=-*2 A-) – Example: (sU 7W W2 U b
^B0W ?W $W qb *W2[ @U) – He leaned over
the pillow. The (>'(k) of (C4'4A
)*)
(1) (0 2 R N) – This verb is mostly intransitive. Sometimes it can be transitive, e.g. (;X *X[ ^[ B^ [ @U) – I regarded it as sweet. (2) (/ &. ,.?R ) – Example: (Y X [ q^b
d W W [ + W 0[ @U) – The land became
full of grass. (3) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Example: (W#[ W9b^<
;X *X[W9^) – I wrapped it so it was
wrapped. (4) (/ ^, , !.R ) – Example: (;X *X[ B^i [ *W2[ @U
;X *X[^[ B^[ @U) – I thought it to be
sweet.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (>'(k) of (C;'4A Like (:'(k) of (3 / N 42 , O.
)*)
(1) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Example: (e W W [ =W *W'(k) of (C;K4A
½¾ W W =[ 5W AW) – He screamed.
)*)
(1) (0 2 R N) – Example: (W o W #[W [ @U) – to gather. (2) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Example: (W o W [W 9b^<
;X AX[ o W [ 9^) – I made his blood
flow and so it began flowing. The (>'(k) of (C 4A
)*)
(1) (0 2 R N) – Example: (h W + W Kb @U) – to shudder. (2) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Example: (' q^FW jb ^<
;X *X#[q^F[ j^ ) – I pacified him so he
was calmed. (3) ()MA) – Example: ( Xo [ h
h W 1^ b @U) – The star shone.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Application of the Special Meanings Quote 1: ( W [UU ~[ FX b
^ ^?U [W ^B0[ (^ [ mU ;U BEU =X F[ i W b^)
– excerpt from (
"(
+) Translation: “All praises are due to Allâh who raised the status of all the believers.” Teacher: What special meaning of (=A) – to be transitive is found in this verb because the (78) of this verb is (: ^ 0W ) which means to be high. This is intransitive. When it was taken to (=W W> OW W0 ^vUK '#). occurs, a (
Similarly, a verb can sound confusing when the (/"
s?) is
deleted from the middle of a sentence, especially when a student is asked to identify the verb by joining the words and reading them to him, e.g. in the verse ( [ U $U [
D h
UFW fb FX b X 1b h W*Xh>(^W>) to
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology read it as ( [ U $U [ AX), in ([=X !X0[
\ X h W>(^W>), to read the verb as ( [ =X !X[ 2X ), in ([ X $U [ /^ [KU), to read the verb as ([ X $U [ ^) and in ( 6 ¢ W 'U [ X $U [ ), to read the verb as ('U [ X $U [ U). When (W) or (& ^ ) enter the perfect tense of those verbs having (/"
s?), the alifs of the (W) and (&^ ) are also not pronounced just as the (/" s?) is not pronounced. The verbs therefore sound confusing when read as (d W W*Wo [ W ), (W f^ 1^ [W ), (W o W 1^ [^) and (7W U [ *X [ W ). This confusion is intensified in (1# 6 ) because the entry of (&) creates the word ( [ ^) while the entry of () creates the word ( [ W ). The same rule applies to the word ( W [U[ BDi [ W ). Besides being the (m O}) of (1 2) from ( a [ BDX ), it can also be (dIl w#~ O}), the tense being ( 1# JK# 8 ) from ( It is
WW ) from the (6 6 ). (r1 L1 w#~ O}). The paradigm of the
imperative is as follows: ( W [U
WU [ U [X WU %U )
[ X [ #W [ X [ W> Analysis: This is from the verb (
W" W ). It is ( BQ* O} I> JK# ). It was originally ( X X [ #W). The rule of (0=>) was applied and the () was changed to (). Wp[ X W7 Analysis: This is from the verb ( [ U =[ W>
W 7W ). It is ( m O}
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
/01 2). It was originally ('^ [ X> U W7). The rule of (0=>) was applied and the () was changed to (). One () was then ^ [ X W7). When ( W Analysis: From the verb ( [ U [ W>
W W ), this is the verbal noun in the singular form. It is (') L1) from the (6 6 ). It was originally (> [ W ). The () was changed to () and assimilated. It became (¶> W ). W#[ BD2W ^ q^2W ), the Analysis: First Possibility: It is the imperative (() of ( word-form being (
m O}) with a pronoun (W#) attached
to it. Second Possibility: It is from the verb ( X BD [ W>
W BD2W ). It is ( O}
JK# BQ*).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
[ ¢W" Analysis: This is the imperative (() of (6 h W"), the word-form being (
w#~ =) of ( B01 6 ). ( [ !U UW"). The rule of (%l7@) was applied.
It was originally
6 h W W Analysis: From the (E:) was applied. It becomes (6 h W W@U). The (/" s?) is deleted. It becomes (6 h W W). W FW ^ Analysis: This was ( X I^ [ (^
[ ^), from the (]*< 6 ). It is ( = I> JK# G F µ O 1 BQ*). The rule of (K) was applied. Due to the ( $ µ), the ( B ) is deleted from the end. It becomes (,S [ (^
[ ^).
Subsequently, the rule of
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ()>) is applied and the hamzas are deleted. It becomes (W F W ^).
^ WB^[>@U Analysis: From the (:) is first applied whereby the () changes to (L) and then the rule of (7) to change the () to (). {[ Up[ (^ BB< 6 ), this is ( ( m = L0 78 0 ). It is like (b ?U bW ). Analysis: From the (
U [l^ 78 0 ( m = ') L1) from the ( BB< 6 ). It was originally ( X U [5W AX) like (e X U [ =W AX). The rule of (0=>) was first applied, followed by Analysis: This is the (
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology deleting the (N) when constructing the imperative ((). The (
B ) was finally deleted from the end. It becomes (U [l^ ). &^
Analysis: From the (O-
6 ), this is the ( ( m = ') L1 ), the verb being (WBb W> W U ^). It was originally ( W b@U) like ( W M[ @U). The harakah of the () is transferred to the () and the () is changed to (L). The (/" s?) is no more required. It becomes (& ^ ). ' @U Analysis: From the (6
6 ), this is the ( dIl w#~ O} I> $( 1 F ), the verb being ( X [>UW> '^ [>(^). It was originally (W #[@U) like (W [ U). The rule of (%l7@) is applied. It becomes (' @U). The paradigm of (
) is as
follows: (h#@U R X #[ @U h *X#[@U WF*X#[@U R U #[@U [ *X#[@U WF*X#[@U R W #[@U ' @U W*#W
R [ #W [#X W# '^ )
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
' @U ' @U Analysis: From the (6
6 ), this is the ( BQ* O} L0 ), the verb being ('¦ UW> ' (^). It was originally X #Uqb #W) like (6 X U [ #W). The rule of (%l7@) is applied to the ('). It ( becomes (' ¦ U#W). Then ( j 'b @U) is inserted before the verb ( 'b @U '¦ U#W). The rule of (%l7@) is again applied because the two nûns are adjacent to each other while the final nûn becomes (6). It becomes (' @U ' @U). 6 h W W =>? 0 dIl m = G F) from (:U JK#) from (^:[U = F 1( @ ]( #. ;*0} p = ( *=B i à Nm :Fc = ( v*2Ä < à m 7 B0 = ( +B _ . _ _== 'f#( 1 B A o ,FB L1 v *=B i = ( >0 Æ1FB 5 B0 B0 5"( =FÅ )B 5 B0 _ à / A p: =FÅ #& ?>? 'M * =!0 #& B Á0 = ( r*+ #& B0
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
A =!0 ²
