Transport

7 F.A.Q EXAMPLES - BIOLOGY F5 CHAPTER 1 (TRANSPORT) 1. Explain the reason a human require a transport system compared to Amoeba sp. which doesn’t (4m)

2. Compare the SA node & AV node in human heart (3m) SA Node AV Node

3. State 2 similarities & 2 differences between these cells (4m) Neutrophils Lymphocytes

4. Describe how the interstitial fluid is formed & its features, & its importance to the human body (5m)

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7 F.A.Q EXAMPLES - BIOLOGY F5 CHAPTER 1 (TRANSPORT) 5. Describe the phagocytosis process by a leucocyte. (5m)

6. Ali is traveling to a developing country. His physician advised him to get vaccination. Describe the features of vaccination & its importance to Ali’s immune system. (5m)

7. A man is infected by HIV which causes AIDS. Explain how the HIV weaken his immune system. (5m)

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7 F.A.Q EXAMPLES - BIOLOGY F5 CHAPTER 1 (TRANSPORT) Answers: 1. Human is a multicellular organism while Ameoba is a unicellular organism. Thus, human has bigger size and volume compared to Amoeba. Ultimately, this causes human to have lower total surface area to volume ratio compared to Ameoba. It means that human has lower surface area available for diffusion of substances such as gas, nutrients, & waste products.

2. SA Node Located in left atrium

AV Node Located between atria & ventricles

Generate impulse, hence known as Receive impulse from SA Node the pacemaker Causes atria to contract

Causes ventricles to contract

3. Neutrophils Lymphocytes Both are categorized as leucocytes (white blood cells) Both are involved in body’s immune system It is produced in bone marrow

It is produced in lymph nodes

Its function is to conduct Its function is to produced antibody phagocytosis on pathogens to combat the pathogens

4. High blood pressure in artery causes the blood plasma to leak out via the capillary walls. This fluid will fill the space between cells, hence it is called interstitial fluid. This fluid has all substances from blood plasma such as water, nutrients, waste products, & gases. However, it doesn’t have red blood cells, plasma proteins, & platelet as they are too large to leak out.

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7 F.A.Q EXAMPLES - BIOLOGY F5 CHAPTER 1 (TRANSPORT) This fluid’s importance is to help substances diffusion in & out of cell. This can be proved by useful substances like nutrients diffuse from interstitial fluid into the cell & waste products diffuse out from the cell into the interstitial fluid.

5. Firstly, the leucocyte engulf the pathogens by extending the pseudopodia. Then, the engulfed pathogen will form a phagosome. This phagosome will fuse with lysosome, forming phagolysosome. Digestive enzymes are secreted, killing & digesting the pathogen. Finally the nutrients from the digested pathogen is absorbed & the undigested product will be released out of the leucocyte.

6. Vaccination is a process of gaining immunity via injection of vaccine. Vaccination is given before the infection, in other words, vaccination is a preventive approach to disease. Vaccination causes the individual to gain artificial active immunity, which the body is stimulated to produce antibody after receiving vaccine injection. Hence, the individual will achieve immunity against diseases, albeit it is slow to act. However, once achieving immunity, the effect is long-lasting, sometimes for a lifetime.

7. HIV will infiltrate the lymphocyte called helper T-cells. Then, HIV conducts DNA replication inside the cell, producing more HIVs. Then, HIVs burst out, destroying the lymphocyte. As a result, the new HIVs will infect other helper T-cells. The cycle continues, destroying more cells, and effectively weaken the immune system.

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