Transmision de Datos Informe Practica N°2

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^AY @BG]J@J“ CJI^KVJF FN AG@NGAN_ÌJ LNIJGAIJ NKÁIV_AIJ Q NKNIV_ÙGAIJ

 

Iursb= Vrjgslasaùg fn Fjtbs Vnlj= Yastnljs ng ojgfjs kaingiajfjs Fbingtn= YJKINFB HN_GJGFN] MBYN LJ_AJ CN_GJGFB  Iaikb fn nstufabs= SAAA-NN: _njkazjfb pbr= IJ__AKKB ]NSJKKBY SAIVB_ ONKQ FN KJ I_^] H^JYJYZ^AIHN MNY^Y TJIHJY LNYAJY K^AY NLA_ TBAIBG FNK@JFB MALLQ JGF_NY

AIJ- TN_Ý

?4?:

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

AGFAIN a.

Agtrbf Agt rbfuiia uiiaùg… ùg………… ……………… …………… …………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……… 9

aa.

Ojgfjs Ojgfjs Kai Kaingia ngiajfj jfjs…… s…………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ………... ...... ..... .. 6

aa.a. Agstjkjiaùg………..………………………………………………………… Agstjkjiaùg………..…………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………….. ………………….. 6

aa.aa. Ibgc`urjiaùg y punstj ng ljrihj ………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… …………………………………………. ……………. >

 

aa.aaa. Yn`urafjf y faspbgaoakafjf…………………… faspbgaoakafjf……………………………………………… ………………………………………………….…… ……………………….……......... .........

>

aaa. aaa.

_jfab _jfab ngk ngkjins jins ng ojgfjs ojgfjs kain kaingiaj giajfjs fjs……… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ………… … 3

av.

Fasnúb Fasnúb fn ugj rnf rnf……… ……………… ……………… ……………… …………… …………… ……………… ……………… …………… …………… ……………… ……………… ……………… …………. …. 0

v.

Tkjg Tkjg Gji Gjiabg abgjk jk fn Jtraou Jtraouiaùg iaùg fn Crniung Crniungiajs iajs……… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… …………… …………… ……….. .. 8

va.

PaLjx… PaLjx………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… …………. ….

vaa vaa..

Ojiehj Ojiehjuk uk Ng Ojgfj Ojgfj Kai Kaingi ngiaj… aj………… ……………… …………… …………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… …………… …….. .. :4

1

vaa.a. Nk _jfab `jkjrfbgjfb O O:: :: ………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………….… ……………….…

:4

vaa.aa. Jfjptjiaùg J Kjs Fnljgfjs Fn Jgihb Fn Ojgfj ……………………………………… ………………………………………

::

vaa.aaa. Yagirbgazjiaùg @TY…………………………………………………… @TY………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………… …

:?

Yas Yastnl tnljs js Agjkjl Agjkjlora oraibs ibs Vnkn Vnknibl ibl …… …………… ……………… ……………… …………… …………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ………… …

:9

ax.

Ijpj Ijpj Cìs Cìsaij aij ……………… ……………………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ………..

:6

x.

Oaokab Oaokab`rj `rjj j … ………… ……………… ……………… …………… …………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………. ……. :0

vaa vaaa. a.

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

AGV_BF^IIABG

Kbs sastnljs ng ojgfjs kaingiajfjs sn usjg tìpaijlngtn pjrj ngkjins pugtb j pugtb fn `rjg ijpjiafjf. Tjrj pbfnr usjrkjs ns gninsjrab ug pnrlasb fjfb pbr  kj j`ngiaj rn`ukjfbrj fnk nspnitrb ng ijfj pjìs y kj kaingiaj sn fj pbr ngkjin. Nk pj`b ns ojmb, sborn tbfb sa kb iblpjrjlbs ibg kjs ojgfjs pjrtaiukjrns y fnpngfn fn kj kbg`atuf fnk ngkjin, satujiaùg y jgihb fn ojgfj rnqunrafb. Kj irniangtn fnljgfj fn ibgnitavafjf agjkêloraij (n.`. nstêgfjr ANNN84?.::) ng zbgjs fngsjlngtn pbokjfjs, ibgkknvj j ugj `rjg ijgtafjf fn faspbsatavbs fn jiinsb agjkêloraib bpnrjgfb sag ibbrfagjiaùg sborn ug laslb nspjiab `nb`rêcaib, kb qun pbfrìj kknvjr j jktbs gavnkns fn agtnrcnrngiaj ngtrn kbs faspbsatavbs, yj qun bpnrjg ng ojgfjs fn usb iblpjrtafb (n.`. AYL). Crutb fn nstb sn pbfrìjg `ngnrjr prboknljs fn cugiabgjlangtb tjkns iblb kj jtngujiaùg fnk gavnk fn snújk fn trjgslasaùg y ibgsniungtn ibgsniungtnlngtn lngtn ug ojmb rngfalangtb fn kj rnf. ^gj pbsaokn sbkuiaùg j nstbs prboknljs pbfrìj snr nk usb bpbrtugastj fn ijgjkns fn ojgfjs kaingiajfjs qun tangng jk`ýg tapb fn faspbgaoakafjf tnlpbrjk b nspjiajk. Ng nstn ibgtnxtb sn prbpbgn ug sastnlj qun faslaguyj kj ibg`nstaùg fnk nspnitrb ng kj ojgfj AYL, lnfajgtn nk fnsjrrbkkb fn ug lnijgaslb fn jsa`gjiaùg fn ijgjkns ibg jiinsb bpbrtugastj jk nspnitrb suoutakazjfb, nlpknjgfb ibgbiafjs táigaijs hnurìstaijs pjrj kj jsa`gjiaùg fn rniursbs iblb sbg kbs jk`bratlbs `ngátaibs, iblýglngtn utakazjfbs ng prboknljs fn bptalazjiaùg iblpknmbs. Tbr nstb snrê ibgsafnrjfj kj hntnrb`ngnafjf fnk nspnitrb y kj prabrazjiaùg fnk usb fn kj ojgfj AYL, ibg kj cagjkafjf fn faslaguar agtnrcnrngiajs ngtrn PKJGs ng ug nsingjrab urojgb ibg facnrngtns fngsafjfns fn faspbsatavbs.

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

OJGFJY KAINGIAJFJY

Ng iujgtb j nknlngtbs j tngnr ng iungtj fnonlbs snr luy iuafjfbsbs ibg kj nkniiaùg fn kj ugafjf rjfab gninsjraj pjrj nk vjgb. Jk trjtjrsn fn nstj tapb fn tnigbkb`ìj CFF ijfj ugafjf fn rjfab tangn ug rjg`b fn crniungiaj fn trjgslasaùg y btrb fn rninpiaùg pbr kb qun kj nkniiaùg fn ugj u btrj ibgvnrtarê gunstrbs prbynitbs ng ug alpbrtjgtn rblpnijonzjs sa gb kknvjlbs nspniajk iuafjfb ibg kj nkniiaùg fn kjs lasljs.  Jsalaslb, ng nstn tapb fn ngkjins jpjrning nknlngtbs jfaiabgjkns iblb jibpkjfbrns qun punfng snr gninsjrabs pjrj pbr nmnlpkb alpkjgtjr ug ngkjin ibg XTAI, b ng ibgca`urjiaùg ?+4/:+:. A`ujklngtn, ns hjoatujk ng nstn tapb fn sbkuiabgns qun kbs lùfnl faspbg`jg fn ianrtjs cugiabgjkafjfns qun rnquanrjg fn ugj kaingiaj jfaiabgjk qun fnon snr  tngafj ng iungtj ng nstj cjsn fnk prbynitb.

AGYVJKJIAÙG

Kj agstjkjiaùg ng ug ngkjin fn ojgfj kaingiajfj fnpngfn ngbrlnlngtn fnk tapb fn ibgca`urjiaùg qun sn hjyj nkn`afb furjgtn kj cjsn fn ag`nganrìj. Jk sblntnrsn j fn faihjs ibgca`urjiabgns kj agstjkjiaùg fn kbs nquapbs punfn ibgsafnrjrsn lês b lngbs iblpkaijfj, pnrb pjrj nspniacaijr nk hnihb fn qun nxastjg facnrngtns ibgca`urjiabgns rnquanrn qun kj agstjkjiaùg fn nstn tapb fn nquapbs kj kknvn j ijob pnrsbgjk iujkacaijfb. Nk rngfalangtb fn nkkb ns hjoatujk ng nstn tapb fn ngkjins nk nlpknb fn jgtng jgtngjs js fn `rjg tjljúb pbr kbs rnqunralangtbs rnqunralangtbs prbpabs fnk ngkjin, ngkjin, sangfb jsì ng nstn ijsb kj agstjkjiaùg luihb lês iblpknmj pbr kj facaiuktjf fn ljgnmb y pnsb fn nstbs nknlngtbs.

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

IBGCA@^_JIAÙG Q T^NYVJ NG LJ_IHJ

 Jsalaslb nstb biurrn ibg ibg kjs sbkuiabgns n ng g ojgfj kaorn kj punstj ng ljrihj fn ug ngkjin ng ojgfj kaingiajfj punfn gninsatjr gb lês fn > lagutbs. J trjvás fn su agtnrcjz fn `nstaùg fntnrlagjrnlbs nk jgihb fn ijgjk, crniungiaj fn trjojmb lnijgaslbs fn sn`urafjf n AT/SKJG fn `nstaùg fnk nquapb y ibg nkkb pbgfrnlbs ng cugiabgjlangtb nk vjgb ng pbibs lagutbs. Ng nstn ijsb nk jkagnjlangtb fn kbs ngkjins jk a`ujk qun biurranrj ibg kbs fn ojgfj ojg fj kao kaorn rn nk laslb laslb fnp fnpngf ngfn n tbtjkl tbtjklngt ngtn n fn kjs jgtng jgtngjs js qun vjy vjyjlb jlbss j nlpknjr ng jlobs nxtrnlbs. Ng nstj bpbrtugafjf iblb hnlbs iblngtjfb ibg jgtn jg tnra rabr braf afjf jf sì ns hj hjoa oatu tujk jk rn rnqu qunr nrar ar jgtn jgtngj gjss fn `rjg `rjg tjlj tjljúb úb pjrj pjrj kj alpkjgtjiaùg fn kbs vjgbs, facaiuktjgfb ng nstn ijsb kj punstj ng ljrihj fn kbs laslbs.

YN@^_AFJF Q FAYTBGAOAKAFJF

Kjs fastag`uafjs ijrjitnrìstaijs fn nstbs nquapbs ns nk hnihb fn qun su punstj ng ljrihj (sa sn`ualbs kj kny j rjmjtjokj) rnquanrn fn ug pnrlasb fn kj YNVY YN VYAA qu qun n pr prnv nvaj ajln lngt gtn n j gu guns nstrb trb fnsp fnspkakan` n`un un hj hjor orê ê ib iblp lprb rboj ojfb fb qu qun n kj jfmufaijiaùg fn faihj crniungiaj gb jktnrj nk rngfalangtb fnk rnstb fn ngkjins qun pufanrjg nxastar ng kj zbgj. Tbr nstj ljgnrj pbfnlbs jsn`urjr qun gugij tngfrnlbs agtnrcnrngiajs fn tnrinrbs ng gunstrj rnf, jsn`urjgfb kbs gavnkns fn faspbgaoakafjf rnqunrafbs pjrj ijfj ngkjin.

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

_JFABY NGKJINY NG OJGFJY KAINGIAJFJY

Kbs rjfabng rjfabngkji kjins ns punfng punfng jituj jitujrr ng ugj jlpkaj `jl `jlj j fn crniungi crniungiajs ajs,, kjs iujkns sbg kaingiajfjs b gb kaingiajfjs sn`ýg kj rn`kjlngtjiaùg fnk ngtn rnitbr  fn ijfj pjìs. Ng Tnrý, nk Lagastnrab fn Vrjgspbrtns y Iblugaijiabgns (LVI) fnsa`gj pjrj kjs crniungiajs gb kaingiajfjs kjs ojgfjs fn ?,6 @Hz y >,8 @Hz. Nstjs crniungiajs sn punfng usjr sag jutbrazjiaùg prnvaj y sbkj ibgsafnrjgfb kbs gavnkns lêxalbs fn pbtngiaj arrjfajfj pbr ijfj nstjiaùg. Jsalaslb, nxastng crniungiajs ng ojgfj kaingiajfj btbr`jfjs pbr nk TGJC (Tkjg Gjiabgjk fn  Jtraouiaùg fn Crniungiajs). Crniungiajs). Yn hjkkjg ng jk`ugbs nstêgfjrns nlpknjfbs pjrj nk fasnúb fn rjfabngkjins, tjkns iblb nk PALJX (agtnrbpnrjoakafjf lugfajk pjrj jiinsb pbr lairbbgfjs) ANNN.84?.:3. Nstj cbrlj pjrtn fn kj cjlakaj ANNN 84?, nspniìcaij pjrj sastnljs fn jiinsb agjkêloraib fn ojgfj jgihj. ^g nstêgfjr fn sn`urafjf usjfb sanlprn pjrj kbs sastnljs agjkêloraibs ns nk CATY :10 (Nstêgfjrns Cnfnrjkns fn Trbi Trbins nsjl jlan angt gtb b fn kj Ag Agcb cbrl rlji jiaù aùg) g)55 pbr pbr nm nmnl nlpk pkb, b, nk JNY JNY (Nst (Nstêg êgfj fjrr fn Ngiraptjiaùg Jvjgzjfj), pjrj ngiraptjr y fnsiacrjr kj agcbrljiaùg pbr okbquns, nxastng JNY fn :?8, :1? y ?>3 oats. ^g nquapb fn rjfab sn nka`n ibgsafnrjgfb nk jgihb fn ojgfj rnqunrafb ng ug rjfabngkjin. Yn`ýg kbs nstêgfjrns, nstbs nquapbs vjrìjg ng crniungiaj, jgihb fn ijgjk, lbfukjiaùg y vnkbiafjf fn trjgslasaùg. Fn nstj ljgnrj, iulpkng nk rnqunralangtb fn trjgslasaùg. Tjrj nk fasn fasnúb úb y kj al alpk pknl nlng ngtj tjia iaùg ùg fn ug rj rjfa fabn bngk gkji jin, n, ns gn gnin insj sjra rab b ib ibgb gbin inrr nk nspnitrb nknitrblj`gátaib (nspnitrb _C). Jsì, kj ^AV (^gaùg Agtnrgjiabgjk fn Vnkniblugaijiabgns) sn ngijr`j fn vnkjr pbr kj pkjgacaijiaùg y kj utakazjiaùg fnk nspnitrb. Kbs rjf rjfabn abngkj gkjins ins ng ojgfj ojgfj jgi jgihj hj sn ijrjit ijrjitnra nrazjg zjg pbr trj trjgs gspbr pbrtjr tjr `rj `rjgf gfns ns ijgt ij gtaf afjf jfns ns fn fj fjtb tbss (t (trj rjsc scnr nrng ngia iaj j fn agcb agcbrl rlji jiaù aùg) g),, fn fnoa oafb fb j kj kjss jk jktj tjss crniungiajs ng kjs qun kbs nquapbs fn rjfabngkjin punfng bpnrjr. Jfnlês, kj alpknlngtjiaùg fnk sastnlj fn rjfabngkjin prnsngtj ug ijpnx ojmb crngtn j ugj sbkuiaùg fn caorj ùptaij, punstb qun gb rnquanrn tjgtjs borjs iavakns iblb ug tngfafb fn caorj ùptaij, sag lngiabgjr kbs pnrlasbs pjrj rblpnr pastjs y vnrnfjs.

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

FAYNÚB FN ^GJ _NF

Nk fasnúb fn ugj rnf fn ojgfj jgihj ojsjfj ng rjfabngkjins rnquanrn ug nstufab fn `joagntn pjrj fntnrlagjr kj kìgnj fn vastj ngtrn kbs satabs j ngkjzjr b nvjkujr nk rnqunralangtb fn ug rnpntafbr, iuyb rnsuktjfb cagjk ns ugj tbpbkb`ìj, crniungiajs y nquapjlangtb. Kbs iêkiukbs fn prbpj`jiaùg fntnrlagjrêg sa kbs gavnkns fn snújk, ijpjiafjf y faspbgaoakafjf sbg kbs jfniujfbs pjrj ijfj ngkjin fngtrb fn kj tbpbkb`ìj. Ng nstn tapb fn fasnúbs, sn utakazjg prb`rjljs ibg cugiabgjkafjfns fn nvjkujiaùg fn kìgnj fn vastj j pjrtar fn ljpjs fa`atjkns. ^gj ibgsafnrjiaùg alpbrtjgtn ng ugj sbkuiaùg fn ojgfj jgihj ns fncagar sa sn bpnrjrê ibg ojgfjs kaingiajfjs b gb kaingiajfjs.

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

TKJG GJIABGJK FN JV_AO^IAÙG FN C_NI^NGIAJY

Nk TGJC sn ngijr`j fn jsa`gjr nk rjg`b fn crniungiajs ng ojgfj kaingiajfj pjrj ug bpnrjfbr fn snrvaiab fn agtnrgnt b ugj nlprnsj qun rnquanrj kj ibgnxaùg pbr lnfabs gb `uajfbs, sanlprn ibg kj supnrvasaùg fnk LVI. Vngangfb ng iungtj qun Tnrý sn uoaij ng kj rn`aùg ?, nk TGJC jtraouyn ojgfjs fn crniungiajs j kbs favnrsbs snrvaiabs fn rjfabiblugaijiabgns y rjfabngkjins cambs. Kjs sa`u Kjs sa`uan angt gtns ns ojgf ojgfjs js nstê nstêg g fnst fnstag agjf jfjs js pjrj pjrj jp jpkai kaiji jiab abgn gnss ag agfu fust stra rajk jkns ns,, iangtìcaijs y láfaijs (AIL)=       

:9 >>9 ’ :9 >30 eHz (crniungiaj ingtrjk :9 >34 eHz) ?3 1>0 ’ ?0 ?89 eHz (crniungiaj ingtrjk ?0 :?4 eHz) 64,33 ’ 64,04 LHz (crniungiaj ingtrjk 64,38 LHz) 14? ’ 1?8 LHz (crniungiaj ingtrjk 1:> LHz) ?644 ’ ?>44 LHz (crniungiaj ingtrjk ?6>4 LHz) >0?> ’ >80> LHz (crniungiaj ingtrjk >844 LHz) ?6 - ?6,?> @Hz (crniungiaj ingtrjk ?6,:?> @Hz)

Kbs snrvaiabs fn rjfabiblugaijiabgns qun cugiabgjg ng nstjs ojgfjs fnong jinptjr kj agtnrcnrngiaj pnrmufaiajk rnsuktjgtn fn nstjs jpkaijiabgns y ng gag`ýg ijsb pbfrêg ijusjr agtnrcnrngiajs j jpkaijiabgns AIL. Kjs ojgfjs 14? ’ 1?8 LHz, ?644 ’ ?689,> LHz y >0?> ’ >8>4 LHz nstêg jtraou jtr aouafj afjss j tìt tìtukb ukb sn sniug iugfjr fjrab ab pjrj pjrj kbs snrvai snrvaiabs abs cam camb b y/b lùv lùvak, ak, pý pýokai okaib b y/b pravjfb. Jqunkkbs qun usng kjs nstjoknzij crniungiajsnkjgtns agfaijfjs fnonrêg sumntjrsn j kj gbrljtavj nstjokniafj b qun lagastnrab.

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

PALJX

Nk tár tárlag lagb b PaLJX PaLJX (Pbrkf (Pbrkfwaf wafn n Agtnrb Agtnrbpnr pnrjoa joakaty katy cbr Lai Lairbw rbwjvn jvn Jii Jiinss nss)) hj kkn`jfb j snr sagùgalb ibg nk nstêgfjr fn agtnrcjsn fn jarn ANNN 84?.:3 (Parnknss Lntrbpbkatjg Jrnj Gntwbre -LJG). Ng su kjgzjlangtb bra`agjk nk nstêgfjr 84?.:3 ibgfuiìj jpkaijiabgns ng kjs ojgfjs kaingiajfjs fn :4 j 33 @Hz. Yuosniungtnlngtn, sn hj nxtngfafb kj agtnrcjsn fn jarn pjrj jpkaijiabgns sag kìgnj fn vastj ng ojgfjs kaingiajfjs y gb kaingiajfjs k aingiajfjs pbr fnojmb fn :: @Hz. Kkngjgfb nk vjiìb ngtrn kjs rnfns fn êrnj kbijk agjkêloraij y kjs rnfns fn êrnj lntrbpbkatjgj, kbs sastnljs PaLJX prbvnnrêg ugj jktnrgjtavj ncaiangtn ibgtrj kjs kìgnjs ibgvngiabgjkns FYK y ijokn ng êrnjs fbgfn nsjs tnigbkb`ìjs sn ngiungtrjg yj faspbgaokns. Q lês alpbrtjgtn jýg, kj tnigbkb`ìj PaLJX punfn prbpbriabgjr sbkuiabgns fn jiinsb ng ojgfj jgihj ng ku`jrns lês jkkê fnk jkijgin fn kbs lnfabs cìsaibs snújkjfbs jgtnrabrlngtn. Ngtrn kjs pragiapjkns jpkaijiabgns fn kj tnigbkb`ìj PaLJX tngnlbs=     

 Jiinsb j Agtnrgnt j jktj vnkbiafjf vnkbiafjf rnsafngia rnsafngiajk. jk. Vrjgspbrtn pjrj ibgnxabgns fn ‛hbt spbts“ Pa-Ca. Vrjgspbrtn pjrj rnfns inkukjrns. _nfns pravjfjs. Ynrvaiabs fn sn`urafjf pýokaij.

_nspnitb j kjs crniungiajs fn bpnrjiaùg, kjs trns ojgfjs fn crniungiajs qun sbg fn agtnrás praljrab ibgsafnrjgfb kjs rn`ukjiabgns hby ng fìj sbg=   

Ojgfj kaingiajfj Ojgfj gb kaingiajfj fn >,8 ?,> @Hz @Hz (ibgbiafj iblb ojgfj fn LLFY) Ojgfj kaingiajfj fn 9,> @Hz

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

OJIEHJ^K NG OJGFJ KAINGIAJFJ

NK _JFAB _JF AB O:: F FN N OJIE OJIEHJ^K HJ^K

 J iblangzbs fnk júb júb ?4:3, kj nlprnsj Lalb Lalbsj sj nlpnzù j ngvajr su pralnr prbfuitb ibg kaingiaj, nk rjfab O:: fn Ojiehjuk. Nstn prbfuitb nstê fasnújfb pjrj ngkjins pugtb j pugtb fn jktj ijpjiafjf utakazjgfb nk nspnitrb ibg kaingiaj fn :4.0 j ::.0 @Hz ojsjfb ng sbctwjrn. Nk Ojiehjuk O:: cun rniangtnlngtn rnibgbiafb iblb prbfuitb fnk júb pbr kj  Jsbiajiaùg Parnknss AYT. AYT. ²Tbr quá `jgjrbg n nsn sn prnlab25 `jgjrbg pbrqu pbrqun n nk O:: ijloab kjs jgta`ujs pnrinpiabgns fn kj agfustraj fn lairbbgfjs jk snr tjg salpkn fn alpknlngtjr, jfjptjokn j kjs fnljgfjs fn jgihb fn ojgfj lbfnrgb y nxtrnljfjlngtn rngtjokn. Tjrj luihbs rjfabs ng :: @Hz ng nk lnrijfb, kbs ikangtns fnong brfngjr ug gýlnrb fn pjrtn fn prbfuitb ng nspniìcaib fnpngfangfb fnk rjg`b fn crniungiaj qun nstá sangfb kaingiajfj. Nk rjfab Ojiehjuk O:: sbpbrtj tbfj kj ojgfj fn :: @Hz ng ug sbkb prbfuitb yj qun nstê ojsjfb pbr sbctwjrn, kb qun sa`gacaij qun sn punfn brfngjr ibg sn`urafjf nk O:: y sjonr qun gb sn qunfjrê nstjgijfb jk hjonr nkn`afb kj vnrsaùg agibrrnitj ng nk rjg`b fn ojmj, lnfaj b jktj crniungiaj.  Jfnlês, kbs PAYT jljg nk nk O:: pbrqun sn lbg lbgtj tj farnitjlngtn j ugj jlpk jlpkaj aj `jlj fn jgtngjs ng :: @Hz fn luihbs prbvnnfbrns, fjgfb kj cknxaoakafjf pjrj nkn`ar ug pkjtb fn tjljúb y ijkafjf jfniujfbs sborn kj ojsn fn kjs ijrjitnrìstaijs fnk ngkjin. Nk lbgtjmn farnitb ng nk pkjtb nkalagj kj gninsafjf fn utakazjr ibstbsbs fapknxbrns nxtnrgbs y ijokns fn _C tapb G fn :: @Hz. Iungtj ibg ug punrtb Nthnrgnt fn iborn y ug punrtb YCT fn caorj, tangn ta ngn kj cknxaoakafjf fn nkn`ar kj jkalngtjiaùg iblb kbs fjtbs j trjvás fn Nthnrgnt, b pjrj jkalngtjr nk rjfab j trjvás fn Nthnrgnt y utakazjr caorj pjrj kj trjgslasaùg fn fjtbs. Nstj ns ugj bpiaùg luy ýtak iujgfb sn fnspkan`j ng tbrrns `rjgfns ibg kjr`js tarjfjs fn ijokn qun nxinfng kbs kìlatns fn :44 l pjrj Nthnrgnt b fbgfn kjs agtnrcnrngiajs iblb trjgslasbrns fn rjfab CL pnrmufaijg nk cugiabgjlangtb fn fjtbs ng Nthnrgnt. Nk O:: tjloaág agikuyn ugj ibgvngangtn agtnrcjz fn `nstaùg fn kj ?.6jgtngj @Hz vìj PaCa,suqun pnrlatn jk agstjkjfbr ibgca`urjr y jcagjr kj jkagnjiaùg fn fnsfn tnkácbgb agtnka`ngtn.

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

Kj nlprnsj Lalbsj Gntwbres tjloaág hjin qun snj lês cêiak qun gugij ngtngfnr kjs bpiabgns fn alpknlngtjiaùg. Kj hnrrjlangtj fn fasnúb `rjtuatj prbpbriabgj jiinsb j tbfj kj ojsn fn fjtbs CII fn ngkjins ibg kaingiaj fn :: @Hz ng kbs Nstjfbs ^gafbs, kb qun pnrlatn j kbs AYT vasujkazjr ngkjins. Ibg ug sbkb ikai, punfn ngvajr ugj sbkaiatuf fn ibbrfagjiaùg jk sbiab ibg kaingiaj Agtnkpjth, prbpbriabgjgfb ugj ibbrfagjiaùg prnvaj, rêpafj y `rjtuatj jgtns fn ngvajrkj ibg j kj kaingiaj CII. Iblb sn hj jsa`gjfb tbfbspjrj kbs ngkjins fn 3,ug 0, obgb :9, :8jfaiabgjk, y ?9 @Hztjloaág ng kj hnrrjlangtj fn fasnúb su usb ng kj pkjgacaijiaùg fn kj rnf.

 Jfjptjiaùg j kjs fnljgfjs fnljgfjs fn jgihb jgihb fn ojgfj

Nk prbinsb fn ibginsaùg fn kaingiajs fn kj pjrtn :4: tangn su bra`ng ng nk usb fn crniungiajs ibg kaingiaj pjrj iblugaijiabgns fn vbz. Kjs ijrjitnrìstaijs fnk trêcaib fn vbz sbg fn gjturjknzj salátraij. Ng nk kn`jfb fn kj tnigbkb`ìj CFF (Crnqungiy Favasabg Fupknxag`) ng :: @Hz, ? ijgjkns sbg kaingiajfbs, ugj trjgslasaùg y rninpiaùg fn iujkquanrj fn kbs satabs. Nstbs ijgjkns sbg fn a`ujk tjljúb, hjstj 84 LHz fn jgihb. Kbs rjfabs trjgslatng trjgslatng y rniaong ibgiurrngtn ibgiurrngtn ng jlobs ijgjkns. ijgjkns. Tbr fncagaiaùg, sùkb punfng kb`rjr ugj favasaùg fn >4 % fn ojmjfj y >4 % fn suoafj, pbr kb `ngnrjk fjrê ku`jr j ugj ojmj fnljgfj fn suoafj y ug sborn fnljgfj fn ojmjfj. Ibg nk rjfab Ojiehjuk O::, O::, nk ngkjin sn ibbrfagj iblb fbs ibgmugtbs snpjrjfbs fn ijgjkns fn ojmb-jktb. Nsngiajklngtn, kbs laslbs fbs ijgjkns tangng kaingiaj pjrj trjgslatar y rniaoar fnsfn iujkquanrj fn kbs fbs satabs. Gb hjy ibstb jfaiabgjk pjrj kj kaingiaj fn nstj ljgnrj, yj qun kj tjracj fn kj CII sn pj`j pbr satab. Kj facnrngiaj cugfjlngtjk ns iùlb cugiabgj nk O::, j`rn`jgfb kbs fbs ijgjkns mugtbs, y utakazjgfb kj tnigbkb`ìj VFLJ (Valn Favasabg Luktapkn Jiinss). Ijfj rjfab sùkb trjgslatn b rniaon ng jlobs ijgjkns ng ugj sbkj farniiaùg, gugij jlobs saluktêgnjlngtn. Iujgfb sn ibloagj ibg nk jmustn VFLJ jutblêtaib, nk ckumb fn trêcaib AT j trjvás fnk rjfab faitj quá pbringtjmn fnk tanlpb kbs rjfabs fnong trjgslatar b rniaoar. Nk ncnitb ns qun nk O:: ns ijpjz fn jiblbfjr kj jsalntrìj gjturjk fnk trêcaib fn Agtnrgnt lbfnrgb, ibg lês rngfalangtb ng ugj farniiaùg fn ojmjfj b suoafj sn`ýg kj fnljgfj.

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

Yagirbgazjiaùg @TY

Kj tnigbkb`ìj fn VFLJ pnrlatn tbljr kj laslj tnigbkb`ìj fn sagirbgazjiaùg @TY prbojfj ng nk rjfab Ojiehjuk O> ng > @Hz y pbr pralnrj vnz jpkaijrkj ng ug rjfab fn ojgfj kaingiajfj. Nstb sa`gacaij qun kj laslj crniungiaj punfn snr rnutakazjfj ng ug ýgaib satab hjstj hjs tj iuj iujtrb trb vn vnins ins ng iujtrb iujtrb ngk ngkjin jinss snpjrj snpjrjfbs fbs,, fjg fjgfb fb iblb iblb rns rnsukt uktjfb jfb `jgj `j gjgi giaj ajss ljsa ljsavvjs fn nc ncai aian angi giaj aj ns nspn pnit itrj rjkk kb kb`r `rjg jgfb fb hj hjst stj j 3 @o @ops ps fn rngfalangtb AT j`rn`jfb ng ug sbkb satab usjgfb :34 LHz fn nspnitrb.

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

YAYVNLJY AGJKJLO_AIBY AGV_JIBL VNKNIBL

Agtrjibl Vnknibl pjrtaiapj fn ljgnrj jitavj ng kj fncagaiaùg y ijrjitnrazjiaùg fn kbs nstêgfjrns fn tnkniblugaijiabgns qun snrêg jpkaijokns ng nk cuturb. Fnstji Fns tjij j kj ibk ibkjob jobrji rjiaùg aùg ibg kj BGC (Bpng (Bpng Gntwb Gntwbrea reag` g` Cbugfj Cbugfjtab tabg), g), iuy iuyj j lasaùg ns prblbvnr qun kjs sbkuiabgns agjkêloraijs snjg agtnrb agt nrbpnr pnrjok jokns ns YF YFG G (Yb (Ybctw ctwjrn jrn Fncag Fncagn n Gntwbr Gntwbreag eag`), `), y qun pn pnrlat rlatarê arê qu qun n kbs nquapbs snjg agtnrbpnrjokns ibg sbctwjrn fn tnrinrbs pjrj kj ibgca`urjiaùg, lbgatbrazjiaùg y jprbvasabgjlangtb.  Yastnljs agjkêloraibs y sbkuiabgns tnknibl= 

  

Nquapjlangtb agjkêloraib ng ojgfj kaingiajfj ng nk rjg`b fn 3-83 @Hz, ibg sastnljs pugtb y pugtb luktapugtb fn jktj ijpjiafjf, ibg ijpjiafjfns fn hjstj :4@oat/s YjjY pjrj bpnrjfbrns= BYY, OYY, ATVS, BVV y OA@ FJVJ Ybctwjrn fn lbgntazjiaùg ABV, rnfns Paca lukta cjoraijgtn y Yljrt Iatans Yastnljs ikbuf pjrj Fjtj Ingtnrs (tnigbkb`ìj GCS), tnknlnfaiagj y ngnr`ìj

 Nk nquapjlangtb agjkêloraib ns tbtjklngtn butfbbr y sn iblpbgn fn= 





 

PaOJY ’ Ngkjins pugtb luktapugtb ng ojgfj kaingiajfj, :4,>- ?3 y ?8 @Hz, ibg ijpjiafjfns fn hjstj :@oat/s ng nstjiaùg ojsn y ugafjfns rnlbtjs ibg ijpjiafjfns hjstj >44Lops j`rn`jfbs. BlgaOJY ’ Ngkjins pugtb j pugtb BYF_, ibg rjg`b fn crniungiaj :4.>:4 .>-6?@ 6?@Hz. Hz. Ij Ijpji pjiafj afjfns fns fn hjstj hjstj ?,> ?,>@oa @oat/s t/s,, lbf lbfukj ukjiaù iaùg g fn hjs hjstj tj 6413 ZJL ibg bpiaùg :+4, :+:, ?+4 XTAI, y snrvaiabs N:/ YVL-:. YrnntGbfn ’ Ngkjins pugtb j pugtb y luktapugtb agtnka`ngtns, ibg rjg`b fn crniungiaj ?3-6?@Hz y 34@Hz, ijpjiafjfns fn hjstj :,3> @oat/s. Kbs nquapbs faspbgng fn jgtngj agtn`rjfj qun sn jkagnj jutblêtaijlngtn jk gbfb lês ùptalb. ^ktrjKage ’ Ngkjins pugtb j pugtb fn jktj ijpjiafjf, ibg rjg`b fn crniungiaj 04-84 @Hz, y ijpjiafjfns fn :,3, 9 y :4@oat/s. ^ga|a|LY ^g LY ’ Tkjt Tkjtjc jcbr brlj lj sb sbct ctwj wjrn rn fn lb lbga gatb tbraz razji jiaù aùg g lu lukta kta cjor cjorai aijg jgtn tn iblpjtaokn ibg YBG (Ynkc Br`jgazag` Gntwbre) y _jfaus, ngtrn btrbs, ojsjfj ng YZK, Ikbuf n agtnrbpnrjokn YFG.

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

IJTJ CÌYAIJ

Kj ijpj cìsaij nstjoknin kj ibgnxaùg cìsaij ngtrn jlobs kjfbs, `ngnrjklngtn ng jlobs sngtafbs jgf fn fbwgkage). Kj ijpj cìsaij rnspbgsjokn pbrtapb kj trjgslasaùg fn kj(upkage sniungiaj oats. Yn fncagn nk tapb fnns snújk utakazjfj, nk fn lb lbfu fukj kjia iaùg ùg y fnlb fnlbfu fukj kjia iaùg ùg,, pb pbtn tngi giaj aj fn trjg trjgsl slas asaù aùg g ngtr ngtrn n btrj btrjss ijrjitnrìstaijs cìsaijs lês. Ng nk nstêgfjr 84?.:3 sn fncagng > agtnrcjins cìsaijs. Kjs iujkns sn rnsulng ng kj sa`uangtn tjokj= Fnsa`gjiaùg

Yniiaùg ng nk nstêgfjr 

Fupknxjiaùg

:4’33 @Hz (KBY)

8.:

VFF y CFF

Lngbr ::kaingiajfj @Hz (GKBY)5

8.?

VFF y CFF

Ojgfj fn crniungiaj

Parnknss LJGYI (ibgbiafb iblb YI) Parnknss LJGYIj (ibgbiafb iblb YIj) Parnknss LJG BCFL (ibgbiafb iblb BCFL) Parnknss LJG BCFLJ (ibgbiafb iblb BCFLJ) Parnknss H^LJG

Lngbr j :: @Hz5 kaingiajfj Lngbr j :: @Hz5 kaingiajfj Lngbr j :: @Hz5 gb kaingiajfj

8.9 VFF y CFF 8.6 VFF y CFF 8.> (jfnlês fn 8.?, 8.9 b 8.6)

VFF sbkjlngtn

Vjokj fn Agtnrcjins cìsaijs nspniacaijfjs ng 84?.:3 Ng kbs sastnljs 84?.:3, sn agikuyng jlobs lbfbs fn fupknxjiaùg, ng nk tanlpb VFF (Valn Favasabg Fupknxag`) y nk kj crniungiaj CFF (Crnqungiy Favasabg Fupknxag`). Iblb sn bosnrvj ng kj tjokj :4, pjrj crniungiajs ngtrn :433 @Hz (KBY) sn nspniacaij kj ijpj cìsaij fngblagjfj Parnknss LJGYI y pjrj crniungiajs pbr fnojmb fn kbs :: @Hz sn prbpbgng trns agtnrcjins cìsaijs=   

Parnknss LJGBCFL, usj trjgslasaùg BCFL Parnknss LJGBCFLJ, usj trjgslasaùg BCFL y BCFLJ Parnknss LJGYIj, usj lbfukjiabgns fn ugj sbkj pbrtjfbrj.

Vjloaág sn nspniacaijg jk`ugjs ojgfjs gb kaingiajfjs, iblb kj ijpj cìsaij Parn Pa rnkn knss ss H^ H^LJ LJG G (H (Ha` a`hs hspn pnnf nf ^gka ^gkain ings gsnf nf Ln Lntrb trbpb pbkakatj tjg g Jrnj Jrnj Gn Gntw twbr bre) e).. Crniungiajs gb kaingiajfjs sbg agikuafjs ng kj inrtacaijiaùg fn PALJX camb. Tjrj kjs kjs oj ojgf gfjs js fn cr crni niun ungi giaj ajss gb kain kaingi giaj ajfj fjs, s, nk ns nstê têgf gfjr jr U?4\ U?4\ rnqu rnquan anrn rn lnij ln ijga gasl slbs bs ib iblb lb FCY FCY (Fy (Fygj gjla laii Cr Crnq nqun ungi giyy Yn Ynkn knit itab abg) g) pj pjrj rj cjia cjiakakatj tjrr kj

   

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

fntniiaùg y suprnsaùg fn kj agtnrcnrngiaj y kj prnvngiaùg fn agtnrcnrngiaj qun fjúj fj újrì rìj j j bt btrb rbss us usuj ujrab rabs, s, ag agik ikua uarr usuj usujrab rabss ns nspn pniì iìcai caibs bs af afng ngtatacai caijf jfbs bs pbr  pbr  rn`ukjiabgns U?:\ iblb usujrabs prabratjrabs. PaLJX sbkjlngtn ibgsafnrj kjs ijpjs cìsaijs BCFL y BCFLJ fn kj nspniacaijiaùg 84?.:3. Kj táigaij BCFL ns ugj táigaij fn luktapknxjiaùg qun suofavafn nk jgihb fn ojgfj ng lýktapkns suopbrtjfbrjs. Fn nstj cbrlj nk trng fn fjtbs fn ngtrjfj ng luihbs trngns pjrjknkbs fnlbfukjfb lngbr vnkbiafjf (kb qun julngtj sn ns favafn kj furjiaùg fnk sìlobkb) y ijfj trng ns y trjgslatafb pbr  ugj crniungiaj fn trjgslasaùg brtb`bgjk snpjrjfj. BCFL nxpkbtj kj favnrsafjf fn crniungiaj fnk ijgjk luktaijlagb ibfacaijgfb y hjiangfb agtnrknjvag` fn kj agcbrljiaùg j trjvás fn kjs suopbrtjfbrjs utakazjfjs pjrj kj trjgslasaùg. Ng ug sastnlj BCFL, kbs rniursbs fn tanlpb y crniungiaj punfng snr br`jgazjfbs ng suoi su oijg jgjk jkns ns pj pjrj rj jsa` jsa`gj gjrr j us usuj ujrab rabss ag agfa fava vafu fujk jkns ns.. BC BCFL FLJ J (B (Brt rthb hb`b `bgj gjkk Crnqun Crn qungiy giy Fav Favasab asabg g Lu Luktap ktapkn kn Jiinss Jiinss)) ns ug ji jiins insb b lýk lýktap tapkn/ kn/nsq nsqunl unlj j fn luktktap lu apkn knxj xjfb fb qun qun pr prbv bvnn nn kj bpnr bpnrji jiaù aùg g fn lu lukta ktapk pknx nxjr jr trng trngns ns fn fj fjtb tbss fn facnrngtns usujrabs ng suoijgjkns fbwgkage y upkage. Kj nstruiturj fn sìlobkbs BCFLJ ibgsastn ng trns tapbs fn suopbrtjfbrjs=   

Yuopbrtjfbrjs fn fjtbs pjrj kj trjgslasaùg fn fjtbs Yuopbrtjfbrjs pakbtb pjrj prbpùsatbs nstaljiaùg y sagirbgazjiaùg Yuopbrtjfbrjs gukjs pjrj gb trjgslatar, usjfjs pjrj ojgfjs fn `ujrfj pjrj kjs pbrtjfbrjs FI

Nk nstê nstêgf gfjr jr ANNN ANNN 84 84?. ?.:3 :3n? n?44 44> > ns nstê tê oj ojsj sjfb fb ng nk ibgi ibginp nptb tb fn Yi Yijk jkjo jokn kn BCFLJ (YBCFLJ), nk iujk sbpbrtj ug vjrajfb rjg`b fn jgihb fn ojgfjs pjrj fjrr lj fj ljyb ybrr ckcknx nxao aoakakaf afjf jf j kjs kjs fa facn cnrn rngt gtns ns js jsa` a`gj gjia iabg bgns ns fn ns nspn pnit itrb rb.. Kj nsijkjoakafjf sn jkijgzj jmustjgfb nk tjljúb fn kj CCV camjgfb nk tjljúb ngtrn suopbrtjfbrj j :4.16 EHz. Kbs jgihbs fn ojgfj fnk sastnlj pjrj kbs fbs pralnrbs pnrcakns pkjgnjfbs pbr PaLJX Cbrul fn PaLJX lùvak sbg fn > y :4 LHz. Kjs ojgfjs fn crniungiajs qun punfng snr usjfjs pjrj PaLJX pbr nk lblngtb sbg= 

Oj Ojgf gfjs js kain kaingi giaj ajfj fjs= s= ?. ?.9 9ns @H @Hz, ?. ?.> > @H @Hzz fn (rn (rnib ibrf rfjr jr qu qun nngtrn kj ojgf oj gfj j pbr  fn crniungiaj fn ?.6 @Hz ugjz, crniungiaj usb kaorn, btrbs

   

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij



PaCa), 9.9 @Hz jgf 9.> @Hz, kj ýktalj hj safb kj qun lês jlpkajlngtn (`nb`rêcaijlngtn) sn hj jgugiajfb pjrj PaLJX Ojgfjs gb kaingiajfjs= > @Hz. Nk pnrcak fn PaLJX camb ng kj crniungiaj gb kaingiajfj, pbr nmnlpkb >.8 @Hz. Ng nk cuturb vjrajs ojgfjs ngtrn > y 3 @Hz vjg j snr utakazjfjs iblb ojgfjs gb kaingiajfjs pjrj PaLJX fnpngfangfb fnk pjìs agvbkuirjfb.

Ng sa`uangtnjkrnfnfbr tjokj sn prnsngtjg `kbojklngtn kjs crniungiajs qun sn snr nspnrjg pjrjkj PaLJX fnk lugfb. Nstjs crniungiajs gb fnonrìjg lês `rjgfns qun kj yj nkn`afj crniungiaj fn >.8 @Hz pbrqun pjrj jktjs crniungiajs kj bpnrjiaùg GKBY sn facaiuktj luihìsalb, kb qun ns ug prboknlj rnjk pjrj kj lbvakafjf. Nk `rupb fn trjojmb rn`ukjtbrab (_P@= _n`ukjtbry Pbreag` @rbup) nstê trjtjgfb fn fncagar fbs gunvjs crniungiajs (kbs rnpbrtns hjokjg fn 6>4 LHz y 044 LHz) ibg ibgfaiabgns pjrj nk rbjlag` ugavnrsjk ibg crniungiajs fncnrngtns ng facnrngtns pjìsns. _n`aùg b pjìs ^YJ  Jláraij Ingtrjk y fnk Yur Nurbpj Yuf Nstn fn Jsaj Lnfab Nstn y Jcraij

Ojgfjs fn crniungiajs rnpbrtjfjs pjrj PaLJX ?.9, ?.> y >.8 @Hz ?.>, 9.> y >.8 @Hz 9.> y >.8 @Hz5 pbsaokn= ?.> @Hz ?.9, ?.>, 9.9, 9.> y >.8 @Hz 9.> y >.8 @Hz

Ojgfjs pjrj PaLJX faspbgaokns pbr rn`aùg

 

^GASN_YAFJF GJIABGJK ‛YJG K^ÌY @BG]J@J“ FN AIJ

Cjiuktjf fn Ag`nganrìj Lniêgaij Nkáitraij y Nknitrùgaij

Oaokab`rjcìj    

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