Transliteration of Cyrillic Alphabets PDF

 

001 UNIVERSITY   D - O T T A W A   ~

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES

TRANSLITERATION OF CYRILLIC ALPHABETS

by G .  G E R Y C H

mil

.

LIBRARIES 

 

««

*

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Library Science in the Library School of the University University of Otta Ottawa wa April 1965

U N I VER SI SI TY O F O TT AW A

-

SC H O O L O F G R AD U ATE S STU TU DI DIES

 

UMI Number: EC56137

INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy indistinct nct print, colored or poor quality ilillustrations lustrations submitted.   Broken or indisti submitted. and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikel unlikelyy event that the author  d  did id not send a complet complete e manuscri manuscript pt and there are missing missing pages, tthese hese will bbee noted. Also, if unauth unauthori orized zed copyright copyri ght materi material al had to be removed, a not notee w ill indi indicate cate the deletion.

®

UMI UMI Mic Microf roform orm EC 5613 7 Copyright  2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 A nn

 Arbor

Ml 48106-1346

 

UNIVERSITE D-OT TAW A

-

ECOL ECOLE E DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This thesis has been written under the direct direction ion of Rev Reverend erend Auguste-M. Morisset, o.m.i., B. B.A., A., B.S.(L.S.) Columbia, M.S.(L.S.) Columbia, L.D.C., Director Director of the Librar Library y School, Unive University rsity of Ottawa, and Professor lArosl lAroslav av Rudny ts'kyi, Ph.D., Head of the Departm Department ent of Slavic Slav ic Studie s, Univ Universi ersity ty of Ma Manitoba. nitoba.

To t them hem I exte extend nd my thanks.

I also warmly than thank k Mr. Earl R. Ho pe, T Transl ranslatio atioss ss Officer, Defense Research Board of C anada, whose suggestions and observations were wer e essential.

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IE IE S

J

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

-

ECOLE PE PES S GRADUES GRADUES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter

page INTRODUCTION

iv

I. - TRANSL TRANSLITERAT ITERATION ION 1. 2.   3. 4. 5.

1

Its Meaning and Basic Princi Principles ples Bibliographic Importan Importance ce of Transliteration ALA Attempts at Systematization Provisions for Transliteration in European Codes   . •  International Cooperation •

CYRILLIC LIC ALPHABE ALPHABETS TS II II. .   - CYRIL 1. A Few Notes on Cyri Cyrillic llic Writing 2 .   Cyrillic and Roman 3. Interalphabetic Equations 4. The America American n Syste Systems ms 5. Canadian Practice 6. The English Systems 7.   Other European Systems 8. 9.

1 9 16 22 27 34 34 40 42 48 51 56 61

Russian and Ukrainian Systems International Systems

67 76

Classical Cyrillic Alpahbet Bulgarian Alphabet Macedonian Macedonia n Alphabet Moldavian Alphabet Russian Alphabet Serbian Alphabet Ukrainian Alphabet White Russian Alphabet Karadzic's Table

82 84 88 89 90 91 94 95 97 98

III.   - TABLES

CONCLUSIONS

100

BIBLIOGRAPHY

108

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S T TU U D IIE ES

 

UNIVERSITE D-OTT AW A

~

ECOL ECOLE E DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

INTRODUCTION

Everyone wh o deals wit with h information information stora storage ge and inform information ation retrieval inevitabl inevitably y faces tw o proble ms: the the langu language age in which informa tion is contained, and the alp habet , or or any other system of writing by by which this languag language e is graphically represented.

There is a great

diversity divers ity of languages and quite a diversit diversity y of alphabe ts, so that one may recognize a langua language ge barrier to communication, and also an alpha alphabet bet barrier or writing-system barrier. In the different different alphabets or wri ting-syste ms, books a and nd periodicals periodica ls are printed, manuscripts are wri tten, literary, scientific, and informational informational material is produced.

Most of of it remains inaccessible,

not only because of the language bar rier, but also because of the al phabet phab et barrier. Materials in different different al phabet s, in in various systems of writing, cannot can not be easily handled and checked, cannot easily be entered in ib iblioliographies, graphi es, catalogue catalogues, s, indexes, or other works of reference. reference.

Inter Inter-al -al

phabetic phabet ic communication is ill prov provided ided for. For general culture and progress it has always been important important to share the achievements and civilization of other peoples and nation s. Especially Espec ially today, with the emerging of new n atio ns, wi with th the development of new lang languages uages from from obscure, unfamiliar unfamiliar dialects, wit with h the inte interrweaving weav ing of economic and politic al, cultural and and social , religious a and nd philosop phil osophic hic interests, wi with th the powerful powerful pressure pressure of mass media, the problem prob lem of international communication and understanding is mo more re urgen urgent t than it ever ever was in the past. U N IV E R S ITY ITY O F O T TA W A

~

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IIE ES

I

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

»

ECOL ECOLE E DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

INTRODUCTION  

v

Many attempts have been made to create an international language, bu but t all ha have ve failed.

May Maybe be it will com come e sometime, this universa universal l

language, but until it come s, the minimum requirement shoul should d be found to lessen the barrier, and this minimum is the graph graphic ic access to othe other r peoples' languages and writings. There are about three thousand languages, empl employing oying quite a number numb er of alphabets, o or r diff differen erent t writ writing ing systems.

Thus far, no alpha alpha 

bet has ever been devised or gener generally ally accepted for international use . Each existing existing alphabet or system of writing is the produc product t of slow evolution evolut ion and consta constant nt d evelopme nt, each one reflects the needs of the language lang uage it serves. In the western hemisphere it was the Roman alphabet alphabet which became the basis for many "national "national" " Roman alphabets; in the Eastern and Sou South th Eastern Eas tern Europ e, as well as in ma many ny coun countrie tries s of Asia , it is the Cyril Cyrillic lic alphabet , o originall riginally y derived from Gree k, that furnished the foundations for "national" Cy Cyrill rillic ic alpahbets. The inter-relation between these two alphabetic families, certainly certa inly has its history.

It wa s, firs first t of al l, the Renaissance that

I

la laid id down the firs first t foun foundatio dations ns for cultivation and appreciation of languages.

In 1548 appeared the earliest bo book ok on com comparative parative philology j

and phonetics written by a Swiss Orientalist Theodor Buchmann 1

(Bibliander) .

1.

Theodor Biblia nder, De ratione linguar linguarum um et lit literaru erarum m

commentarius, commentariu s, Zurich, Chri Christop stoph h Froschauer, 1548. U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IE IE S

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

-

ECOLE DE DES S GRAD GRADUES UES

INTRODUCTION

vi

It is probably the first book that deals in philological way with the comparis comp arison on of several languages, Sl Slavic avic include included. d.

At the en end d of the

book, the author attached attached trans transcribe cribed d "Pat "Pater er Noster" in: Aethiopian, Armenian Arme nian, , Arabic, Chaldaic, English, French, German, Greek, Hebrew Hebrew, ,  Ice Polish sh and Spanish. landic,  Illyric, Italian, Poli

From h him im we also have

tables table s of transl transliterat iteration ion of Hebrew, Phoenician, and Greek into Latin. His discussion of Serbian is believed to be the first account ever given to a Cyrillic-written language. In the 18th and especially in the 19th century the growing interest inte rest in linguistic studies brought signifi significant cant contributions to the field.

Several most import important ant works were publish ed, expanding and

(c (cla lari rify fyin ing g the problem of inter-alphabetic equat ions , i.e i.e. . the problem of transcription from one alphabet into another .

Actually it was the

Roman Rom an alphab alphabet et that ser served ved as a terminus ad quem, and not vice versa. Of all such works the most complete and the most influencial was that tha t of Rich Richard ard Lepsius, a Germa German n philo philologi logist st

.

It was he who se set t

clearly clea rly the principles of transcription of foreig foreign n sounds (or (or  scripts), emphasizing that the native concept conception ion of sounds an and d phonation shou should ld be brought broug ht in "transliter "transliteration" ation"-

This idea ini initiate tiated d a tre trend nd that r resulte esulted d

in several important achievements.

1. Rich Richard ard Lep sius, Das a allge llgemein meine e ling linguist uistisch ische e Alphabet; JGrundsa'tze der Ubertragung fremder Schriftsysteme und bisher noch ungeschriebener Sprachen in Europ Europaische aische Bu chstabe n, Ber Berlin, lin, 1855.

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

~

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IE IE S

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

»

ECOLE PE PES S GRADUES GRADUES

INTRODUCTION

 

V1 1

At the end of the 19th century an association was founded in France,  namely the International Phonetic Association   (1886),  which

developed a uniform phonetic alphabet applicable to all languages. Soon followed follo wed other similar alphabetic systems (Pitman, Comstock ,Anthrop os, Sprater, etc. ) b but ut they fou found nd no larg large e sca scale le application. All these system sys tems s were devised mainly mainly for linguis linguistic tic purposes, for renderin rendering g as truly as possible characteristic characteristics s of one o or r another language.

Being

overloaded overlo aded with diacritics (up (upon on a Roman-alp Roman-alphabetic habetic basi s) and with symbols difficult to memorize, these systems were unusable for interalphabetic operations with bibliographic purposes in mind. The situation engendered a new concept in the library world; application of the linguistic achievements for practical pur pose s, in connection connecti on with the cataloguin cataloguing g and bibliographic need s.

This is notic e-

fabl fable e in the provisions in catalogui cataloguing ng codes of the late 19th century jwit jwith h r regard egard to the forei foreign gn scripts.

As far as Cyri Cyrillic llic alphabet alphabets s were

I concerned concerned, , they were rende rendered red mainl mainly y accordi according ng to the phonat phonation ion of their

constituents  (letters).   As the phonation (pronunciation ) is not a st stable able factor,  therefore the rendition of Cyrillic-written words varied greatly,

depending depend ing from pronunciation as well as from the possibilities of one or another "national" Roman alphabet into which these words were trans-

 

literated or transcribed. By the end of the 19th 19th cent century ury a number of national system systems s for transcription transcriptio n or transliteration of Cyrillic was developed.

The most

|impor |im portant tant system that evolved during the 19t 19th h century was the syste system m

U N I VE VE R S IIT TY OF OTTA WA

 

••

  SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIE STUDIES S

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

-

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

INTRODUCTION  

vi ii

known as "Internation al" and used widely in Slavic coundtries for for linguistic, bibliographic, and also li librar brary y purposes. based base d on the Czec Czech-styl h-style e Ro man.

The syst system em was

In applicatio application n to the Cyrillic, it

avoided letter combinations and the inter-alphabetic disparity (between the Roman Roman and Cyrillic) solv solved ed with with the help of diacritics. This system was influencial in many European countries on the provisions in cataloguing codes with respect to the Cyrillic alphabets. In the Anglo-speaking world the systems of Cyrillic versus Roman equations were introduced in the second half of the 19th century, with the phonetic theories of that time being instrumental and playing I an import important ant rol e.

This is the reason

why the Anglo-American systems

used today compromise the phonetic convenience with the modern formI economy, or letter-for-letter principle. By the beginning of the 20th century, bibliographic, doc documen umentary tary I and librar library y activit activity y in general, had spille spilled d over national boundaries. This activity activity represented a ne w involvement involvement and intere interest st in inter national literary productivit y, in international communication.

The

 systems, good good and workable workable within one nation, proved proved to be "national" systems, "national" very unsatisfactory in international use. After the first World War the bibliographic problem (i (in n connection with transliteration) became so urgent that the Eleventh Session of the International Committee of Intellectual Cooperation devoted special attention to it. and again in 1933.

The Committ Committee ee discussed the problem in 1929

In the end it adopted a resolution to the effect

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

--

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S T TU U D IIE ES

 

UNIVERS ITE D'O TT AW A

«

ECOLE DES DES GRADUES

INTRODUCTION

ix

that, for the sake sake of better underst understandin anding g among natio ns, t the he Roman alphabet alpha bet shou should ld be generally accepted a s a basis for every nation's literary lite rary use. At approximately approximately the sam same e ti me, in 19 28 , a special sec secti tion on of the FID was established, known as International Standards Association work k out (ISAi),  the chief aim of which was to wor

systems of standard standards s in

many fields of international communication and international relat ions . Recognizing Recogni zing the urgent need for alphabetic uniformi ty, the ISA in 1939 prepared prepa red the scheme of transliteration for Cyrillic alphabets for inter national nation al use.

Beca Because use of the out outbrea break k of war, this pr projec oject t was n not ot

carried through. This "Roman-alphabetic" trend did not remain without results. I Some Some countries inde indeed ed switc switched hed t o the Roman-based alphabets (e.g.• Turkey, Indonesia, and Albania Albania earlier, i n   1908).   A stro strong ng tendency toward towa rd the Romanization was in the Soviet Union in the 192 0's and early 1930's.   All the new alphabets, for a about bout fif fifty ty various n nationa ationalities lities

J (mai (mainly nly of As iatic  peoples),  were oriented upon the Roman alph abet. I This tendency las lasted ted

until

193 7, when the alphabetic practice swit switch ches es

again agai n towar toward d the Cyrillic bas is, I

After the secon second d World War another organization was founded to carry carr y on the work of international standardization, nam ely, the Inter-

 

national Standards Organization Organization   (ISO).   This body accept accepted ed the recommend ations of its predecessor  (ISA),  including those with regard to the

1. Instit Institut ut International de Cooperati Cooperation on Intellectuelle, L'Ad L'Adop option tio n unive universell rselle e des carac caracteres teres latins, Pa ris, Socie Societe te des Na tions, 1934. U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S T TU U D IIE ES

 

U N IV E R S ITE D ' O TTA W A

 

ECOLE DES GRADUES

INTRODUCTION

x

transliteration system of the Cyrillic alphabets. Within a few years it produced the scheme for transliteration of Cyrillic, kn known own as IS0/R9, as well as several other other schemes.

The

system syst em (IS0/R9) became international, and ISO itself became the central authority on transliteration probl ems, disr disregarding egarding the fact that some of its schemes have no not t been accept accepted ed by al l member natio ns. The strong emphasis on transliteration (i.e. transcription "letter-by-letter"),  the ISO made a clear distinction between these two ways of inter-alphabetic operations: transcription founded on phonetic factors, and t transliteration ransliteration founded on literal factors .

The

main reason for this was to eliminate the unstable phonetic factor as a basis for transl iteration, and to adhere to one which is n no ot subj subject ect to variants in pronunc pronunciation. iation. The ISO selected for its first scheme the Cyrillic alphabets. It means that the literar literary y and scientif scientific ic production in the'Cyrillic alphabets has been highly evaluated.

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

~

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S STU TU D DIE IES S

 

UNIVERS ITE D-Q TTA WA

-

ECOLE DES DES GRADUES

CHAPTER I

i

TRANSLITERATION

1.

ITS MEANING AND BASIC PRINCIPLES

The-  term transliteration

has been known i in n Englis English h as well as

in Frenc French h lexicograph lexicography y since since a about bout the 1860's.

Unabr Unabridged idged dictionaries,

both English English and French, publis published hed late in the nineteent nineteenth h cent century ury in clude clud e this word, but its m meaning eaning is not always clearly distingui distinguished shed from that of transcription.

The Cen Century tury Dictionary, for instance, has

under "transliteration" the following definition: The rendering rendering of a letter or letters of one alphabet by equivalents in another and that transliteration transliterat ion does not profess to give all the exact vocalic differences. But it also has under "translit "transliterator": erator": It seems to have been the object of the trans literator litera tor to rep resent, at leas least t approximately, in Anglo-Saxon letters the current pronunciation of the Gre Greek ek words . The last interpr interpretation etation of the term would not agree with the meaning that is attache attached d to this term today.

The defini definition tion itself cou could ld

be inter interpreted preted vario usly, as meaning either a letterletter-for-lett for-letter er operat operation ion or a phonetic operation.

In the firs first t case the mea meaning ning wou would ld be t that hat

which whi ch is atta attached ched to the term today, in the seco second nd case it w would ould rather indicate indi cate an operatio operation n based on phonetic pr inciples, ie. transcri transcription. ption.

1. Co.,  1900.

The Cen tur y Dic Dictio tionar nary y and Cy Cyclopedia clopedia, , N.Y., The Cen Centur tury y

UNIVERSITY OF OT TA W A

-

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE S STUDI TUDIES ES

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

»

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

TRANSLITERATION

2

Indeed, it was transcription that was used during the long centuries cent uries as a mean of inter inter-alph -alphabeti abetic c operations, for bibliogra bibliographic phic and non-bibl non-bibliograph iographic ic purposes.

But , as tra transcrip nscription tion can can sat satisf isfy y

many literary literary needs as well as many ever everyday yday necessit ies, i it t cert certainl ainly y cannot cann ot satis satisfy fy bibliographic or documentary needs.

Being dependent

upon an unstable factor (pronunciation) it cannot achieve the precision and exactness, the chief po postulat stulates es of biblio bibliograph graphic ic notation.

There

fore,  it cannot be regarded as a safe guide for bibliographic purposes,

and this exactness can better be achieved by another operation based on more sta stable ble foundation, i.e i.e. . transliteration transliteration. . I

Transliteration, as comp compared ared with transcription, has diff differen erent t

I

reasons and dif differe ferent nt objectives.

It does not att attempt empt to write d down own

j

foreign s speech peech i in n our alphab et.

I

give a an n exact and accurat accurate e account, in let letters ters of his own alphabet, of

S

what has been written in a fore foreign ign alphabet, (in (in an alph alphabet abet of a

I

different genealogical basis),in a foreig foreign n spelling, while disregarding J

J

any phoneti phonetic c inad inadequa equacies cies tha that t this operat operation ion may entail.   Thus,  trans-j

The transliterator's purpos purpose e is to

J

literation does not take into account the orthoepic equation, but only the orthographic orthographic equation.

And this is the main diff difference erence be between tween

these two operations. The guiding principle of transliterati transliteration on is to "writ "write e what you see,  and not wh what at you hear".

To be sure, this is a pr princip inciple le tha that t

{

simp simply ly canno cannot t be appli applied ed to all languages.

S

nection wit with h the langua languages ges which , i in n their gra graphic phic r representation, epresentation,

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

~

It is vali valid d on only ly i in n con-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S STU TU D DIE IES S

I

 

UNIVERS ITE D'O TT AW A

«

ECOLE DES DES GRADUES GRADUES

TRANSLITERATION

3

have symbols for both consonants and vow els , as essential components of words.   In the case of Hebre w, for instance, which was written withou without t vowels,  it would not be sensible sensible to transliterate - thus

producing

Roman alphabetic text consist consisting ing of consonan ts, and therefore unpronounc unpronounce e able as far as the genera general l reader is con concerned cerned. .

Nevertheless, the

National Union Catalog under the Romanized Hebrew titles uses a "ti "title tle transliterated" de signation, although the titles are actually tra transc nscrib ribed ed and not transliterated. Transliteration thus conce conceived ived is v very ery close to the practical transcription and many dictionaries when defining these two terms do not make any significan significant t differen ce.

The same same type of definit definition ion is also

reflected by the ALA Codes (bo (both th of 1941 and of 19 49) wh which ich define transliteration a s : "A "A representation representation of the characters of one alphabet by those of another"l.

The Anglo-American practice practice of tran transliterating sliterating

is exactly the one one in indicate dicated d in this definition.

There is no reference j

to the letter-for- letter, or one-letter-for-one-le one-letter-for-one-letter tter postulat postulate e demanded in recent years .

The def definition inition is carefull carefully y worded, an and d since

it does not bind itself to the letter-for-letter letter-for-letter principle (alt (although hough this principle was in 1949 clearly clearly   stated),   it admits

digraphs o or r poly

graphs graph s (sh, zh, ch, shch) when whenever ever the the need need for them arises. cedure of admitting

This pro

digraphs or polygraphs as equ equivalents ivalents for a sin single gle

foreign letter is not not in accord accord with the stricter recent definitions of tran s 1 it erat  ion.

1. A.L.A. Cat Catalog alog Rules, Chicago, 1941 , p.  xxxi;  also A.L.A. Cataloging Rules for Author and Title Entr ies, 2d ed., Ch icago , 19 1949 49,p ,p.24 .24|3 |3, , UNIVERSITY OF OT TA W A

-

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE S STUDI TUDIES ES

 

UNIVER SITE D'O TT AW A

--

ECOLE DES DES GRADUES

TRANSLITERATION

4

Not until after the war was the problem of the stric strict t distinct ion between cussion.

transliteration and practical transcription under  dis

Alois Sevcik is usually credited for being firs first t to present

clearly the distinction between transcription and transliteration in his paper presented t o the Seventeenth International Confer Conference ence on Do cumentation at Berne in 194 7, and again in 1948 at the Hague conferenc conference e of the Technical Committee 46 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO   TC/46) 1 . It does not mean that the difference between transliteration and transcrip transcription tion was not know known n before.

However, i it t was n not ot long ago

that the consequ ences ha have ve- been clearlv . .rea realiz lized. ed.

Accordi ng to Sevcik's

concept concep t of transliteration "eac "each h letter should be accoun accounted ted for by on one e si sign gn and one only, w with ith the mini minimum mum number of diacr diacritical itical sig ns" 2 . This was a new contr contribut ibution ion to the defin definitio ition n of translitera transliteration, tion, and and this view has been approved by ISO. In 1955 ISO published its system for the transliteration of Cyrillic c harac ters, a and nd in the introductor introductory y note t o this system the general principles of transliteration have been stated.

The basic

, points of these "principle "principles" s" ar are e the followi following: ng: 1. I ]

Transliteration is the operat operation ion by which the characters or signs of one alphabet are represented by those of another.

1. Francis L. Ken t, "Internati "International onal Progress i in n Transliteration", in Unesco Bulletin for Libraries, vol. 10 , MayMay-June June 1956, p. 132-137. 2 .   F. L. Kent, loc. cit., p. 133.

,____ J______________________^  

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

; 

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S T TU U D IIE ES

i

 

UNIVER SITE D-O TTA WA

-

ECOLE DES DES GRADUES

TRANSLITERATION

5

2.  It is a question of representing representing characte characters rs or signs, and and not sounds; of of how they are written and not how they are pronounced. This aspect aspect is the main thing that distinguishes transcription from transliteration.

3. Transliteration is a bilateral operation , i.e. i.e. the operation of representing the characters or signs of any one alphabet by those of an any y other. 4. Ea Each ch character character or sign should should always be tran s literated litera ted in the the same way (consistently) and, as a r ule , a single character in one alphabet alphabet should shou ld always be replaced by a single character of the other other alphabet. 5. Diacritic Diacritics s may be used , but as lit little tle as pos possibl sible e . The principles of ISO are clear and actually do not need any explanation.

One may may observe only only that that the real sense of the mo modern dern

definition of transliteration is identity, that i s, the principle of one-to-one correspondence correspondence betw between een two different scripts.

These princi

ples have been further developed and interpreted interpreted by suc such h authorities as Francis Franc is Kent, R. Frontard, Jean Jean Poulain, and oth ers, b but ut they do not bring in anything new as regards the meaning and concept of translite ration.

Whatever definit definition ion or modern interpretat interpretation ion of th this is ope operation ration

we ta ke, one thing is ce rtain: tr transliterati ansliteration on does not deal with sounds it deals with the letter letters s by which these sounds sounds are represen represented. ted. howev er, one remark mus must t be mad e.

Transcription and transliteration transliteration

both have a sin single gle com common mon basis: namely, the'wo the'word. rd.

1. International Organization Organization for Standardization, ISO ISO Recommendation R9 ; International System System for the Transliteration Transliteration of Cyrillic Cyri llic Characters, 1st 1st ed., Geneva, 1955.

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

~

Her e,

SCHOOL OF GRADUAT TE E S TUD TUD IIE ES

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

-

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

TRANSLITERATION 

6

A word, when spoken  o r  read, is  represented  by  certain  certain soun ds; when when

 o r  symbols. written,  it is  represented  b y  certain letters or

Transcrip Transcrip

tion  ha s  regard  t o  pronunciat ion, transliteration   to the  graphic r e  presentation  of  pronunciatio n.   Thus, transliteration  is  notthe oppo

 o f  transcription,  but a  particular kind   of  transcription. site of  o r  which symbols In theory  it  makes  no  difference what symbols or are used t o  write t h e  word, but in  practice  it  does.  Certain sound s,  J by long tradition,  ar e  closely associated with certain sym bols,  and v i ce versa.

Therefore,  in  choosing transliteration symbols on  one e  cannot

proceed according  t o  personal whim, without  a ny  regard  for the  long established national  o r  local alphabetic alphabetic traditions. Shcherba, dealing with some theoretical problems  of  trans literation, says  (and  this   is  worth remem berin g) that "lett "letters ers should not become become hierogly phics, and it is  undesirable t o  assign  t o  them

 t h e  letters  in  qu functions conflicting with those which  th  question estion h ave  in

i  J

1 international accep tance "

This condition o f  "internat  "international ional accept 

ance" could also  be  extended, at  least  t o a  cert  certain ain degr ee,  t o

"national acceptan ce".

When a  certain letter,  fo r  instance  g,

in

 t he  sound   it  act a certain alphabet   is  associated with the  actually ually ex presses, it cannot  b e  assigned   t h e  function  o f  express expressing-the ing-the sound  h, or vice -versa. 1.  L. V.  Shcherba , Izbrannye raboty  p o  iazykoznaniiu  i fonetike, Leningrad, Izd-vo Izd-vo Leningradskogo Leningradskogo universiteta, 19 58, vol . 1,  | p.   173.  i

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

~

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S T TU U D IIE ES

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

-

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

TRANSLITERATION

7

Among statements (o (or r princip les) of ISO there is one which actually actua lly does not bear any reference reference to the nature and meaning meaning of transliteration, but whic which h is too imp importa ortant nt as to be omit omitted. ted. idea of "automatic" translite ration.

It is the

The Int Introductory roductory note says

exactly: Transliteration Transliterat ion can, and should, be automatic, so that that it can be don done e by anyone able to ident identify ify the language of the original; and and it shoul should d be possible for anyone with an adequate knowledge

of the language to re-establish the text in its original characters^. First of al l, this statement has in it so some me degree of contradiction. If it is enough enough just to "identify" the language in ord order er to be able to transliterate, one may wonder why in order to re-transliterate j

(th (the e reverse operation ) an "ade "adequat quate e kr owled ge" of that language is

|

required.

I

why the same cannot be be done in another (re verse) way, using the same

I

table s, and having jus just t "iden "identifie tified" d" the langua language ge int into o whic which h the re -

If the ope operation ration c can an be performed mechanically in one way,

transliterati transl iteration on sho should uld be do done? ne?

In o other ther word s: i if f the mechanic mechanical al

transliteration is so ea easy sy and so safe in one way (Roman izati on), where does the difficulty originate that the reverse process cannot be done under the same conditions (identi (identificatio fication n of th the e language in questi question)? on)? j

But this is not the focal point of interest.

;

. International Organizat Organization ion for Standardization. ISO ISO meaning and interp interpretation retation of the word "original". If by the term Recommenda Recomme ndatio tion n R9 , loc. c , p.4 .

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

More important important is the

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S STU TU D DIE IES S

 

UNIVERSITE D-OTT AWA

~

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

TRANSLITERATION

8

understand tand the text we are transliterating from (i.e. "original"  we unders disregarding the fact that the text might be translation from a primary sourc e) then certainly an automatic operation of transliteration is feasible.

But if this term "or iginal" means a pri primary mary original source ,

then one is likely to encounter some difficulties.

If a t text ext is tran s

lated lat ed from a Roman-alphabetic language into a Cyrillic-alphabetic language, then the Cyrillic text would be an original as far as the transliterator is concerned.

The retransliteration of this seco second-ha nd-hand nd

original would would produc e, in many c ases , somethin something g that no one wo would uld re cognize cogni ze in terms of t the he real original text.

For instance, the C Czech zech

writer Jiri Hanzelka's name if t translated ranslated into Ru Russian ssian and retransliterated "automatically" will c come ome out as "Ir "Irzhi zhi Ganzelka".

And this

certainly is not in the interes interests ts of bibliographic exactness and  pre cision.

Neither will it b be e in accord with th the e chief idea of translite

ration. Otherwise the principles of ISO are theoretically acceptable. How far far

/ft /ft A & 

*

3 8 .  W\  IA 3 g .   W \  I*

40 40..   si a

4 1 .  *" t 4 2 .   0  A 4 3 .  V v *

^

je e

9

Hungarian (Kniezsa)

ea

IU

ea a

s

ju

ja je

X

ps

ps th

y

y i

f

»

5

y

y

y

u y

b

1

e

e

e

ju

ju ja

ju ja

je

je

§

§

9

9

j§

j§

J9

j? ks

c

V

e ju ja

§

§

ja je ia

a

a

U

je

j§

ks

Lehr- InterSplawinski Splawinski national

»

•

b

j§ j

?

Polish A B

ks

iu ks

f

ps th

ps ph'

y

y

3

a

1

1

r•

V

ps t/f i

* In Rumanian only; there are also the following variants of Alfabetul cirilic in latin latinize ized d Rumanian: No."6 - ie"(a ie"(after fter  vowels), No .   8- z, No. 2 3- ch, No. 2 4- O, No. 29- a, u, No. 30- l, a, No. 32- e No .   36- e, ia, e, No. 37- I , u, No. 40- t, No. 41- i; cit. af afte ter r the [Brit [Br itis ish h Standards Institution, Transliterat Transliteration ion of Cyrillic and Greek Characters, Characte rs, London, 1 958, p. 15. Croatian: - S. Juric,"Transliteracija Juric,"Transliteracija cirili cirilickich ckich az buka " in Vestnik Bibliote Bibliotekara kara Hrvatsk e, vol . 1, pp-. 22 5-2 44, 1950. Rumanian: -W. K. Matthews,"The Matthews,"The Latinisation Latinisation of Cyrillic Charac ters"  in The Sla Slavon vonic ic and East European European Review, vol. 3 0, p. 531-548, 1952. I. Kniezsa, Cirillbetus szlav s szove zovegek gek nemzetkozi t   Hungarian: - I. tudomanyos at-rasa, Budapest, 193?; tudomanyos Polish A: - Przepisy Przepisy katalogowania katalogowania w bibljotekach polskich. Alfabetyczny katalog dr drli liko kow, w, Wars zawa,  193  1934"" 4"". .

I.

Polish B: - B. Horodyski,"0 transliteracji druko'w cyrylic kich" in Przegl Prz eglad ad Bibljoteczny, Bibljoteczny, vol. 1 6, p. 171-179, 1948. Lehr-Splawinski: - T. Lehr-Splawinski , Zarys Zarys gramaty gramatyki ki jezyka s stataro-cerkiew ro-ce rkiewno-sl no-slowian owianskieg skiego, o, Poznan, 1923. — — Internationa Intern ational: l: - W. K. Matthews, op. c it. sunr sunra. a. U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IIE ES

 

UNIVERSITE   D

OTTAWA OTTAWA  

-

ECOLE DES GRADUES

TABLES

88

BULGARIAN ALPHABET

Bulgarian

l.A, a 2.  B , d 3.B, B 4.T,r

5.JI .JI, f l

6. E , e

7. aj,

£

8. 3, 3 9. H , H

i o .  a ,

ft

K 11 .  K , JI 12 .  JI, 13 .  M , M 14 .  H , H

15 .  Q ,

&

i e .  n , n 17 .  P , 18 .  C , 19.  T ,

2 0 .  y ,

P c T

y

21.®, $ 22.X, X 23.11, I* 2 4.  H , n

25.m, 26.m,

m m

27.fc, ft 12 .  K > K 1 3 .  JI, JI 14 .  M 15 .  H 16 .  0 , 17 .   n , 18 .  P 19 .  C , 20 .  T,

M H 0 n

P c T

2 1 .  y , y

2 2 .  $ , $ 2 3.  X ,» x 2 4 .  Et Et, , I* 2 5.  H , q 2 6 .  IU, in 27 .   m , m 28.1b, «_ 2 9.   hi • - i 30 30. .  B , b 31 .  3 , 3 3 2 .  K>, K) 3 3 . H , fl

as

Sl.R.

BGN

ALA 1885

Cutter

ALA-LC 1949

NYPL

Chemical Abs.

a b v/f g/h d

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

V

V

V

V

V

V

g/h d e

g/v d

g d e

g d e e

g d

zh z i i

zh z i

g d e e zh z i

1

1

k 1 m n o

k 1 m n o

k 1 m n o

P r s t u f kh tz tch

P r s t u f kh ts tch sh

e/ye

V

sh shtch shtch y > yu ya

y

' or,

e iu/u

ia

e/ye/io

io/e

e/ye e/ye

z

z i

zh z i

l

j

y

k 1 m n o

k 1 m n o

k 1 m n o

k 1 m n o

P r s t u f kh ts ch sh

P r s t u f kh tz ch sh

P r s t u f kh ts ch sh

P r s t u f kh c S

P r s t u f kh ts ch sh

shch

shch

zh z i V

1

»

y » e iu ia

zh z i

£

shch

c

S_

shch

V

y

y _ e yu ya

y >

y > e yu ya

i

e yu ya

»

V

e

ju ja

i)

No .   4, the letter r, is translite transliterated rated by ALA 1885 and Cutte Cutter r h, wh when en i it t repres represents ents the origin original al fore foreign ign h.

NYPL transl transliterat iterates es the l lette etter r r genetive geneti ve form. U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

by the lett letter er v

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IE IE S

when in

 

UNIVERSITE   D

O OTTAWA TTAWA  

-

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES

TABLES

92

RUSSIAN ALPHABET

Russian

B.M.

PCGN

BSI

Scien Science ce Abs.  

Etudes Slaves

Pruss. Instr.

Vatican

1. A , a 2 . B, 6 3. B, B 4. r 5. £ , fl 6. E , e 7. E , e 8. JK, XC 9. 3, 3 10. K, H 11. tf, id 12. K, K

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

g d e

g/v d e e

g d e e zh z i

g d e e zh z i

g d e

g d e

g d e

z z i

z z i

_"

1

i

j k

l

k

13. JI, 14. M, 15. H , 16. 17. 18. p , 19. 20. T , 21. y , 22. $ » 23. 24. 25. ^ , 26. m

1 m n o P r s t u f kh ts ch sh

r,

o, n, c,

x,

u,

JI M H 0

n P G T

y

*

X

II

SI

m

27. m m 28. Tb» T> 29. BI f - i 30. B, b 31. 3, 3 32. 10, K) 33. fl, H

zh z i i k

j z i i k

V

z i

k

k

j k

1 m n o

1 m n o

1 m n o

1 m n o

1 m n o

1 m n o

P r s t u f kh/h ts ch .sh

P r s t u f kh ts ch sh

P r s t u f kh ts ch sh

P r s t u f ch c c _

P r s t u f ch c~ _

P r s t u f kh ts c

5

5

shch

shch

shch it

shch c

£_-

£(

ui

i

> s^

y

y

y

y

u

e' yu ya

e yu ya

e

ju ja

e ju ja

by

v when in

>

e yu ya

5

e yu ya

»

5

t

i

transliterates1 the lette 4. PCGN transliterates No. 4. PCGN letter r f genetive genet ive form. No. 23. 23.  PCGN transliterates transliterates. the letter

representes the origin original al foreign foreign

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

x

h.

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IIE ES

i

iu

ia

by

h

when it

 

UNIVERSITE   D

O OTTAWA TTAWA  

~

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES

93

TABLES

RUSSIAN ALPHABET

R ussi an

Acad. of 1906

1.A,

a

Science's

Geog.

OST-VKS I A k o v - L a r i n

Croat .

In

IS O

1939

1957

Soc.

No.8483

lev

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

V

V

V

V

V

V

g d e 6/jo _ z i

g d e o/jo

g d e

g d je/e

g d e

£ z i

— z z i

_ z i

z' z i kj 1 m n o P r s t u f h c c

ter

n a l

3.B,B

b

a b

V

V

V

V

4.r,r

g d e/je 'o/o/jo z z

g d e/je e/je —* z z

g d e/je 'o /o /j

g d e o j

i/ ji

i/ ji

i/ji

i

j k 1 m n o

j k 1 m n o

j k 1 m n o

k 1 m n o

i

j k 1 m n o

j k 1 m n o

kj 1 m n o

jk 1 m n o

kj 1 m n o

P r s t u f ch c c

P r s t u f h c

P r s t u f ch c

P r s t u f

X

X

5

c c _•

P r s t u f h c c _* s'cT »

P r s t u f ch c c

_* __• -

P r s t u f kh c/ts ch sh sch

P r s t u f

C

P r s t u f ch tz tsh sh stsh

y

y

y

y

ae u/ju a/ja

e ju ja

e ju ja

e ju ja

2.E, ' u / j u 33.H,H 'a/ja

N o .  7

V

Z Z

V



o, n,

H»

n p, P c , cT T, F

' >,

n

y, y $,

x, U,

q, Mt in

$ X II q LI

m

lj m n

lj m n nj o

dy/d'/j

&

e zh z i

e

j k 1 lj m n nj o

y k l i»

y k 1 ly /1 ' m n

j k 1

P r s t c u f h c

P r s t t' u f kh ts ch

P r s t

o

ny/n» o

ty /t '/c h u f

kh/h

Z Z

i

lj m n nj o P r s t

c

m n n o P r s t c u f h c

lj m n nj o P r s t c u f h c

C

cT

g

aS z

t

£

_ •

e z" z i j k 1 lj m n nj o P r s t c u f h c C

d£ s

ALA-LC corresponds exactly to the Croatian transliteration of Serbian. Nof'PCG Nof'PCGN N tr translit ansliterates erates by ch at the end of a word, other other  wise wis e by ty or t» .

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S STU TU D DIE IES S

 

UNIVERSITE   D

OTTAWA  

-

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES

TABLES

95

UKRAINIAN ALPHABET

Ukrainian

1. A, a 2 .  B , 6 3 .  B , B *. r, r

5. r, r

6. JI, 7. E , 8. S, 9. K, 1 0 .  3 , 1 1 .  H , 1 2 .  I 1 3 .  - , 1 4 .   ft ,  1 5 .   K ,  1 6 .   JI t   1 7 .  M 1 8 .  H , 1 9 .  0 , 2 0 .   n ,  2 1 .  P , 2 2 .   C ,  2 3 .  T , f

2 4 .  2 5 .  2 6 .  2 7 -  2 8 .  2 9 . 

 

y»   3 11 .  H »   H 12 .  I r  i 13 .   1 _ 1 4 .  f t .   ft 15 .  K , K 1 6 .  JI J I 17 .  M , M 18 .  H ,. H 19 .  0 ,   o 2 0.  n , n 2 1.  P, P 2 2 .  C:, C:,r C 2 3 .  T , T

2 4 .  y , y

2 5.  $ , *

26.X,

2 7 -  It,

28 .%

X II ^

2 9 .   in, m 3 0 .   m, m 3 1 .  K),

»

32 .  H , 33 .   b

si

Etudes Slaves

Hungar. Croatian Rudnyc- AUA-UE KniCzsa kyj

Inter national

ISO

a b V h

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

V

V

V

V

V

V

h

g

h

h

h

g d e ye zh z

g d e

g d e

g g d e

z z

je z z

y k 1 m n o

y i yi j k 1 m n o

y i ji j k 1 m n o

P r s t u f

P r s t u f

P r s t u f

ch c

h c

C



y i i

V

s sc ju ja

shch

yu ya »

9

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

ye/ie

zh z y i

yi/i

kh t4,c ch sh shch yu/iu ya/ia >

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IE IE S

ye

V

s sc ju ja t

s

&£ ju ja i

 

UNIVER SITE D'O TTA WA

-

ECOLE DES DES GRADUES

TABLES

97

WHITE RUSSIAN ALPHABET

White Russian

ALA-LC

BSI

Polish

Croat.

Intern.

ISO

a b

a b

a

a b

a

b

a b

b

V

V

V

V

V

V

g d e e

h g d e "jo

d

1949

1 . A ,  a 2 .   B f     o 2 1 .  T , T 2 2 .  y , y 23 .^ ,» y 2 4 .  $ , $ 25.X, r X 2 6 . 1 1 , I*

kr 1 m n o P r s t u u f kh ts

k 1 m n o P r s t u w f kh ts

2 7 -  % t l 2 8 .   m , _t 2 9 .   B_ " , b i 3 0 .  B , b 3 1 .  3 , 3 3 2 .   D , K) 3 3 .   fl, a

ch sh y

ch sh y 'or' e yu ya

1

ei u ia

UNIVERSITY OF OT TA W A

~

h g d e e

Z z

i j k 1 m n o P r s t u u f ch c V

C

s

_

_

C

z i j k 1 m n o P r s t u u f ch c

£

c

z i j k 1 m n o P r s t u u f h

s y

s y

y

e ju ja

e ju ja

e ju ja

/

/

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE ST STUDI UDIES ES

_• t

h

I

e e z z i j k 1

m n o P r s t u u f h c C

s y '  o r ' — e ju ja

 

UNIVERSITE   D •'•

OTTAWA  

-

ECOLE DES DES GRADUES

•

98

TABLES

KARADZIC'S TABLE

Karadzic's transliteration of Serbian into Croatian, Czech, Polish, Hungarian, German, Italian, French and English. Alphabeti serbici cum viciniorum popularium et aliis cultioris Europae alphabetis parallelismus parallelismus .

Serbian

l.A,a 2.  E,6 3. B,B

Croat.

Bohem.

Polon. Hungar.

German

Ital.

Gall.

Angl

a b

a b w

a b w

a b

a

a b

b

V

V

V

g

g

b w

a b

g

g

g

g

d

d gy e zs z

d

d

d

d

e

e

s i j k 1

s

e s z

gn o

e j z i i c 1 il m n gn o

P r ss t

P r s t

P r s

t

P r s t

u f h cz

u

u

ou f

oo f

cs

tsch

s

sch

ch

ch j sh

V

4.1\r

g

5.  B, R,A 6.* $

d dj e

d d' e

Z

_"

Z

z i j k

7.E,e

 JK,2C ,2C 8.  JK 9. 3,3 10.  M , H 11.  I,i 12.  K,K

i j k

1 JI) ) ,Jb lj 1 4 .  JI 15.M,M m 16.H,H n 17.   a»  , a nj o 18.  0,0 LL9.n,n P r bo.P,P 21.  C,0 s 22.  T,T t c 2 3. % 1 3.

J I ,  J I

p4.y,y b5.*,$ E 6.  X , X 27 .   U ^ 28.H,^

29.9,y

30.  _I,m

B,b

u f h

1

m n n o P

r s

t

f u

c c

f ch c c

s

_•

dz/g

V

e z z i j k

i j k

1 iy m n ny o

1

m n n o P r s t

P r sz t ty

u

f ch c cz sz

m n o

f ch

z

i

j c 1 gl m

n

f z

c ge sc

ee/y

y

k 1

m n o

1. Vuk S. Kara Karadzic, dzic, Lexi Lexicon con se serbico rbico-germa -germaniconico-latinu latinum, m, (4t (4th h ed.), 3elgradi, 3elgrad i, Tip Tipographi ographia a Regni Jugoslaviae, 193 5; the 1st 1st ed. of this  Lexi co con n appear appeared ed in 1818. U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IE IE S

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

-

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

TABLES

99

The transliteration transliteration tables of the modern Cyri Cyrillic llic alphabets, (besidesthose already mentioned under the "Classic "Classical al Cyrill ic") have been taken fro from m the foll followin owing g sources: ALA 188 1885 5 - Libr Library ary Journal, V. 10 , p. 302-311, 1885. ALA-LC - A.L.A. Cataloging Cataloging Rules for Author and Titl Title e Entries, 2d ed. Chicago, Chicago , A.L.A., 1949, p. 2 46. AUA-UE - Annals of the Ukrain Ukrainian ian Academy of Arts and Science Sciences s in t the he United Uni ted States, New York, 1953- ; cf. Vol. 8, p. 235, 1960. UA - Ukraine; a con concis cise e encyclopedia encyclopedia, , Toronto, Uni Univ. v. of Toron to Pr., 1964 , p. xxxiii BSI -

British Standards Instituti on, Transliteration of Cyrillic and Greek Gree k Chraracters, London, 1958.

Chem. Abst. - Indus Industrial trial and Engineer Engineering ing Chemistry, V. 15 , No. 10, Ma May y 2 0, 1937. Ecole National Nationale e des Langues Orientales Vivantes - S. Juri c, Translit Transliteeracija Ciri Cirilick lickih ih Azbuka, in Vjesnik, Bibli Biblioteka otekara ra Hravatske, V. 1, No. 4, 1950, p. 225-244. Etudes Slaves - Revue des Etudes Slaves, Paris, 192 1, V. 1. NYPL -

Rosem Rosemary ary Neiswender, Russian Translite Transliteration, ration, Sou Sound nd and Sense, in Special Libraries, V. 53, p.  37-41,  January  January 1962.

PCGN -

Royal Ge Geograp ographical hical So Society, ciety, Alpha Alphabets bets of Fore Foreign ign Languages, London, 1933.

Rudn yc'kyj - IA. Rudnyts'kyi, Chuzhomovni transliteratsii ukrains'kykh nazv, Heidelberg, 1948. Russian schemes - A. A. Reformatskii, Transliteratsiia russkikh tekstov latinskim lati nskimi i bukvami , in Vopr Voprosy osy iazykozn iazykoznaniia, aniia, Moskva, Akadem Akademiia iia nauk SSSR, 1960, V. 5, p. 96-103. (Secti ction on Sc Sc. .  Abst. - Science Abstracts,Electrical Engineering Abstracts (Se B of Science  Abstracts),  V. 56, p. x-xl, 1953. Slavic Slav ic Review - W. K. Ma tthews, op. cit.

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

~

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IE IE S

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

-

ECOLE DE DES S ORADUES ORADUES

CONCLUSIONS

The relationship between the Cyrillic and Roman-style alphabets has a long long history .

This inter-alpha inter-alphabetic betic relationship is also one one of

the seri serious ous probl problems ems of today, as far as bibliographies, catal catalogue ogues s and other reference tools are concerned. ion was used by the Roman For long long centuries,  transcript ion Roman-alph -alphabe abe

tic nations for the rendering of Cyrillic Cyrillic-alph -alphabeti abetic c words an and d names , not only for linguistic, educat educational ional or other simi similar lar purposes, b but ut for purely bibliographical purposes as  well. Transcription is what is still employe employed d today by the Cyrillicalphabetic nations when dealing with the Roman alphabet, particularly in the case of names.

This man manner ner of repro reproducin ducing g forei foreign gn names by Cy

rillic characters characters will proba probably bly cont continue inue for a lon long g time t o come, sin since ce in the Cyrillic-writing world one is ac accustomed customed to read what is written ... ... what one actually   sees.   This is not at all the cas case e in th the e Romanalphabetic alphab etic world, whe where re one writ es, for instance, Worcester Worcester or Proulx,

I

and then reads about about half of what is written. The Roman-alphabetic world, in view of the discrepancy between speech and its graphic representation, has opted for another method of rendering foreign (incl (includin uding g Cyrilli c) words or names ... ... the method of transliteration. The difference between transcription and transliteratio transliteration n was

I

long ago realized, but a c clear lear distinction of one from the o other ther was

I

first made by the Copenhagen Conference in 1925 .

I

1. Otto Jespersen, Phonetic transcription and transliteration;] proposals of the Copenhagen Copenhagen Conference, April 19 25 , Oxford, 1926. U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IE IE S

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

~

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

CONCLUSIONS

101

The object of this clarification was to define the purposes of each of these two op eratio ns, as founded on different principles and having two different  aims.   Suc Such h clarifi clarificati cation on is , however, o of f more practical practic al use for the R Romanoman-style style alphabet alphabets s than the Cyrillic Cyrillic. .

It was

set forth forth by the Conference and accepted as a guidin guiding g principle th that at transcription, or "transc "transcrip ription tion phonetique", as it was called, mus must t render the spoken spoken language an and d sound s. pronunciation.

Its chief aim is to show proper

The letters of one alphabet here become guid guides es to the

pronunciation of a foreign language written in another foreign alpha bet.   This has always been the a accepted ccepted principle in Cyrillic alphabe-

I t i c usage , bu but t not (o (or r a at t least no not t always ) i in n the usag usage e of the Romanbased bas ed alphabets. Transcription still remains an importan important t inter-alp inter-alphabetic habetic   ope ration.

Transcription,is use used d in dictionaries (to indic indicate ate pronuncia

tion),  in primers and rea ders , and in other languag language e  aids.   It is used

for the the rendering of foreign names in th the e dail daily y p ress , i in n magazines, in handbooks, in histories and in bibli bibliograph ographies ies ... ... material wi with th which whi ch every libr libraria arian n has t o do. Every Eve ry "national" alphabet, Roma Roman n or Cyrillic, will have some some system of transcribing foreign words and sound s.

For national purp purposes oses

it may well be a satisfactory system, provided that it is uni uniform form a and nd observed observe d by all concerned.

For many practical uses tr transcripti anscription on can canno not] t]

be repla replaced ced by transliteration, whi which ch is of nonse nonservice rvice as rega regards rds to J

the pronunciation (of foreign names and so  forth).

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

~

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S STU TU D DIE IES S

j

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

-

ECOL ECOLE E DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

CONCLUSIONS

102

On the othe other r hand, for librarians, docume documentali ntalists sts and biblio graphers it is of minor importance how a word is rea read d or pronounced. What is importan important t is how it is writt en, a and nd how to reproduce unambiguous ly each each written symbol (fo (for r i nstance, e each ach Cyrillic  letter).   The basis of procedur procedure e here lies in the writte written n form, th that at is to say, in th the e letters by wh which ich words or names are represented.

This second second approach

to fore foreign ign script scripts s is translit transliteration, eration, a process which, we repeat, is based not on the soun sound d (pronunciation) but but on the symbols by which the sound soun d is represented.

Yet relying on the letter does n not ot mean that

transliteration can entirely igno ignore re the relation between the letter and the soun sound d in the original language, nor tha that t it ca can n play ducks and drakes with graphemes that in the different different language languages s have strong associations of meani meaning ng or function.

This is of pa paramo ramount unt importan importance, ce, f for or graphs,

in every alphabetic system, are close closely ly associated with certain sounds, and assigning to them a differen different t function than that which they already have acquire acquired d is ev evident idently ly an illogic illogical al procedure. for instance, instance, whe when n a Roman j a Roman

g

h

This is the case,

is use used d to repre represent sent C Cyril yrillic lic

x, and

to represent Ukrainian and White Russian r    , thus inter

mixing two different phonemes. The theory and practice of tra transliterating nsliterating Cyrillic h have ave established certain principl es, which when respecte respected d shou should ld lead to simple and workable systems.

When co compared mpared w with ith some older systems,

which are ofte often n a mixture of the ph phonetic onetic and lit literal eral approach es, the newer practice of letter-for-le letter-for-letter tter operation is certain certainly ly a step in advance. U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S T TU U D IIE ES

j

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

_____

~

_

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

CONCLUSIONS

103

Basically, all systems systems of translit transliterating erating Cyrill Cyrillic ic may be di vided into two groups: Eng English-style, lish-style, and CroatianCroatian-style. style.

Besi Beside de the these se

two group groups s we have a number of "nationa "national" l" syste systems ms or practices, eac each h adapting the transliteration transliteration sch scheme eme to its ow own n needs. In;view of the modern (letter-for-letter) tread, the difficulty difficulty that arises is how to effect a reconc reconcilatio ilation n with old-es old-establ tablishe ished d "na tional"   schemes o or r pra ctic es, which in certain cas cases es d depart epart far from

what transliteration principle principle would demand. only difficulty in th the e way of agreement.

This is practically the

What is mainly concer concerned ned is

the practice of using comb combinat inations ions of two or more charact characters ers to repre| sent sent a single letter of another alph abet.   Thus,  for instance, the Cy rillic HI

is transl transliterat iterated ed by

sch,

sh,

or

s.

This happens not only with the Cyrillic scrip ts, but wit with h others as  well.   The Greek letter o i is s transliterated in the ALA sy system stem as

rh , and in the B.M. system as a si simple mple

in the ALA is

r..

sh; in the Vatican syst system em i it t i is s

is repre represente sented d by both

ts

and

The Hebrew letter "shin" s.

The let letter ter "tsadi"

s.

j

The Cyrillic alphabets have several letters tha that t are difficult J to transliterat transliterate e into Roman.

They are: _ _c c , x ,  _; ,*I

,m

, m (letters

j

which,  exc  except ept for the last, are commo common n to all Cyri Cyrillic llic alphabets) plus

the "palatalizing" vowels (wh (which ich are commo common n to some of these alphabets). In transliterati transliterating ng Cyrillic, esp especial ecially ly as regards to the lett letters ers mentioned abo ve, there is no syste system m that keeps strictl strictly y to the principl principle e of "one-letter-fo-one-letter" operation.

This departure f from rom princi principle ple

is unavoidable if one does not want to create additional symbols in the | U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IE IE S

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

~

ECOL ECOLE E DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

-U4

CONCLUSIONS

Roman alphabet and and considers diacritics as undesirable.

But e even ven in

systems observing the "one-letter-for-o "one-letter-for-one-letter" ne-letter" princi principle ple there is no entire entir e consis consistency. tency.

In case o of f the letterm

, for instance instance, , a di diacrit acritic ic

mig ht, as elsewhe re, b be e employed (a (at t least in Cro Croatian-st atian-style yle translite ration).   But no system ventures to do so.

Here the departure f from rom the

principl prin ciple e is made becau because se national practic practices es are t oo strong, and unne cessary cessa ry conflict therewith is undesirable. The above-mentioned consonan consonants ts are transliterate transliterated d in Englishstyle sty le sc scheme hemes s by as man many y as two to f four our equiv equivalent alents s (zh,

kh,

t s,

ch,

question n are ea easily sily acce acceptable ptable to the shch).   The equivalents in questio

sh,

English Engl ish reader, because they are, or cou could ld b e, ass associa ociated ted wit with h the sam same e (ch) or sim similar ilar (ts) sounds i in n the Engl English ish languag e.

Additional diffi

culty arises in conn connection ection with the transliteration of the Cyrillic

x.

The two majo major r systems, the IS0/ IS0/R9 R9 and the Croatian, trans translite literate rate this x

by

h, an u unsati nsatisfac sfactory tory solution solution, , for there a are re two Cyri Cyrillic llic alpha

bets which could make good use of The letter letter

h

h

in another connection.

j

is neede needed d to represent its counte counterpart rpart i in n the

Ukrainian and White Russian alphabets. Russian alpahbets the letter letter

In the Ukrainian and White

r represents a phoneme disti distinct nct fro from m the

J j

one represented by the same graph in other Cyrilli Cyrillic c alphabets ... ... a phonetic distincti distinction on that must be respected.

sho should uld

j

not be be transliterated as in in the case of other Cyrillic alphabet s, by

I

the Roman

is needed in these two alphabets

j

T , which does not oc occur cur i in n other Cyrillic alphabe ts,

1

g.

for the let letter ter

Indeed, the Roman

and has the phon phonetic etic valu value e -

-

-- - ^ ~ « ~ ~ - ~

-il—

-,

-

g

This lett letter er E"

g.

1

-

" ~- «~- - - - »- »~- * «- - » " - ~- ~" - * - - _ - ^ U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

~

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IE IE S

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

~

ECOLE ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

CONCLUSIONS

105

Th Thes ese e systems and vari ants of systems used in the English-spea English-speak k ing world could easily be br brought ought into harmony.

Distinctio Distinctions ns among

them are insignificant, mainly in the employment of diacritics. The second major syst system em of transliteration of Cyrillic is that based on Czech Czech or Cro Croatian atian traditio n.

It has been accept accepted ed by I ISO SO

(with very insignificant  changes),  thus becoming an internatio international nal system. Yet som some e n ations, members of ISO, ar are e hesita hesitant nt abo about ut acce accepting pting persist ist in using their own "national" systems . it ,  and pers opposed to it is the- English-speaking world. cult cul t to understand.

Particu Particularly larly

The reason is not diffi 

Some o of f these Engli English sh "national" schemes have long

been in use; hundre hundreds ds of volumes of bibliogra bibliographic phic or othe other r refe referenc rence e tools have been published according to their princip les, and millions of readers readers are acc accustomed ustomed to them.

The swit switch ch to anoth another er system, which

might be found unsatisfactory ten or twenty years fro from m now , creates a problem prob lem not easy to solve. Another problem arising in the IS0/R9 syste system m is how its princi ples are to be interpreted, how stri strict ct shou should ld they be , what exceptions should sho uld the they y allo w, and why?

And ultimately, whi which ch "natio "national" nal" Roma Roman n

alphabet should become the bibliographic Ro man, th the e sole basis of tran s literation? The last question is probably t the he most diff difficult icult to answer.

What What

would be conveni convenient ent as a Roman alphabet for the French would not be con venient venien t for the

English, Germa Germans ns or Croatians.

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

~

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S STU TU D DIE IES S

 

— .^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

U N IV IV E RS RS IIT TE D'OTTAWA

-

EC CO O LE LE DES G RA RA DU DU ES ES

' CONCLUSIONS  

10 6

There is also a practical questio question n to be answered: wou would ld an in ternationa l system for transliter transliteration ation of Cyrillic (su (such ch as  IS0/R9),  if accepted for domestic us e, assist the average reader (not (not me merely rely the learned lear ned scientist ) in his quest for information information and in his use of biblio graphic

too ls , or would it confus confuse e him even even more than he is conf confused used

today? Furthe r, shoul should d the enforce enforcement ment of theoretical principle principles s ignore all the fair fairly ly well establi established shed national practices, or might not some compromise compr omise be found, reconcilin reconciling g na tional system s, practices or points of view with the "internation "internationality" ality" of the propo proposed sed system system? ? As is well known, the international ISO system for Cyrillic Cyrillic has not been accepted by the USA and Great Brit ain, the two grea greatest test produ cers of of bib bibliographic liographic an and d refer reference ence materials. necessity influences the Canadi Canadian an standpoint.

This situa situation tion also of Canada, being heavily

dependent depende nt on reference works (bibliographies, indexes, encyclopedias) produced produc ed in the USA and in Great Britain, has had good and just reasons to adopt the syst system em which prevails in the English-sp English-speaking eaking world, the one accepted by ALA and used by a great many American libraries. This English-style translitera transliteration tion also solves mor more e effectivel effectively y the controversial problems in conne connection ction with the transliterat transliteration ion of th the e j 1 letters r ,  r   and x in the Ukrainian and White Russian alphabet alphabets s . J It cann cannot ot be denied that uniformity of translite transliteration ration woul would d

j

greatly facilitate bibliographic operatio operations ns and render biblio bibliographi graphic c

|

1. E. R. Hope, Tran Translit sliterat erating ing Russian, in Ne New w Scient Scientist, ist, n o.   29 8, Aug August ust 2, 1962. U N IV E R S ITY ITY O F O T TA W A

~

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S STU TU D DIE IES S

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

-

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

CONCLUSIONS  

tools much easier easier to use.

10 ?

But it also seems seems ce certa rtain in tha that t the above-

mentioned questions must be taken into account, if the pr propose oposed d syst system em for international use is not to remain just a particularis particularism m of one or another international body. What adjustments the ISO authorities may introduce introduce into the system, in order order to make it sati satisfact sfactory ory to a ll , remain to b be e seen.

Yet

one cannot deny that the work accomplished so far by this Organizati Organization on in furthering furtherin g a commo common n cause deserves the full acknowledgmen acknowledgment t and suppo support rt of all those who understand understand the importance importance of bibliogra bibliographic phic uniformity and systematization systematization of information information retrieval. The interest interest of the Western world world in the Cyrilli Cyrillic-alphab c-alphabetic etic output out put has increased increased enormously enormously in recent years.

It may be as assumed sumed that

this inte interest rest will continue , and that a great deal of informat information ion will be drawn drawn from material origina originally lly published published in Cyrillic.

This is an

additional suppor supporting ting argument for uniformi uniformity ty of approac approach h t o the Cyr Cyrill illic ic scripts,  or for some other practical solution of the problem.

One does not nee need d to exaggerate.

The existence existence of a translite

ration system will not absolutely determine determine the accessi accessibility bility of Cy Cyril rillic lic materi al, but it will certainly determine how easily and and effectively effectively the bibliographic and other reference material may be used.

U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

SCHOOL OF GRADUAT TE E S TU TU D IIE ES

 

UNIVERS ITE D'O TTA WA

-

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.

108

CATALOGUING CATALOGUING CODES CODES AND TRANSLITERATION TRANSLITERATION RULES

American

A.L.A., Catalog Ru les , Author and Title Entr ies, co compil mpiled ed by Committees of the American Library Library Association and the (British) Library Libr ary Association, Ame America rican n ed., Chicago, 1 11. , ALA, 1908. , A.L.A. Catalo Catalog g Rules , Autho Author r and Title Entries, Chicago, Chic ago, 1 11., ALA, 1941. , A.L.A. Cataloging Rules for Author and Title Title Entries, 2d ed., Chicago, ALA, 19 1949. 49. Library of Cong ress, Rules for Descriptive Descriptive Cataloging in the Library of Congress (Adopted by the American Library   Association), Washington, Library Library of Congress, 1949. , Library Library of Congress Congress Cataloging Cataloging Rul es (Suppl.) publish publ ished ed on car ds. Rule 10 rev. Decembe December r 17 , 1931. , Cataloging Rules of the American Librar Library y Association j and the Libr Library ary of Congress, Additions Additions an and d Changes 1949-1958, W Washing ashing- I ton,  L . C , 1 9 95 5 9. 9. Cutter, Charles, Rules for a Dic Dictio tionar nary y Catalog, 4t 4th h ed., Washington, GPO, 1904. British

British Museum , Rules for Compiling the Catalogues of Printed Books,  Maps and Music in the Britis British h Museum, rev. ed., London, 1936. British Standards Institution, Transliteration British Transliteration of Cyrillic and and Greek Gre ek Characters, B.S. 2979:1958, London, 1958. Bodleyan Bodl eyan Library Library, , Cataloguing Cataloguing Rules, new ed., Oxford, 19 1939. 39. Royal Geographical Society, Alphab Alphabets ets of Fore Foreign ign Languages, 2d ed ., by Lord Edward Edward Gleic Gleichen hen and John H. Reynold s, London, 1933.

UNIVERSITY OF OT TA W A

~

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE S STUDI TUDIES ES

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

-

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

109

Others Bibliotheque Nationale, Usages suivis dans la redaction du Catalogue Ge neral des livres im primes, recueillis et coordonnes par E.-G. Ledos, nouv. ed. par Arma Armand nd R astoul, Paris , 1940. Ecole Nationale Nationale des Langues Orien Orientales tales Vivant es, Cara Caractere cteres s cyrilliques, translitteratio  translitteration, n, Paris, n.d. Borecky, Jaromir, Pravidla katalogu zakladniho (listkoveho abecedniho abecedn iho seznam seznamu u j menneho) s dodat dodatkem kem "0 po popisu pisu spisu drobnych", V Praze,  Nakl.  statnim, 1925. Brussells,  Bibliotheque Royale de Belg ique , Regies catalographiques en usage a la Bibliotheque Royale de Belgique; catalogue alphabetique beti que par noms d'aute d'auteurs urs et titres d'anonymes, Bruxelles, 1961. Grycz,  Jozef, Skrocone przepisy katalogowania alfabetycznego; opracowali opracow ali Jozef Grycz i Wladys Wladyslawa lawa Bo rkowska, wyd. 2. popr. Warszawa, Panstwowe Pans twowe Zakla Zaklady dy Wydawnictw Szkolnych Szkolnych, , 1949.

Kniezs a, I., Cirillbetus s szlav zlav szoveg szovegek ek nezetkozi tudomanyos atir atiras asa' a'', ', in Magya Magyar r Konyvszemle, Vol. 63 , p. 149-158, A April pril-Jun -June e 1939. Prussian Prussi an Instructions, Rules for the Alphab Alphabetical etical Catalogs, t r.  from the 2d ed. by Andrew D. Osborn, Ann Arbor, Mich., Un Univer iversity sity of Michigan Michigan Press, 1938. Vatican Library, Rules for the Cata Catalog log of Pri Printe nted d Books, tr. from the 2d Ital Italian ian ed ., Chicago, 1 11. , Americ American an Lib Librar rary y Association, 1948. Hanson,  J. Ch. M., Comparative Study of Cata loging Rules '/based on the Anglo-American Anglo-American cod code e of 1908, Chicago, 11 1., Univ Universi ersity ty of Chica go Press, 1939.

Association des Bibli Association Bibliotheca othecaires ires Francais, Re Regies gies et usages dans les princip principales ales bibliotheque bibliotheques s de Paris, pou pour r la r redacti edaction on et le dlassement des catalogues d'auteurs et d'anonymes,   (1912);  extr  extrait ait de la Revue Revue des Bibliotheques, no 4-6, avril-j avril-juin uin 1913. Vienna,  Nationalbiblio thek, Vorschrift fur die Verfassung Verfassung des alphabetisehen Nominal-Zettelkatalogs, der Druckwerke de k. k. Hofbiblio thek, Wi en, Selbsverlag, 1901.

International Organization for Standardization   (ISO),  ISO Recommendation R9, International System for the Transliteration of Cyrillic Cyrill ic Characters, 1s 1st t ed., Octobe October r 195 1955 5  }  Geneva  ,1955. U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

~

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S STU TU D DIE IES S

 

UNIVERSITE D'O TTA WA

-

ECOLE DES DES GRADUES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

B.

BOOKS

Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institu Institut t russkogo russkogo iazyka, Toponomast Toponomastika ika i Transkriptsiia, Moskva, Nauka, 1964. 200p. Transkriptsiia, Albrigh t, R. A., The Internationa International l Phonetic Phonetic Alphabet ; its its background backgro und and development, Bloomington, Indiana Indiana University, 1958, 78p. Basset, E ., Librarian's Librarian's Guide Guide to Title-page Title-page Russian and Princi ples of Transliteration Transliteration with an Introductio Introduction n to Russian Law Books, N.Y., Columbia University University Libraries , 1944. 47p. mimeographe mimeographed d De Bray, R. G. A., Guide to the Slavonic Slavonic Languages, London, Dent, 195 1, 797p. 797p.

I

Diringer, D., D., The Alphabet; a key key to the history history of mankind, mankind, N.Y., Philosophi Philosophical cal Library, 1953, 607p. Giliarevskii, R. S. and and Grivnin, V. S., Opredelitel' iazykov iazykov mira po pis'mennostiam, izd. 2. is pr., Moskva, Izd-vo Izd-vo Vostochnoi Vostochnoi literatury, liter atury, 1961, 301p. Institut International de Cooperation Intellectuelle, L'Adop tion universelle des caracteres caracteres latins, Pari s, Societe Societe des Nations, 193j 195p. J

International International Federation Federation of Library Library Associations, Internationa International l Conference Confere nce on Cataloguing Cataloguing Principles, Paris Paris 9-18, Octob October er 1961 , London, 1963. International Internati onal Phonetic Phonetic Association, The Principles Principles of the In ternational Phonetic Association, being being a descriptio description n of th the e Inter national Phonetic Alphabet and manner of using it, London, University University College Colleg e Department Department of Phonetics , 194 9, 53p. 53p. Istrin, V. D., Razvitie pis'ma, Moskva, Akademiia Akademiia nauk SSSR, 1961,  394p. Jespersen , 0., Phonetic Transcriptio Transcription n and Transliteration, Transliteration, Copenhagen, 1926, 32p.

j

Jone s, M. B ., Inclusive Uniform Alphabet for Russian, Bulg Bulgar aria ian n , Serb-Croatian, Czech, Polish, Claremont, Calif., jTCl jTClar arem emon ont t Sl Slavi avic c j series 3 1944, 35p. 35p. I Instrukcja ja o katalogach katalogach alpfabetycznych, alpfabetycznych, Lwow, Kotula,  Rudolf, Instrukc 192 4 UNIVERSITY OF OT TA W A

~

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE S STUDI TUDIES ES

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

-

ECOL ECOLE E DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

BIBLIO BIB LIOGRA GRAPHY PHY

HI

Lehr-Splawinski, T., Zarys gramatyki jezyka staro-cerkiewnoslowianskiego, Poznan, 1923. u 

Lepsiu s, R., Das allge allgemein meine e ling linguist uistisch ische e Alphabet ; Grun Grundsat dsatze ze der Ubertragung fremder Schriftsysteme und bisher noch ungeschriebener Sprachen in Europaische Buchstaben, Berlin, Wilhelm  Herz,  1855, 64p. Tables. Muhlpfordt, G., Transkript Transkriptionsproble ionsprobleme; me; die korre korrekte kte Wied Wiederga ergabe be russischer russisc her Namen im deutschen, Berlin, Ru Rutten tten & Loening, 19 57, 175p. Ohienko,  Ivan, Povstannia Povstannia azbuky i literaturnoi literaturnoi movy v Slovian, Zhovkva, 00 Vasyliiany, 19 33, 300p. Paclt,  J.,  J., Stu Studie die o transl transliteraci iteraci azbuky, Prah a, 1946, 22p.

Richter, Erich, V Vergle ergleichen ichende de Transkr Transkriptions iptionstabelle, tabelle, Selbstverlag, Selbstverla g, 1955.

Gottingen,

Rudnyts'kyi, IA., Chuzhomovni transliteratsii ukrains'kykh nazv: Internatsional'na, anhliis'ka, frantsuz'ka, espan Internatsional'na, espans'ka s'ka i portugal's'ka, Heidelberg, Heidelb erg, 1948, 6p. Shcherba, L. V., Izbranny Izbrannye e raboty po iazy iazykozn koznaiiu aiiu i fonetike, Leningrad, IzdIzd-vo vo Lenin Leningrad gradskogo skogo universiteta, 1958 , Smith,  E. C , Pers Personal onal Names, a bibli bibliogra ography, phy, N New ew York, NYPL, 1952,  226p. U.S.   Board on Geographic Names , Transliteratio Transliteration n Guide Based on the Syst System em as Use Used d by the U .S. Boa Board rd of Geogr Geographic aphic Names for Arabic, Bulgarian, Chinese, Hebrew, Icelandic, Japanese, Korean, Persian, j Russian, Serbo-Croatio Serbo-Croation, n, Ta i, Washington, 1961.

C.

ARTICLES

American Lib Library rary Association, Trans Transliter literation ation Committee, Report Rep ort 1885, in Lib Librar rary y Journal, Vol. 10 , p. 302-311, 1885. Crane,  E. J., J., "Transl "Transliteratio iteration n of Russi an", in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (News   ed.),  Vol. 15, p. 2 30-231, May May 20 , 1937. Damiani,  E., Sur Sur  l'etat actuel des systemes de transcrip transcription tion des noms slaves cyrilliques dans la documentation bibliographique, in F.I.D. Transactions, Transactio ns, Vol. 14 , p. 2 45-248, 1938. Deszo,  L., "A cirillbetus cimek nemzetkozi at irasa" , i in n Magy Magyar ar Konyvszemle, Konyvs zemle, Vol. 79, p. 291-293, Ju July ly 1963. U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

~

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S STU TU D DIE IES S

1

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

~

ECOL ECOLE E DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dick , G G. . and K retschmar, F., "Zu "Zur r Transkription Transkription des rus russischen sischen Alphabets", in Russischunterricht, Russischunterricht, Vol. 7, p. 19591959- , 1954. Fritschy , G. J. J. M ., De normalisatie normalisatie van de trans translitterati litteratie e van Cyrillisch Cyril lisch schrift, in Bibliothee Bibliotheekleven, kleven, Vol. 3 7, p. 293-295, 1952. Fronta rd, R., "Transliterati "Transliteration on Codes and Their Internati International onal Standardization", Standardizati on", in Unesco Bulletin Bulletin for Libraries, Vol. 1 5, p.  78-82, March Marc h 1961 . Giliare vskii, R. S. and Kr ylova, N. V., "Transliter "Transliteratsii atsii bibliograficheskikh opisanii na iazykakh iazykakh narodov SSS SSSR R latinski latinskimi mi bukva mi", in Sovetska Sove tskaia ia bibliografiia, Vol. 6, p.  37-44,  1960. Hermen au, 0., "Ein "Ein entscheide entscheidender nder Schri Schritt tt zur Vereinheit Vereinheitlichung lichung der deutschen Schreibung russischer Worter", in Russischunterricht, Vol.   2, p. 98, 1949. Hope,  Earl,  "Transliterat  "Transliterating ing Russian ", in New Scientist, No. 298,  Aug  August ust 2, 1962.

Horodyski, B., "0 t transli ransliteracj teracji i drukow cyrylickich", cyrylickich", in Przegl glad ad Bibljoteczny, Vol . 1 6, p. 171-179, 1948. Hrdlicka, A., "Tra "Transl nsliter iteratio ation n of English English Names in Rus Russian", sian", in Science, Vol. 98, p. 2 19, 1943. Iivainen, L., "The Rendering of English Proper Names in Russian", in Slavonic Slavonic and East European European Review, Vol. 3 9, p. 137-147, 1960. "Transkripci kripcijske jske metode i bibliotekars tvo", i in n Juric,  S., "Trans Juric, S., Vestnik Bibli Biblioteka otekara ra Hravatske, Vol. 1, p. 109-118, 1950. , "Transliteracija "Transli cirilickich cirili ckich Biblioteka Bibli otekara ra Hrvatske, Vol.teracija 1, p. 2 25-2 44, 1950.azbuka" , in Vestnik

j

Karum, L. S., "0 transliteratsii latinskimi bukvami russkikh j familii i geog geografi rafiches cheskikh kikh nazvanii", in Vopros Voprosy y iazyk iazykoznaii oznaiia, a, Vol. 6, j p.   102-105, 1953.

I

Kent,  F., "International Progress in Transliteration", in Unesccj Kent, F., Bulletin Bullet in fo for r Libraries, Vol. 1 0, p. 132 -137, May-J May-June une 1956. Kiparsky, V., "Fore "Foreign ign h in Russia n", in Slavo Slavonic nic and Eas East t Europe Eur opean an Review, Vol. 3 8, p.  82-94,  1959. I  Krai,  W., "Zu einer internationale internationalen n Transkription der k yrillis-j I chen chen Buchstaben", in Zentr Zentralbal albalatt att fur Biblio Bibliothekwesen, thekwesen, Vol. 69 , p.  343-1  343-1, , 1955.   I U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IIE ES

 

UNIVERSITE D'OT TAW A

»

ECOLE DE DES S GRADUES GRADUES

BIBLIOGR BIBL IOGRAPHY APHY

n_

 W., "Z "Zur ur Trans Transkript kription ion der russis russischen chen Ti tel" , i in n ZentralKrai, W., Krai, blatt blat t fur Bibliothekwesen, Vol. 66, p.  47-50,  1952. Lew, W., "H-g in the Ukrainian Literary Language", in Proceed ings ing s of the Shevch Shevchenko enko Scienti Scientific fic Society, Vol. 1, p. 7-9, 1952. Lloyd , G. A., "A Decade of Standardiz Standardizing ing in Documentation", i in n Journal Journ al of Docu Documenta mentation tion, , Vol. 15, p. 208-22 5, De December cember, , 195 1959. 9. Lorphevre, G., Les travaux de la sess session ion 1952 du Comi Comite te 46 Documentation de 1'Organ 1'Organisatio isation n Internatio Internationale nale de Normalisation, i in n Revue de la Documentation, Vol. 19 , p.  83-84,  1952. Matthews, W. K., "Lat "Latini inizati zation on of Cyrill Cyrillic ic Characters", in Slavonic and East European R eview , Vol . 3 0, p. 5. 5.31 31-5 -548 48, , 1951-1952 . Mann, S. E. , "Init "Initial ial X/S in the Sla Slavon vonic ic Languages", i in n Slavo nic and Eas East t Euro European pean Review, Vol. 37 , p. 13 1-140, 1958. Meyri at, J. J., , La normalisation internati internationale onale de s codes de tran transslitteration, in Courrier de la normalisatio normalisation, n, No. 1 55, p. 586-596, 1960 "The he Value of Russian to the Refe Referenc rence e Libraria Librarian", n", Palmer,  H., "T in College College and Research Libraries, Vol. 6, p. 195- 198, 231 , 1945. Pod bor ny, J. G., "Zu einer internationalen einheitlic hen Um Ums schre- ibung der kyril kyrillisch lischen en Buchstaben", in Babel, Vol. 5, p. 207- 212 , 1959. Poin dron , P., Etat present de la normalisation francaise et in ternationale interessant la documentation et les bibliotheques, in Bulletin Bulle tin des Bibliothe Bibliotheques ques de France, Vol. 7, p.  19-31,  1962. Reformatskii, A. A., "Prakticheskaia transkriptsiia inoiazychnykh sobst sobstvenny vennykh kh imen", in Izv Izvest estiia iia Akademii nauk, Vol. 1 9, p. 529-53^, 1960. , "Transliteratsiia russkikh tekstov latinskimi bukvami'|, in Voprosy iaz iazyko ykozna znaiia iia,' ,' Vol . 5, p . 96-103 , 1960. Revue des Etudes Slaves, Systeme de transcription de la Revue des Etudes Slaves, Vol. 1, p . 310-312, 1921. Richter, E., "Zur Transliteration der kyrillischen Buchstaben", in Borsenblatt Borsenblatt fur den deuts deutschen chen Buchhand el, Fran Frankfurt kfurter er Au sgabe, Vol. p.   1332-1337, 1960. , "Z "Zur ur Norm DIN 1460 Translit Transliteration eration slawi slawischer scher kyrillischer lisch er 1964. Buchstaben", in Zeit Zeitschr schrift ift fur Bibliothekwesen, Vol. 11 , p.   2-8, U N IV E R S ITY O F O T TA W A

~

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IE IE S

 

UNIVER SITE D'O TT AW A

~

ECOLE DES DES GRADUES GRADUES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

114

Richter , E., "Z "Zur ur biblio bibliothekarischen thekarischen Transliteration der kyril lischen Buchstaben einiger finnischfinnisch-ugrischen ugrischen Sprac Sprachen hen in der SowjetUnion, in Ural Ural-Alta -Altaisch ische e Jahrbucher, Vol. 31 , p. 334-346, 1959. on, M., de lade translitteration, la translit teration Rodins de  l'Arabe  et Les la principes n nouvelie ouvelie norme l'ISO, in Bul Bulletin letin des Bi bliotheques bliothe ques de France, Vol. 9, p. 1-22, Janvi Janvier er 1964. Royal Society of L ondon, The Translite Transliteration ration of Russian, Ser Serbian bian and Bulgarian for Bibliographical Purposes (prep (prepare ared d by H. S.  Bushell), London, London , 1953. Schteinit z, W., "Wi "Wie e sollen wir russische Namen schreiben? " in Neu Neue e Gesellschsft, Vol. 4, p.  66-71,  1948. Serdiuchenk o, G. P., "0 russkoi transkriptsii dlia iazyko iazykov v zarubezhnogo zarubezhno go vostoka", in Probl Problemy emy Vostokoved Vostokovedeniia, eniia, Vol. 3 , p.  91-107, 1960. Sevcik, A., La translitteration, translitteration, in Revue de la Documen Documentation, tation, Vol.   1 4 , p p. .  21-22,  1947. Shaw, E. P., "Transliteration, a Game for the Library Library Sle uth", in Medical Library Library Asso Associati ciation on Bulletin, Vol. 37 , p. 142 -145, 1949. Shcherba , L. V., "Transl "Transliterats iteratsiia iia latinsk latinskimi imi bukvami russkikh familii i geogra geograficheskikh ficheskikh na zvani i", in his Izbran Izbrannye nye raboty po iazykoznaniiu kozn aniiu i fonetike, Moskva, Aka Akademi demiia ia nauk SSSR, 195 8, Vol. 1, p.  171-181. , "Transliteratsiia inostrannykh slov i sobstvennykh imen ime n i famili i", in Trudy Komi Komissi ssii i po russ russkomu komu iazyku, Vol . 1, p. 187I 188, 1931. i

•

Somme r, F. E. , "Books in Foreig Foreign n Scri Script pt in the Public Library", in Library Library Journal, Vol. 59, p. 892-893, 1934. 5 

"Co-or "Co-ordinate dinated d Transliter Transliteration ation in Libraries", in Librar Lib rary y Quarterly, Vol. 7, p. 492-501, 1937 1937. 

"Transliterati iteration on 5   "Transl

Problem s", i in n Libr Library ary Journal,

Vol.   58, p. 534-536, 1933.

Superanska ia, A. V., "Mezhdu "Mezhdunarodny narodnyi i alfavit i mez mezhdunar hdunarodnaia odnaia transkriptsiia", in Voprosy Voprosy iazyko iazykoznaniia znaniia, , Vol. 4, 1958 1958. . , "Spo "Spornye rnye vopro voprosy sy russkoi transkriptsii bolgarskikh, pol'ski kh, soobshcheniia serbokhorvatskikh, cheski cheskikh kh i slova slovatskik tskikh h Vol. ime imen n 2 sobstvenn sobstvennykh"J ykh"J in Kratkie Instituta Slavianovedeniia, 8, p.  51-60, 1960. UNIVERSITY OF OT TA W A

-

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES STUDIES

 

UNIVERS ITE D'O TT AW A

-

ECOLE DES DES GRADUES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

H

5

La Translitteration Translitteration des caracteres caracteres cyrilliques; a pro propos pos de deux articles r ecents, in Bulletin Bulletin des Bibliot Bibliothequ heques es de France, Vol. 28 p.   51-60,  1960. "Transliter "Tran sliterace ace cyrilskeho pisma do latinky", p.   158-161, 1950.

in Slavia, Vol. 20

Transliteration of Russia n, Serbian, and and Bulgaria Bulgarian n for Biblio graphical P urpose s, in Scien Science ce Abs tracts, Electrical Engineering Engineering Abs tracts (Secti (Section on B of Science   Abstracts),  Vol. 56, p. x. Wharton, L . C , "O "On n Prof. Damiani's Damiani's Scheme Scheme for t the he Tra Transli nslitera tera  tion of Titles in the Cyrillic Character", in F.I.D. F.I.D. Transactions, Vol.   14, p. 2 44-245, 1938. 1938.

Note:  - A number of titles have been located in Bibliographie Bibliographie linguistique linguistiqu e (Utr (Utrecht echt - Bruxel les, 1949- ) and in Onoma (Louv (Louvain, ain, 1950-   ) . These titles were were transliterated according to the Internatina l s ystem; in the present list, they are transliterated transliterated according to the syste system m used by L.C.

U N IV E R S ITY ITY O F O T TA W A

-

S C H O O L O F G R A D U A TE S TUD TUD IIE ES