Transformaciones Físicas y Químicas de La Materia

 

^PÇA]DAG OL. 8  ]PGOQCLPEGADLOHQ CÅQDAGQ T WXÅEDAGQ MH FG EG]HPDG

7. L@JH L@JH]D ]DSL SLQ Q     

Dmhotdcdagr fgs trgosclregadlohs cåsdags y quåedags quh laurrho ho fg egthrdg. Dmhotdcdagr L`shrvgr y mhsard`dr fgs trgosclregadlohs quh laurrho ho uo hxphrdehotl  mgml g pgrtdr mh fgs hvdmhoadgs. Phalolahr fls rhgatdvls y prlmuatls mh uog rhgaadño quåedag Hsard`dr fgs haugadlohs quåedags quh rhprhshotgo g fls age`dls quåedals  l`shrvgmls. Dmhotdcdagr Dmhotdcda gr fls tdpls mh rhgaadlohs quåedags hstumdgmgs.

0. CX CXO OMGEH MGEHO O]L Xog prlpdhmgm hs augfqudhr agrgathråstdag quh phredtg rhalolahr uo tdpl pgrtdaufgr  mh  egthrdg y mdstdokudrfg mdstdokudrfg mh ltrls tdpls. Qh afgsdcdago mh egohrg khohrgf ho  prlpdhmgmhs  cåsdags y quåedags. ]lmg prlpdhmgm mh fg egthrdg hstç gsladgmg g age`dls l  trgosclregadlohs, quh puhmho dmhotdcdagrsh g pgrtdr mh fgs hvdmhoadgs. ]rgosclregadlohs cåsdags slo gfthrgadlohs quh ol depfdago elmdcdagadño mh fg aleplsdadño quåedag mh age`dl fg sustgoadg, hs mhadr,g ol bgy mhclregadño sustgoadgs.  Hsth tdpl mh sh hvdmhoadg pgrtdr age`dls mh mh ouhvgs hstgml (hvgplrgadño,  su`fdegadño, cusdño, alokhfgadño, hta.), clregadño mh ehzafgs, age`dl mh  thephrgturg, clreg, tgeg÷l, alflr, hotrh ltrgs. QX@FDEGADLO DOSHPQG L MH^LQDADLO

Age`dls mh hstgml AGE@DLQ PHKPHQDSLQ

QLFDMDCAGADLO

ALOMHOQGADLO

  QÑFDML

FÅWXDML KGQHLQL LFDML▦FDWX CXQDLO

HSG^LPGADLO

~ 84 ~ QX@FDEGADLO

AGE@DLQ ^PLKPHQDSLQ

 

]rgosclregadlohs quåedags slo fgs gfthrgadlohs quh sucrho fgs sustgoadgs pgrg  prlmuadr ouhvgs sustgoadgs sustgoadgs alo prlpdhmgmhs y aleplsdadño mdstdotgs mdstdotgs g fg lrdkdogf. Xo age`dl quåedal depfdag uog rhgaadño rhgaadño quåedag. Xog rhgaadño quåedag hs uo prlahsl ho hf quh uo alojuotl mh sustgoadgs ffgegmgs rhgatdvls sh trgosclrego ho uo ouhvl alojuotl mh sustgoadgs ffgegmgs prlmuatls. Qh ohahsdtg uog hvdmhoadg hxphrdehotgf goths mh gcdregr quh bg thodml fukgr uog rhgaadño.   Hstg hvdmhoadg puhmh shr:  Xo age`dl mh alflr.  Clregadño mh uo sñfdml (prhadpdtgml) ho hf shol mh uog mdslfuadño trgospgrhoth.  Mhsprhomdedhotl mh uo kgs.  Mhsprhomdedhotl l g`slradño mh agflr.  Mhsprhomdedhotl mh fuz.  Mhsprhomdedhotl mh agflr y fuz g fg vhz.

]dpls mh rhgaadlohs quåedags: g)Ale`dogadño l såothsds Fg ale`dogadño, laurrh augoml sh uoho sustgoadgs sdepfhs l alepuhstgs,  pgrg  clregr  uo prlmuatl. Hjhepfls: =I ((s)s) + L0 (k) ← 0I 0L(s)

QC=(k) + C0(k) ← QC3(k)

AgL(s) + AL0(k) ← AgAL1(s)

AgL(s) + B0L(f)←Ag(LB)0(s)

 `) Mhsaleplsdadño Qlo gquhffgs rhgaadlohs ho quh uo alepuhstl sh mhsaleploh pgrg prlmuadr  mls hfhehotls, uo hfhehotl y uo alepuhstls, mls l eçs alepuhstls. Hjhepfls: 0BkL(s) ← 0Bk(f) + L0(k) AgAL1(s) ← AgL(s) + AL0(k)

IAfL1(s) agflr IAf(s) + L0(k) Au(LB)0 (s)←AuL(s) + B0L (f)

a)Mhspfgzgedhotl a) Mhspfgzgedhotl sdepfh

~ 3> ~

 

Qlo gquhffgs rhgaadlohs mlomh uo hfhehotl mhspfgzg g ltrl ho uo alepuhstl. Fls ehtgfhs gatdvls mhspfgzgo g ehtgfhs ehols gatdvls l gf bdmrlkhol mh sus alepuhstls ho slfuadño gaulsg. Fls ehtgfhs gatdvls slo fls quh tdhoho `gjg hohrkåg mh dlodzgadño y pdhrmho alo cgadfdmgm hfhatrlohs pgrg clregr agtdlohs. Hjhepfls: Ek(s) + 0BAf(ga) ← EkAf0(ga) + B0(k) AuQL=(ga) + Zo(s) ← ZoQL=(ga) + Au(s) m) Mhspfgzgedhotl ml`fh Qlo gquhffgs ho fgs augfhs mls alepuhstls rhgaadlogo pgrg clregr ltrls mls ouhvls alepuhstls sdo quh sh prlmuzag age`dl ho hf oúehrl mh lxdmgadño. Hotrh fgs rhgaadlohs eçs aleuohs mhotrl mh hsth tdpl thohels fgs rhgaadlohs mh ^rhadpdtgadño y fgs rhgaadlohs çadml-`gsh. ^rhadpdtgadño: Khohrgfehoth sh prlmuah hotrh mls sgfhs. Hjhepfls   GkOL1 + ChAf1 ← GkAf+ Ch(OL1) @gAf0 + Og0QL=← @gQL= + 0OgAf ^`(OL1)0 + ID ← ^`D0 + 0 IOL1 1OgLB + ChAf1← Ch(LB)1 + 1OgAf  ^`(OL1)0 + 0OgAf ←^`Af0 + 0OgOL1  Ohutrgfdzgadño:  Ohutrgfdz gadño: Qh prlmuah augoml uog sustgoadg gadmg rhgaadlog alo uog sustgoadg `çsdag l gfagfdog. ^grg dmhotdcdagr hsth tdpl mh rhgaadño sh utdfdzg uog  sustgoadg domdagmlrg mh pB. Hjhepfls: B0QL= + 0OgLB ← Og0QL= + 0B0L

~ 37 ~

 

BAf + OgAf ← OgAf + B0L

~ 30 ~

 

1. EG]HPDGFHQ T HWXD^LQ  Ehabhrl mh @uosho  Krgmdffgs pgrg tu`ls mh hosgyl  ^dozgs pgrg tu`ls  ^dozgs tdjhrg  Adotg mh egkohsdl  Zdoa ho krgogffg  Çadml aflrbåmrdal  Qlfuadño OgLB  Aflrurl mh `grdl  Afgvls  Grhog  Aflrurl mh slmdl  He`uml  Gzúagr   Qufcgtl mh slmdl

=. ^PLAH ^PLAHMDED MDEDHO]L HO]L 7- ]leh uo vgsl mh prhadpdtgml, prhadpdtgml, gkrhkuh bdhfl, tgph alo uuoo vdmrdl mh rhflj y alflq alflquh uh hf vgsl sl`rh fg rhjdffg mh gedgotl, agfdhoth. L`shrvh fls age`dls laurrdmls ho hf bdhfl  y oñe`rhfls. 0- Qlsthokg uo afgvl alo uog pdozg tdjhrg y agfdhoth agfdhoth ho fg zlog mh lxdmgad lxdmgadño ño mhf ehabhrl. Golth sus l`shrvgadlohs. 1-g) Ho uo vgsl mh prhadpdtgml ehzafh uog auabgrgmdtg mh aflrurl mh slmdl (sgf aleúo) alo uog auabgrgmdtg mh grhog, gkrhkuh 78 eF mh gkug y gkdth. ¼Wuä sh bg clregml< 1-`) Cdftrh fg ehzafg alo gyumg mh uo he`uml y pgphf mh cdftrl. ¼Wuä sustgoadgs sh shpgrgo ho fg cdftrgadño<

~ 31 ~

 

1-a) ¼Wuä sustgoadg hstç mdsuhftg ho hf fåqudml l cdftrgml 7> eF mh çadml çadml afl aflrbå rbåmrd mrdal al y gkrh gkrhkuh kuh uuoo tr trlad ladtl tl mh  zdoa. Golth fgs l`shrvgadloh l`shrvgadlohs. s. Hsard`g fg rhgaadño. ;- Alflagr 0 eF mh sufcgtl mh slmdl y gkrhkgr trhs klt kltgs gs mh aflrurl mh  `grdl.  Golth fgs l`shrvgadlohs. Hsard`g fg rhgaadño. 2- Ho uo tu`l mh hosgyl vdhrtg 0 eF eF mh bdmrñxdml mh slmdl y 0 eF mh ççadml adml aflrbåmrdal, gkdth y agfdhoth bgstg shquhmgm. ¼Wuä sustgoadg quhmg ho hf tu`l mh hosgyl< Golth fgs l`shrvgadlohs. Hsard`g fg rhgaadño.

~ 3= ~

 

^PÇA]DAG OL. 8  ]PGOQCLPEGADLOHQ CÅQDAGQ T WXÅEDAGQ MH FG EG]HPDG Gphffdmls Egtrdaufg\ Måg y blrg

 \Ole`rh  Qhaadño Chabg  Ole`rh mh su prlchslr  

7- Mdkg augfhs age`dls mh hstgmls hstgmls sh prlmuaho gf agf agfhotgr hotgr hf bdhf bdhfll y afgsdcåquhfls ho  prlkrhsdvls y rhkrhsdvls.

0- Mdkg quä tdpl mh age`dl laurrdñ laurrdñ augoml agfh agfhotñ otñ hf afgvl y auçf cuh fg hvdmhoadg hvdmhoadg l`shrvgmg.

1- Augoml cdftrgels fg ehzafg ehzafg mh sgf, gkug y grhog, grhog, fl quh quhmg alel cdftrgml cdftrgml (pgrth  fåqudmg). ¼Hs uog ehzafg l uo alepuhstl< Justdcdquh su rhspuhstg.

=- ¼Wuä ¼Wuä tdpl tdpl mh age` age`dl dl llaur aurrdñ rdñ gf agf agfhot hotgr gr fg adotg adotg mh e egko gkohsd hsdll y aauçf uçf cuh fg hvdmhoadg< hvdmhoad g< Hsard`g fg rhgaadño. Ole`rh hf prlmuatl clregml y hf tdpl mh rhgaadño. 8- ¼Wuä tdpl mh age`dl laurrdñ laurrdñ hotrh hf çadml aflrbåmrdal y hf zdoa< ¼Auçf cuh fg  hvdmhoadg< hvdmhoad g< ¼Auçf hs hf ole`rh mhf age`dl l`shrvgml< 3- ¼Auçfhs eätlmls mh shpgrgadño utdfdz utdfdzññ ho fg prçatdag prçatdag

~ 38 ~

 

;. Ho hf augmrl mh eçs g`gjl, rhsueh fgs hvdmhoadgs l`shrvgmgs ho agmg hxphrdehotl,  tdpl mh age`dl y oñe`rhfls

HSDMHOADGQ

]D^L MH AGE@DL

CDQDAL

WXDEDAL

~ 33 ~

OLE@PH MHF AGE@DL