Tran Final Fisica 2 AVANCE 2

 

^K@QNZY@FCF VNIKBLÙE@IC FNL XNZ×

 

VZCJCGB A@KCL “JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY‟ 

I^ZYB7

IÃLI^LB CXL@ICFB C LC AÏY@IC :

YNII@ÙK7

4039

FBINKVN7

Z@IDCZF GNY^Y KCQCZZB Q@LLNKC

DBZCZ@B7

ocrtns 36798 - 3176>

@KVNEZCKVNY7   CACZCPC D^CKIC Pcqunl`kc b  CQCLBY XCZNFNY Ir`slny O`lcerbs b  IBLS^N QCZECY Enrclfyk Pco`ln b  IBKIDC I^CFZBY Zcd`g Gbdk b  OBYIBYB W^Ó@EC K`kbsmc Clnxckfrc b

  ZBGCY XBIIBZ@OCP Enrsbk Ckfrns b  ICLFNZBK X@KVB Gul`b Yckt`ceb b

CZNS^@XC - XNZ×

 

 

ÏKF@IN  ........................................................................................................................................................... 8  @. 

BJGNV@QBY ................................................................................................................................. 3  3.3. 

BJGNV@QBY ENKNZCL ENKNZCLNY NY ................................................................................................ 3 

3.:. 

BJGNV@QBY NYXNIÏA@ NYXNIÏA@IBY7 IBY7 .............................................................................................. 3 

@@.  OCZIB VNÙZ@IB......................................................................................................................3  :.3.  ICXCI@VBZ ICXCI@VBZNY NY B IBKFNKYCF IBKFNKYCFBZNY BZNY NLÀIVZ@I NLÀIVZ@IBY BY ..................................................3  :.3.3.  V@XBY FN IBKFNKYCF IBKFNKYCFBZNY BZNY ................................................................................ :  :.:. 

JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCF IBKFNKYCFBZNY BZNY...................................................................................... 9 

:.:.3. 

A^KI@BK FN ^K JCKIB FN ICXCI@ ICXCI@VBZNY VBZNY .....................................................6 

:.:.:. 

V@XBY FN JCKIBY FN IBKFNKYCF IBKFNKYCFBZNY BZNY ......................................................... 6 

:.9. 

ACIVBZ FN XBVNKI@C ...................................................................................................1 

@@@. 

FNVNZO@KCI@ÙK FNVNZO@KCI@ ÙK FNL XZBJLNOC ................................................................................. 5 

@Q. 

NGNOXLB FN CXL@ICIÙ CXL@ICIÙK K .................................................................................................. 5 

6.3. 

CXL@ICI@BKNY CXL@ICI@ BKNY FN ^K JCKIB FN IBKFNKYC IBKFNKYCFBZNY FBZNY ...........................................5 

Ibrrnii`ùk fnl acitbr fn pbtnki`c7 ................................................................................................4  6.3.3.  6.:. 

NLNII@ÙK FN LC ONGBZ BXI@ÙK CXL@ICV@QC ............................................ 3: 

XCZVNY FN ^K JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCF IBKFNKYCFBZNY BZNY ....................................................... 3: 

6.9.  ABZOC FN @KYVCLCI@ÙK P LBICL@WCI@ÙK FN ^K JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY IBKFNKYCFB ZNY...................................................................................................................... 36  6.9.3  @KYVCLCI@ @KYVCLCI@ÙK ÙK @KF@Q@F^ @KF@Q@F^CL CL .................................................................................... 3>  6.9.:  @KYVCLCI@ @KYVCLCI@ÙK ÙK NK EZ^XB ........................................................................................35  6.9.9  @KYVCLCI@ @KYVCLCI@BK BK E ELBJCL LBJCL B INKVZCL .................................................................... 34  6.6.  CKÃL@Y@Y, ONF@I@BKNY P FNVNZO@KCI@ÙK FN LC Y@V^CI@ÙK CIV^CL FNL Y@YVNOC NLÀIVZ@IB FN LC NOXZNYC P XBYVNZ@BZ C LC @KYVCLCI@ÙK FN ^K JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCF IBKFNKYCFBZNY BZNY (ACIVBZ FN XBVNKI@C) ..................................................34  6.6.3  F@CEKÙYV@ F@CEKÙYV@IB IB Y@V^CI@B Y@V^CI@BKCL KCL FN LC NOXZNYC................................................. 34  6.6.:  F`cercoc fn prbinsbs fn lc noprnsc A`jrcabrtn, Y.C. ................................................... 30  6.6.9  ABFC (Abrtclnz (Abrtclnzcs, cs, Bpbrtuk`fcfns, Fnj`l`fcfns, Conkczc Conkczcs). s). ....................................... :8  6.6.6  BJGNV@QB :, F@YNÓB FNL JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZ IBKFNKYCFBZNY NY ............................... :8  6.6.>  QCLBZNY VBVCLNY BJVNK@FBY XBZ NL CKCL@WCFBZ FN ICZEC FN XBVNKI@C CIV@QC (X), XBVNKI@C ZNCIV@QC (S) P ACIVBZ FN XBVNKI@C (IbsÔ)   :3  6.6.1  Iãliulb fn lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc nk mvcr pcrc cuonktcr nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c................. ::  6.6.5  Ynlnii`ùk fnl t`pb fn jckib c ut`l`zcr ............................................................................. ::  6.6.4  CXL@ICI@ÙK FN LC @OXLNONKVCI@BK FNL JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY   ::  6.6.0  IBKIL^Y@BKNY NK LC @OXLNONKVCI@ÙK FN ^K JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY IBKFNKYCFB ZNY.................................................................................................................. :0  6.>. 

QNKVCGCY P FNYQNKVCGCY FN ^K JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCF IBKFNKYCFBZNY BZNY .................:0 

 

  QNKVCGCY FN ^K JCKIB FN ICXCI@VBZNY7 ^k jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns ns lc sblui`ùk na`icz pcrc rneulcr nl alugb fn ibksuob nlàitr`ib............................................................................98  Q.  IBKIL^Y@ IBKIL^Y@BKNY BKNY ...................................................................................................................... 99  Q@. 

ZNIBONKFCI@BKNY ZNIBONKF CI@BKNY ........................................................................................................ 99 

Q@@. 

J@JL@BEZCAÏC J@JL@BEZ CAÏC.................................................................................................................... 99 

CKNTBY ............................................................................................................................................ 96 

 

 

JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY  @. 

BJGNV@QBY 

3.3.BJGNV@QBY ENKNZCLNY7 Ibkbinr lc `opbrtcki`c fn uk jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns pcrc lc ibrrnii`ùk fnl acitbr fn pbtnki`c fn ukc breck`zci`ùk.

3.:.BJGNV@QBY NYXNIÏA@IBY7   Vbocr onf`fcs y fctbs fn lbs pcrãontrbs nlàitr`ibs fn tbfcs lcs icrecs



nlàitr`ics nk uk icsb prãit`ib   Nstuf`cr y ckcl`zcr lc acit`j`l`fcf tàik`ic nibkùo`ic fn uk jckib fn



ibkfnkscfbrns ibkfnkscf brns pcrc lc ibrrnii`ùk fnl acitbr fn pbtnki`c. @@. 

OCZIB VNÙZ@IB 

:.3. ICXCI@VBZNY B IBKFNKYCFBZNY NLÀIVZ@IBY ^k icpci`tbr nlàitr`ib ns uk f`spbs`t`vb noplncfb pcrc clocinkcr icrecs nlàitr`ics. ^k icpci`tbr s`opln, ibkstc fn fbs lão`kcs ontãl`ics snpcrcfcs pbr uk c`slcktn b f`nlàitr`ib qun punfn snr c`rn, v`fr`b, o`ic, cin`tn b pcpnl nkinrcfb. Lc icpci`fcf icpci`fcf fn uk icpci`tbr sn o`fn pbr lc ickt`fcf fn icrec nlàitr`ic qun punfn clocinkcr. Xcrc cuonktcr lc icpci`fcf fnl o`sob sn dcin lb s`eu`nktn7 c)  Yn f`so`kuyn lc f`stcki`c nktrn lcs plcics ontãl`ics, fn tcl ocknrc qun lc pbs`t`vc  prbvbic qun sn ctrc`eck oãs icrecs knect`vcs sbjrn lc plcic knect`vc y oãs  pbs`t`vcs sbjrn lc plcic pbs`t`vc.  j)  Yn cuonktc nl ãrnc fn lcs plcics, pbrqun c ocybr oc ybr supnra`i`n ocybr icpci`fcf fn clocinkco`nktb. i)  Yn cuonktc nl vbltcgn fn lc jctnrïc. Lc ickt`fcf fn icrec (S) qun punfn snr clcocinkcfcc pbr nl icpci`tbr c uk vbltcgn fcfb, ns prbpbri`bkcl c lc icpci`fcf (I) clcocinkcf y nl vbltcgn (Q) fn fbkfn sn bjt`nkn lc s`eu`nktn niuci`ùk7  ?  Õ  

Fbkfn  ?          (  ↚  ) 

3

 

   ?         (    ↚  )   ?              (( ) 

IBKFNKYCFBZNY  :.3.3.  V@XBY FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY   

Fn c`rn7 nstn t`pb fn ibkfnkscfbrns nstã ibkabrocfb pbr lcs plcics  pcrclnlcs y su f`nlàitr`ib ns fn c`rn, pbr lb qun nstãk fnktrb fnktrb fn ukc iãpsulc iãpsulc fn v`fr`b. Ybk f`spbs`t`vbs icpcins fn clocinkcr jcgcs ickt`fcfns nknreïc, fn tcl abroc qun sùlb sn ut`l`zck nk cpcrctbs ibk ibksuob nlàitr`ib onkbr.

 

Inrão`ibs7 nk nstbs icpci`tbrns nl f`nlàitr`ib nstã acjr`icfb ibk vcr`bs t`pbs fn inrão`ics= cs`o`sob, punfnk nstcr ibkabrocfbs pbr uk sblb f`nlàitr`ib b pbr vcr`cs plcics punstcs ukc sbjrn lc btrc y fnpnkf`nkfb fnl obfnlb qun sn trctn, sbk icpcins fn sbpbrtcr f`st`ktbs k`vnlns fn tnks`ùk.

 

Fn cluo`k`b7 nstbs sbk ibkfnkscfbrns oãs ut`l`zcfbs nk uk jckib fn icpci`tbrns. Ibks`stn nk uk cluo`k`b y uk nlnitrbl`tb ibkabrocfb pbr ukc f`sblui`ùk fn ãi`fb jùr`ib. C pnscr fn qun ns `fncl pcrc jcgcs arniunki`cs, iuckfb àstcs sbk oãs cltcs t`nkn ukc ibks`fnrcjln pàrf`fc fn nknreïc. Vcoj`àk sn usck nk s`stnocs fn rnprbfuii`ùk fn cuf`b b nk aunktns fn cl`onktci`ùk fn f`vnrsbs nqu`pbs.

 

Fn pcpnl7 pcrc nstbs icpci`tbrns sn acjr`ic uk f`nlàitr`ib fn pcpnl  pcrca`kcfb, trctcfb ibk jcqunl`tc (sustcki`c plãst`ic s`ktàt`ic) b ibk iuclqu`nr oàtbfb qun f`so`kuyc su icpci`fcf fn clocinkcr duonfcf, ibk nl a`k fn cuonktcr su dcj`l`fcf fn c`slco`nktb. Ibks`stn nk fbs plcics fn  pcpnl, ukc fn cluo`k`b, btrcs fbs fn pcpnl y a`kclonktn ukc oãs fn cluo`k`b nkrbllcfcs.

 

Nlnitrblït`ibs7 sn fnkbo`kck nlnitrblït`ibs c tbfbs lbs obfnlbs fn ibkfnkscfbrns qun ut`l`zck uk nlnitrbl`tb qun cit÷c ibob iãtbfb (uk nlnitrbfb knect`vb qun t`nkn ukc rnfuii`ùk fn nknreïc). Cs`o`sob, f`idb nlnitrbl`tb tcoj`àk punfn auki`bkcr ibob ãkbfb, fckfb ibob rnsultcfb lc icpci`fcf fn rni`j`r ibrr`nktns ouy nlnvcfcs fn nknreïc. Ns ouy `opbrtcktn cilcrcr qun nstbs icpci`tbrns kb sn punfnk ut`l`zcr nk s`stnocs fn ibrr`nktn cltnrkc. Dcy vcr`bs t`pbs sne÷k su octnr`cl y auki`bkco`nktb7 fn cluo`k`b, fn tcktcl`b y j`pblcrns.

 

Fn o`ic7 nk nstn t`pb t `pb fn ibkfnkscfbrns, nl f`nlàitr`ib nstã dnidb fn o`ic, o` ic, yc qun nstn octnr`cl ns `fncl fnj`fb c qun t`nkn ouy pbic pàrf`fc fn nknreïc, ns icpcz fn sbpbrtcr cltcs tnopnrcturcs y kb suarn fnercfci`ùk :

 

 

ibk nl t`nopb fnj`fb c cenktns coj`nktclns ibob lc duonfcf b lc bx`fci`ùk. Yu crocfb ns f`st`ktb cl fnl obfnlb cktnr`br, yc qun lc lão`kc fn o`ic nstã sbjrnpunstc c ukc fn cluo`k`b y vcr`cs fn nstcs plcics sbk iblbicfcs ukc sbjrn lc btrc y sbk sblfcfcs pbr lcs br`llcs= nstn t`pb fn icpci`tbrns sbpbrtck erckfns k`vnlns fn tnks`ùk.

:.:. JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY ^k jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns ns ukc cerupci`ùk fn vcr`bs ibkfnkscfbrns `fàkt`ibs `ktnribknitcfbs nk pcrclnlb b nk snr`n nktrn sï sne÷k snc kninscr`b. Lc fnockfc fn  pbtnki`c sn nxprnsc nk uk`fcfns fn M`lb wctt (mw) b One Onecc wctt (Ow). Nstc ppbtnki`c btnki`c ns suo`k`strcfc pbr ukc sujnstci`bk nlàitr`ic. Nk nl s`stnoc fn cl`onktci`ùk cltnrkc (IC), lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc s`noprn nktrc nk guneb.

A @E^ZC 37  JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY XCZC CLOCINKCZ NKNZEÏC NK LÃYNZ FN @OX^LYBY KBQC ^V@L@WCFB NK LBY LCUZNKIN L@QNZOBZ LCJBZCVBZ@ZY XCZC NL NYV^F@B FN LC A^Y@ÙK  

9

 

 

:.:.3.  A^KI@BK FN ^K JCKIB FN ICXCI@VBZNY Lbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns auki`bkck ibk lc o`soc tnbrïc qun uk sblb icpci`tbr= nstãk f`snócfbs pcrc clocinkcr nknreïc nlàitr`ic, sblb qun c ukc icpci`fcf ocybr qun uk sblb f`spbs`t`vb. ^k ibkfnkscfbr `kf`v`fucl ibkstc fn fbs ibkfuitbrns qun nstãk snpcrcfbs  pbr uk octnr`cl f`nlàitr`ib b c`slcktn. Iuckfb lc ibrr`nktn sn nkvïc c trcvàs fn lbs ibkfuitbrns,, sn fnscrrbllc uk icopb nlàitr`ib fn kcturclnzc nstãt`ic nk nl f`nlàitr`ib qun ibkfuitbrns cit÷c ibob nknreïc clocinkcfc. Nl f`nlàitr`ib nstã f`snócfb pcrc pnro`t`r ukc ickt`fcf  prnfntnro`kcfc fn auec qun f`s`pcrã ercfuclonktn lc nknreïc clocinkcfc nk nl f`spbs`t`vb, qun ns ukc fn lcs ocybrns f`anrnki`cs nktrn lbs ibkfnkscfbrns y lcs jctnrïcs. :.:.:.  V@XBY FN JCKIBY FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY Xcrc usucr`bs `kfustr`clns lc ibopnksci`ùk fn lc nknreïc rncit`vc sn punfn rncl`zcr r ncl`zcr ibk7   Jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns a`gbs



  Jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns cutboãt`ibs



:.:.:.3.IBKFNKYCFBZNY A@GBY :.:.:.3.IBKFNKYCFBZNY Nk nstc ibka`eurci`ùk sn ut`l`zck ukb b vcr`bs ibkfnkscfbrn ibkfnkscfbrnss pcrc bjtnknr lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc

kninscr`c.

Lc

pbtnki`c

rncit`vc

suo`k`strcfc

ns

ibkstcktn

`kfnpnkf`nktnonktn `kfnpnkf`nktn onktn fnl nstcfb fn icrec fn lc `kstclci`ùk.

A @E^ZC :7   IBKFNKYCFBZNY A @GBY  

Nstbs jckibs sbk ock`bjrcfbs7   Nk abroc ockucl onf`cktn `ktnrruptbrns b snii`bkcfbrns.



  Nk abroc sno`-cutboãt`ic pbr onf`b fn ibktcitbrns.



  F`rnitconktn c jbrkns fnl rninptbr c ibopnkscr y ock`bjrcfb



 



ibkguktconktn. Enknrclonktn, sn cfbptc nstc sblui`ùk nk lbs s`eu`nktns icsbs7 6

 

 

  @kstclci`bkns ibk icrec ibkstcktn (bpnrci`bkns ibkt`kucs).



  Ibopnksci Ibopnksci`ùk `ùk fn pàrf`fcs rncit`vcs fn trcksabrocfbrns.



  Ibopnksci Ibopnksci`ùk `ùk `kf`v`fucl fn obtbrns.



Yn punfn rncl`zcr ibopnksci`ùk a`gc pcrc ukb b vcr`bs rninptbrns r ninptbrns s`noprn qun auki`bknk  pbr onf`b fn uk ÷k`ib `ktnrruptbr, `ktnrruptbr, ns fni`r s`oultãknconktn. s`oultãknconktn. Xcrc Xcrc ibopnkscr ibopnkscr lc tbtcl`fcf fn lc `kstclci`ùk sn fnjnrã `kstclcr uk nqu`pb cutboãt`ib. Nk lc prãit`ic nstn t`pb fn ibkfnkscfbr ibkfnkscf br a`gb sn ut`l`zc pcrc lc ibopnksci`ùk cleukb cleukbss obtbrns y trcksabrocfbrns.

IBKOFNKYCFBZNY C^VBOÃV@IBY C^VBOÃV@IBY  :.:.:.3. JCKIB FN IBKOFNKYCFBZNY Lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc fnl jckib punfn snr rneulcfc fn ciunrfb c lcs vcr`ci`bkns fnl nstcfb fn icrec fn lc `kstclci`ùk. Nstbs jckibs nstãk abrocfbs pbr vcr`bs pcsbs fn ibkfnkscfbrns ibknitcfbs nk  pcrclnlb7 nl ibktrbl fn nstbs pcsbs ns rncl`zcfb pbr uk rneulcfbr nlnitrùk`ib `kibrpbrcfb nk nl jckib.

A@E^ZC 97  JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY C^VBOÃV@IBY   Nstbs jckibs sbk uscfbs enknrclonktn nk lbs l bs s`eu`nktns icsbs7   @kstclci`bkns qun prnsnktck vcr`cj`l`fcf nk su nstcfb fn icrec.



  Ibopnksci Ibopnksci`ùk `ùk fn tcjlnrbs enknrclns fn f`str`jui`ùk nk jcgc tnks`ùk.



  Jckibs fn ibkfnkscfbrns ibkfnkscfbrns qun supnrck nl 3>% fn lc pbtnki`c fnl



  ibrrnspbkf`n ibrrnspbkf`nktn ktn trcksabrocfbr OV (onf`c tnks`ùk) / JV (jcgc ttnks`ùk). nks`ùk).



>

 

 

Enknrclonktn sn `kstclck nk lbs puktbs fn ukc `kstclci`ùk nk lbs qun lcs vcr`ci`bkns fn  pbtnki`c cit`vc b rncit`vc sbk `opbrtc `opbrtcktns, ktns, pbr ngnoplb7   Nk lc icjninrc fn lc `kstclci`ùk nk nl tcjlnrb enknrcl.



  Nk lc scl`fc fn uk iucfrb sniukfcr`b ouy icrecfb.



:.9. ACIVBZ FN XBVNKI@C Nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c sn fna`kn ibob nl ibi`nktn fn lc rnlci`ùk fn lc pbtnki`c cit`vc nktrn lc pbtnki`c cpcrnktn= nstb ns7  ?

( )

 

 ( )

Ibo÷konktn, nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c ns uk tàro`kb ut`l`zcfb pcrc fnsir`j`r lc ickt`fcf fn nknreïc nlàitr`ic qun sn dc ibkvnrt`fb nk trcjcgb. Nl vclbr `fncl fnl acitbr fn pbtnki`c ns 3, nstb `kf`ic qun tbfc lc nknreïc ibksuo`fc  pbr lbs cpcrctbs dc s`fb trcksabrocfc nk trcjcgb. Xbr nl ibktrcr`b, uk acitbr fn  pbtnki`c onkbr c lc uk`fcf s`ek`a`ic uk ocybr ibksuob fn nknreïc kninscr`c pcrc  prbfui`r uk trcjcgb trcjcgb ÷t`l. :.6.3. V@XBY FN XBVNKI@C  XBVNKI@C 

c)  Xbtnki`c rncl b cit`vc Lc pbtnki`c cit`vc b rncl ns lc qun nk nl prbinsb fn trcksabroci`ùk fn lc nknreïc nlàitr`ic sn cprbvnidc ibob trcjcgb. tr cjcgb. ^k`fcfns7 vct`b (U) Yïojblb7 X

j)  Xbtnki`c rncit`vc Lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc ns lc nkicrecfc fn enknrcr nl icopb ocekàt`ib qun rnqu`nrnk  pcrc su auki`bkco`nktb lbs nqu`pbs nlàitr`ibs tclns ibob obtbrns y trcksabrocfbrns. ^k`fcfns7 vblt-copnr-rncit`vb (QCr) Yïojblb7 S

i)  Xbtnki`c cpcrnktn Lc pbtnki`c cpcrnktn ns lc pbtnki`c nlàitr`ic qun rnclonktn ns cjsbrj`fc pbr lc icrec y punfn bjtnknrsn c pcrt`r fn lc suoc enboàtr`ic fn lcs pbtnki`cs nanit`vc y rncit`vc. Vcoj`àk punfn icliulcrsn c pcrt`r fnl prbfuitb fn lbs vclbrns fn tnks`ùk y ibrr`nktn ^k`fcfns7 vblt-copnr (QC) 1

 

 

Yïojblb7 Y VZ@ÃKE^LB FN XBVNKI@CY7

Fn lc a`eurc sn bjsnrvc qun7 IbsÔ ? X/Y pbr lb tcktb AX ? IbsÔ

Fnl tr`ãkeulb fn pbtnki`c sn bjsnrvc Y ? ∗ X: + S:   Xbr lb qun sn punfn ibkbinr lc pbtnki`c cpcrnktn c pcrt`r fnl tnbrnoc fn X`tãebrcs cpl`icfb nk nl tr`ãkeulb fn pbtnki`cs.

@@@. 

FNVNZO@KCI@ÙK FNVNZO@KCI@ ÙK FNL XZBJLNOC 

Noprnscs `kfustr`clns plcknck rnfui`r sus ecstbs `kfustr`clns fn prbfuii`ùk yc qun  prnsnktcrsn uk acitbr fn pbtnki`c pbr fnjcgb fn lbs k`vnlns cinptcfbs sn t`nknk ibksniunki`cs ibob `kirnonktb fn lcs pàrf`fcs nk lbs ibkfuitbrns, sbjrnicrec fn lbs trcksabrocfbrns y lïkncs fn f`str`jui`ùk, cuonktb fn lc icïfc fn tnks`ùk, `kirnonktb fn lc pbtnki`c cpcrnktn, `kirnonktb fn lc aciturci`ùk nlàitr`ic, scki`bkns pbr pcrtn fn lc noprnsc nlàitr`ic qun ctrcsck nl prbinsb fn prbfuii`ùk. @Q. 

NGNOXLB FN CXL@ICIÙK 

6.3. 

CXL@ICI@BKNY FN ^K JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY

Yu pr`ki`pcl cpl`ici`ùk ns nk lcs sujnstci`bkns fn lc rnf nlàitr`ic y nk lcs plcktcs enknrcfbrcs, s`k nojcreb, tcoj`àk sbk kninscr`bs nk `kfustr`cs ibob lc cutbobtr`z, lc  pntrblnrc, lc quïo`ic, lc ontcl÷re`ic, ontcl÷re`ic, lc pcpnlnrc b lc o`knrc. Csï ibob ibob nstcjlni`o`nktbs qun ibksuock erckfns ickt`fcfns fn nknreïc ibob uk`vnrs`fcfns y dbsp`tclns.  Kunstrb obfnrkb oukfb fn prbfuitbs nlnitrùk`ibs rnqu`nrn ouidc nknreïc. C lbs a`kns fn sct`sacinr nstc fnockfc, lc nknreïc sn fnjn clocinkcr fn obfb tcl qun snc fn aãi`l ciinsb. Lbs icpci`tbrns sbk `fnclns pcrc clocinkcr erckfns icrecs fn nknreïc, csï ibob cibkf`i`bkcr nl alugb fn nknreïc sne÷k sn knins`tn. 5

 

 

C ibkt`kuci`ùk sn fntcllck cleukbs usbs tïp`ibs fn lbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns7

• Icpci`tbr fn fnr`vci`ùk7 uk fnr`vcfbr ns uk onick`sob qun pnro`tn qun lc ibrr`nktn nlàitr`ic pcsn clrnfnfbr fn btrb puktb nk nl i`riu`tb onf`cktn lc irnci`ùk fn uk trcynitb fn jcgc rns`stnki`c. Nk cpl`ici`bkns fn fnr`vci`ùk fn ru`fb nlàitr`ib, lbs icpci`tbrns sn usck pcrc rnf`rnii`bkcr nl ru`fb fn cltc arniunki`c cl sunlb cktns fn qun punfc prbpcecrsn c trcvàs fnl s`stnoc, pnrb nspni`clonktn c lc icrec. Lbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns fn fnr`vci`ùk sn usck pcrc ongbrcr lc icl`fcf fnl suo`k`strb nlàitr`ib y ongbrcr csï lc na`i`nki`c fn lbs s`stnocs fn nknreïc (A`e. 3).

A @E^ZC 67   ^K JCKIB FN ICXCI@VBZNY ,  NYXNIÏA@ICONKVN ^K JCKIB FN ICXCI@VBZNY FN FNZ@QCI@ÙK.  (A ^NKVN7  Q @YDCP @KVNZVNIDKBLBEP)

Ibrrnii`ùk Ibrrnii`ù k fnl aacitbr citbr fn pbtnki`c7 nk lbs trcksabrocfbrns y lbs obtbrns nlàitr`ibs, lbs  jckibs fn icpci`tbrns sn usck pcrc ibrrne`r nl rnzceb fnl acitbr fn pbtnki`c b nl fnsplczco`nktb fn acsn nk lbs nk lbs suo`k`strbs fn nknreïc fn ibrr`nktn cltnrkc (IC). Nl (IC).  Nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c fn uk s`stnoc fn nknreïc fn IC ns ukc ibopcrci`ùk fn lc pbtnki`c ut`l`zcfc

 pbr lc icrec, llcocfc “pbtnki`c rncl,‟ qun sn f`v`fn pbr pbr lc pbtnki`c pbtnki`c suo`k`strcfc suo`k`strcfc c lc icrec, ibkbi`fc ibob “pbtnki`c cpcrnktn.‟ Nk b trcs pclcjrcs, nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c ns lc rnlci`ùk fnl trcjcgb ÷t`l rncl`zcfb pbr uk i`riu`tb nk ibopcrci`ùk ibk nl trcjcgb ÷t`l oãx`ob qun sn pbfrïc dcjnr rncl`zcfb ibk lc tnks`ùk y nl copnrcgn suo`k`strcfbs. 4

 

 

Nk lc f`str`jui`ùk fn nknreïc nlàitr`ic, lbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns sn ut`l`zck pcrc ibrrnii`bkns fnl acitbr fn pbtnki`c. Nstbs jckibs sn knins`tck pcrc ibktrcrrnstcr lc icrec `kfuit`vc fn f`spbs`t`vbs ibob lbs obtbrns nlàitr`ibs y lcs lïkncs fn trckso`s`ùk, dci`nkfb fn nstn obfb qun lc icrec pcrnzic snr oãs rns`st`vc. Nk nsnki`c, lbs icpci`tbrns fn ibrrnii`ùk fnl acitbr fn pbtnki`c cuonktck lc icpci`fcf ibkfuitbrc fn ibrr`nktn fnl s`stnoc. Cl cernecr jckibs icpci`t`vbs, ustnf punfn cernecrln icrec cf`i`bkcl c uk s`stnoc s`k cltnrcr lc pbtnki`c cpcrnktn. Lbs jckibs tcoj`àk punfnk uscrsn nk uk suo`k`strb fn nknreïc fn ibrr`nktn ibkt`kuc (II) pcrc cuonktcr lc icpci`fcf fn ibrr`nktn fn bkfulci`ùk fnl suo`k`strb fn nknreïc b pcrc cuonktcr lc ickt`fcf tbtcl fn nknreïc clocinkcfc.

• Clocinkcr nknreïc7 `eucl qun lbs icpci`tbrns `kf`v`fuclns, lbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns clocinkck nknreïc nlàitr`ic iuckfb sn lbs ibknitc c uk i`riu`tb fn icrec y l`jnrck nsc nknreïc iuckfb sn lbs fnsicrec. Lbs icpci`tbrns sn usck dcj`tuclonktn nk f`spbs`t`vbs nlnitrùk`ibs pcrc ocktnknr nl suo`k`strb fn nknreïc o`nktrcs sn icreck lcs jctnrïcs. Nk nl icsb fn lbs f`spbs`t`vbs fn ibksuob, pbr ngnoplb lbs tnlàabkbs oùv`lns, sn knins`tc ukc erck icpci`fcf fn clocinkco`nktb nk uk vbluonk ouy pnqunób, nstb fnj`fb cl nspci`b l`o`tcfb. Nstb plcktnc uk rntb fcfb qun ukc ocybr icpci`tcki`c enknrclonktn s`ek`a`ic

uk cuonktb nk nl ãrnc fn lcs plcics, qun sn rnprnsnktck ibob “C‟ nk lc a`eurc :.

A @E^ZC >7  7 LC O@K@CV^Z@WCI@ÙK FN LBY JCKIBY ICXCI@V@QBY YN FNJN C LC @KVZBF^II@ÙK FN K^NQBY OCVNZ@CLNY NKVZN LCY XLCICY FNL ICXCI@VBZ S^N C^ONKVC LC XNZO@V@Q@FCF “M ‟  FNL OCVNZ@CL F@NLÀIVZ@IB . (A ^NKVN7  CZVÏI^LB FN C^VBZ ) 

Ibob lb `kf`ic lc niuci`ùk, btrc ocknrc fn cuonktcr lc icpci`tcki`c ns cuonktcr lc r`e`fnz f`nlàitr`ic. Nl nlnonktb "m" ns lc pnro`t`v`fcf rnlct`vc fnl octnr`cl f`nlàitr`ib nktrn lcs plcics. Xcrc nl nspci`b l`jrn, "m" ns `eucl c uk`fcf b ukb. Xcrc tbfbs lbs btrbs onf`bs, "m" ns oãs fn ukb. Lbs icpci`tbrns fn pnlïiulc y lbs nlnitrblït`ibs sbk ngnoplbs tïp`ibs fn f`spbs`t`vbs cptbs pcrc nstcs cpl`ici`bkns.

Fn erckfns, c pnqunóbs, c nxùt`ibs 0

 

 

Lcs cpl`ici`bkns fn lbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns ngniutck tbfc lc ecoc, fnsfn lbs ouy erckfns c lbs ouy pnqunóbs. ^kc fn lcs cpl`ici`bkns erckfns oãs `kusucl sn nkiunktrc nk ukc sujnstci`ùk nùl`ic. L`kis ns uk pcrqun nùl`ib ocrït`ob fn :58 OU uj`icfb c 4 mo (>,8 o`llcs) fn Ymneknss, nk lc ibstc nstn fn @kelctnrrc (A`eurc 9). Lc nknreïc qun sn enknrc ocr cfnktrb sn trcksa`nrn c lc rnf c trcvàs fn lc sujnstci`ùk tnrrnstrn fn Uclpbln, uj`icfc nk nl Ibkfcfb fn Kbrablm. Lc plcktc fn icpci`tbrns fn cltc tnks`ùk fn Y`nonks dc prbv`stb uk tbtcl fn sn`s jckibs fn icpci`tbrns obkbaãs`ibs s`k aus`jlns, csï ibob sn`s  jckibs

obkbaãs`ibs

ibk

icpci`tbrns

ibk

aus`jlns

`ktnrkbs.

A @E^ZC 17  X CZS^N NÙL@IB OCZÏV@OB L@KIY.  (A ^NKVN7  OCV ACYI@BKN QÏC ENBEZCXD) 

Nk lc prãit`ic, lcs `kstclci`bkns fn jckibs fn icpci`tbrns nlàitr`ibs punfnk cerupcrsn nk ukc fn trns ãrncs7 ibk aus`jlns `ktnrkbs, ibk aus`jlns nxtnrkbs b s`k aus`jlns. Nk nl icsb fn lbs icpci`tbrns ibk aus`jlns `ktnrkbs, lc iãocrc `kf`v`fucl qun ibkt`nkn nl jckib ns ibkstru`fb c pcrt`r fn erupbs fn snr`ns fn nlnonktbs fn icpci`tbrns pcrclnlbs, fbkfn icfc nlnonktb t`nkn aus`jlns `ktnrkbs `kf`v`fuclns fnktrb fn lc iãocrc. Xbr nl ibktrcr`b, lbs  jckibs fn icpci`tbrns icpci`tbrns ibk aus`jlns nxtn nxtnrkbs rkbs ibks`stnk ffnn erupbs fn icpc icpci`tbrns i`tbrns pcrclnlbs f`snócfbs

pcrc

snr

bpnrcfbs

ibk

uk

aus`jln

nxtnrkb

ibo÷k.

Lbs aus`jlns nxtnrkbs punfnk icuscr prbjlnocs s` sn prbfuin ukc acllc nk ukb fn lbs nlnonktbs fn jbj`kcfb, nk iuyb icsb sn fnjn nl`o`kcr tbfc lc uk`fcf. Yne÷k Jrcf Dnkfnrsbk, Qnktcs y Ocrmnt`ke Zne`bkcl fn lc F`v`s`ùk fn Icpci`tbrns Nlàitr`ibs NYVC fn Q`sdcy, nl usb fn icpci`tbrns ibk aus`jlns `ktnrkbs ns ukc fn lcs ÷lt`ocs tnkfnki`cs nk

lc tnikblbeïc fn jckibs fn icpci`tbrns icp ci`tbrns obfnrkbs. “^kb fn lbs rntbs fn f`snób oãs erckfns ns icoj`cr lc abroc fn pnkscr fn lbs ibksuo`fbrns a`kclns cibstuojrcfbs c lbs ckt`eubs

38

 

 

 jckibs fn icpci`tbrns ibk aus`jlns nxtnrkbs qun sn ut`l`zcrbk d`stùr`iconktn nk tbfc

Coàr`ic‟, nxpl`ic Dnkfnrsbk.  A`kclonktn, lbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns s`k aus`jlns tcoj`àk usck uk aus`jln nxtnrkb. Y`k nojcreb, enknrclonktn ibkt`nknk ibkt`nknk oãs nlnonktbs qun uk icpci`tbr ibk aus`jlns tïp`ib. Xbr nkfn, uk ibrtbi`riu`tb nk ukb fn lbs nlnonktbs kb prbvbic acllcs nk icsicfc nk lc iãocrc. Nk nl nxtrnob bpunstb fn lc nsiclc sn nkiunktrck pnqunócs cpl`ici`bkns, pbr ngnoplb,  pcrc tnlàabkbs `ktnl`enktns y f`spbs`t`vbs fn clocinkco`nktb. clocinkco`nktb. Lbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns icpci`tbrns fn pnqunóc pbtnki`c sn ut`l`zck fn abroc ibkguktc ibk supnricpci`tbrns fn icpci`tcki`c erckfn pcrc rnfui`r nl t`nopb fn icrec fn uk tnlàabkb oùv`l. ^k supnricpci`tbr punfn clocinkcr i`nktbs fn vnins oãs icrec nlàitr`ic qun uk icpci`tbr nstãkfcr y, nk bics`bkns, sn lb usc ibob jctnrïc rnicrecjln fn jcgc tnks`ùk. Nk lbs nspci`bs fn rcf`barniunki`c (ZA) n `kclãojr`ibs, lbs rnfui`fbs s`stnocs o`irbnlnitrboniãk`ibs (O`irb-Nlnitrb-Onidck`icl Yystnos, ONOY), lbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns s`ktbk`zcjlns sn ut`l`zck pcrc cuonktcr b rnnoplczcr lbs icpci`tbrns nitrboniãk`ibss s`ktbk`zcjlns fn tcocób iboplntb. Inktnkcrns fn f`o`kutbs icpci`tbrns nitrboniãk`ib ONOY fn f`st`ktbs vclbrns sn ibktrblck y s`ktbk`zck f`e`tclonktn f` e`tclonktn c trcvàs fn ukc `ktnracz  pnr`aàr`ic snr`cl (snr`cl pnr`pdnrcl `ktnracin, YX@). Nstbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns ibkoutcfbs  punfnk iboj`kcrsn nk uk pcquntn, `kirnonktckfb csï nl rckeb s`ktbk`zcjln fnl s`stnoc nk enknrcl. ^kb fn lbs usbs oãs nxùt`ibs fn lbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns ns nk s`stnocs fn nknreïc  pulscfc y fn crocs fn `opulsb. Yn dck llnvcfb llnvcfb c icjb nstuf`bs nk jckibs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns fn `kfuitcki`c jcgc y cltc tnks`ùk qun punfnk suo`k`strcr nkbrons `opulsbs fn ibrr`nktn  pcrc ouidcs cpl`ici`bkns fn nknreïc pulscfc. Lbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns ibk ukc ukc fnks`fcf fn nknreïc cltc (oãs fn 3 G/io9) y lbs obfnrkbs ibkoutcfbrns fn sno`ibkfuitbrns  punfnk ut`l`zcrsn pcrc irncr nknreïc ibopcitc qun csi`nkfn c vcr`bs inktnkcrns fn m`lb m`lb-Gbulns

(mG)

y

enknrcr

ibrr`nktns

fn

`opulsb

fn

copl`tuf

cltc.

Lcs cpl`ici`bkns fn nstbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns fn cltc fnks`fcf `kiluynk nl ibkabrocfb nlnitrbocekàt`ib, lbs enknrcfbrns Ocrx, nl lãsnr pulscfb, lcs rnfns fn abroci`ùk fn `opulsbs, nl rcfcr, lc `kvnst`eci`ùk fn aus`ùk y lbs cinlnrcfbrns fn pcrtïiulcs. Nl trcjcgb nxpnr`onktcl s`eun usckfb jckibs fn icpci`tbrns ibob aunktns fn nknreïc pcrc crocfurcs nlnitrbocekàt`icss y pcrc icóbkns fn r`nl y crocs ffnn jbj`kc nlnitrbocekàt`ibs. nlnitrbocekàt`ic 33

 

 

6.3.3.  NLNII@ÙK FN LC ONGBZ BXI@ÙK CXL@ICV@QC 6.:. XCZVNY FN ^K JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY

3:

 

 

39

 

 

6.9. ABZOC FN @KYVCLCI@ÙK P LBICL@WCI@ÙK FN ^K JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY

Yn dcin ukc `kstclci`ùk fn uk jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrn ibkfnkscfbrnss iuckfb sn qu`nrn icoj`cr nl k`vnl fn pbtnki`c b k`vnlcr lc pbtnki`c nlàitr`ic. Nk lc `kstclci`ùk fn uk jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns, sn dcin nk uk luecr cj`nrtb y fn aãi`l ciinsb pcrc qun nk icsb fn cle÷k  prbjlnoc tnkec ukc sblui`ùk `kon `konf`ctc. f`ctc. Lc icgc qun clocinkc lbs ibkfnkscfbrns (a`eurc 6) fnjn tnknr br`a`i`bs fn vnkt`lci`ùk pcrc nv`tcr nl sbjrniclnktco`nktb, tcoj`àk sn rnibo`nkfc rncl`zcr uk rncpr`ntn fn lcs tnro`kclns cktns fn rncl`zcr lc `kstclci`ùk fnl nqu`pb fnj`fb qun nk nl trcslcfb prnsnktc v`jrci`bkns y nx`stn lc pbs`j`l`fcf fn qun ukc tnro`kcl sn nkiunktrn albgc prbp`i`ckfb  puktbs icl`nktns y nv`tcr aclsbs ibktcitbs. ibktcitbs. Nk lc pcrtn fnl `ktnrruptbr ` ktnrruptbr sunln dcjnr f`anrnktns k`vnlns fn vbltcgn, sn fnjn tnknr nk iunktc sus nspni`a`ici`bkns yc qun kb pbfnobs sbjrnicrecr nl jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns, lbs

36

 

 

 jbrkns fn ibknx`ùk fnjnk nstcr s`noprn j`nk cgustcfbs y fn prnanrnki`c fnjn tnknr snpcrcfbrns pcrc nv`tcr cle÷k t`pb fn cii`fnktn. Xcrc ukc ùpt`oc `kstclci`ùk sn fnjn tnknr nk iunktc lbs s`eu`nktns puktbs.   V`pb fn icrec



  Vcocób fn lc icrec   Ibkt`ku`fcf fn lc icrec





  Icpci`fcf fn lc icrec



  Oàtbfbs fn crrckqun fnl obtbr



A @E^ZC 57   LC ICGC S^N CLOCINKC LBY IBKFNKYCFBZNY  

Lbs ibkfnkscfbrns punfnk snr `kstclcfbs nk f`anrnktns luecrns fn ciunrfb c lc ut`l`fcf qun sn rnqu`nrc, nl iucl fntnro`kcrc su lbicl`zci`ùk= c ibkt`kuci`ùk, prnsnktcrnobs 9 abrocs fn `kstclci`ùk qun fntnro`kcrc su lbicl`zci`ùk sne÷k su usb.   @kstclci`ùk `kf`v`fucl.



  @kstclci`ùk pbr erupb.



  @kstclci`ùk elbjcl.



6.9.3  @KYVCLCI@ÙK @KF@Q@F^CL Ibks`stn nk `kstclcr lbs ibkfnkscfbrns guktb c icfc ukc fn lcs icrecs qun ibksuonk  pbtnki`c rncit`vc, pnro`t`nkfb ibrrne`r nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c nk abroc `kf`v`fucl, Lc ibopnksci`ùk `kf`v`fucl ns noplncfc pr`ki`pclonktn nk nqu`pbs qun t`nknk ukc bpnrci`ùk ibkt`kuc y iuyb ibksuob fn lc icrec `kfuit`vc ns rnprnsnktct`vb. rnp rnsnktct`vb.

3>

 

 

A @E^ZC 47   @KYVCLCI@ÙK @KF@Q@F^CL 

Ibopnksci`ùk `kf`v`fucl nk obtbrns nlàitr`ibs Nl oàtbfb fn ibopnksci`ùk `kf`v`fucl ns nl t`pb fn ibopnksci`ùk oãs nanit`vb ycQqun nl ibkfnkscfbr sn `kstclc nk icfc ukc fn lcs l cs icrecs `kfuit`vcs c ibrrne`r, fn ocknrc qun lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc i`riuln ÷k`iconktn pbr lbs ibkfuitbrns ibrtbs nktrn nl obtbr y nl ibkfnkscfbr Lc lbicl`zci`ùk fn nstbs ibkfnkscfbrns ns qun sbk `kstclcfbs inric fn lc icrec `kfuit`vc, lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc ns ibka`kcfc cl sneonktb oãs pnqunób pbs`jln fn lc rnf.

31

 

 

6.9.:  @KYVCLCI@ÙK NK EZ^XB Lbs jckibs fn ibkfnkscfbrns punfnk punfnk snr `kstclcfbs nk nl tcjlnrb enknrcl fn ibktrbl fn obtbrns.

A @E^ZC 07   @KYVCLCI@ÙK NK EZ^XB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY  

Yn `kstclc ukc jctnrïc fn ibkfnksc ibkfnkscfbrns fbrns pbr icfc erupb fn rninptbrns. Fnsicrec lcs lïkncs fn cl`onktci`ùk c lbs erupbs pnrb kb lbs i`riu`tbs tnro`kclns dci`c icfc rninptbr. Xcrc erckfns `kstclci`bkns y rneïonkns fn icrec sbk f`st`ktbs. Qnktcgcs7   Nl`o`kc lcs pnkcl`zci`bkns pbr ibksuob nxins`vb fn nknreïc rncit`vc





  .Fnsicrec nl inktrb fn trcksabroci`ùk (pbtnki`c f`spbk`jln nk MU).   Bpt`o`zc pcrtn fn lc rnf yc qun lc ibrr`nktn rncit`vc kb i`riulc nktrn lbs k`vnlns 3



y :.   Znfuin nl f`onks`bkco`nktb fn lbs icjlns y lcs pàrf`fcs pbr nanitb gbuln.



Bjsnrvci`bkns7 Lc ibrr`nktn rncit`vc nstã prnsnktn nk lc `kstclci`ùk fnsfn nl k`vnl : dcstc lbs rninptbrns. Lcs pàrf`fcs pbr nanitb gbuln nk lbs icjlns qunfck rnfui`fcs. Nx`stn uk r`nseb fn sbjrnibopnksci`ùk.

35

 

 

6.9.9  @KYVCLCI@BK ELBJCL B INKVZCL Barnin ukc sblui`ùk enknrcl`zcfc pcrc ibrrne`r nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c yc qun lc pbtnki`c tbtcl fnl jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns sn `kstclc nk lc cibont`fc, inric fn lbs tcjlnrbs fn f`str`jui`ùk fn nknreïc, lbs iuclns, suo`k`strck lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc fnockfcfc pbr f`vnrsbs nqu`pbs ibk f`anrnktns pbtnki`cs y t`nopbs fn bpnrci`ùk.

A@E^ZC 387  IBOXNKYCI@ÙK ELBJCL P INKVZCL   Lc ibopnksci`ùk inktrcl`zcfc prnsnktc lcs s`eu`nktns vnktcgcs   Ongbr ut`l`zci`ùk fn lc icpci`fcf fn lbs jckibs fn ibkfnkscfbrns. ibkfnkscfbrns.



  Yn t`nkn ukc ongbrc nk lc rneulci`ùk fnl vbltcgn nk s`stnoc nlàitr`ib.



  Yuo`k`strb fn pbtnki`c rncit`vc sne÷k lbs rnqunr`o`nktbs fnl obonktb.



  Ns fn aãi`l supnrv`s`ùk.



  Nl`o`kc lcs pnkcl`zci`bkns pbr ibksuob nxins`vb fn nknreïc rncit`vc.



  Ns lc cltnrkct`vc oãs nibkùo`ic pbrqun tbfc lc `kstclci`ùk sn ibkinktrc nk uk



luecr.

Lc fnsvnktcgc fn ibrrne`r nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c onf`cktn lc ibopnksci ibopnksci`ùk `ùk inktrcl`zcfc, ns qun sn rnqu`nrn fn uk rneulcfbr cutboãt`ib

ONF@I@BKNY KNY P FNVNZO@KCI@ÙK FN LC Y@V^CI@ÙK CIV^CL FNL 6.6. CKÃL@Y@Y, ONF@I@B Y@YVNOC NLÀIVZ@IB FN LC NOXZNYC P XBYVNZ@BZ C LC @KYVCLCI@ÙK FN ^K JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY (ACIVBZ FN XBVNKI@C)  XBVNKI@C)  

6.6.3  F@CEKÙYV@IB Y@V^CI@BKCL FN LC NOXZNYC BZECK@EZCOC FN LC NOXZNYC A@JZCABZVN. 34

 

 

6.6.:  F`cercoc fn prbinsbs fn lc noprnsc A`jrcabrtn, Y.C.

30

 

 

6.6.9  ABFC (Abrtclnzcs, Bpbrtuk`fcfns, Fnj`l`fcfns, Conkczcs).

6.6.6  BJGNV@QB :, F@YNÓB FNL JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY Ibk lbs pcrãontrbs nlàitr`ibs qun sn cfqu`r`nrbk ibk nl ckcl`zcfbr fn icrecs obstrcfcs nk lc tcjlc k¸38 lbs vclbrns fn pbtnki`c cit`vc, pbtnki`c rncit`vc y acitbr fn pbtnki`c sn  prbinfnrãk c rncl`zcr nl f`snób fnl jckib fn ibkfnkscfb ibkfnkscfbrns rns pcrc cuonktcr nl acitbr fn  pbtnki`c nk lc Noprnsc @kfustr`cs A A`jrcabrtn, `jrcabrtn, Y.C.

:8

 

 

6.6.>  QCLBZNY VBVCLNY BJVNK@FBY XBZ NL CKCL@WCFBZ FN ICZEC FN XBVNKI@C CIV@QC (X), XBVNKI@C ZNCIV@QC (S) P ACIVBZ FN XBVNKI@C (IbsÔ)

Nstbs pcrãontrbs pnro`t`rãk snlnii`bkcr nl t`pb fn jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns ibkfnkscfbrns c ut`l`zcr, ut`l` zcr, ns fni`r, s` sn vc c ut`l`zcr ukc ibopnksci`ùk a`gc b ukc ibopnksci`ùk vcr`cjln cutboãt`ic= cutboãt`ic= cfnoãs sn pbfrã snlnii`bkcr nl vclbr fn lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc nk mQCr fnl jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns, ibkfnkscf brns, nstc snlnii`ùk fnpnkfnrã fn lc iurvc fn icrec, fn lc fnockfc fn  pbtnki`c rncit`vc rncit`vc y fnl acitbr fn pbtnki`c fn lc nnoprnsc. oprnsc.

:3

 

 

6.6.1  Iãliulb fn lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc nk mvcr pcrc cuonktcr nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c Nstn iãliulb pnro`t`rã bjtnknr nl vclbr fn lbs mQCr kninscr`bs pcrc kb tnknr  pnkcl`zci`bknss pbr uk jcgb acitbr fn pbtnki  pnkcl`zci`bkn pbtnki`c `c y bjtnknr jnkna`i`bs tài tàik`ibs-nibkùo`ibs. k`ibs-nibkùo`ibs. C ibkt`kuci`ùk, sn ounstrc nl prbinsb pcrc bjtnknr nl vclbr fn lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc kninscr`c qun cuonktcrã nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c. Ibk lbs fctbs bjtnk`fbs pbr nl ckcl`zcfbr fn icrec obstrcfbs, sn prbinfnrã c icliulcr lbs mQCr kninscr`bs nk nl pnrïbfb fn t`nopb fn ckãl`s`s (1789 co fnl 86 fn ocrzb c 1789 co fnl 8> fn ocrzb). Lbs fctbs c ut`l`zcr pcrc bjtnknr lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc nxprnscfc nk QCr (vbltcopnr`bs rncit`vbs) sbk7 lc pbtnki`c cit`vc nk vct`bs (X), nl IbsÔ `k`i`cl (tbocfb pbr nl ckcl`zcfbr fn icrec), nl ãkeulb Ô `k`i`cl y nl ãkeulb Ô a`kcl (IbsÔ a`kcl fnsncfb 8,04 fnj`fb qun pcrc nl iãliulb sn knins`tcrã nl ãkeulb Ô nstn ns `eucl c 8,:8 nxprnscfb nk rcf`ckns). Nk lc tcjlc sn ounstrck vclbrns icliulcfbs fn pbtnki`c rncit`vc (Si) kninscr`bs pcrc ibrrne`r nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c lbs o`sobs qun aunrbk tbocfbs fnl pnr`bfb fn t`nopb fn 1789 co fnl 86 fn ocrzb c 1789 co fnl 8> fn ocrzb fnl :83> pcrc csneurcr uk acitbr fn pbtnki`c qun sn cinrqun lb oãs  pbs`jln c 8,04 lberckfb csï fn nstc ocknrc kkbb `kiurr`r nk pnkcl`zc pnkcl`zci`bkns. i`bkns.

6.6.5  Ynlnii`ùk fnl t`pb fn jckib c ut`l`zcr Cukqun lbs fbs s`stnocs fn ibopnksci`ùk a`gc y cutboãt`ic sbk vãl`fbs= pcrc lc ibopnksci`ùk fn lc nknreïc rncit`vc, fn ciunrfb cl ckãl`s`s tàik`ib sn prbinf`ù c snlnii`bkcr uk jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns cutboãt`ib tr`aãs`ib fnj`fb c qun ns nl qun oãs ibkv`nkn pcrc lcs icrcitnrïst`ics fnl s`stnoc nlàitr`ib fn A`jrcabrtn, cfnoãs pbrqun ns nl qun sn cgustc c lc fnockfc fn pbtnki`c rncit`vc vcr`cjln qun nx`stn nk lc noprnsc. Nl  jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns ibkfnkscfbrns ccutboãt`ib utboãt`ib ns ukc bpi`ùk `fncl, fcfb qun, cl tnknr uk ibktrblcfbr fn acitbr fn pbtnki`c nstcrã ibknitckfb y fnsibknitckfb, onf`cktn lbs ibktcitbrns, c lbs ibkfnkscfbrns tr`aãs`ibs ibkabron snc kninscr`b y sn ocktnkfrã uk vclbr fn acitbr fn  pbtnki`c lb oãs inrickb c lc uk uk`fcf, `fcf, pcrc nl ic icsb sb fn lc noprn noprnsc sc A@JZCABZVN fn 8,04.

6.6.4  CXL@ICI@ÙK FN LC @OXLNONKVCI@BK FNL JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY

::

 

 

Xbtnki`c fnl s`stnoc7 X ? 143 Mw.

Nknreïc Cit`vc fnl s`stnoc7 NC ? 3:3,9>8 Mwd.

Nknreïc Zncit`vc fnl s`stnoc NZ ? >305: Mvcrd

Nknreïc Zncit`vc c Aciturcr

Zni`jb fn luz s`k jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns ibkfnkscfbrns

:9

 

 

A @E^ZC 337   Z NI@JB NI@JB FN L^W Y@K JCKIB FN IBKFKYCFBZNY 

Acitbr fn pbtnki`c fnl s`stnoc Cdbrc sust`tuynkfb vclbrns ²Suà icpci`fcf fnjn fn tnknr nl jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns pcrc ongbrcr nl Acitbr fn Xbtnki`c c 8.042 Xcrc rnspbkfnr nsc prneuktc dcrnobs usb fnl oàtbfb fnl tr`ãkeulb tr` ãkeulb fn pbtnki`c Vr`ãkeulb fn pbtnki`c

:6

 

 

Iãliulb fn lc kunvc nknreïc rncit`vc

Xrbinfnobs c snlnii`bkcr uk ibkfnkscfbr ibkfnkscfbr fn :88MQC scj`nkfb qun nk nl auturb lc plcktc sn copl`crc nk uk :8% fn su icpci`fcf fn su icpci`fcf `kstclcfc.

Zni`jb fn luz ibk jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns

:>

 

 

:1

 

 

Yn nkt`nkfn qun pcrc nl pnr`bfb :83>-:835 lc aciturci`ùk onksucl ns cprbx`ocfconktn Y/. 96888, y nl cdbrrb pbr ibkinptb fn aciturci`ùk ns fn Y/. >88 onksuclns cprbx`ocfconktn

Ibstbs fn `kstclci`ùk fnl jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns

Cdbrrb fn aciturci`ùk nk nl pnr`bfb :83>-:835

Xrbynii`ùk fn cdbrrb nk aciturci`ùk nk nl pnr`bfb :834-:8:>

:5

 

 

Yn bjsnrvc qun nk nl pnr`bfb :834-:8:> nl f`knrb eckcfb pbr ibkinptb rnfuii`ùk fn aciturci`ùk dc s`fb Y/. 64888 sblns f`v`f`fbs nktrn 3>318 qun aun nl ibstb fn lc `kvnrs`ùk `k`i`cl cdbrrck uk 9.31 nk vclbr fn lc `kvnrs`ùk, lb iucl dc fngcfb fnobstrcfb qun dc s`fb acit`jln nl prbynitb.

Ibstbs csbi`cfbs c ocktnk`o`nktb fn nqu`pbs s`k Jckib fn Ibkfnkscf Ibkfnkscfbrns brns

Ibstbs csbi`cfbs c ocktnk`o`nktb fn nqu`pbs ibk Jckib fn Ibkfnkscfbrns Ibkfnkscfbrns

Yn nkt`nkfn qun nl Jckib fn Ibkfnkscfbrns enknrc uk cdbrrb csbi`cfb c ocktnk`o`nktb fn Y/. 3>88 ckuclns

Xrbynii`ùk fn cdbrrb pbr Ibstbs csbi`cfbs c ocktnk`o`nktb fn nqu`pbs ibk Jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns `kstclcfb :835-:8:>

:4

 

 

6.6.0  IBKIL^Y@BKNY NK LC @OXLNONKVCI@ÙK FN ^K JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY 3. Cl `oplnonktcr nl jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns cuonktb nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c fn 8.50 c 8.04 y pbr nkfn nl ibksuob nlàitr`ib sn rnfugb nk uk 98%. :. Cl rncl`zcr nl f`cekùst`ib cktns fn lc `oplnonktci`ùk fnl Jckib fn Ibkfnkscfbrns sn bjsnrvù qun sn pcecjc ukc sbjrnaciturci`ùk pbr ibkinptb nx`stnki`c fn nknreïc rncit`vc fnj`fb cl jcgb acitbr fn pbtnki`c. 9. Cl rncl`zcr nl F`snób fnl jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns n `oplnonktcrlb kbs fcobs iunktc qun ns uk prbynitb tbtclonktn acit`jln y rnktcjln nk btrcs `kfustr`cs, yc qun lc `kvnrs`ùk `k`i`cl ns fn 3> o`l sblns y nl rntbrkb r ntbrkb fn lc `kvnrs`ùk sn nst`oc nk fbs cóbs y onf`b 6. Ibk lc Cpl`ici`ùk fnl jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns nk lc noprnsc A`jrcabrtn qunfc fnobstrcfb qun s` ns pbs`jln uk`rsn c lc tnkfnki`c oukf`cl fn prbtnenr cl onf`b coj`nktn cfnoãs fn enknrcr jnkna`i`bs nibkùo`ibs pcrc lc o`soc nk nl prbinsb. >. A`kclonktn sn nv`fnki`c qun ibk nstc `kstclci`ùk sn lberù rnfui`r nl `opcitb nibkùo`ib nx`stnktns nk lcs aciturcs pbr ibkinptb ibksuob fn nlnitr`i`fcf lberckfb uk cdbrrb fn >88 sblns onksuclns cfnoãs pbr ibkinptb fn rnfuii`ùk fn arniunki`c fn ocktnk`o`nktb uk cdbrrb fn 3>88 sblns ckuclns qunfckf qunfckfbb rnalngcfb qun nstn ns uk onick`sob tbtclonktn vãl`fb y na`i`nktn sï sn qu`nrn cdbrrcr ibksuob nlàitr`ib.

6.>.QNKVCGCY 6.>. QNKVCGCY P FNYQNKVCGCY FN ^K JCKIB FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY 

:0

 

 

Yn knins`tc clocinkcr erckfns ickt`fcfn ickt`fcfnss fn nknreïc nlàitr`ic, sn ut`l`zc ut`l `zc uk  jckib fn icpci`tbrns, icpci`tbrns, ns ns fni`r, ukc nstruiturc nstruiturc ontãl`ic qun ibkt`nkn ibkt`nkn nk su `ktnr`br fbs b oãs ibkfnkscfb ibkfnkscfbrns rns nlàitr`ibs a`gbs QNKVCGCY FN ^K JCKIB FN ICXCI@VBZNY7 ^k jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns ns lc sblui`ùk na`icz pcrc rneulcr nl alugb fn ibksuob nlàitr`ib  nlàitr`ib   

Clocinkcr nknreïc pbr uk t`nopb l`o`tcfb, clocinkc lbs p`ibs cltbs nk nl alugb fn lc ibrr`nktn nlàitr`ic y lbs l`jnrc iuckfb nl alugb fnsi`nkfn. fnsi`nkfn.

 

Cdbrrb fn nktrn : y 1% fnl ibksuob tbtcl.

 

Nv`tc nl fnsecstn fn lbs nqu`pbs pbr iclnktco`nktb

 

F`so`kuyn nl fnsecstn n `opcitb c lc `kstclci`ùk nlàitr`ic y c lbs trcksabrocfbrns

 

Q`fc ÷t`l fn lbs jckibs fn ibkfnkscfbrns punfn clickzcr clickzcr dcstc :8 cóbs

 

Ocktnk`o`nktb ns ouy snki`llb, y sbk ouy sneurbs s`noprn y iuckfb dcyck s`fb `kstclcfbs nk lcs l cs ibkf`i`bkns cfniucfcs

6.>.3.  JCKIBY FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY FN V@XB A@GB7 Lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc suo`k`strcfc ns ibkstcktn `kfnpnkf`nktnonktn fn iuclqu`nr vcr`ci`ùk nk nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c y lc icrec fn lbs rninptbrns. Nstbs jckibs fn ibkfnkscfbrns sn nki`nkfnk ockuclonktn (f`syuktbr / `ktnrruptbr) b sno`cutboãt`iconktn sno`cutboãt`ic onktn onf`cktn uk ibktcitb cii`bkcfb pbr ibktrbl rnobtb. Nstc f`spbs`i`ùk ut`l`zc ukb b oãs ibkfnkscfbrns ibkfnkscfbrns pcrc prbpbri`bkcr uk k`vnl ibkstcktn fn ibopnksci`ùk. Fnsvnktcgcs7    

Bpnrci`ùk BK / BAA ockucl.  Kb iuopln ibk ibk lbs rnqu`s`tbs mvcr mvcr jcgb icrecs vcr`cjlns.

 

Xunfn snr pnkcl`zcfb pbr pcrtn fn lc cutbr`fcf fn nlnitr`i`fcf.

 

Nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c tcoj`àk vcrïc nk auki`ùk fn lbs rnqu`s`tbs fn icrec, pbr lb qun ns f`aïi`l ocktnknr uk acitbr fn pbtnki`c ibkstcktn onf`cktn nl usb fn Ibopnksci`ùk Ibopnksci `ùk a`gc, ns fni`r, ibkfnkscfbrns ibkfnkscfbrns a`gbs .

 

Nl ibkfnkscfbr a`gb punfn prbpbri`bkcr uk acitbr fn pbtnki`c ocybr nk ibkf`i`bkns fn icrec l`enrc, fnj`fb c nstb ibob rnsultcfb sn bjt`nkn sbjrntnks`bkns, scturci`ùk fn trcksabrocfbrns, ocl auki`bkco`nktb fn erupbs nlnitrùenkbs f`nsnl, scki`bkns pbr pcrtn fn lcs cutbr`fcfns fn suo`k`strb nlàitr`ib.

Qnktcgcs7

98

 

   

Fbkfn ns pbs`jln nl acitbr fn icrec ns rczbkcjlnonktn ibkstcktn.

 

@kstclci`bkns nlàitr`ics ibk icrec ibkstcktn qun auki`bkck lcs :6 dbrcs fnl fïc

 

Ibopnksci`ùk Ibopnksci `ùk rncit`vc fn trcksabrocfbrns.

 

Ibopnksci`ùk Ibopnksci `ùk `kf`v`fucl fn obtbrns.

 

Iuckfb lc ilcs`a`ici`ùk mvcr fn lbs ibkfnkscfbrns ns onkbr b `eucl cl 3>% fn lc ilcs`a`ici`ùk fnl trcksabrocfbr fn suo`k`strb, ns cprbp`cfb uk vclbr a`gb a`g b fn ibopnksci`ùk.

 

Vcocób fnl jckib fn icpci`tbrns a`gbs Vrcksabrocfbr Si ≦ 3>% mQC

6.>.:.  JCKIBY FN IBKFNKYCFBZNY FN V@XB C^VBOÃV@IB7 Lc pbtnki`c rncit`vc suo`k`strcfc pbr nl jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns sn punfn cgustcr fn ciunrfb ibk lcs vcr`ci`bkns nk nl acitbr fn pbtnki`c y lc icrec fn lbs nqu`pbs. Nstbs jckibs fn ibkfnkscfbrns sn ibopbknk fn ukc iboj`kci`ùk fn pcsbs fnl ibkfnkscfbr (pcsb ? ibkfnkscfbr + ibktcitbr) ibknitcfbs nk pcrclnlb. Nl nkinkf`fb y cpcecfb fn tbfb b pcrtn fnl jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns nstã ibktrblcfb  pbr uk ibktrblcfbr fn acitbr fn pbtnki`c pbtnki`c `ktnercfb. `ktnercfb. Nl nqu`pb nqu`pb sn cpl`ic nk nk puktbs nk ukc `kstclci`ùk fbkfn lcs vcr`ci`bkns fn pbtnki`c cit`vc b pbtnki`c rncit`vc sbk rnlct`vconktn erckfns, pbr ngnoplb7 Nk lcs jcrrcs fn f`str`jui`ùk fn ukc plcic fn f`str`jui`ùk pr`ki`pcl. Nk lbs tnro`kclns fn uk icjln fn cl`onktci`ùk ouy icrecfb. Iuckfb lc ilcs`a`ici`ùk mvcr fn lbs ibkfnkscfbrns ns onkbr b `eucl cl 3>% fn lc ilcs`a`ici`ùk fnl trcksabrocfbr fn suo`k`strb, ns cprbp`cfb uk vclbr a`gb fn ibopnksci`ùk. Xbr nki`oc fnl k`vnl fnl 3>%, ns cibksngcjln `kstclcr uk jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns ibktrblcfb cutboãt`iconktn. Nl ibktrbl enknrclonktn lb prbpbri`bkck lbs ibktcitbrns . Xcrc lc ibopnksci`ùk fn icrecs cltconktn aluitucktns, ns kninscr`c ukc ibknx`ùk rãp`fc r ãp`fc y cltconktn rnpnt`t`vc fn lbs ibkfnkscfbrns, y sn fnjnk uscr ibkoutcfbrns nstãt`ibs .

Nl nqu`pb fn ibrrnii`ùk fn acitbr fn pbtnki`c cutboãt`ib sn f`v`fn nk trns ictnebrïcs pr`ki`pclns7  

Nstãkfcr ? Ibkfnkscfbr + Aus`jln + Ibktcitbr + Ibktrblcfbr

 

Fn tuknf ? Ibkfnkscfbr + Fns`ktbk`zci`ùk Zncitbr + Ausn + Ibktcitbr + Ibktrblcfbr

93

 

   

A`ltrcfb ? Icpci`tbr + Zncitbr fn a`ltrb + Aus`jln + Ibktcitbr + Ibktrblcfbr.

Qnktcgcs7  

Cltb acitbr fn pbtnki`c jcgb icrecs aluitucktns.

 

Nl`o`kc lc pnkcl`zci`ùk fnl acitbr fn pbtnki`c.

 

Onkbr ibksuob fn nknreïc cl rnfui`r lcs pàrf`fcs.

 

Y`nktn y supnrv`sc ibkt`kuconktn lc icrec.

 

Nki`nkfn / cpcec cutboãt`iconktn lbs pcsbs rnlnvcktns fn lbs ibkfnkscf ibkfnkscfbrns brns pcrc bjtnknr uk acitbr fn pbtnki`c ibkstcktn.

 

Ecrckt`zc ukc `ktnracz fn usucr`b snki`llc.

 

Qcr`ci`ùk cutboãt`ic, s`k `ktnrvnki`ùk ockucl, lc ibopnksci`ùk sn cfcptc c lbs rnqu`s`tbs fn icrec.

 

Znlci`bkcfb7 Iùob nlne`r uk s`stnoc fn cutboct`zci`ùk pcrc pcrc nl dbecr - Fboùt`ic

Fnsvnktcgcs7  

 Kb s`rvn pcrc ibopnksci`ùk fn lbs iucfrbs pr`ki`pclns p r`ki`pclns fn f`str`jui`ùk fnl Q@ b fn lcs pr`ki`pclns lïkncs fn scl`fc.

 

Xbr nki`oc fnl k`vnl fnl 3>%, ns cibksngcjln `kstclcr uk jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns ibktrblcfb cutboãt`iconktn.   Vcocób fnl jckib fn icpci`tbrns cutboãt`ib Si ; 3>% mQC

b

trcksabrocfbr. VCJLC 37   ZNY^ONK  FN   QNKVCGCY  P FNYQNKVCGCY FN   JCKIB FN   IBKFNKYCFBZNY  

Oàtbfb

Qnktcgcs

Fnsvnktcgcs

Ibkfnkscfbrns `kf`v`fuclns

tàik`iconktn na`i`nktn, oãs alnx`jln

Ocybr ibstb fn `kstclci`ùk y ocktnk`o`nktb

Lb oãs nibkùo`ib, onkbs `kstclci`bkns

Onkbs alnx`jln, rnqu`nrn `ktnrruptbrns y / b `ktnrruptbrns cutboãt`ibs

Jckib a`gb

Jckib cutboãt`ib

Lb ongbr pcrc icrecs Ocybr ibstb fn nqu`pb vcr`cjlns, nv`tc sbjrntnks`bkns,  jcgb ibstb fn `kstclci`ùk

Iboj`kci`ùk

Lb oãs prãit`ib pcrc uk ocybr k÷onrb fn obtbrns

Onkbs alnx`jln

9:

 

  Q. 

>.3.  

IBKIL^Y@BKNY 

IBKIL^Y@BKNY ENKNZCLNY7 Yn lberù `fnkt`a`icr y ckcl`zcr `opbrtcki`c fn uk jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns ibkfnkscfbrns  pcrc lc ibrrnii`ùk ibrrnii`ùk fnl acitbr fn ppbtnki`c btnki`c fn ukc breck`zci`ùk `kfustr`cl. `kfustr`cl.

>.:.  

IBKIL^Y@BKNY NYXNIÏA@IBY7 Yn lberù tbocr onf`fcs y fctbs fn lbs pcrãontrbs nlàitr`ibs fn tbfcs lcs l cs icrecs nlàitr`ics pcrc uk icsb prãit`ib lbs iuclns aunrbk a unrbk ..

 

Yn lberù nstuf`cr y ckcl`zcr lc acit`j`l`fcf tàik`ic nibkùo`ic fn uk jckib fn ibkfnkscfbrns ibkfnksc fbrns pcrc lc ibrrnii`ùk fnl acitbr fn pbtnki`c.

Q@. 

Q@@. 

ZNIBONKFCI@BKNY  

J@JL@BEZCAÏC 

dttp7//www.n-eucsid.ibo/bkl`knfbis/ictclbeun/cppk dttp7//www.n-eucsid.ibo /bkl`knfbis/ictclbeun/cppkbtns/CK3381:5Ri.pfa  btns/CK3381:5Ri.pfa   dttps7//fspcin.ups.nfu.ni/j`tstrnco/3:96>1540/3444/3:/^ dttps7//fspcin.ups.nfu.ni/j`tstrnco/3:96>1540/3444/3:/^XY%:8-%:8MV888:8. XY%:8-%:8MV888:8.pfa  pfa    pce 66 dttps7//www.luzplcktcs.ibo/qun-ns-uk-jckibfn-icpci`tbrns/   dttps7//www.luzplcktcs.ibo/qun-ns-uk-jckib-fn-icpci`tbrns/

99

 

   

Lbs jnkna`i`bs qun barnink lbs jckibs fn icpci`tbrns. (:830). Zntr`nvnf :1 Ynptnojnr :830, arbo dttps7//www.cltctnikblbe`c.ibo.ox/lbs jnkna`i`bs-qun-barnink-lbs-jckibs  jnkna`i`bs-qun -barnink-lbs-jckibs-fn-icpci`tbrns/ -fn-icpci`tbrns/  

 

V`pbs fn jckibs fn icpci`tbrns nlàitr`ibs sneuk su cpl`ici`bk. (:830). Zntr`nvnf

:1

Ynptnojnr

:830,

dttps7//www.nlnitr`icpl`icfc.ibo/t`pb-jcki dttps7//www.nlnitr`icp l`icfc.ibo/t`pb-jckib-icpci`tbrns-sneu b-icpci`tbrns-sneukkcpl`ici`bk/

CKNTBY 

arbo