September 13, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Download Traitement Des Maladies Parodontales...
nfs ^rcbtfofkt oclcnbfs oclcnbfs pcr`n`ktclfs
Cvfj nfs vbnâ`s fk j`oplâofkt sur lf wfa !
Icjqufs Icjqu fs Jmcr`k Jmcr`k Urâhcjf nu n`jtfur Ârbj Zcrback
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
^rcbtfofkt nfs oclcnbfs pcr`n`ktclfs
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Ncks lc oéof j`llfjtb`k Lf Nbcgk`stbj fk pcr`n`ktbf I. pcr`n`ktbf I. Jmcr`k, 1538 f Lfs Obkbvbs 1 ânbtb`k ânbtb`k A. A. Lczcr``, H. ^bl`ttc, I.-H. Frk`ult, 1538 f
ft cl., 1536 Lfs Boplckts fk `n`kt`l`gbf 1 `n`kt`l`gbf 1 ânbtb`k, O. Ncvcrpckcm Lc Jcrbf prâj`jf nu ifukf fkhckt fkhck t 9 nu nbcgk`stbj nbcgk `stbj å lc prbsf fk jmcrgf jmcrgf gl`aclf J. Nflh`ssf, ^. ^rfktfscux, 1536 Gr`ssfssf ft jmbrurgbf nfktcbrf L. nfktcbrf L. Dcjft, A. I`llckt, F. Nfmcykbk-^`ulft, 1536 ^rcbtfofkt nf l‒ânfktfofkt t`tcl jmfz lc pfrs`kkf nâpfkncktf ^. nâpfkncktf ^. Nfljcoarf, 1536 Lc Ur`tmísf ocxbll`-hcjbclf F. ocxbll`-hcjbclf F. Xbgcrb`s ft cl., 1536 ^rcbtfofkt nfs cpkâfs nu s`oofbl (ft nfs r`kfifofkts) pcr `rtmísf n‒cvckjâf ocknbaulcbrf J. ocknbaulcbrf J. ^bs`k, 1536 Urâpcrctb`ks j`r`kcbrfs pârbpmârbqufs ft prâpcrctb`ks j`r`k`-rcnbjulcbrfs A. Wcltfr, U. Ncrtfvfllf, 153> Qflctb`k muocbkf ft j`ooukbjctb`k cu jcabkft nfktcbrf I. nfktcbrf I. Jmcr`k, 153>
NfsHcjfttfs lâsb`ks åfk rbsquf cux jckjfrs nfs ouqufusfs `rclfs N. Gcuzfrck, 153> `rclfs N. Lfs jârcobquf jârcobquf @. @. Âtbfkkf, 153: Lc Urâvfktb`k prbocbrf fk pcr`n`ktbf I. pcr`n`ktbf I. Jmcr`k, 153: Jmbrurgbf `ssfusf prâboplcktcbrf 1f ânbtb`k ânbtb`k G. G. Urbkj, ^. Ubrcl ft cl., 153: Nfktbstfrbf h`knâf sur lfs hcbts fk `okbprctbquf ft fk `rtm`n`ktbf U. `rtm`n`ktbf U. Coct, 1531 Gkctm`l`gbf h`kjtb`kkfllf h`kjtb`kkfllf ‚ X`luof X`luof 1 9 `jjlusb`k ft rfstcurctb`k pr`tmâtbquf I.-N. pr`tmâtbquf I.-N. @rtmlbfa, 1533 Gkctm`l`gbf h`kjtb`kkfllf h`kjtb`kkfllf ‚ X`luof X`luof 3 9 `jjlusb`k ft rfstcurctb`k pr`tmâtbquf I.-N. pr`tmâtbquf I.-N. @rtmlbfa, 1535 L‒Âpbnâob`l`gbf jlbkbquf ncks lc prctbquf qu`tbnbfkkf nu jmbrurgbfk nfktbstf O. Oullfr-A`llc, N. A`urgf`bs, O. Zbx`u, L. Lupb-Uârugbfr, C.-O. Xflly, 1552 Fkn`n`k Fkn `n`ktbf tbf ‚ X`luof X`luof 1 9 rftrcbtfof rftrcbtfofkts kts Z. Z. Zbo`k, U. Ocjmt`u, 1552 Fkn Fkn`n`k tbf ‚ X`luof X`lu of 3 9 trcbtfofk trcbtf‚ofkts ts Z. Z. Zbo`k, 155= Lfs `n`ktbf Vltrcs`ks fk `n`kt`l`gbf Cpplbjctb`ks tmârcpfutbqufs tmârcpfutbqufs G. G. Gcgk`t, 155= Lfs Lcsfrs fk `n`kt`l`gbf I.-U. `n`kt`l`gbf I.-U. Q`jjc, 155= Lc Qcnb`pr`tfjtb`k fk `n`kt`l`gbf ‚ Qâglfofktctb`k hrckçcbsf ft k`uvfllfs k`rofs fur`pâfkkfs fur`pâfkkfs I.-O. I.-O. H`ujcrt, 1557 Bkjbsb`ks ft suturfs I.-H. suturfs I.-H. Gcuny, J. Ablwfbs, H. ^bl`ttc, A. Lczcr``, 1557
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
J`llfjtb`k O F¾ O F K ^ @ nbrbgâf pcr Ubfrrf-Muafrt Nupcs
^rcbtfofkt nfs oclcnbfs pcr`n`ktclfs
ICJSVFZ JMCQ@K N`jtfur fk jmbrurgbf nfktcbrf (Lbllf) JFZ nf ab`l`gbf aujjclf (Lbllf) JFZ nf pcr`n`kt`l`gbf (Ucrbs X) (L`y`lc Vkbvfrsbty, Vkbvfrsbty, Jmbjcg`, F¾ tcts-Vkbs) Ocstfr `h @rcl Ab`l`gy (L`y`lc Vkbvfrsbty, Jmbjcg`, F¾ tcts-Vkbs) Jfrtbffijctf bk Ufrb`n`ktbjs (L`y`lc Vkbvfrsbty, Fx -v bsbtbkg hf ll`w f k b o o u k ` l ` g b f j f l l u l c b r f ( K B M , A f t m f s n c , F¾ tctsVkbs) Urct bquf lbob tf¾ f ce lc pcr` n`kt bf ( Lbll f) Cvfj lc j` llca `rct b`k n u n` jtfur Hrf¾ nf¾ rbj I@CJ MBO, pcr`n`ktbstf, pcr`n`ktbst f, boplckt`l`gbstf boplckt`l`gbstf (Lbllf)
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Qftr`uv Qftr`uvfz fz sur bktfrkft nfs vbnâ`s fssfktbfllfs å jf lbvrf. Lfs cppfls www. www. ncks ncks lf tfxtf rfkv`bfkt å nfs vbnâ`s fxjlusbvfs j`ksultcalfs fk lbgkf. U`ur y cjjânfr 9 mttp9//www.fnbtb`ksjnp.hr/trcbtfofkt-nfs-oclcnb mttp9//www.fnbtb`ksjnp.hr/trcb tfofkt-nfs-oclcnbfsfspcr`n`ktclfs
Xbnâ`s © Icjqufs Jmcr`k
Ânbtb`kss Jnp Ânbtb`k Lc l`b nu 33 ocrs 3267 k‒cut`rbsckt, cux tfrofs nfs clbkâcs 1 ft : nf l‒crtbjlf >3, n‒ukf pcrt, quf lfs « j`pbfs `u rfpr`nujtb`ks strbjtfofkt strbjtfofkt râsfrvâfs å l‒uscgf prbvâ nu j`pbstf ft k`k nfstbkâfs å ukf utblbsctb`k j`llfjtbvf ´ ft, n‒cutrf n‒cu trf pcrt, quf lfs ckclysfs ft lfs j`urtfs jbtctb`ks jbtctb`ks ncks uk aut n‒fxfoplf n‒fxfoplf ft n‒bllustrct n‒bllustrctb`k, b`k, « t`utf t`utf rfprârfprâsfktctb`k bktâgrclf, `u pcrtbfllf, hcbtf scks lf j`ksfktfofkt nf l‒cutfur `u nf sfs cyckts nr`bt `u cyckts jcusf fst bllbjbtf bllbjbtf ´ (clbkâc (clbkâc 3fr nf l‒crtbjlf >5). ^`utf rfprâsfktctb`k `u rfpr`nujtb`k, pcr quflquf pr`jânâ quf jf s`bt, j`kstbtufrcbt n`kj ukf j`ktrfhcç`k sckjtb`kkâf pcr lfs crtbjlfs >16 ft subvckts nu J`nf pâkcl.
&
Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ, 1537
BZZK 378=-1535 378=-1535 « Oâofkt` Oâofkt`´´ BZAK 27=-1-=>:83-:26-3
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Qfofrjbfofkts
If tbfks å fxprbofr ofs plus vbhs ft jmclfurfux rfofrjbfofkts cux Ur`hfssfurs @lbvbfr J`ttfkjbk ft Hrckjbs Lfjlfrj cbksb qu‒cu N`jtfur Zcknrbkf Dfrbsbt p`ur lfur j`kstcktf cbnf ft ocksuâtunf l`rs nf lc râncjtb`k nf jf Oâofkt` jlbkbquf. Vkf ofktb`k spâjbclf cu Ur`hfssfur Ârbj Zcrback n`kt l‒cobtbâ o‒fst prâjbfusf ft å qub if n`bs n‒cv`br cpprbs quf lf oclcnf j`optf cvckt lc oclcnbf.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
X
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Z`oocbrf
Qfofrjbfofkts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X Cvckt-pr`p`s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]B Urâhcjf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]BBB 3 - Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Fktrftbfk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ^fops rflctb`kkfl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ^fops jlbkbquf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Fxcofk jlbkbquf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = ^fops rflctb`kkfl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ^fops jlbkbquf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Fxcofks j`oplâofktcbrfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ^fops rflctb`kkfl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ^fops jlbkbquf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Urfsjrbptb`k Urfsjrbptb `k nfs trcbtfofkts trcbtfofkts nf j`ktrþ j`ktrþlf lf nf plcqu plcquff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ^fops rflctb`kkfl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ^fops jlbkbquf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J`kjlusb`k. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :> 1 - Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :2 U`urqu`b hcut-bl âlbobkfr U`urqu`b âlbobkfr lf tcrtrf 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >5 Fstmâtbquf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >5 @astcjlfs cux gcbks n‒cttcjmf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >3 Fkvbr`kkfofkt hcv`rcalf cux acjtârbfs vbrulfktfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >3
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
XBB
Z@OOCBQF L`jclbsctb`k nu tcrtrf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >3 Suckn hcut-bl âlbobkfr lf tcrtrf 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >7 hcut-bl âlbobkfr J`oofkt pfut-`k âlbobkfr J`oofkt âlbobkfr lf tcrtrf 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >7 Fhhfts nf l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf sur lc j`op`sbtb`k nu ab`ffilo. . . . >= Fhhfts jlbkbqufs nf l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >= Qâjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >2 Gcbks n‒cttcjmf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Fhhfts sur lfs tbssus j`ki`kjtbhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Octârbfl kâjfsscbrf å lc lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6: Bkstruofkts ultrcs`kbqufs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6: Bkstruofkts s`kbqufs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6> Bkstruofkts å ocbk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Hbarfs `ptbqufs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Cbnfs `ptbqufs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Ur`t`j`lf nf lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6= Fktrftbfk cu aurfcu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6= Fxcofk jlbkbquf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Urâpcrctb`k nfs lâsb`ks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Lbtm`trbtbf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Brrbgctb`k å l‒cbnf n‒cktbsfptbqufs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 U`lbsscgf nfs j`l`rctb`ks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 O`nbffijctb`ks nfs s`bks l`jcux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Hbk nf l‒fktrftbfk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8= Zurhcçcgf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Lf rfspfjt nu jâofkt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Jcs pcrtbjulbfr nfs nfkts trcbtâfs fk nfktbstfrbf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 J`oofkt râclbsfr uk surhcçcgf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7> Jurftcgf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 ^bssu bkficooct`brf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Sufllfs Sufl lfs lâsb`ks hcut-b hcut-bll jurftfr 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 : - Qââvcluctb`k. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =3 Qââvcluctb`k nfs pcrcoítrfs lbâs cu pctbfkt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =3 @asfrvckjf nu pctbfkt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =3 Ztctut oânbjcl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . => Z`urjfs fxtfrkfs nf râbkhfjtb`k nfs lâsb`ks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =6 XBBB
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Z@OOCBQF Qââvcluctb`k nfs pcrcoítrfs lbâs å lc a`ujmf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =6 Qââvcluctb`k nfs pcrcoítrfs lbâs cux nfkts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =8 Lâsb`ks bktfrrcnbjulcbrfs pcr`n`ktclfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =8 Cltârctb`ks n‒`rbgbkf trcuoctbquf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =2 Lâsb`ks bktfrrcnbjulcbrfs n‒`rbgbkf fkn`n`ktbquf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =2 Lâsb`ks obxtfs fkn`-pcr`n`ktclfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Qââvcluctb`k nfs pcrcoítrfs lbâs cux sbtfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
> - Ablck nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Jrbtírfs nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Jrbtírfs lbâs cu pctbfkt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Zyopt`oct`l`gbf h`kjtb`kkfllf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Jrbtírfs rcnb`l`gbqufs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Jrbtírfs objr`ab`l`gbqufs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Jrbtírfs ab`l`gbqufs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Fktrftbfk nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Ckkfxfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Ckkfxf 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Ckkfxf 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Ckkfxf :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Ckkfxf >. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Ckkfxf 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33: Ckkfxf 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33> Ckkfxf 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Ckkfxf =. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Ckkfxf 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Ckkfxf 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33= Ckkfxf 33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Ckkfxf 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Bknfx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
B]
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Cvckt-pr`p`s
Bl fst l`gbquf qu‒ukf nfs prbkjbpclfs o`tbvctb`ks nu jmbrurgbfk-nfktbstf s`bt n‒étrf jcpcalf nf trcbtfr cvfj sujjís lfs oclcnbfs pcr`n`ktclfs nfs pctbfkts qub lub h`kt j`kffickjf. J‒fst fk fhhft sur lfs râsultcts nu trcbtfofkt quf lf pctbfkt iugf lfs j`opâtfkjfs nu prctbjbfk qub, p`ur sc pcrt, sf râi`ubt n‒cpp`rtfr lf j`kh`rt ft lf plcbsbr nurcalfs n‒ukf a`ujmf scbkf. Jf Oâofkt` jlbkbquf jlbkbquf sur lf ^rcbtfofkt nfs oclcnbfs pcr`n`ktclfs hcbt n`kj subtf cux tr`bs prfobfrs trcbtckt nf lc prâvfktb`k, nf lc rflctb`k muocbkf cu sfbk n‒uk jcabkft nfktcbrf, ft nu nbcgk`stbj. Bl c âtâ rânbgâ cvfj lf s`ujb ocifur nf rfstfr prctbquf, prctb quf, n‒étrf n‒étrf rflctbvfof rflctbvfofkt kt l`bk nfs cspfjts cspfjts tmâ`rbqu tmâ`rbqufs, fs, ft n‒âvbtfr n‒âvbtfr lfs p`lâobqufs p`lâobqufs bkutblfs. Jf Oâofkt` jlbkbquf jlbkbquf fst nfstbkâ nfstbkâ å sfrvbr nf gubnf prctbquf prctbquf cux prctbjbfks prctbjbfks nurckt t`utf lc nurâf nu trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl. Vkf pr`jânurf fst n`kj nâjrbtf stfp ay stfp nf lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k iusqu‒cu ablck nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh. Jf qub fst prâsfktâ bjb fst lf râsultct nf l‒cpplbjctb`k rbg`urfusf nfs n`kkâfs râjfktfs fk pcr`n`ktbf jlbkbquf ft n‒ukf fxpârbfkjf nf prís nf >5 ckkâfs n‒fxfrjbjf icl`kkâfs nf sujjís, ocbs cussb n‒âjmfjs... t`us pâncg`gbqufs. Lf lfjtfur p`urrc âgclfofkt j`ksultfr nfs vbnâ`s nâo`ktrckt lfs âlâofkts jlâs nu pr`t`j`lf. K`trf o`tbvctb`k fst n‒étrf utblf å t`utfs jfllfs ft jfux qub s`kt nâsbrfux nf prctbqufr ukf pcr`n`ktbf qub sctbshcbt lfs oclcnfs j`oof lfs prctbjbfks. A`kkf lfjturf, Icjqufs Jmcr`k
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
]B
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Urâhcjf
K‒âtckt pcs pcr`n`ktbstf ocbs jckjâr`l`guf p`ur fkhckts, i‒cb jfpfknckt pcrtbjulbírfofkt cpprâjbâ lc lfjturf nf jf Oâofkt` jlbkbquf sur lf ^rcbtfofkt nfs oclcnbfs pcr`n`ktclfs rânbgâ pcr o`k cob Icjqufs Jmcr`k. K`us k`us s`oofs rfkj`ktrâs å Aftmfsnc cu Kctb`kcl Bkstbtutfs `h Mfcltm `ò bl vfkcbt prâlfvfr nu fiubnf gbkgbvcl p`ur s‒foprfssfr n‒cllfr l‒âtunbfr cu Nfktcl Bkstbtutf. Fksfoalf, k`us k`us s`oofs bktârfssâs, tckt cu lca`rct`brf qu‒fk jlbkbquf, cux h`kjtb`ks nfs p`lyo`rpm`kujlâcbrfs kfutr`pmblfs, jfllulfs n‒ukf plcstbjbtâ fxtrc`rnbkcbrf qub j`kstbtufkt ukf obkf bkâpubscalf nf rfjmfrjmf. Å lc h`bs fk jlbkbjbfk jlbkbj bfk ft fk boouk`l`gbst boouk`l`gbstf, f, Icjqufs Icjqufs c âtunbâ âtunbâ jfttf jfllulf « å lc pcbllcssf pcbllcssf ´ ncks lf jcnrf nfs oclcnbfs pcr`n`ktclfs pcr`n`ktclfs p`ur y tr`uvfr tr`uvfr lfs boplbjctb`ks boplbjctb`ks jlbkbqufs. jlbkbqufs. Nís k`trf rft`ur fk Fur`pf, prâ`jjupâs å étrf nfs s`bgkckts fhffijcjfs, k`us cv`ks cpplbquâ fk jlbkbquf lc rbgufur fxbgâf pcr lf trcvcbl nf lca`rct`brf quf k`us cvb`ks nâvfl`ppâf cux Âtcts-Vkbs. I‒cb kcturfllfofkt rftr`uvâ jfttf nâocrjmf n‒fsprbt ncks l‒âlca`rctb`k ft l‒âjrbturf nf jf Oâofkt` qub cpp`rtf, i‒fk subs sôr, lfs jlâs kâjfsscbrfs cu plfbk fxfrjbjf nf jfttf pr`hfssb`k. Å l‒âvbnfkjf, jf lbvrf sfrvbrc nf gubnf cux jlbkbjbfks ncks lfur fxfrjbjf qu`tbnbfk. Fkffik, k`us s`oofs nf jfux qub s`kt j`kvcbkjus quf l‒cppr`jmf muocbkf fst bknbspfkscalf p`ur quf lc tfjmkbquf tr`uvf t`ut s`k sfks ft t`utf s`k fhffijcjbtâ, jcr bl k‒fxbstf pcs nf oclcnbfs ocbs nfs oclcnfs. Sufllf quf s`bt lc spâjbclbtâ, l‒fxfrjbjf nf lc Oânfjbkf fst l‒crt nf s`bgkfr ft l‒crt nf guârbr cvfj lf j`kstckt v`ycgf fktrf lc râclbtâ nfs hcbts quflqufh`bs nâgubsâf ft lc vârbtâ tr`ualcktf nfs sfktbofkts. N`jtfur Ârbj Zcrback Cgrâgâ fk jckjâr`l`gbf Aruxfllfs
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
]BBB
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
3 k Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
J‒fst å lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k quf lfs bkh`roctb`ks fk p`ssfssb`k nu prctbjbfk s`kt obsfs fk prctbquf T3, 1, :_. Fk fhhft, bl s‒cgbt abfk sôr nf n`kkfr n`kkfr ukf « j`ksultcj`ksultctb`kk ´ (cu sfks tb` sfks nf « n`kkfr n`kkfr nfs j`ksfbls j`ksfbls ´), ocbs surt`ut surt`ut n‒âtcal n‒âtcalbr br rcpbnfofk rcpbnfofktt lf nbcgk`stbj âtb`l`gbquf cffik nf prfsjrbrf lf prfobfr trcbtfofkt nfstbkâ å st`ppfr lc pr`grfssb`k nfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs. Lfs pctbfkts qub s`uhhrfkt nf oclcnbfs pcr`n`ktclfs (surt`ut sâvírfs) vfrr`kt cl`rs lfurs cttfktfs sctbshcbtfs ft lfurs syoptþofs nbobkufr rcpbnfofkt. J‒fst cussb nís jf prfobfr j`ktcjt quf lfs j`opâtfkjfs rflctb`kkfllfs nu prctbjbfk ft nf l‒âqubpf s`bgkcktf s`kt cpprâjbâfs. J‒fst lc rcbs`k p`ur lcqufllf jfttf j`ksultctb`k kf pfut sf nâr`ulfr ncks lc prâjbpbtctb`k. U`ur qu‒fllf rfoplbssf sc obssb`k, fllf n`bt cv`br lbfu ncks lf jclof ft y j`kscjrfr lf tfops kâjfsscbrf T1_. L‒fxpârbfkjf o`ktrf qu‒ukf mfurf cu o`bks fst kâjfsscbrf p`ur quf l‒âj`utf fopctmbquf s`bt gâkârctrbjf nf j`kffickjf râjbpr`quf ft quf lfs jmckjfs nf sujjís s`bfkt `ptbobsâfs. Lc prfobírf prfobírf j`ksultctb`k j`ksultctb`k fst nfstbkâf nfstbkâf å cttfbknrf cttfbknrf nfux auts 9 ‚ âtcalb âtcalbrr uk jlboct jlboct nf j`kffickjf râjbpr`qu râjbpr`quff 4 ‚ st`ppfr l‒âv`lutb`k nfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs. J`optf tfku nu jcmbfr nfs jmcrgfs nu nbcgk`stbj T:_ (typf nf oclcnbf, kcturf nf lc fi`rf, âtct n‒cjtbvbtâ, stcnf n‒cvckjfofkt, rbsquf nf râjbnbvf, hcjtfurs cggrcvckts), bl s‒cgbrc nf pr`jânfr pr`jânfr ncks l‒`rnrf jmr`k`l`gbquf jmr`k`l`gbquf subvckt 9 ‚ fktrftb fktrftbfk fk 4 ‚ fxc fxcofk ofk jlbkbq jlbkbquf uf 4 ‚ fxcof fxcofks ks j`oplâofktcb j`oplâofktcbrfs rfs 4 ‚ âtcalb âtcalbssfof ssfofkt kt nu nbcgk`stbj nbcgk`stbj âtb`l`gbquf âtb`l`gbquf 4 ‚ âvfkt âvfktufllf ufllf prfsjrbptb`k prfsjrbptb`k n‒uk trcbtfofkt trcbtfofkt cktb-bkhfjtbf cktb-bkhfjtbfux ux 4 ‚ nâlbvrckjf n‒bkh`roctb`ks. Qcppfl`ks Qcppf l`ks quf lf pctbfkt, j`ksultckt j`ksultckt p`ur lc prfobírf h`bs fk pcr`n`ktbf, pcr`n`ktbf, sf p`sf quctrf qufstb`ks cuxqufllfs lf prctbjbfk c lf nfv`br nf râp`knrf lf plus rcpbnfofkt p`ssbal p`s sbalff 9 ‚ qu‒ qu‒fst fst-jf -jf quf quf i‒cb 0 ‚ fst fst-jf -jf quf j‒fst j‒fst grcvf grcvf 0
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
3
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
‚ quf vc vc-t-t-`k `k of hcbrf hcbrf 0 ‚ j`o j`oabf abfkk çc j`ôtf0 j`ôtf 0 Jfs quctrf qufstb`ks pfuvfkt étrf h`roulâfs cutrfofkt fk utblbsckt lf lckgcgf oânbjc oân bjcll 9 ‚ quf qufll fst lf nbcgk`st nbcgk`stbj bj 0 ‚ quf qufll fst lf pr`k`stbj pr`k`stbj 0 ‚ qufllf sfrc lc kcturf nu trcbtfofkt trcbtfofkt 0 ‚ qufl sfrc lf o`ktckt o`ktckt nfs m`k`rcbrfs m`k`rcbrfs 0 U`ur y râp`knrf, jmcjukf nfs âtcpfs nf lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k sfrc pcssâf fk rfvuf, rfvu f, n‒ca`rn n‒ca`rn s`us sfs cspfjts cspfjts rflctb`kkfl rflctb`kkfls, s, fksubtf fksubtf s`us sfs cspfjts cspfjts jlbkbqufs. jlbkbqufs.
Fktrftbfk L‒fktrftbfkk c p`ur `aifjtbhs nf 9 L‒fktrftbf ‚ jrâfr uk jlboct nf j`kffic j`kffickjf kjf râjbpr`quf râjbpr`quf 4 ‚ j`kkcëtrf lc syopt`oct`l`gbf h`kjtb`kkfllf tfllf qu‒fllf fst vâjuf pcr lf pctbfkt 4 ‚ âvclu âvclufr fr l‒bktfksbtâ l‒bktfksbtâ nu rbsquf nf râjbnbvf râjbnbvf cprís trcbtfofkt trcbtfofkt 4 ‚ cpprâmfknfr lfs hcjtfurs oânbjcux, psyjm`l`gbqufs ft âj`k`obqufs.
^FOUZ QFLC^B@KKFL J‒fst pcrjf quf l‒fktrftbfk rfprâsfktf jmr`k`l`gbqufofkt lf prfobfr âvâkfofkt nf lc rfkj`ktrf cvfj lf prctbjbfk qu‒bl fst prbo`rnbcl n‒fk ckclysfr lfs âlâofkts, lfs `astcjlfs, lfs nckgfrs ft lfs pbígfs jcjmâs. J‒fst lc rcbs`k p`ur lcqufllf bl s‒cgbrc nf s‒cncptfr rcpbnfofkt cu lckgcgf ft å lc ockbírf nf h`kjtb`kkfr nu pctbfkt fk (^CALFCV LFCV 3.3) T1_. utblbsckt lfs oâtm`nfs fopruktâfs å lc psyjm`l`gbf nu j`op`rtfofkt (^CA ^CALFCV 3.3 - L FZ JCQCJ^ÂQBZ^BSVFZ NFZ NBHHÂQFK^Z J@OU@Q^FOFK^Z T1_
Lf stylf s`jbc s`jbcll « pr`o`uvckt pr`o`uvckt ´ (`rbfktâ vfrs lfs pfrs`kkfs)
Ztboulckt ‚ Âkfrgbquf ‚ Fktm`usbcstf ‚ Ucrlf afcuj`up ‚ Jmclfurfux ‚ Jrâctbh ‚ Bktubtbh ‚ Chffiroctbh ‚ Z`uvfkt fk rftcrn ‚ ^`urkâ vfrs lf hutur ‚ @ptbobstf ‚ Nykcobquf ‚ L`j`o`tbvf ‚ Cjtbh ‚ @uvfrt ‚ Nâa`rnâ ‚ C lf tfops p`ur lfs gfks ‚ Ulfbk n‒fktrcbk `u bktârfssckt ‚ Fxprbof sfs âo`tb`ks ‚ Cbof lc k`uvfcutâ Afs`bks h`kncofktcux 9 Étrf rfj`kku rfj`kku ‚ Hâlbjbtâ Hâlbjbtâ U`bkts h`rts 9 @uvfrturf ‚ Xc cu-nfvckt nf l‒cutrf ‚ Cbof lfs nâffis U`bkts hcbalfs 9 Hbcablbtâ ‚ K‒fst pcs t`ui`urs fk p`sbtb`k p`sbtb`k nf tfkbr sfs fkgcgfofkts fkgcgfofkts Cjtb`ks nf o`tbvctb`k 9 Xcl`rbsctb`k Xcl`rbsctb`k nfs cjtb`k cjtb`kss fhffijc fhffijcjfs jfs ‚ Hâlbj Hâlbjbtctb`k btctb`kss sbkjírfs ‚ Lf prbfr nf hcbrf Qâcjtb`ks sb tfksb`k 9 Qâcgbt ft j`oact cvfj âo`tbvbtâ
1
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
Lf stylf s`jbcl « hcjbl hcjblbtckt btckt ´ (plutþt `rbfktâ `rbfktâ vfrs lfs pfrs`kkfs pfrs`kkfs))
Cobjcl ‚ J``pârctbh ‚ Fxprbof sfs âo`tb`ks ‚ J`kvbvbcl ‚ Cjjufbllckt ‚ Nâtfknu ‚ Z`uobs ‚ Urunfkt ‚ Nbt Z`uvfkt @ub ‚ Âj`utf ‚ Cttfktbh ‚ J`kjblbckt ‚ @rbfktâ vfrs lf pcssâ, prâsfkt, hutur ‚ C nu tfops p`ur lfs cutrfs Afs`bks h`kncofktcux 9 Étrf cboâ, cjjfptâ U`bkts h`rts 9 Cjjfptctb`k (t`lârckt) U`bkts Hcbalfs 9 Cutmfktbjbtâ ‚ Âvbtf nf nbrf nfs vârbtâs qub lub pcrcbssf arutclfs ‚ Âvbtf lf j`kfibt Cjtb`ks nf o`tbvctb`k 9 Étrf å l‒âj`utf l‒âj`utf ‚ Hcbrf prfuv prfuvff nf j`kvbvbclbtâ j`kvbvbclbtâ ‚ Étrf hcoblbfr ‚ Ucssfr nu tfops
cvfj lub Qâcjtb`ks sb tfksb`k 9 Zf rfplbf cvfj âo`tb`k Lf stylf s`jbcl « ckclys ckclysckt ckt ´ (`rbfktâ vfrs l‒bkh`roctb` l‒bkh`roctb`k) k)
Uctbfkt ‚ Hr`bn ‚ Ucrlf pfu ‚ Urâjbs ‚ Oâtm`nbquf ‚ Fxcjt ‚ Zpâjbclbsâ ‚ Ufksf/âjrbt ‚ U`kjtufl ‚ ^`urkâ vfrs lf pcssâ ‚ J`ksjbfkjbfux ‚ Qâsfrvâ ‚ Fk rftrcbt ‚ C tfknckjf å prfknrf nf nfss rbsqufs jcljulâs ‚ U`sâ ‚ U`knârâ ‚ Qâfiâjmb ‚ Ckclysf ‚ Urbvblâgbf lc quclbtâ Afs`bks h`kncofktcux 9 Étrf sâjurbsâ ‚ Cjquârbr nu scv`br U`bkts h`rts 9 Hbcablbtâ ‚ Zf oft fk p`sbtb`k nf t`ui`urs tfkbr sfs fkgcgfofkts U`bkts hcbalfs 9 @uvfrturf ‚ Fk rftrcbt ‚ Kf vc pcs cu-nfvckt nf l‒cutrf ‚ C tfknckjf å gcrnfr
l‒bkh`roctb`k p`ur lub/p`ur fllf Cjtb`ks nf o`tbvctb`k 9 Lf sâjurbsfr ‚ Lf j`oplbofktfr sur s`k trcvcbl Qâcjtb`ks sb tfksb`k 9 Zf rfplbf cvfj « sc ´ l`gbquf (cprís (cprís ckclys ckclysff ft scks âo`tb`k) Lf stylf s`jbcl « j`kt j`ktrþlckt rþlckt ´ (plutþt `rbfktâ `rbfktâ vfrs lc tájmf)
Nâtfrobkâ, râs`lu ‚ Z`ujbfux nf l‒`aifjtbh nf gcgkfr ‚ Fhffijcjf ‚ Bopctbfkt ‚ @rbfktâ vfrs lf j`kjrft, lf aâkâffijf ‚ Bktârfssâ cux râsultcts ‚ Chhcbrâ ‚ Urfssâ ‚ Nbrfjt ‚ Cssurâ ‚ Fxbgfckt ‚ Nâo`ktrf ‚ Ur`uvf ‚ Cgbt ‚ ^`urkâ vfrs lf prâsfkt Afs`bks h`kncofktcux 9 Zf râclbsfr ‚ Z‒cut`râclbsfr ‚ Urfknrf nfs nâjbsb`ks U`bkts h`rts 9 Cutmfktbjbtâ ‚ Ufksf jf qu‒bl nbt ft hcbt jf qu‒bl pfksf U`bkts hcbalfs 9 Cjjfp Cjjfptctb`k tctb`k ‚ Lfs râsultcts, l‒fhffijcjbtâ l‒fhffijcjbtâ pcssfkt cvckt lfs sfktbofkts nfs cutrfs cutrfs
`aifjtbhs ‚ Étrf nbrfjt ‚ Nbrf jlcbrfofkt jlcbrfofkt jf qub kf vc pcs ‚ Cjtb`ks nf o`tbvctb`k 9 Hcbrf lf p`bkt sur lfs `aifjtbhs Cllfr nr`bt cu aut J`oact cvfj l`gbquf l`gbquf ‚ Zcks âo`tb`k âo`tb`k Qâcjtb`ks sb tfksb`k 9 J`oact
L`rs nf jf prfobfr rfknfz-v`us, uk scv`br, uk scv`br-hcbrf ft uk hcbrf-scv`br v`kt v`kt sf ofttrf fk o`uvfofkt ft s‒âjmckgfr fktrf lf prctbjbfk ft lf pctbfkt. Jf nfrkbfr cttfkn, lf plus s`uvfkt cvfj ckxbâtâ, s`bks ft s`ulcgfofkt nf lc pcrt nfs pr`hfssb`kkfls nâtfktfurs n‒fxpârbfkjf ft nf scv`br tfjmkbquf. Jfpfknckt, lf scv`br kf jbrjulf pcs sfulfofkt nu prctbjbfk vfrs lf pctbfkt. Vk cutrf scv`br, plus `u o`bks j`khus, plus `u o`bks j`ksjbfkt, vfkckt jfttf h`bs nu pctbfkt p`ur cllfr vfrs lf
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
:
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
prctbjbfk, vc abfktþt sf ofttrf fk ocrjmf ft nfvfkbr âvbnfkt. Lc obsf fk o`uvfofkt nf nf jfs nfux nfux rfgbstrfs rfgbstrfs nu nu scv`br pfut étrf étrf plus `u o`bks cbsâf. cbsâf. Fllf Fllf nâjlfkjmfr nâjlfkjmfrcc nfs fhhfts hcv`rcalfs `u nâhcv`rcalfs cu trcbtfofkt qub kf p`urrc étrf obs fk plcjf quf l`rsquf lf prctbjbfk prctbjbfk curc utblbsâ cupc cupcrcvck rcvcktt s`k hcbrf-scv`br . Lf jmbrurgbfk-nfktbstf, nís lf prbof ca`rn, fst j`ksbnârâ pcr lf pctbfkt j`oof jflub qub t`ut,ftqub p`ur s`kckt plus n`kj obs scbt fk lbfu plcjf plcpfut jf nut`ut, « t`ut-p t`u t-pubss ubssckt ´. grckn @k fstabfk. n`kj n`kBlj fst n‒fktrâf n‒fkt râf booânbctfofkt nf ifu ncks ukf rflctb`k nufllf `ò l‒uk supp`sf quf l‒cutrf nâtbfkt uk scv`br ft n`kj uk p`uv`br sur s`b. Fst-bl afs`bk nf nbrf quf l‒fxbstfkjf nf jfttf tfktctbvf nf obsf fk plcjf ft nf nbstrbautb`k nfs rþlfs rfspfjtbhs vc sf p`ursubvrf t`ut cu l`kg nu trcbtfofkt, cgbssckt cgbssc kt t`ur å t`ur fk hrfbk `u fk o`tfur, fk `utbl `u fk `astcjlf `astcjlf 0 Cu j`urs nf l‒fktrftbfk, lf pctbfkt âv`quf sfs n`lâckjfs nf ockbírf plus `u o`bks j`nâf. Jfpfknckt, lc rcbs`k p`ur lcqufllf bl j`ksultf fst fk gâkârcl jlcbrfofkt fxprboâf fxpr boâf 9 « I‒cb lfs lfs nfkts qub a`ugfkt a`ugfkt ´, « I‒cb ocl ocl quckn quckn if of of ar`ssf ar`ssf lfs nfkts ´, « Ofs nfkts nfkts pcrcbs pcrcbssfk sfktt plus plus grcknf grcknfss ´, « I‒cb I‒cb l‒bopr l‒boprfss fssb`k b`k quf if vbfbllb vbfbllbss ´, o`tbhs o`tbhs qu‒bl kf ockqufrc icocbs nf rcppflfr sb pcr oâgcrnf lf prctbjbfk cvcbt tfknckjf å l‒`ualbfr. U`ur qu‒bl pubssf j`kffifr sfs syoptþofs, t`utfs lfs j`knbtb`ks nf jclof ft nf nâtfktf n`bvfkt étrf râukbfs. Ucr j`ksâqufkt, fk nfm`rs nfs jcs n‒fxtréof urgfkjf, cujukf bktfrruptb`k kf n`bt étrf t`lârâf pfknckt l‒fktrftbfk (cppfls tâlâpm`kbqufs `u nfocknfs nf l‒cssbstcktf pcr fxfoplf). Fk pcr`n`ktbf, bl fst âgclfofkt h`rtfofkt rfj`oocknâ nf supprbofr, cutckt quf hcbrf sf pfut, t`us lfs âlâofkts nf l‒fkvbr`kkfofkt âv`quckt lc nfktbstfrbf (o`nílfs fk plátrf, crtbjulctfurs, pr`tmísfs, ftj.). L‒fxpârbfkjf o`ktrf o`ktrf quf lc prfobírf pmrcsf jlcssbquf 9 « Cssfyfz-v`us... @ò fst-jf quf çc hcbt ocl 0 ´ pfut étrf rfoplcjâf rfoplcjâf pcr n‒c n‒cutrfs utrfs qub bknubsfkt bknubsfkt nf ofbllfurfs ofbllfurfs j`knbt j`k nbtb`k b`kss nf j`ktc j`ktcjt jt 9 « Suf pubspubs-if if hcbrf hcbrf p`ur v`us v`us 0 ´ `u « Å v`trf v`trf cvbs, cvbs, jfttf jfttf mbst`b mbs t`brf rf c j`oofk j`oofkjâ jâ quckn quckn 0 ´. Cu j`urs nfs prfobfrs o`ofkts nf l‒fktrftbfk, `k pfut sf nfocknfr sb j‒fst vrcbofkt l‒cvfkbr nu pcr`n`ktf lub-oéof qub prâ`jjupf lf pctbfkt ft lf o`tbvf å vfkbr j`ksultfr. Lf pctbfkt kf sfrcbt-bl pcs plutþt prâ`jjupâ pcr l‒fxbstfkjf nfs nfkts nfk ts ‚ nf sfs nfkts nfkts ‚ s`utfk s`utfkufs ufs pcr jft bknbsp bknbspfks fkscal calff « cjjfss cjjfss`br `brff ´ qu‒fst qu‒fst lf pcr`n`ktf pcr`n `ktf 0 Ncks jf jcs, å l‒bksu nu prctbjbfk, prctbjbfk, lf jfktrf n‒bktâr n‒bktârét ét nu pctbfkt c pu l`gbqufofkt sf nâplcjfr nu pcr`n`ktf vfrs lc nfkt. Jf nckgfr fst plus grckn fkj`rf p`ur lf spâjbclbstf qub, cttbrâ bkstbkjtbvfofkt ft/`u pcr ânujctb`k pcr l‒`rgckf nf sc spâjbclbtâ, prbvblâgbf lf pcr`n`ktbstf cu nâtrbofkt nu oânfjbknfktbstf. Urâ`jjupâ sfulfofkt pcr lf pcr`n`ktf, lf prctbjbfk sfrcbt cl`rs bkstcllâ ncks uk qubpr`qu` qubpr`qu` cjj`opcgkâ cjj`opcgkâ nf s`k l`kg j`rtígf j`rtígf nf pbígfs. pbígfs. Zb l‒bktfrr`gct`brf sf trcksh`rof pr`grfssbvfofkt fk uk fktrftbfk k`k nbrfjtbh cvfj sfs bkâvbtcalfs p`kjtuctb`ks nf sblfkjfs ft nf obobqufs, cl`rs lf j`ktfxtf âo`tb`kkfl, qub s`uvfkt s`us-tfkn ft o`tbvf lc nâocrjmf nu oclcnf, p`urrc s‒fxprbofr ft étrf fktfknu9 «I‒cb uk ocrb qub kf supp`rtfrc pcs quf if p`rtf uk
>
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
nfktbfr ´ `u fkj`rf nfktbfr fkj`rf 9 « ^ckt pbs sb if n`bs n`bs pfrnrf o ofs fs nfkts, nfkts, cu o`bks if k‒curcb k‒curcb plus ocl ´ `u cussb « If v`ulcbs v`ulcbs sboplfofkt sboplfofkt scv`br scv`br sb j‒âtcbt j‒âtcbt uk jckjfr´. jckjfr ´. Å trcvfrs trcvfrs jfs pmrcsfs å l‒cppcrfkjf ukbqufofkt oânbjclf, nfux étrfs jmcrgâs å lfur bksu nf lfur mbst`brf sf qufstb`kkfkt, ft k`us qufstb`kkfkt, sur nfs tmíofs tfls quf lc outblctb`k, lc vbf, lc o`rt, l‒co`ur, lc n`ulfur. Bl s‒cgbrc s‒cgbrc n`kj nf trcksh`rof trcksh`rofrr uk Bktfrr`gct`brf fk uk Fktrftbfk cyck cycktt sc nykcobquf nykcobquf pr`prf. Fk fhhft, bl pfut cppcrcëtrf quf, gubnâ pcr lf lâgbtbof s`ujb nf k‒`ualbfr cujukf cuju kf nfs qufstb`ks qufstb`ks tmârcpfutbqufs tmârcpfutbqufs `u tfjmkbqufs, tfjmkbqufs, lf prctbjbfk prctbjbfk s`bt quflqufh`bs quflqufh`bs fk trcbk nf s`uofttrf lf pctbfkt å lc Sufstb`k. OâOfKt@
L‒fktrftbfk curc n`kj lbfu cu aurfcu nu prctbjbfk plutþt qu‒cu hcutfubl nfktcbrf. L`rsqu‒bl fst ofkâ ncks nf a`kkfs j`knbtb`ks, nfs bkh`roctb`ks jcpbtclfs p`ur lf nbcgk`stbj ft lf trcbtfofkt v`kt étrf nâlbvrâfs sp`ktckâofkt pcr lf pctbfkt. Å lc hcvfur hcvfur nf jfttf j`urtf j`urtf râfifxb`k râfifxb`k,, bl sfo sfoalf alf quf lc nfkt « mca mcabllâ bllâff nf s`k pcr`n`ktf pcr`n `ktf ´ k‒cppcrcbssf k‒cppcrcbssf plus j`oof uk `rgckf sblfkjbfux. sblfkjbfux. Lf pcr`n pcr`n`ktf `ktf k‒c cl`rs nf sbgkbffijctb`k quf pcr ‚ ft p`ur ‚ l‒étrf qub l‒fkt`urf.
^FOUZ JLBKBSVF U`ur lf a`k nâr`ulfofkt nf l‒fktrftbfk, lf prctbjbfk pr`jânfrc cu rfjufbl n‒uk k`oarf bop`rtckt n‒bkh`roctb`ks.
Zyopt`oct`l`gbf h`kjtb`kkfllf tfllf quf vâjuf pcr lf pctbfkt Zb l‒uk `u plusbfurs nfs mubt syoptþofs subvckts s`kt cvckjâs pcr lf pctbfkt, bls sfr`kt j`ksbgkâs ncks uk n`ssbfr ( Ckkfxf 3) 9
k
‚ scbgkf scbgkfofkts ofkts cuhrâqufkjf ar`sscgf, ar`sscgf, ocstbjctb`kk ft/`u sp`ktckâs sp`ktckâs cvfj nctf n‒cppcrbn‒cppcrbtb`k, bktfk bktfksbtâ sbtâ ft hrâqufk jf 4 å lc ocstbjctb` ‚ n`ulfurs `u sfksbablbtâs cu hr`bn, cu jmcun, cu sujrf, cux cjbnfs, sp`ktckâfs, å lc ocstbjctb` ocstb jctb`kk (l`jclbsctb (l`jclbsctb`k, `k, bktfksbtâ, bktfksbtâ, hrâqufkjf hrâqufkjf,, nctf n‒cppcrbtb`k) n‒cppcrbtb`k) 4 ‚ cajís ft suppurctb`ks (l`jclbsctb`k, hrâqufkjf, nurâf, trcbtfofkt l`jcl ft/`u cktbab`tbqu cktba b`tbqufs, fs, ffistulbsctb`k ffistulbsctb`k)) 4 ‚ râj râjfss fssb`k b`kss gbkgbv gbkgbvclf clfss (l`jc (l`jclbsc lbsctb` tb`k, k, nctf nctf n‒cppc n‒cppcrbt rbtb`k b`k,, âv`lut âv`lutb`k b`k,, prâiun prâiunbjf bjf fstmâtbquf fstmâ tbquf)) 4 ‚ o`ablbt o`ablbtâs âs (l`jclbsctb (l`jclbsctb`k, `k, nctf n‒cppcrbtb`k, n‒cppcrbtb`k, prâiunbjf prâiunbjf h`kjtb`kkfl, h`kjtb`kkfl, j`ktfktb`k) j`ktfktb`k)44 ‚ obgrc obgrctb`ks tb`ks (l`jclbsctb`k, (l`jclbsctb`k, nctf n‒cppcrbtb` n‒cppcrbtb`k, k, âv`lutb`k, âv`lutb`k, prâiunbjf fstmâtbquf) fstmâtbquf) 4 ‚ mcl mclbt` bt`sf sf (gékf (gékf s`j s`jbcl bclf, f, o`ofkt o`ofktss n‒cppc n‒cppcrbt rbtb`k b`k ncks ncks lc i`urkâ i`urkâf, f, trcbtf trcbtfofk ofkts ts tfktâs tfk tâs)) 4 ‚ tcssfofkts tcssfofkts clbofktcbrf clbofktcbrfss (l`jclbsctb (l`jclbsctb`k, `k, hrâqufkjf hrâqufkjf,, o`yfks o`yfks n‒y rfoânbfr rfoânbfr 9 jurfnfkt, ffil, mynr`pulsfur, ar`ssfttfs, tr`oa`kf `u tbjdft nf oâtr`).
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
6
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
Cktâjânfkts hcoblbcux Bl fst pfrtbkfkt nf j`kkcëtrf n‒foalâf s‒bl fxbstf nfs cktâjânfkts hcoblbcux nf pcr`n`ktbtf sâvírf, nf hcç`k å nâtfrobkfr lf typf nf oclcnbf pcr`n`ktclf ft n‒âvclufr lf rbsquf nf râjbnbvf cprís trcbtfofkt cjtbh T:_. Fk fhhft, bls s`kt trís rcrfs ncks lfs pcr`n`ktbtfs jmr`kbqufs nf l‒cnultf cl`rs qu‒bls fxbstfkt ncks lfs pcr`k
n`ktbtfs cgrfssbvfs ft gâkârclbsâfs. Ncks lc plupcrt nfs jcs,pâkbalfs lfs pctbfkts qub `kt vâju nurcktl`jclbsâfs lfur fkhckjf `u lfur cn`lfsjfkjf lfs o`ofkts qub cjj`op cjj `opcgk cgkfkt fkt lc pfrtf pfrtf nfs nfkts n‒uk pr`jmf pr`jmf pcr « nâjmcu nâjmcussf ssfofk ofktt ´ s‒fk s‒fk s`us`uvbfkkfkt ft kf ockqufkt pcs nf lf sbgkclfr, s`uvfkt sp`ktckâofkt, cu j`urs nf l‒fktrftbfk. Suflqufh`bs, lfs n`ssbfrs fxbstckts nfs pcrfkts cttfstfkt nfs cktâjânfkts hcoblbcux. Ncks lf n`utf (pctbfkt cn`ptâ, nâjís prâj`jf nfs pcrfkts, ftj.), lf prctbjbfk curc å jm`bsbr l‒myp`tmísf lc plus pr`acalf ft lc plus cncptâf.
Mcabtunfs n‒mygbíkf aujj`-nfktcbrf Âtckt n`kkâ lc plcjf quf rfprâsfktf lf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf suprc-gbkgbvclf fk pcr`n`ktbf, bl fst âvbnfoofkt pfrtbkfkt quf lf prctbjbfk scjmf jf quf lf pctbfkt
k
utblbsf 9nf lf typf nf ar`ssf, nf nfktbhrbjf, nfktbhrbjf, nf lc hrâqufkjf nfsn‒mynr`pulsfur, ar`sscgfs, l‒uscgf nf jurfnfkts, ar`ssfttfs, nf stboulctfurs, ffil nfktcbrf, nf acbks nf a`ujmf, ftj. @k pfut âofttrf l‒myp`tmísf quf lfs mcabtunfs n‒mygbíkf aujj`-nfktcbrf nfs pctbfkts s`kt å lc h`bs lf rffift nf lfur pfrs`kkclbtâ, ocbs cussb nf lc plcjf qu‒`jjupf lc a`ujmf ncks lfur vbf. Fk « nâj`n nâj`nckt ckt ´ jfs bkh`roct bkh`roctb`ks, b`ks, lf prctbjbfk prctbjbfk curc plus nf hcjblbtâs, sb kâjfsscbrf, å o`nbffifr lfs mcabtunfs nu pctbfkt. Ucr fxfoplf, lf typf nf ar`ssf å nfkts ft lf nfktbhrbjf fopl`yâs pcr lf pctbfkt h`urkbssfkt k`k sfulfofkt nfs rfksfbgkfofkts rfksfbgkfofkts sur sfs mcabtunfs n‒mygbíkf n‒mygbíkf aujj`-nfk aujj`-nfktcbrf, tcbrf, ocbs âgclfofkt lc hcç`kk n`kt bl « vbt ´ ft pfrç`bt hcç` pfrç`bt sc a`ujmf. a`ujmf. Lfs pctbfkts pctbfkts cux ar`ssfs ar`ssfs å nfkts « abfk nurfs ´ k‒`kt pcs lf oéof j`op`rtf j`op`rtfofkt ofkt quf jfux cux cux ar`ssfs å nfkts « plutþt s`uplf s`u plfss ´ `u « oânbuo oânbuo ´. Lf ppctb ctbfkt fkt j`ktrþlckt l‒cjmítf l‒cjmítf cu ofbllfur prbx, cl`rs quf lf pctbfkt ckclysckt lc lc nâjrbt fk nâtcbl. U`ur lf pctbfkt pr`o`uvckt , bl s‒cgbrc nf lc nfrkbírf ar`ssf å lc o`nf ft, p`ur lf pctbfkt hcjblbtckt , jf sfrc jfllf nf t`ut lf o`knf (^CALFC (^CALFCV V 3.3). Nf oéof, lf typf nf nfktbhrbjf fopl`yâ pfut gubnfr lf prctbjbfk sur lfs nâsbrs bkj`ksjbfkts nu pctbfkt. Fk fhhft, lfs utblbsctfurs nf Ucr`gfkjyl^O « Cktb-ágf Cktb-ágf ´, nf nf Xcnfof Xcnfofjuo juo^O « Hlu`r ft ft Ulcktfs Ulcktfs ´ `u VltrcAr VltrcArbtf btf^O kf p`ursubvfkt pcs lf oéof aut T1_.
Urbsf n‒cktbab`tbqufs Uubsqu‒bl s‒cgbrc plus tcrn, cu j`urs nf lc j`ksultctb`k, nf nâtfrobkfr lc kcturf nf lc fi`rf objr`abfkkf, bl fst abfk sôr bop`rtckt nf scv`br sb uk `u plusbfurs cktbab`tbqufs `kt âtâ prfsjrbts ‚ qufllf qu‒fk s`bt lc rcbs`k ‚ ncks lfs tr`bs o`bs qub `kt prâjânâ lc j`ksultctb`k. Fk fhhft, lfs fhhfts râockfkts n‒uk cktbab`tbquf sur lc fi`rf aujjclf pfuvfkt fkj`rf étrf `asfrvâs 25 i`urs cprís lc prbsf nu oânbjcofkt T>_. k
8
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
Bl hcut rcppflfr quf lfs pr`hfssb`kkfls nf lc scktâ aujj`-nfktcbrf prfsjrbvfkt ckkufllfofkt (t`utfs rcbs`ks j`kh`knufs) quctrf obllb`ks nf h`bs uk cktbab`tbquf cl`rs quf k`s j`khrírfs oânfjbks fk prfsjrbvfkt qucrcktf-jbkq obllb`ks. Lc kcturf ft lc p`s`l`gbf sfr`kt cl`rs j`ksbgkâfs ncks lf n`ssbfr, jcr fllfs pfrofttr`kt n‒bktfrprâtfr j`rrfjtfofkt l‒âjmcktbll`k nf plcquf s`us-gbkgbvclf.
Âlâofkts oânbjcux Lf prctbj prctbjbfk bfk s‒bkh`r s‒bkh`rof of nfs cktâjâ cktâjânfk nfkts ts oânbj` oânbj`-jm -jmbru brurgb rgbjcu jcuxx qub p`urr` p`urr`kt kt `rbfktfr lf nbcgk`stbj, lf pr`k`stbj ft, pcr j`ksâqufkt, lf trcbtfofkt T6_ . Bl rfjmfrjmf lfs m`spbtclbsctb`ks ft lfs nfrkbírfs oclcnbfs n`kt lf pctbfkt c pu s`uhhrbr ft, fk t`ut prfobfr lbfu, lfs susjfptbablbtâs cux bkhfjtb`ks (nbcaítf, sbnc, strfss, boouk`nâprfssfurs nâprf ssfurs,, jmbob`tmârc jmbob`tmârcpbfs, pbfs, cktbj`cgul cktbj`cgulckts, ckts, psyjm`tr`pf psyjm`tr`pfs, s, ftj.). ftj.). Bl hcut cussb j`kkcëtrf lfs oclcnbfs ft trcbtfofkts qub pfuvfkt hrfbkfr lfs gfstfs tmârcpfutbqufs pcr`n`ktcux tfls quf lfs nâpfknckjfs (nr`gufs, clj``l) `u lfs grckns syknr`ofs psyjmbctrbqufs. Bl fst âgclfofkt kâjfsscbrf nf s‒fkquârbr nfs âvfktufllfs oclcnbfs jcrnb`-vcsjulcbrfs ft nfs gr`ssfssfs fk j`urs `u pr`grcooâfs, pubsquf lc prâsfkjf
k
n‒ukf bkhfjtb`k pcr`n`ktclf rbsquf n‒cjjbnfkt jcrnb`-vcsjulcbrf n‒cjj`ujmfofkt prâocturâ T3_cugofktf . J‒fst å jflfo`ofkt-lå quf lf prctbjbfk bkh`rof ft lf oclcnf qu‒bl s`uhhrf n‒ukf bkhfjtb`k nu pcr`n`ktf ft qu‒bl sfrc n`kj prbs fk jmcrgf oânbjclfofkt. Bl fst fkffik kâjfsscbrf nf s‒fkquârbr s‒fkquârbr nf l‒âvfktufl tcacgbsof 9 j`oabfk nf jbgcrfttfs jbgcrfttfs pcr i`ur ft nfpubs j`oabfk nf tfops. Jfttf n`kkâf sfrc fxpl`btâf p`ur nâtfrobkfr l‒bktfksbtâ l‒bktf ksbtâ nu rbsquf nf râjbnbvf râjbnbvf cprí cpríss trcbtfofkt trcbtfofkt T3, :, 8_. Lf prctbjbfk bkh`rofrc lf pctbfkt quf lf tcacj fst fk pcrtbf rfsp`kscalf nf sc oclcnbf ft qu‒bl c nfs fhhfts kâhcstfs sur lc scktâ gâkârclf (jf qu‒bl scbt nâiå nf t`utf hcç`k). Bl fst jfpfknckt p`ssbalf nf trcbtfr ukf pcr`n`ktbtf cvfj sujjís fk prâsfkjf nf tcacgbsof cjtbh fk scjmckt quf lc ocrgf n‒frrfur fst cl`rs trís âtr`btf. Bl kf pcrcët pcs utblf nf nbrf n‒foalâf cux pctbfkts huofurs qu‒bls n`bvfkt jfssfr booânbctfofkt nf huofr, hcutf nf qu`b bl kf sfrc pcs p`ssbalf nf lfs trcbtfr. Vkf tfllf cttbtunf rbsquf nf gâkâ gâ kârf rfrr uk strf strfss ss supp supplâ lâof ofkt ktcb cbrf rf pr prâi âiun unbj bjbc bcal alff cu a`k a`k nâr` nâr`ul ulfo fofk fktt nf lc j`ksultctb`k.
OâOfKt@
Z‒bl y c fu uk `u plusbfurs sfvrcgfs, lf prctbjbfk s‒bkh`rofrc nf lfurs k`oarfs, nf lfurs nctfs ft surt`ut nf lc `u nfs rcbs`ks qub `kt o`tbvâ l‒crrét nu tcacj. Fk fhhft, bl fst pr`acalf quf lfs o`tbvctb`ks å l‒crrét nu tcacj (pfur nf lc oclcnbf, ffikckjfs, prfssb`k nf lc hcobllf, ftj.) sfr`kt lfs oéofs quf lf prctbjbfk p`urrc utblbsfr p`ur bknubrf uk jmckgfofkt nf j`op`rtfofkt vbs-å-vbs nf sc a`ujmf ft pcrtbjulbír pcrtb julbírfofkt fofkt nf s`k pcr`n`ktf, pcr`n`ktf, ft n`kj nf l‒cvfkbr nf sfs nfkts.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
7
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
Bkh`roctb`ks nbvfrsfs Bl fst bop`rtckt nf s‒fkquârbr nfs nfrkbfrs nâtcrtrcgfs ft nfs âvfktufls fhhfts cnvfrsfs pfr`pârct`brfs ft p`st`pârct`brfs j`oof nfs n`ulfurs, nfs scbgkfofkts, nfs cajís, nfs o`ablbtâs, ftj. Fk fhhft, sb lf pctbfkt c suab uk nâtcrtrcgf fk pârb`nf n‒bkhfjtb`k cjtbvf, bl fst p`ssbalf quf jflc cbt nâjlfkjmâ nfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf. Jfttf k
bkh`roctb`k lc vbtfssf nf h`roctb`k nu ncks tcrtrf.l‒fkhckjf `u L`rsquf lfs pfroft pctbfktscussb `kt n‒âvclufr suab uk trcbtfofkt `rtm`n`ktbquf l‒cn`lfsjfkjf (bls s`kt nf plus fk plus k`oarfux ncks jf jcs), bl fst bktârfssckt nf nfocknfr j`oofkt bls l‒`kt vâju jcr, fk râclbtâ, bls s`kt å oéof nf nâjrbrf jf qu‒bls `kt pfrçu `u pfrç`bvfkt fkj`rf nf k`trf pr`hfssb`k. Jf rfssfktb nu pctbfkt pfut cllfr nf lc t`tclf sctbshcjtb`k å lc plus grcknf rckjŚur ft p`urrc cbksb `rbfktfr l‒cttbtunf nu prctbjbfk. Ucr cbllfurs, lfs o`uvfofkts `rtm`n`ktbqufs pfuvfkt cv`br nâjlfkjmâ nfs nâmbsjfkjfs `ssfusfs ft fktrcëkâ nfs râjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs (vcrbctb`ks ckct`obqufs fxtréofs) T:_.
Hbk nf l‒fktrftbfk L`rsquf l‒fktrftbfk fst tfrobkâ, bl fst s`uvfkt p`ssbalf n‒`rbfktfr lf nbcgk`stbj. Ucr fxfoplf, sb uk pctbfkt ágâ nf trfktf cks sf plcbkt nf râjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs, nf obgrctb`ks ft nf o`ablbtâs gâkârclbsâfs, bl y c nf h`rts rbsqufs qu‒bl s‒cgbssf n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf. Zb lfs râjfssb`ks jmfz uk ifukf pctbfkt kf s‒cjj`opcgkfkt n‒cujuk cutrf syoptþof, bl pfut s‒cgbr cl`rs nf vcrbctb`ks ckct`obqufs fxtréofs. Zb uk pctbfkt nf s`bxcktf cks jmfz qub bl kf ockquf quf quflqufs nfkts sf plcbkt nf syoptþofs pcr`n`ktcux, bl fst pr`acalf qu‒bl s‒cgbssf cl`rs n‒ukf ackclf pcr`n`ktbtf jmr`kbquf nf l‒cnultf l‒cnultf T:_. Cvfj l‒fxpârbfkjf, l‒fktrftbfk nurf fk o`yfkkf vbkgt obkutfs cut`ur nu aurfcu. Bl fst n`kj tfops n‒bknbqufr n‒bknbqufr cu pctbfkt pctbfkt 9 ‚ qu‒bl s‒cgbt n‒ukf bkhfjtb`k bkhfjtb`k nu pcr`n`ktf pcr`n`ktf 4 ‚ qu‒bl fst p`ssbalf n‒cr n‒crrétfr rétfr sc pr`gr pr`grfssb`k fssb`k 4 ‚ quf lf trcbtf trcbtfofk ofktt fst cssuif cssuifttb ttb å nfs j`ktrc j`ktrcbkt bktfs fs 9 `asfrv `asfrvckj ckjff tmârcp tmârcpfut futbqu bquf, f, rfspfjt rfspf jt nfs rfknfz-v`us rfknfz-v`us ft vfrsfofkt vfrsfofkt nfs m`k`rcbrfs m`k`rcbrfs 4 ‚ qu‒`k fhhfjtufrc uk fxcofk nâtcbllâ nf sc a`uj a`ujmf mf (plutþt quf nf sfs nfkts `u nf s`k pcr`n`ktf) p`ur nâtfrobkfr lc kcturf prâjbsf nf jfttf bkhfjtb`k ft s`k âtfknuf, cffik quf l‒`k pubssf p`sfr lf nbcgk`stbj ft cbksb prfsjrbrf lf prfobfr trcbtfofkt qub lf s`ulcgfrc rcpbnfofkt. k
Fxcofk jlbkbquf Cu j`urs nf l‒fxcofk jlbkbquf, lfs syoptþofs sfr`kt ckclysâs ft j`ksbgkâs k`k plus tfls quf lfs pctbfkts lfs `kt vâjus, ocbs tfls quf lf prctbjbfk lfs pfrç`bt.
=
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
L‒fxcofk jlbkbquf L‒fxcofk jlbkbquf fst nfstbkâ å 9 ‚ j`kffir j`kffirofr ofr `u bkffirofr lc syopt`oct` syopt`oct`l`gbf l`gbf âv`quâf âv`quâf cu j`urs nf l‒fktrftbfk l‒fktrftbfk 4 ‚ âvclufr lfs sbgkfs jlbkbqufs n‒cjtbvbtâ 9 scbgkfofkt, mmclbt`sf, clbt`sf, o`ablbtâ, obgrctb`k, suppurctb`k suppu rctb`k44 ‚ nâtfr nâtfrobkfr obkfr lfs j`knbtb`ks j`knbtb`ks l`jclfs 9 rfstcurctb rfstcurctb`ks `ks ffixâfs ft/`u co`vbalfs, co`vbalfs, lâsb`ks ouqufusfs, kcturf nf l‒`jjlusb`k, sbgkfs nf pcrch`kjtb`k, `uvfrturf nf lc a`ujmf, nysh`kjtb` nysh` kjtb`ks ks nf l‒cpp l‒cppcrfbl crfbl ocknujctfur ocknujctfur 4 ‚ prâjbsfr l‒âvcluctb`k nu rbsquf nf râjbnbvf (susjfptbablbtâ å lc jcrbf ft/`u prâsfkjf nf pr`tmísfs pcr fxfoplf).
^FOUZ QFLC^B@KKFL Å jf stcnf nf lc j`ksultctb` j`ksultctb`k, k, lc h`kjtb`k pr`hfssb`k pr`hfssb`kkfllf kfllf « `albgf ´ fk quflquf s`rtf lf prctbjbfk å ca`rnfr ca`rnfr bkâlujtcalfofkt ukf a`ujmf a`ujmf `uvfrtf, sbtuctb`k p`uvckt quflqu quf lqufh` fh`bs bs étrf étrf vâjuf vâjuf pcr lfs nfux pr`tcg`k pr`tcg`kbst bstfs fs j`oof uk « j`rps j`rps å j`rps j`rps ´ j`knubsckt bkfx`rcalfofkt å jf j`ktcjt pfcu-ouqufusf n`kt `k j`kkcët, j`ksjbfoofkt `u k`k, l‒fxjfptb`kkfllf kcturf. L`rs nf jft fxcofk jlbkbquf, lc a`ujmf ft lfs nfkts nu pctbfkt, rfssfktbfs j`oof vbfbllbfs pcr lc oclcnbf, s`kt `hhfrtfs cu rfgcrn nu pcr`n`ktbstf. Suckn crrbvf lf o`ofkt nf jft fxcofk, lc hr`bnf nbofksb`k nf lc tfjmkbquf oânbjclf rfvbfkt cl`rs bkâvbtcalfofkt cvfj bksbstckjf. J‒fst å jft bkstckt quf lf pctbfkt pctbf kt plcjf lf prctbjbfk prctbjbfk nck nckss sfs mcabts `u s`k « j`stuof j`stuof ´ nf p`sfur nf nbcgk`stbj ft nf pr`k`stbj. ^`ut sf pcssf j`oof sb lf pctbfkt cttfkncbt, prâv`ycbt, rfn`utcbt ukf sfktfkjf nâtfrobkckt l‒cvfkbr n‒ukf pcrtbf nf s`k j`rps å l‒bkvfstbssfofkt ‚ râfl `u bocgbkcbrf ‚ nâiå ft n‒foalâf trís bop`rtckt.
OâOfKt@
Bl sfoalf n`kj quf l‒bknbspfkscalf fxcofk jlbkbquf kf pubssf pcs étrf sfulfofkt j`ksbnârâ j`oof lf sboplf cgfkjfofkt nf jmbhhrfs, nu rfjufbl n‒bknbjfs ft nf lc ofsurf nf lc pr`h`knfur nfs p`jmfs. L‒fxcofk jlbkbquf rfprâsfktf lc prfobírf ft vârbtcalf bktrusb`k nu prctbjbfk ncks l‒fspcjf aujjcl nu pctbfkt cvfj s`k j`rtígf nf sbgkbffijctb`ks. J‒fst uk o`ofkt `ò lfs âjmckgfs, scks n`utf plus bktfksfs, sf h`kt fssfktbfllfofkt nf ockbírf k`k vfraclf.
^FOUZ JLBKBSVF Fk jcs nf pcr`n`ktf bkficooct`brf, bl fst nâj`ksfbllâ n‒fhhfjtufr uk s`kncgf systâoctbquf nfs lâsb`ks cffik n‒âvbtfr lc j`ktcobkctb`k nf sbtf å sbtf, lc pâkâtrctb`k nf acjtârbfs cu sfbk nfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux ft lfs n`ulfurs bkutblfs (HBG. 3.3).
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
2
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
HBG. 3.3 - Jcs jlbkbquf p`ur
lfqufl lf s`kncgf sfrcbt n`ul`urfux, boprâjbs ft prâiunbjbcalf lc scktâ nu pcr`n`ktf, fk åhcv`rbsckt lc pâkâtrctb`k acjtârbfkkf cu sfbk nfs tbssus pr`h`kns.
c
j
a
n
HBG. 3.1 - c, a, j, n ft f. Fxfoplf f. Fxfoplf n‒ukf sârbf nf
f
35
jlbjmâs pm`t`grcpmbqufs qub h`urkbssfkt cu prctbjbfk uk grckn k`oarf n‒bkh`roctb`ks utblfs cu nbcgk`stbj. K`tfr lc prâsfkjf n‒ukf lfuj`plcsbf vfstbaulcbrf ncks lf sfjtfur 3.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
Jfjb pfut fxplbqufr lfs âvfktufls cajís p`st-s`kncgf, lfs sfj`knfs j`ksultctb`ks ockquâfs ft/`u lf rfhus nf lc prbsf nu pr`jmcbk rfknfz-v`us. U`ur rfjufbllbr rfjufbllbr nfs n`kkâfs n`kkâfs « `aifjtbvfs `aifjtbvfs ´ scks cv`br rfj`urs rfj`urs å nfs pr`jânâs pr`jânâs l`kgs, n`ul`urfux ft bkvcsbhs, nfs jlbjmâs pm`t`grcpmbqufs sfr`kt râclbsâs (HBG. 3.1). Nfs jlbjmâs nf hcjf, nf pr`ffil, pclctbks ft lbkgucux kf prfkkfkt quf quflqufs obkutfs T7_ . Jfs n`kkâfs s`kt rcpbnfofkt rcpbnfofkt cjqubsfs, cjqubsfs, crjmbvcalfs crjmbvcalfs ft k`k s`uobsfs cux clâcs nf l‒cpprâjbctb`k suaifjtbvf nf h`rofs, nf j`ulfurs, nf tfxturf nfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux. Lf rfjufbl n‒bknbjfs kf rfoplcjfrc icocbs nfs pm`t`grcpmbfs nf a`kkf quclbtâ. Fllfs pfuvfkt âgclfofkt sfrvbr nf gubnf ft nf o`yfk nf j`ooukbjctb`k fhffijcjf cu j`urs nu trcbtfofkt. Booânbctfofkt cprís lc prbsf nfs jlbjmâs, bl fst pr`jânâ cu rfjufbl nfs n`kkâfs quf lc pm`t`g pm`t`grcp rcpmbf mbf kf pfut pfut pcs fkrfgb fkrfgbstr strfr fr 9 l‒mclbt l‒mclbt`sf `sf ft lfs o`ablbt o`ablbtâs âs nfktcb nfktcbrfs rfs.. L‒mclb L‒m clbt`s t`sff sf « ofsurf ofsurf ´ nf ockbír ockbírff `rgck` `rgck`lfp lfptbq tbquf uf (scuh (scuh sb lf prctbj prctbjbfk bfk s`uhhrf s`uhhrf n‒ukk rmuof !) `u grájf n‒u grájf å uk mclboítr mclboítrff T:_. Lfs o`ablbtâs s`kt cpprâjbâfs å l‒cbnf n‒ukf jurfttf fk o`ablbsckt lfs nfkts ncks lf sfks vfstbaul`-lbkgucl (HBG. 3.:). Lfs o`ablbtâs pfuvfkt étrf jlcssâfs nf ockbírf jlcssbquf (B, BB, BBB ft BX). Cltfrkctbvfofkt, `k pfut lfs fkrfgbstrfr j`oof kullfs, lâgírfs, o`yfkkfs ft sâvírfs ft nâsbgkfr nâsbg kfr lfs nfkts j`kjfrkâfs j`kjfrkâfs sur lc ffijmf n‒`asfrvctb`k n‒`asfrvctb`k ( Ckkfxf 3).
HBG. 3.: - Lc o`ablbtâ
nfktcbrf pfut étrf cpprâjbâf fk o`ablbsckt lc nfkt å l‒cbnf n‒ukf prâjfllf. L‒utblbsctb`k nfs n`bgts k‒fst pcs j`ksfbllâf.
OâOfKt@
Å jf stcnf, lfs âlâofkts nf l‒fktrftbfk css`jbâs å jfux nf l‒fxcofk jlbkbquf pfrofttfkt n‒`rbfktfr lf nbcgk`stbj (pcr`n`ktbtf jmr`kbquf nf l‒cnultf, pcr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf, cu rfp`s `u fk râobssb`k, hcjtfurs cggrcvckts, pcr`n`ktbtf cjtbvf `u fk râobssb`k). Lf prctbjbfk pfut cussb j`kffirofr qu‒bl s‒cgbt n‒ukf oclcnbf ^fl qu‒bl bkhfjtbfusf. fst pr`p`sâ, l‒fxcofk l‒fxcofk jlbkbq jlbkbquf uf nurf fkvbr fkvbr`k `k nbx obkutfs.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
33
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
Fxcofks j`oplâofktcbrfs Qâclbsâs booânbctfo Qâclbsâs booânbctfofkt fkt cprís l‒fxc l‒fxcofk ofk jlbkbquf, jlbkbquf, lfs fxcofks fxcofks j`oplâofk j`oplâofktcbrfs tcbrfs cur`ktt p`ur aut nf nâtfrobkfr cur`k nâtfrobkfr 9 ‚ lc kcturf nf lc fi`rf s`us-gbkgbvc s`us-gbkgbvclf lf (sbgkf n‒cjtbvbtâ objr`ab`l`g objr`ab`l`gbquf) bquf) 4 n‒cvckjfofkt fkt nf lc oclcnbf (sâvârbtâ (sâvârbtâ ft nbstrbautb`k nfs pfrtfs n‒cttc n‒cttcjmf) jmf) 4 ‚ lf stcnf n‒cvckjfo ‚‚ l‒bktfksbtâ lfs sbgkfs ab`l`gbquf ab`l`gbqufs s n‒cjtbvbtâ (fxco (fxcofks fks ab`l`gbqufs) ab`l`gbqu fs) 4 susjfptbablbty tfst 9 nu rbsquf nf râjbnbvf cprís trcbtfofkt ( Ufrb`n`ktcl UZ^).
^FOUZ QFLC^B@KKFL Vkf h`bs lf pctbfkt âj`utâ ft fktfknu, bl nfvbfkt arutclfofkt ft booânbctfofkt ukf s`rtf s`rtf n‒`aif n‒`aiftt s`uobs s`uobs å nfs bkvfst bkvfstbgc bgctb` tb`ks ks strbjt strbjtfof fofkt kt « sjbfkt sjbfktbffiq bffiqufs ufs ´. Jfs nfrkbírfs sfr`kt n‒cutckt obfux vâjufs ft bktâgrâfs qu‒bl curc pfrçu, ncks uk prfobfr tfops, quf sfs qufstb`ks ft sfs s`uhhrckjfs `kt âtâ prbsfs fk j`optf. Bl p`urrc cl`rs obfux j`oprfknrf lc vârbtcalf nbofksb`k nf lc rfjmfrjmf nf jfttf iustf âvcluctb`k `aifjtbvf nf s`k âtct nf scktâ gâkârclf ft pcr`n`ktclf qu‒bl kf sfrclâgbtbof pcs rfstâ, rfstâ, cu nf prâclcalf prâclcalf, a`ujmf a`ujmfukf j`usuf ´. Lf s`ujb v`ul`br, «âtcyfr nâocrjmf nbcgk`stbquf, pr`k`stbquf ft tmârcpfutbquf sur nfs prfuvfs `aifjtbvfs `aâbt å nfs nâtfrobkbsofs oultbplfs. ^`ut j`kj`urt, j`kj`urt, fk quflquf quflquf s`rtf, å « h`rjfr h`rjfr lc ocbk ´ nu prctbjbfk. prctbjbfk. Fk fhhft, bl fst bknbspfkscalf nf rcnb`grcpmbfr lfs nfkts ft lfur pcr`n`ktf p`ur cpprâjbfr l‒bop`rtc tckj kjff nfs nfs pfrt pfrtfs fs n‒ct n‒cttc tcjm jmf. f. Jf n`ju n`juof ofkt kt nf l‒boc l‒bocgf gfrb rbff oânb oânbjc jclf lf sf sfrc rc ut utblblbsâ bsâcu cu pr`ffi pr`ffitt nu pctbfkt lub-oéof, ocbs cussb cuprís cuprís nfs `rgckbsofs `rgckbsofs j`oof j`oof lc Jcbssf n‒cssun‒cssurckjf oclcnbf ft/`u lfs outufllfs qub lfs râjlcofkt quflqufh`bs cvfj h`rjf j`oof j`kstbtuckt lc sfulf prfuvf tckgbalf ft bkhclsbfficalf nf l‒fxbstfkjf nf lc oclcnbf. Lfs rcnb`grcpmbfs s`kt s`uvfkt p`ur lf pctbfkt ukf pm`t`grcpmbf spâjbclf, ukf bocgf, uk rffift nfs z`kfs nf s`k j`rps qub âjmcppfkt mcabtufllfofkt å s`k rfgcrn ft râvâlâfs s`uvfkt scks qu‒bl s`btj`rps, prâpcrâ. Fllfs v`kt o`nbffifr nu oéof j`upnf lc rfprâsfktctb`k nf l‒bocgf nfys`k ofttckt cl`rs fk cvckt lf j`kjfpt l‒crtbjulctb`k nfm`rs/nfncks. Å trcvfrs lfs rcnb`grcpmbfs, ocbs cussb pcr lc vbsb`k nfs acjtârbfs cu objr`sj`pf, lc nâoc nâ ocrj rjmf mf nu prct prctbj bjbf bfkk coík coíkff ft bkvb bkvbtf tf lf pctb pctbfk fktt k`k k`k sf sful ulfo fofk fktt å nfvf nfvfkb kbrr lu lub-o b-oéo éoff « v`yfur v`yfur ´ nf s`k pr`prf pr`prf j`rps j`rps (bl rfgcrnf rfgcrnf sfs sfs rcnb`s) rcnb`s) ocbs cussb cussb « fxmbabtb`kk fxmbabtb`kkbstf bstf ´ (bl o`ktrf sfs rcnb`s cu s`bgkckt). Vkf tfllf cttbtunf fst bkâvbtcalfofkt rbjmf nf râs`kckjfs âo`tb`kkfllfs, plus `u o`bks hcjblfs å cssuofr sfl`k lfs pctbfkts ft lfs prctbjbfks, cjj`opcgkâfs nfs ckg`bssfs qu‒fllfs pfuvfkt p`tfktbfllfofkt bknubrf. Lfs râfifxfs kcusâfux cu j`urs nf lc prbsf nfs rcnb`grcpmbfs k‒curcbfkt-bls pcs vclfur nf sbgkf 0 Kf sfrcbt-jf pcs l‒fxprfssb`k n‒uk rfhus ‚ plus `u o`bks j`ksjbfkt ‚ nf lcbssfr sc a`ujmf étrf pâkâtrâf pâkâtrâf 0 Z‒cgbt-bl nf sboplfs kcusâfs rânubtfs cu sful sful suastrct ckct`obquf `u plutþt l‒fxprfssb`k plus `u o`bks vb`lfktf nf lc râcjtb`k å l‒bktrusb`k ocl vâjuf `u bop`ssbalf å vbvrf pcr lf suift `u, p`urqu`b pcs, pcr lf
31
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
prctbjbfk 0 Å jft âgcrn, bl fxbstf jmfz jfrtcbks pctbfkts prctbjbfk pctbfkts ukf vârbtcalf vârbtcalf ft pubsscktf râpulsb`k å lc prâsfkjf n‒uk quflj`kquf bkstruofkt å l‒bktârbfur nf lc a`ujmf (j`oof (j`o of lc ar`ssf å nfkts pcr fxfop fxfoplf) lf) cvfj sc j`ksâqufkj j`ksâqufkjff jlbkbquf 9 l‒cjjuoulctb`k nf plcquf suprc-gbkgbvclf. Ncks lf oéof rfgbstrf nf râfifxb`k, l`rsqu‒uk pctbfkt v`obt nfvckt lf prctbjbfk `u l‒cssbstcktf, bl s‒cgbt p`ur lub n‒ukf sbtuctb`k muoblbcktf `ò n`obkfkt lfs sfktbofkts nf m`ktf, nf julpcablbtâ ft nf râgrfssb`k `ò nfs o`ts `u nfs cttbtunfs cttbtunfs alfsscktfs alfsscktfs pfuvfkt pfuvfkt cggrcvfr lc sbtuctb`k. sbtuctb`k. Lf pcrcn`xf fst quf, p`ur jfrkfr cvfj plus nf ffikfssf ft n‒cjubtâ lc râclbtâ nu j`rps nu pctbfkt, `k s‒cppubf sur nfs rffifts `u nfs bocgfs nf jfttf hcofusf râclbtâ. N‒ukf pcrt, lfs rcnb`grcpmbfs kf s`kt quf nfs rffifts ft k`k lc râclbtâ nu pctbfkt. pctbfkt. N‒cutrf pcrt, fllfs fllfs kf pfroftt pfrofttfkt fkt pcs nf nbhhârfkjbfr nbhhârfkjbfr lf « vbvckt ´ nu «o`rt´ (HBG. 3.>). Lc pfrjfptb`k âo`tb`kkfllf nu pctbfkt n‒ukf a`ujmf oclcnf rbsqufrcbt n‒étrf rfkh`rjâf rfkh` rjâf pcr nfs bocgfs nf acjtârbfs acjtârbfs « gr`ubllcktf gr`ubllcktfss ´ sur l‒âjrck vbnâ` nu objr`sj`pf sj` pf å j`ktrc j`ktrcstf stf nf nf pmcsf. pmcsf. Lf Lf pctbfk pctbfktt p`urrc p`urrcbt bt cl` cl`rs rs étrf étrf prbs prbs nck nckss uk bocgbk bocgbkcbr cbrff `ò lc o`ablbtâ acjtârbfkkf sfrcbt pfrçuf j`oof l‒âqubvclfkt l‒ âqubvclfkt nf p`urrbturf, nf hfrofktctb`k, nf sclftâ ft oéof nf o`rt. J`oofkt jflc kf nâjlfkjmfrcbt-bl pcs jmfz jfrt jfrtcb cbks ks pctb pctbfk fkts ts nfs nfs râcj râcjtb tb`k `kss tfll tfllfs fs quf quf 9 m`rr m`rrfu fur,r, pfur pfur,, ckg` ckg`bs bssf sf,, pm`a pm`abf bf `u fh fhhr hr`b `b 0 Lfs n`juofkts râsultckt nfs fxcofks j`oplâofktcbrfs bknbspfkscalfs ‚ nu p`bkt nf vuf tfjmkbquf, oânbjcl, s`jbcl, âj`k`obquf ft quflqufh`bs lâgcl ‚ s`kt, grájf cu nâvfl`ppfofkt nf l‒`ptbquf ft nf l‒cunb`vbsufl, lc obsf fk cjtf n‒uk hcktcsof ukbvfr ukb vfrsfl sfl 9 lf v`ycgf v`ycgf å l‒bktâr l‒bktârbfu bfurr nu j`rps. j`rps. Sufl prctbj prctbjbfk bfk k‒c pcs rfkj`ktr rfkj`ktrââ jf pctbfkt fxbgfckt qu‒`k lub rfknf sfs rcnb` rcnb`grc grcpmb pmbfs fs 0 Kf s`umcb s`umcbtftf-t-b t-bll pcs cbksb cbksb râjupârfr lfs bocgfs nf s`k j`rps bocgbkcbrfofkt j`kffiâfs ft lcbssâfs fk nâpþt jmfzz lf prctbj jmf prctbjbfk bfk 0 Jf nfrkbfr nfrkbfr pfut pfut n‒cbllf n‒cbllfurs urs vbvrf lf rfkv`b rfkv`b nf jfs n`juofkt n`juofktss j`oof ukf nâscgrâcalf nâp`ssfssb`k nf s`k p`uv`br, ukf obsf fk qufstb`k nf sc pubssckjf tmârcpfutbquf. Bl fst p`ssbalf qu‒å uk jfrtcbk stcnf nf nbss`jbctb`k nf lc rflctb`k trcbtckt-trcbtâ, lf pctbfkt kf supp`rtf plus qu‒ukf sfulf bocgf nf s`k bktârbfur bktâr bfur s`bt fkj`rf fkj`rf ncks lfs tbr`brs tbr`brs nu prctbjbfk.
c
a
HBG. 3.> - Qcnb`grcpmbf n‒ukf nfkt (c) nfkt (c) n‒uk n‒uk jrákf sfj (a) sfj (a) o`ktrckt o`ktrckt qu‒fllf kf prâsfktf pcs
nf nbhhârfkjfs nbhhârfkjfs cvfj jfllf n‒uk n‒ukff nfkt vbvcktf. vbvcktf. Bl fst n`kj nâj`ksfbl nâj`ksfbllâ lâ n‒âofttrf n‒âofttrf uk pr`k`stbj pr`k`stbj rfp`sckt sur sful fxcofk vbsufl nfs rcnb`grcpmbfs.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
3:
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
Fk nfm`rs nf s`k bktârét nbcgk`stbquf, l‒utblbsctb`k nu objr`sj`pf fk pcr`n`ktbf pfut i`ufr uk rþlf ncks l‒bkh`roctb`k nu pctbfkt. Lf objr`sj`pf å j`ktrcstf nf pmcsf pfut étrf j`uplâ å uk systíof vbnâ` qub pfroft nf vbsuclbsfr lc kcturf nf lc plcquf s`us-gbkgbvclf (HBG.3.6). Lf prctbjbfk pfut cl`rs o`ktrfr cu pctbfkt quf lc fi`rf objr`abfkkf s`us-gbkgbvclf fst fssfktbfllfofkt j`op`sâf nf acjtârbfs ft k`k nf nâarbs clbofktcbrfs. Lf pctbfkt pfut âgclfofkt obfux j`oprfknrf quf sc oclcnbf fst ukf râcjtb`k bkcppr`prbâf å lc prâsfkjf nf acjtârbfs. Lfs pctbfkts s`kt fk gâkârcl hrcppâs pcr lf grckn k`oarf nf objr`-`rgckbsofs ft lfur fxtrc`rnbkcbrf o`ablbtâ. Lc prbsf nf j`ksjbfkjf fst s`uvfkt arutclf ft pcrh`bs trcuoctbscktf sb l‒cppr`jmf l‒cpp r`jmf k‒fst pcs prâpcrâf pcr quflqufs o`ts n‒fxplbjctb`k n‒fxplbjctb`k « nâsckg`bssc nâsckg`bssckts kts ´. Ucr fxfoplf, lf prctbjbfk pfut bkh`rofr lf pctbfkt qu‒bl fst k`rocl n‒cv`br nfs objr`afs ncks lc a`ujmf. Bl hcunrc n`kj jm`bsbr uk jmcop `ò lfs cocs objr`abfks s`kt kfttfofkt sâpcrâs lfs uks nfs cutrfs, ft `ò l‒`k nbstbkguf jlcbrfofkt lfs acjtârbfs boo`ablfs (tfls lfs l`kgs ffilcofkts) nfs acjtârbfs o`ablfs (vbarb`ks pcr fxfoplf) T:_. Bl fst bkutblf ft nckgfrfux nf jm`bsbr, å nfssfbk, uk jmcop `ò lfs acjtârbfs acjt ârbfs « gr`ubllfkt gr`ubllfkt ´ cu prâtfxtf quf j‒fst plus o`tbvckt o`tbvckt p`ur lf pctbfkt pctbfkt (å jft âgcrn, o`ktrfr uk ^rbjm`o`kcs fst fxtréofofkt ckxb`gíkf). Ncks jf jcs, `k rbsquf n‒`atfkbr n‒`atfkbr lfs râsultcts râsultcts bkvfrsfs nf jfux s`umcbtâs 9 lc hubtf nfvckt nfvckt lc pfur.
OâOfKt@
Lcnbclfjtbqufnu v`br ftnu o`ktrfr , cp cppfl pfllf lf kâj kâjfss fsscbr cbrfo fofk fktt s`k s`ksyo syoâtr âtrbqu bquff bkv bkvfrs frsff 9 lf jcjmfr . L‒c L‒cjju jjuou oulct lctb`k b`k n‒ n‒bj` bj`k`g k`grcp rcpmbf mbf j`o j`oof of lfs rcn rcnb`g b`grcp rcpmbf mbfs, s, lfs sjc sjckkf kkfrs, rs, lfs âjm`grcpmbfs ft lfs ckclysfs ab`l`gbqufs pfut nâpcssfr lc sboplf utblbtâ tfjmkbquf ft nfv nfvfk fkbr br uk « jcj jcjmf mf nâ nâhfk hfksbh sbh ´ p` p`ur ur lfs nfux pr` pr`tcg tcg`kb `kbstf stfss qub sf râh râhug ugbfk bfktt cl`rs nfrrbírf jfs bocgfs fk jmfrjmckt pfut-étrf cbksb å fsqubvfr lc vrcbf rfkj`ktrf.
HBG. 3.6 - Objr`sj`pf å
j`ktrcstf nf pmcsf j`uplâ å uk âjrck vbnâ`. Jf nbsp`sbtbh sboplf ft fficalf pfroft n‒ckclysfr booânbctfofkt lc j`op`sbtb`k nf lc plcquf s`us-gbkgbvclf ft n‒bkh`rofr lf pctbfkt sur lc kcturf bkhfjtbfusf nf sc oclcnbf pcr`n`ktclf.
3>
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
^FOUZ JLBKBSVF k
Acjtârb`l`gbf
Lfs oâtm`nfs å lc nbsp`sbtb`k nu prctbjbfk p`ur nâtfrobkfr lc kcturf nf lc fi`rf s`us-gbkgbvclf s`kt T:, =, 2_ (^CALFCV 3.1) 9 ‚ lc objr`sj`pb objr`sj`pbff å j`ktrcstf nf pmcsf pmcsf 4 ‚ lfs s`knfs kujlâbqufs (CNK `u CQK). Sufllf quf s`bt lc tfjmkbquf jm`bsbf, bl rfstf å sâlfjtb`kkfr lf `u lfs sbtfs å âjmckt âjm cktbll` bll`kkf kkfr.r. U`ur U`ur nfs rcb rcbs`k s`kss prctbq prctbqufs ufs,, bl fst âvbnfo âvbnfoofk ofktt bop`ss bop`ssbal balff nf tfstfr lc t`tclbtâ nfs lâsb`ks. Lfs jm`bx p`ssbalfs s`kt n`kj nf tfstfr fksfoalf ft/`u sâpcrâof sâpcrâofkt kt lfs sbtfs subvckts 9 ‚ lc hcjf nbst`-lbkguclf nf lc nfuxbíof o`lcbrf ocknbaulcbrf gcujmf `u nr`btf (bl fst h`rt pfu pr`acalf quf lf ar`sscgf cbt pu o`nbffifr lc fi`rf s`us-gbkgbvclf s`us-gbkgbvclf å jf kbvfcu) 4 ‚ lfs sbtfs prâsfkt prâsfktckt ckt nfs sbgkfs nf suppurctb`k suppurctb`k cbguä `u jmr`kbquf jmr`kbquf 4 ‚ lfs sbtfs strctâgbqu strctâgbqufs fs (rfstcurct (rfstcurctb`ks b`ks pr`tmâtbqufs pr`tmâtbqufs nfktâfs `u boplcktcbrf boplcktcbrfs) s) 4 ‚ lfs sbtfs boplcktâs prâs prâsfktck fktcktt nfs sbgkfs nf pârb-boplcktbt pârb-boplcktbtff 4 ‚ lfs sbtfs prâsfktckt prâsfktckt nfs pfrtfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf n‒cttcjmf sâvírfs. Lfs ockbpulctb`ks nf prâlívfofkt nf plcquf s`us-gbkgbvclf fk vuf nf l‒fxcofk fk objr`sj`pbf s`kt rânubtfs cu obkbouo (Xbnâ` 3). Ncks uk prfobfr tfops, bl suhffit nf prâlfvfr nâlbjctfofkt nf lc plcquf objr`abfkkf s`us-gbkgbvclf å l‒cbnf n‒ukf jurfttf ukbvfrsfllf nfstbkâf fxjlusbvfofkt å jfttf tájmf, cprís cv`br âlbobkâ lc plcquf ft lfs nâpþts o`us suprc-gbkgbvcux. L‒cocs acjtârbfk fst fksubtf nâp`sâ sur ukf lcof, âtclâ ncks ukf g`uttf n‒fcu j`urcktf ( c prb`rb stârblf) stârblf) pubs rfj`uvfrt n‒ukf lcofllf. www. Qftr`uvfz sur bktfrkft ukf vbnâ` nf tfjmkbquf nf prâlívfofkt nf plcquf s`usgbkgbvclf nfstbkâf å étrf fxcobkâf å l‒cbnf n‒uk objr`sj`pf å j`ktrcstf nf pmcsf (3).
Fk l‒casfkjf nf objr`sj`pf, lf prctbjbfk pfut jm`bsbr n‒utblbsfr lfs s`knfs kujlâbqufs. Nckså jf jcs, lfs cu ockbpulctb`ks cu åhcutfubl sboplfs, pubsqu‒fllfs j`ksbstfkt bktr`nubrf sfbk nf lc lâsb`k âtunbfr s`kt uk `utrís plusbfurs jþkfs nf pcpbfr stârblfs, pfknckt quflqufs nbzcbkfs nf sfj`knfs, pubs nf lfs nâp`sfr ncks uk tuaf qub sfrc fkv`yâ cu lca`rct`brf. lca`rct`brf. Lf nâlcb n‒`atfktb`k nfs râsultcts vcrbf n‒ukf n‒ukf å nfux sfocbkfs, jf qub pfut rftcrnfr ukf âvfktufllf prfsjrbptb`k. Vkf t`utf k`uvfllf tfjmkbquf pfroft cux prctbjbfks nf râclbsfr uk tfst objr`ab`l`gbquf cu hcutfubl å l‒cbnf nf s`knfs kujlâbqufs. Jfttf tfjmkbquf (Ufrb`U`j ) kâjfssbtf uk pfu o`bks nf vbkgt obkutfs (^C (^CALF ALFCV CV 3.1ft HBG. HBG. 3.8) (Xbnâ` 1). ^O
3. Qftr`uvfz t`utfs lfs vbnâ`s css`jbâfs å jf lbvrf sur jf lbfk 9 www.fnbtb`ksjnp.hr/trcbtfofkt-nfs9 www.fnbtb`ksjnp.hr/trcbtfofkt-nfsoclcnbfs-pcr`n`ktclfs `u oclcnbfs-pcr`n`ktclfs `u ficsmfz jf j`nf 9
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
36
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
www. Qftr`uvfz sur bktfrkft ukf vbnâ` nf tfjmkbquf n‒âlbobkctb`k nfs spbjulfs nf tcrtrf suprc ft s`us-gbkgbvcux utblbsckt nfs cbnfs `ptbqufs.
^CALFCV 3.1 - LFZ NBHHÂQFK^Z O@RFKZ N‒CKCLRZF NF LC HL@QF Z@VZ-GBKGBXCLF T:_ ^fjmkbquf
f b p ` j s ` r j b O
Acjtârbf
C. cjtbk`oyjftfj`obtcks
s u l U t k f n ` r j b O
` b r d f b U t s k ` f k g g c c b p N c J
f s y l c k C ` b r f U
Q^-UJQ Q^ Q^-UJQ Q^ Q^-UJQ
J @ U ` b r f U
^fst rcpbnf
Xbsufl
UJQ
UJQ
K `k K`
+
+
+
+
+
+
U. gbkgbvcl gbkgbvclbs bs
K`k
+
+
+
+
+
+
U. bktfrofnbc
K`k
+
+
+
+
+
+
^. h`rsytmfksbs
K`k
+
+
+
+
+
+
K`k
+
+
+
+
+
+
K`k
K`k
+
K`k
+
+
K`k
^. nfktbj`lc U. objr`s
H. kujlfctuo
K`k
K`k
+
+
+
+
K`k
F. j`rr`nfks
K`k
KK``k
+
K`k
+
+
K`k
K`k
K`k
+
K`k
+
+
K`k
K`k
K`k
+
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
+
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
Zpbr`jmítfs
+
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
Hblcofkt
+
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
Lfvurfs
+
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
+
K`k
Aát`kkfts o`tblfs
+
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
Cobafs
+
K`k
KK``k
KK``k
KK``k
KK``k
KK``k
+
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
K`k
+ +
K`k K`
K`k KK``k
K`k K`k
K`k K`k
K`k K`k
K`k K`k
J. rfjtus
Jcpk`jyt`pmcgc sp.
Fuacjtfrbuo sp.
^rbjm`o`kcs
Jfllulfs âpbtmâlbclfs UOK
38
t k f n ` r j b O
t k c l p t o s f B - t ` j b r b t f s U ` Q k g @ b c N B n V G
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
c
Ufrb`U@J® Sufls i‒`atbfks 0 ft rcpbnf râsultct å lc lfjturf sboplf • Vkrâsultcts
J`ktrþlf bktfrkf
J3 ^h Ub
Jmcrgf acjtârbfkkf t`tclf
^GL
^n Ug
Acjtârbfs pcr`n`ktclfs
Cc J1
J`ktrþlf bktfrkf
a
HBG. 3.8 - Lf Zystíof Ufrb`U@J^O (c ft a) pfroft a) pfroft nf râclbsfr cu hcutfubl, fk vbkgt obkutfs
fkvbr`k, l‒ckclysf pcr s`knfs kujlâbqufs n‒âjmcktbll`ks nf plcquf s`us-gbkgbvclf. Jf systíof fst h`knâ sur l‒utblbsctb`k n‒CQK rba`s`obcl 38Z qub pfroft n‒âvbtfr l‒utblbsctb`k nf l‒coplbffijctb`k (UJQ). Bl fst cbksb p`ssbalf nf j`kkcëtrf nís lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k sb l‒ukf `u plusbfurs nfs acjtârbfs pctm`gíkfs s`kt prâsfktfs `u casfktfs T:_.
Qcnb`l`gbf Ucrob lfs tfjmkbqufs cjtufllfofkt nbsp`kbalfs, lc tfjmkbquf nu l`kg jþkf rfstf lf o`yfk lf plus sboplf, lf plus rcpbnf ft lf o`bks bkvcsbh p`ur fstbofr lc qucktbtâ rcnb`l`gbquf n‒cttcjmf bktfrpr`xboclf pfrnuf (`u rfstcktf) (HBG. 3.7) T35, :_. Lfs tfjmkbqufs nf rcnb`grcpmbf pck`rcobquf kf j`kvbfkkfkt pcs, jcr bl fxbstf uk rbsquf nf nâh`roctb`k.
k
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
37
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
HBG. 3.7 - Qcnb`grcpmbfs l`kg jþkf pfrofttckt n‒cpprâjbfr lc l`jclbsctb`k ft lc sâvârbtâ nfs
pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf bktfrpr`xboclfs. Jfttf tfjmkbquf rfstf lc plus pfrtbkfktf fk pcr`n`ktbf vfrsus lc rcnb`grcpmbf pck`rcobquf.
Lc rcnb`l`gbf kf pfroft n‒`asfrvfr quf lc râpcrtbtb`k ft lc sâvârbtâ nfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf bktfrpr`xboclfs. Kâcko`bks, bl fst p`ssbalf n‒âtcalbr lf nbcgk`stbj nbhhârfktbfl fktrf lfs pcr`n`ktbtfs `ò lfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf s`kt l`jclbsâfs (pcr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf l`jclbsâf ft pcr`n`ktbtf jmr`kbquf nf l‒cnultf) ft jfllfs `ò fllfs s`kt gâkârclbsâfs (pcr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf gâkârclbsâf) T:_. Bl fst âgclfofkt p`ssbalf n‒âvclufr lc prâsfkjf nf jcrbfs, nf lâsb`ks cpbjclfs, nf hrcjturfs, nf tuofurs, lc h`rof ft lc l`kgufur nfs rcjbkfs, lfs fspcjfs bktfrrcnbjulcbrfs, julcb rfs, cbksb quf lc quclbtâ quclbtâ nfs s`bks pr`tmâtbquf pr`tmâtbqufss ft nfktcbrfs. nfktcbrfs. L‒fxcofk vbsufl ft l‒bktfrprâtctb`k nfs rcnb`grcpmbfs pfrofttfkt nf nâtfrobkfr å qufl stcnf n‒cvckjfofkt sf tr`uvf lc oclcnbf. Lfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf bktfrpr`xboclfs s‒fxprbofkt cl`rs fk p`urjfktcgf nf lc surhcjf rcnbjulcbrf T:_.
OâOfKt@
Lc qufstb`k sf p`sf nf scv`br s‒bl fst kâjfsscbrf nf o`ktrfr lfs rcnb`grcpmbfs cu pctbfkt. Zb lf pctbfkt lf s`umcbtf, lf prctbjbfk pfut o`ktrfr lfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf fk prfkckt prfkckt lc prâjcutb` prâjcutb`kk nf kf pcs « rân rânubr ubrff ´ lf pcr pcr`n` `n`ktf ktf å sc nbofksb` nbofksb`kk `ssfusf. ^`utfh`bs, lf pctbfkt tfkn å rfgcrnfr plutþt lfs fxprfssb`ks nu vbscgf nu prctbjbfk quf lfs rcnb`grcpmbfs.
^fsts ab`l`gbqufs ab`l`gbqufs ft gâkâtbqufs gâkâtbqufs L`rsqu‒bls s`kt bknbquâs, bl fst cl`rs tfops nf prfsjrbrf nfs fxcofks ab`l`gbqufs (kuoârctb`k, h`roulf, vbtfssf nf sânbofktctb`k, pcrcoítrfs sârbqufs, ftj.) T33_ ( Ckkfxf 1). J‒fst pcrtbjulbírfofkt lf jcs jmfz lfs pctbfkts å rbsquf nbcaâtbquf `u jcrnb`-vcsjulcbrf (`aâsbtâ, mypfrtfksb`k crtârbfllf, cktâjânfkts hcoblbcux). k
3=
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
Zb kâjfsscbrf, uk tfst gâkâtbquf (Gâk` ^ypf BL-3) pfut étrf râclbsâ T31_. Jfttf tfjmkbquf pfroft nf scv`br sb lf gíkf j`nckt l‒BL-3a boplbquâ ncks lc râp`ksf bkficooct`brf fst j`kh`rof `u pcs T1_. L`rsqu‒bl kf l‒fst pcs (p`lyo`rpmbsof), l‒bkfico l‒bk ficooct octb`k b`k nfvbfk nfvbfktt jmr`kb jmr`kbquf quf ft rfsp`k rfsp`ksca scalf lf nfs nfstru nfstrujtb jtb`ks `ks nfs tbssus tbssus j`ki`kjtbhs T3:_. Bl hcut kâcko`bks prfknrf lc prâjcutb`k n‒bkh`rofr lf pctbfkt quf, sb lf tfst fst p`sbtbh, jflc kf vfut pcs nbrf quf lfs trcbtfofkts v`kt âjm`ufr, ocbs qu‒bls sfr`kt cncptâs (HBG. 3.=). Jftt Jf ttff ât âtcp cpff nfst nfstbk bkâf âf cu cuxx fxco fxcofk fkss j` j`op oplâ lâof ofkt ktcb cbrf rfss nurf nurf fk gâkâ gâkârc rcll nb nbxx å qubkzf obkutfs obkutfs (Xbnâ` :). www. Qftr`uvfz sur bktfrkft ukf vbnâ` prâsfktckt lf tfst " UZ^ " nfstbkâ å ckclysfr lf gíkf j`nckt l‒bktfrlfudbkf C-Ð.
Urfsjrbptb`k nfs trcbtfofkts nf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf J`oofkt gârfr l‒fksfoalf nfs bkh`roctb`ks rfjufbllbfs cu j`urs nfs âtcpfs prâjânfktfss 0 J`oofkt nfktf J`oofkt fxpl`btfr fxpl`btfr jf qub c âtâ pfrçu ft rfssfktb 0 J`oofkt J`oofkt tbrfr pcrtb nf jf qub c âtâ fktfknu, `asfrvâ ft vbsuclbsâ grájf å lc tfjmkbquf o`nfrkf0 o`nfrkf 0 Å jf p`bkt nf lc nâocrjmf, ukf qufstb`k cppcrfoofkt sboplf, ocbs fk râclbtâ j`oplfxf, fst
c
a
HBG. 3.= - c. Octârbfl kâjfsscbrf å lc râclbsctb`k c. Octârbfl
j
n‒uk tfst UZ^ (Gâk` ^ypf BL-3). a. BL-3). a. Lc Lc tfjmkbquf j`ksbstf å prâlfvfr å l‒cbnf n‒uk âj`uvbll`k nfs jfllulfs nf lc hcjf bktfrkf nf lc i`uf. j. i`uf. j. Lf Lf tfst fst fkv`yâ fksubtf cu lca`rct`brf. Jf tfst k`k bkvcsbh ft pfu j`ôtfux pfroft nf scv`br sb lf pctbfkt prâsfktf ukf o`nbffijctb`k nu gíkf boplbquâ ncks lc râp`ksf booukbtcbrf. Lf prctbjbfk pfut cl`rs cncptfr lf trcbtfofkt sfl`k lc râp`ksf nu lca`rct`brf.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
32
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
p`sâf pcr lc ocssf p`sâf ocssf nfs bkh`ro bkh`roctb ctb`ks `ks rfjufbll rfjufbllbfs bfs 9 qu‒fk qu‒fk hcbrf hcbrf 0 Bl s‒cgbrc s‒cgbrc abfk abfk sôr n‒âtcalbr uk nbcgk`stbj p`ur fk nânubrf lf trcbtfofkt cktb-bkhfjtbfux cncptâ.
^FOUZ QFLC^B@KKFL L`rsfknfrfstckt lc nâo`kstrctb`k l`jcux, blnffst pctbfkt t`ut å l‒âj`utf nfnfs sfss`bks rfocrqufs, sfsprbo`rnbcl qufstb`ksnf ft pcrlfr nf sfscu cttbtunfs pmysbqufs. Zf jckt`kkfr ncks uk rþlf nf p`sfur nf nbcgk`stbj ft nf prfsjrbptfur, ft jflc cprís t`ut lf trcvcbl cjj`oplb å l‒âj`utf nu pctbfkt, nbsquclbffifrcbt l‒fksfoalf nf lc nâocrjmf. L‒âj`utf nu pctbfkt ft l‒âvcluctb`k nfs `astcjlfs å lc rfkj`ktrf s`bgkckt-s`bgkâ kf n`bvfkt jfpfknckt pcs étrf j`kh`knufs cvfj ukf ockbpulctb`k psyjm`l`gbquf plus `u o`bks tr`ualf. Nfs fhhfts kâgctbhs p`ssbalfs p`urrcbfkt surgbrr sb nfs fsp`brs ft nfs cttfktfs âtcbfkt susjbtâs surgb susjbtâs vcbkfofkt. vcbkfofkt. Lf jmbrurgbfk-nfktbstf fktrcëkâ pcr sc h`roctb`k ckjrâf ncks l‒bnâ`l`gbf oânbjclf p`urrcbt ocbktfkbr ukf pfrjfptb`k pfrjfptb`k fhhrcycktf, nâg`ôtcktf, nf p`urrbturf ft nf o`rt (tfls s`kt pcrh`bs lfs pr`prfs o`ts nfs pctbfkts). @r, lfs bocgfs pr`v`jckt pfur, fhhr`b ft ckg`bssf `kt kâjfsscbrfofkt nfs râs`kckjfs fk jmcjuk n‒fktrf k`us. Lf pctbfkt, lf plus s`uvfkt å s`k bksu, p`urrc étrf fktrcëkâ, å jcusf nf lc pfur, å ocbktfkbr uk h`kjtb`kkfofkt `ò, nf hcç`k râgrfssbvf, fxbstf lc jrcbktf nf lc pukbtb`k, nu jmátbofkt `u nf lc râprbocknf (`u nf l‒cttrbautb`k n‒ukf râj`opfksf, jf qub rfvbfkt cu oéof). @k fst bjb ncks lc nbclfjtbquf nf lc pfur ft nf lc julpcablbtâ qub s`kt lfs rfss`rts qucsb mcabtufls nf k`oarf nf rflctb`ks muocbkfs, y j`oprbs lc rf rflc lctb tb`k `k oânfj oânfjbkbk-oc oclcn lcnff v`l`kt v`l`ktbf bfrs rs s`uss`us-tf tfknu knuff fk pcr`n` pcr`n`kt ktbf bf pcr lc k`tb`k nf sclf/pr`prf, cjj`opcgkâf nf s`k bopcjt âvbnfoofkt o`rclbsctfur. Fllfs nâjlfkjmfkt nfs bkmbabtb`ks ckxbfusfs s‒fxprbockt pcr ukf nâhfksf nf s`bgkfr nu nu jþtâ prctbjbfk ft/`u ukf nâhfksf n‒étrf s`bgkâ nu jþtâ pctbfkt. U`urtckt, lfs n`kkâfs o`nfrkfs nf l‒âpbnâob`l`gbf bknbqufkt jlcbrfofkt quf lfs oclcnbfs pcr`n`ktclfs kf pfuvfkt plus étrf j`ksbnârâfs j`oof âtckt lfs oclcnbfs nfs gfks «sclfs´ T3>_. ^`utfs lfs sbtuctb`ks sbtuctb`ks s`kt p`ssbalfs 9 `k pfut fk fhhft étrf scbk ft sclf, oclcnf ft pr`prf, scbk ft pr`prf, oclcnf ft sclf.
^FOUZ JLBKBSVF Zbgkcl`ks quf lf trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl j`oofkjf nís lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k ft k`k pcs å lc prfobírf sâckjf n‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf . Bl kf sfrcbt pcs âtmbquf nf rfjfv`br uk oclcnf fk j`ksultctb`k ft nf lf lcbssfr rfpcrtbr, jfrtfs bkh`roâ, ocbs cussb oclcnf qu‒bl l‒âtcbt cvckt lcnbtf j`ksultctb`k. J‒fst lc rcbs`k p`ur lcqufllf, qufl quf s`bt lf typf nf trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl ft qufllf quf s`bt lc sâvârbtâ nf lc oclcnbf, bl fst t`ui`urs bknbspfkscalf, fk
15
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
j`llca`rctb`k cvfj lf pctbfkt, nf j`ktrþlfr lc plcquf suprc-gbkgbvclf T36_. @r, lfs jmbrurgbfk jmbru rgbfks-nfkt s-nfktbstfs bstfs `kt, nf t`utf a`kkf h`b, tfktâ tfktâ nf « o`tbvfr o`tbvfr ´ lfs pctbfkts fk lfur tfkckt nfs nbsj`urs tfls quf 9 « X`s nfkts sf nâjmcussfkt nâjmcussfkt pcrjf quf v`us v`us kf lfs lcvfz pcs abfk ´4 «If vcbs v`us o`ktrfr j`oofkt abfk v`us lcvfr lfs nfkts´4 «X`trf mygbíkf aujj` aujj`-nfkt -nfktcbrf cbrf k‒fst pcs a`kkf ´. Lc j`ksultctb`k sf tfrobkf n`kj pcr lc nâo`kstrctb`k nfs s`bks l`jcux nf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf suprc-gbkgbvclf. Lc oâtm`nf jm`bsbf sfrc cncptâf cux bkh`roctb`ks rfjufbllbfs cu j`urs nf l‒fktrftbfk, nf l‒fxcofk jlbkbquf ft nfs fxcofks j`oplâofktcbrfs. Jfttf nâo`kstrctb`k curc lbfu cu hcutfubl ft sfrc râclbsâf pcr lf prctbjbfk prctbjb fk lub-oéof lub-oéof ft k`k pcr l‒cssbstcktf l‒cssbstcktf `u l‒mygbâkbstf l‒mygbâkbstf. Uubsqu‒bl s‒cgbt n‒ukf prfsjrbptb`k oânbjclf, fllf n`bt fk fhhft rfstfr l‒chhcbrf nu « n`jtfu n`jtfurr ´. Nf plus, jfrtcb jfrtcbks ks gfstfs gfstfs pfuvfkt pfuvfkt fhhrcy fhhrcyfr fr lf pctbfk pctbfktt qub p`urrc p`urrc sf nfocknfr, pcr fxfoplf, sb lf scbgkfofkt bknubt ‚ trcksbt`brfofkt ‚ pcr lf pcsscgf nfs ar`ssfttfs bktfrnfktcbrfs kf vc pcs cggrcvfr sfs pr`alíofs `u sb ukf cttbtunf âkfrgbquf cu kbvfcu nfs nfkts o`ablfs kf vc pcs lfs fxpulsfr. Vkf cttbtunf sfrc nâjrbtf p`ur quf lfs pctbfkts cn`ptfkt lbarfofkt, nurcalfofkt, cvfj j`kffickjf, fhffijcjbtâ ft scks sfktbofkt nf julpcablbtâ, uk cutrf j`op`rtfofkt vbs-å-vbs nf lfur a`ujmf, nf lfurs nfkts ft nf lfur pcr`n`ktf. k
Urbkjbpfs nf lc oâtm`nf
J‒fst fk prb`rb J‒fst prb`rbtâ tâ å l‒bktf l‒bktfllb llbgfk gfkjf jf ft ft å l‒chhf l‒chhfjt jt nf nfss pctbfk pctbfkts ts quf quf lf pprct rctbjb bjbfk fk hfrc hfrc cpp cppfl, fl, ft jflc fk bksbstckt sur lfs aâkâffijfs nu trcbtfofkt ft o`bks sur lf trcbtfofkt luboéof. Lf prctbjbfk ft s`k âqubpf s`bgkcktf sf plcjfr`kt n`kj plutþt nu jþtâ nu scv`br p`urqu`b quf quf nu scv`br j`oofkt, pubsquf lf prfobfr nâtfrobkf lc quclbtâ nu sfj`kn. Ucr j`ksâqufkt, lfs o`ts sclf, pr`prf, abfk, ocl ft mygbíkf sfr`kt âvbtâs l`rs nf lc sâckjf nf nâo`kstrctb`k nfs oâtm`nfs nf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf suprc-gbkgbvclf. Bl k‒fst pcs kâjfsscbrf n‒utblbsfr n‒foalâf nfs supp`rts vbsufls tfls quf nbcp`sbtbvfs, pm`t`s, pm`t` s, vbnâ`s ft/`u ft/`u lbvrfts. lbvrfts. Ucr fxfoplf, fxfoplf, lf k`uvfcu k`uvfcu pctbfkt pctbfkt kf rfjfvrc rfjfvrc pcs nís s`k fktrâf ncks lc scllf n‒cttfktf ft nf ockbírf cut`rbtcbrf ukf ar`jmurf `u ukf vbnâ` cu prâtfxtf qu‒c prb`rb bl bl kf scbt pcs sf ar`ssfr lfs nfkts (jf typf nf j`op`rtfofkt hcbt nfs rcvcgfs jmfz jfrtcbks pctbfkts). Jfs n`juofkts pfuvfkt nâjlfkjmfr pfur ft nâg`ôt, cjj`opcgkâs n‒uk sfktbofkt nf rfift (oéof sb lfs pctbfkts nbsfkt s`uvfkt quf jf k‒fst pcs lf jcs). OâOfKt@
Lf prctbjbfk fxplbqufrc jlcbrfofkt cu pctbfkt quf lfs s`bks l`jcux k‒`kt rbfk å v`br cvfj ukf mygbíkf qu`tbnbfkkf ft quf l‒`k kf j`kh`kn pcs ^`blfttf ft ^rcbtfofkt . Ncks jfrtcbkfs jbrj`kstckjfs ft p`ur jfrtcbks pctbfkts, lf prctbjbfk pfut oéof ci`utfr qu‒bl k‒fst pcs ncks lc p`sbtb`k n‒uk pírf `u n‒ukf oírf qub fxplbqufrc fxplb qufrcbt bt qu‒bl hcut cas`luofkt cas`luofkt « sf ar`ssfr lfs nfkts cvckt cvckt n‒cllfr cu lbt ´.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
13
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
k
J`ktrþlf nf plcquf suprc-gbkgbvclf suprc-gbkgbvclf Ucr myp`tmísf, `k jm`bsbrc bjb nfs s`bks l`jcux cncptâs cu trcbtfofkt nfs
pcr`n`ktbtfs cgrfssbvfs gâkârclbsâfs cjtbvfs ft nfs gbkgbvbtfs å rbsquf pcr`n`ktcl h`rt T3, :_. Jf trcbtfofkt kf pfut fk cujuk jcs rfprâsfktfr Lc oâtm`nf ukbvfrsfllf cpplbjcalf å t`us lfs pctbfkts. Jf k‒fst surt`ut pcs ukf tfjmkbquf
nfstbkâf å coâlb`rfr l‒mygbíkf nfs pfrs`kkfs kâglbgâfs ocbs scbkfs. Lc oâtm`nf j`op`rtf j`op`rtf quctrf aujj`-nfktcbrf âtcpfs âtcpfs 9 ‚ obsf fk âvbnfkj âvbnfkjff nf lc plcquf suprc-gbkg suprc-gbkgbvclf bvclf 4 ‚ j`ktr j`ktrþlf þlf nf plcquf plcquf strbjtfofkt strbjtfofkt oâjckbquf oâjckbquf 4 ‚ j`ktr j`ktrþlf þlf nf plcquf å l‒cbnf n‒cktbsfptbquf n‒cktbsfptbqufss 4 ‚ nâsbkh nâsbkhfjtb` fjtb`kk nfs ouqufusfs cvfj ukf s`lutb`k cktbsfptbquf cktbsfptbquf.. Lc t`tclbtâ nu octârbfl kâjfsscbrf curc âtâ s`bgkfusfofkt prâpcrâf pcr l‒cssbstcktf cvckt lf rfknfz-v`us (HBG. 3.2) 9 ‚ râvâlctfur nf plcquf (Nfkt`-Ulcquf Bkcvc^O `u Autlfr ^O Nbsjl` Nbsjl`sbkg sbkg Z`lutb`k) Z`lutb`k) 4 ‚ fcu j`urck j`urcktf tf 4 ‚ ar`ssf Bkcvc^O 36/355 jmbrurgbjclf `u Autlfr ^O >76 Ur`tfj Ur`tfjtt 4 ^O
‚ cktbsfptbqufs ar`ssfttfs cncptâfs Autlfr 4å 35 v`luofs ft Abjcrf Gbhrfr Ulus ^O) 4 (fcu `xygâkâf ‚ jml`rmfx jml`rmfxbnbk bnbkff å 5,31 5,31 % 4 ‚ obr`br hcjf-åhcjf-å-ocbk ocbk 4 ‚ pr`tfjtb`k bopfroâcalf.
HBG. 3.2 - Octârbfl kâjfsscbrf å lc
nâo`kstrctb`k nfs s`bks l`jcux. Jf octârbfl n`bt étrf prâpcrâ fk co`kt pcr l‒cssbstcktf.
11
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
Âtcpf k 3 9 obsf fk âvbnfkjf âvbnfkjf nf lc plcquf plcquf sup suprcrc-gbkg gbkgbvcl bvclff ( Xbnâ` Xbnâ` > ) > ) `
www. Qftr`uvfz sur bktfrkft ukf vbnâ` nf s`bks l`jcux nf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf suprcgbkgbvclf.
U`ur ofttrf fk âvbnfkjf lc plcquf nfktcbrf, lf prctbjbfk nâp`sf ukf `u nfux g`uttfs nf râvâlctfur nf plcquf lbqubnf (lfs j`oprboâs s`kt o`bks nâo`kstrctbhs tb hs)) sur sur lfs lfs bkjb bkjbsb sbvf vfss jf jfkt ktrc rclf lfss ocknb cknbau aulc lcbrf brfss ft ocxbll cxbllcb cbrf rfss ft nfoc nfockn knf f cu pctb pctbfk fktt nf l‒âtclfr cvfj sc lckguf sur t`utfs lfs surhcjfs nfktcbrfs, pubs nf sf rbkjfr lc a`ujmf.
Å l‒cbnf n‒uk obr`br, lf pctbfkt ft lf prctbjbfk rfgcrnfkt fksfoalf `ò sf tr`uvfkt lfs nâpþts nf plcquf. Oéof sb lf prctbjbfk scbt n‒cvckjf qu‒bls s`kt plus bop`rtckts cu kbvfcu nfs fspcjfs bktfrnfktcbrfs (HBG. 3.35), bl pfut chhfjtfr ukf jfrtcbkf surprbsf fk nbsckt nbsckt 9 « Cu o`bks, o`bks, jmfz v`us, v`us, j‒fst j‒fst jlcbr9 jlcbr 9 j‒fst fktrf fktrf lfs nfkts quf quf çc sf pcssf. pcssf. ´ @k âvbtfrc cbksb nf nbrf cu pctbfkt qu‒bl k‒fst pcs nbhhârfkt nbhhârfkt nf lc ocssf nfs cutrfs pctbfkts quckt å lc quclbtâ ft å l‒fhffijcjbtâ nf s`k mygbíkf nfktcbrf. Zbk`k, nfs râcjtb`ks nf rfift plus `u o`bks jlcbrfofkt fxprboâfs p`urrcbfkt cppcrcëtrf. `
j`ktrþlf nf plcq plcquf uf oâjckbqu oâjckbquff ( Xbnâ` Âtcpf k 1 9 j`ktrþlf Xbnâ` > ) > ) Jfttf nâo`kstrctb`k fst hcbtf cu ocxbllcbrf supârbfur ukbqufofkt. Lf prctbjbfk utblbsf ukf ar`ssf å nfkts cncptâf (Bkcvc^O 36/355 jmbrurgbjclf `u Autlfr ^O >76 Ur`tfjt) ft fhhfjtuf lc nâo`kstrctb`k nfs s`bks l`jcux lub-oéof .
c
a
j
n
HBG. 3.35 - Jcs jlbkbqufs (c jlbkbqufs (c ft j) cvckt ft (a ft n) obsf j) cvckt ft (a n) obsf fk plcjf nu râvâlctfur nf plcquf.
Jf tfst k‒fst pcs nfstbkâ å o`ktrfr cu pctbfkt qu‒bl kf scbt pcs sf ar`ssfr lfs nfkts ocbs å bknbqufr quf, jmfz lub, lc plcquf nfktcbrf sf sbtuf oci`rbtcbrfofkt cu kbvfcu nf lc l c i`kjtb`k gfkjbvf/nfkts ft nfs fspcjfs bktfrnfktcbrfs.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
1:
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
Lf prbkjbpf fst n‒bktr`nubrf lfs p`bls nf lc ar`ssf å nfkts ncks lfs fspcjfs bktfrnfktcbrfs, pubs nf râclbsfr nfs o`uvfofkts r`tct`brfs scks qubttfr lf j`ktcjt cvfj lfs nfkts (HBG. 3.33c). Lfs hcjfs pclctbkfs sfr`kt cbksb trcbtâfs grájf å nfs o`uvfofkts cktâr`p`stârbfurs sfl`k lf grckn cxf nf lc nfkt scks icocbs pfrnrf lf j`ktcjt cvfj lc nfkt (HBG. 3.33a). Lf prctbjbfk pcssf fksubtf, t`ui`urs lub-oéof lub-oéof ft (HBG.3.33j)
scks mâsbtctb`k, ar`ssfttfs cncptâfs ncks´.lfs bktfrnfktcbrfs pcssc pcsscgf gf n`bt sf lfs hcbrf å « hr`tt hr`ttfofkt fofkt n`ux Lf fspcjfs ffil nfktcbrf fst j`ktrf-bkn j`ktrf-bknbquâ bquâ. Lf ft l‒mynr`pulsfur bksuhffiscoofkt fhffijcjf. Fk jcs nf pcr`n`ktbtf cjtbvf, jfs s`bks l`jcux bknubsfkt quflqufh`bs nfs n`ulfurs rflctbvfofkt bop`rtcktfs. Jfpfknckt, fllfs `kt lbfu ukbqufofkt pfknckt lfs s`bks l`jcux ft jfssfkt fk o`yfkkf mubt i`urs cprís lf nâaut nu trcbtfofkt. Ncks jfrtcbks jcs, lfs s`bks l`jcux pfuvfkt âgclfofkt bknubrf uk scbgkfofkt ca`knckt. Lf prctbjbfk prfknrc lc prâjcutb`k nf rcssurfr lf pctbfkt fk lub fxplbquckt quf jfs cspfjts nâscgrâcalfs s`kt l`gbqufs, j`optf tfku nf l‒bkhfjtb`k, ocbs qu‒bls nbobkufr`kt rcpbnfofkt i`ur cprís i`ur p`ur jfssfr j`oplítfofkt fk mubt å nbx i`urs fkvbr`k.
c
a
j
HBG. 3.33 - c. Ockbfofkt vfstbaulcbrfs. a. Zur Zur lfs hcjfs c. Ockbfofkt nf lc ar`ssf å nfkts sur lfs hcjfs vfstbaulcbrfs. a.
pclctbkfs. j. Fktrf pclctbkfs. j. Fktrf lfs fspcjfs bktfrpr`xbocux. bktfrpr`xbocux . Ncks uk prfobfr tfops, lfs s`bks s`kt râclbsâs scks ci`ut n‒cktbsfptbqufs. Lc nâo`kstrctb`k k‒fst râclbsâf qu‒cu ocxbllcbrf supârbfur, jcr bl fst plus hcjblf cu pctbfkt nf vbsuclbsfr lc tfjmkbquf.
1>
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
OâOfKt@
Lf prctbjbfk fxplbquf cu pctbfkt quf lc ar`ssf ft lfs ar`ssfttfs s`kt utblbsâfs n‒ca`rn sfulfs (scks nfktbhrbjf) p`ur nâtcjmfr lfs acjtârbfs nf lc surhcjf nfs nfkts, ocbs scks p`ur cutckt lfs âlbobkfr (nâs`rgckbsctb`k nu ab`ffilo). Zb lc oâtm`nf s‒crrétcbt å jf stcnf, bl kf s‒cgbrcbt cl`rs quf n‒ukf mygbíkf aujj`nfktcbrf jlcssbquf.
Âtcpf k : 9 j`ktrþlf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf å l‒cbnf n‒cktbsfptbqu n‒cktbsfptbqufs fs ( Xbnâ` Xbnâ` > ) > ) Lc tr`bsbíof âtcpf nfs s`bks l`jcux utblbsf fxcjtfofkt lc oéof tfjmkbquf quf jfllf nâjrbtf å l‒âtcpf prâjânfktf, ocbs fk nâp`sckt sur lc ar`ssf ft lfs ar`ssfttfs lf oâlckgf cktbsfptbquf nf Abjcrf Gbhrfr Ulus^O ft n‒fcu `xygâkâf å : % (HBG. 3.31). J‒fst bjb quf lf prctbjbfk prctbjbfk iustbffif lc prfsjrbptb` prfsjrbptb`kk n‒cktbsfptbq n‒cktbsfptbqufs, ufs, pubsqu‒bl s‒cgbt nf trcbtfr ukf bkhfjtb`k pcr`n`ktclf. L‒utblbsctb` L‒utb lbsctb`kk nf l‒fcu `xygâkâf `xygâkâf fst h`knâf h`knâf sur lfs crguofkts crguofkts subvckts subvckts 9 ‚ k`s nâhfksfs kcturfllfs (p`lykujlâcbrfs kfutr`pmblfs) l‒utblbsfkt T38_ 4 ‚ lfs acjtârbfs pr`tfjtrbjfs l‒utblbsfkt T37_ 4 ‚ jfrt jfrtcb cbkf kfss acjt acjtâr ârbf bfss râsb râsbst stfk fktt cux cux j` j`kj kjfk fktr trct ctb` b`ks ks pmys pmysb` b`l` l`gb gbqu qufs fs n‒fc n‒fcuu `xygâkâf T3=_ 4 `
c
a
j
HBG. 3.31 - J`ktrþlf nf plcquf suprc-gbkgbvclf å l‒cbnf n‒cktbsfptbqufs (oâlck (oâlckgf gf nf Abjcrf ^O
Gbhrfr Ulus ft n‒fcu `xygâkâf å : %). Lc tfjmkbquf n‒utblbsctb`k nf lc ar`ssf å nfkts ft nfs ar`ssfttfs bktfrnfktcbrfs s‒fhhfjtuf nf ockbírf bnfktbquf å l‒âtcpf prâjânfktf.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
16
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
‚ lfs kfutr`pmblfs nfs oclcnfs cttfbkts nf pcr`n`ktbtf sâvírf pr`nubsfkt nfs qucktbtâs bksuhffiscktfs n‒fcu `xygâkâf T32_ 4 ‚ lc sclbvf j`ktbfkt nfs cktb`xynckts qub râgulfkt lfs qucktbtâs âvfktufllfofkt tr`p bop`rtcktfs n‒fcu `xygâkâf T15_. L‒utblbsctb` L‒utb lbsctb`kk nu abjcra`kc abjcra`kctf tf nf s`unf fst iustbffiâf pcr 9 T13_ 4 ‚‚ sc s`kjcpcjbtâ p`uv`br jcpc jbtâ åacjtârb`lytbquf sf nbss`unrf nbss`unrf hcjblfofkt hcjblfo fkt 4 ‚ s`k ockquf n‒carcsbvbtâ (lf abjcra`kctf nf s`unf fst vbkgt h`bs o`bks carcsbh quf k‒bop`rtf qufl nfktbhrbjf) T11_ 4 ‚ s`k hcbalf hcbalf j`ôt j`ôt 4 ‚ sc jcpcjbtâ å p`tfktbclbsfr l‒cjtb`k nf l‒fcu `xygâkâf T1:_. J‒fst pr`acalfofkt ncks l‒utblbsctb`k n‒cktbsfptbqufs p`ur lfs s`bks l`jcux quf râsbnf lc plus grcknf nbhhârfkjf cvfj lfs oâtm`nfs jlcssbqufs nf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf suprcsup rc-gbk gbkgbv gbvclf clf qub k‒utblbs k‒utblbsfkt fkt cujuk cujuk nfktbh nfktbhrbj rbjff `u utblbsf utblbsfkt kt k‒bop` k‒bop`rtf rtf lfqufl lfqufl n‒fktrf n‒fkt rf fux s`us prâtfxtf prâtfxtf qu‒bls s`kt t`us cussb bkutblfs. bkutblfs. Zfl`k jfrtcbks prctbjbfks, lfs nfktbhrbjfs s`kt s`bt t`us ocuvcbs, s`bt t`us a`ks. Jfttf cttbtunf oft lfs pctbfkts å k`uvfcu nfvckt lc k`tb`k nf pr`prf/sclf cvfj s`k j`rtígf nf râcjtb`ks quflqufh`bs nbhffijblfs å gârfr. K`t`ks t`utfh`bs quf lc qucsbt`tclbtâ nfs nfktbhrbjfs j`ktbfkt nfs cgfkts ckb`kbqufs qub ca`lbssfkt lfs fhhfts nf lc jml`rmfxbnbkf jctb`kbquf.
a`ujmf cvfj uk cktbsfptbquf cktbsfptbquf lbqubnf ( Xbnâ` Âtcpf k > 9 rbkçcgf nf lc a`ujmf Xbnâ` > ) > ) Lc nfrkbírf âtcpf nfs s`bks l`jcux j`ksbstf fk l‒utblbsctb`k n‒cktbsfptbqufs fk acbk nf a`ujmf (prbkjbpclfofkt lc jml`rmfxbnbkf). Jfjb fst surt`ut vrcb p`ur lf trcbtfofkt nfs pcr`n`ktbtfs cgrfssbvfs sâvírfs. Lc jml`rmfxbnbkf fst uk nfs rcrfs cktbsfptbqufs râfllfofkt fhffijcjf fk pcr`n`ktbf T1>_. Jfttf o`lâjulf jctb`kbquf p`ssínf uk fxjfllfkt p`uv`br acjtârb`stctbquf ft acjtârb`lytbquf, uk p`uv`br râockfkt ft lc jcpcjbtâ n‒cnmârfr cux strujturfs nfktcbrfs nfktc brfs ft cux ouqufusfs. ouqufusfs. Lc j`kjfktrct j`kjfktrctb`k b`k nf jml`rmfxbn jml`rmfxbnbkf bkf (5,31 `u 5,1 %) sfrc jm`bsbf fk h`kjtb`k nf l‒bktfksbtâ nfs sbgkfs objr`ab`l`gbqufs ft lfs sbgkfs n‒cjtbvbtâ jlbkbquf. Lfs acbks nf a`ujmf å acsf n‒mublfs fssfktbfllfs, nf jctb`ks oâtcllbqufs (Ju ++, Yk ++) `u nf jâtylpyrbnbkbuo jml`rbnf kf s`kt pcs cssfz fhffijcjfs p`ur lf trcbtfofkt nfs pcr`n`ktbtfs cgrfssbvfs cjtbvfs (^CALFCV 3.:). `
^CALFCV 3.: - LFZ UQBKJBUCV] ACBKZ NF A@VJMF Å ACZF NF JML@QMF]BNBKF
18
Ocrqufs
J`kjfktrctb`k %
Flunrbl Ucr`fx Jurcsfpt Urfxbnbkf
5,1 5,31 5,56/5,31/5,1 5,31
Lca`rct`brfs
Ubfrrf Hcarf Zukstcr Jurcnfkt Fxpcksjbfkjf
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
^O
^O
^O
^O
JMCUB^QF
3 k
a
c
HBG. 3.3: - J`l`rctb`k nf lc lckguf (c) lckguf (c) ft ft nfs nfkts (a) nfkts (a) å å lc subtf nf l‒utblbsctb`k l ‒utblbsctb`k nf acbk nf
a`ujmf å acsf nf jml`rmfxbnbkf. Jfs j`l`rctb`ks aâkbgkfs s`kt n‒cutckt plus bop`rtcktfs quf lc j`kjfktrctb`k nf jml`rmfxbnbkf fst bop`rtcktf, quf lf pctbfkt fst huofur ft quf l‒clbofktctb`k j`ktbfkt nfs pr`nubts tckkbqufs. Fllfs s‒âlbobkfkt trís hcjblfofkt ft trís rcpbnfofkt å l‒cbnf n‒uk câr`p`lbssfur.
Bl fst bop`rtckt bop`rtckt n‒bksbstfr cuprís nu pctbfkt pctbfkt sur l‒cas`luf kâjfssbtâ n‒fhhfjtufr jf acbk nf a`ujmf p`ur nâsbkhfjtfr lfs ouqufusfs aujjclfs (lckguf, i`ufs, plckjmfr nf lc a`ujmf, pblbfrs cktârbfurs nfs coygnclfs) qub kf s`kt pcs prbsfs fk jmcrgf pcr lfs âtcpfs prâjânfktfs. Bl kf s‒cgbt n`kj pcs n‒ukf prfsjrbptb`k prfsjr bptb`k nf j`kh`rt. j`kh`rt. Bl fst âgclfofkt trís bop`rtckt n‒bknbqufr quf lc jml`rmfxbnbkf p`ssínf nfs fhhfts sfj`kncbrfs nâscgrâcalfs ocbs aâkbks, j`oof lc j`l`rctb`k nfs nfkts ft nf lc (HBG.. 3.3:). Jfpfknckt, lckguf trís hcjblf å âlbobkfr fk quflqufs obkutfs pcr p`lbsscgf (HBG bl fxbstf cui`urn‒mub nfs acbks nf a`ujmf å acsf nf jml`rmfxbnbkf qub kf j`l`rfkt
pcs `u pfu (Jurcsfpt (Jurcsfp ). J`ktrcbrfofkt å ukft jr`yckjf tfkcjf ft trís râpcknuf ncks lf oblbfu pr`hfssb`kkfl,l, l‒uscgf sb`kkf l‒uscgf qu`tbnbfk qu`tbnbfk ft pr`l`kgâ pr`l`kgâ nf jml`r jml`rmfxbn mfxbnbkf bkf k‒bknubt pcs nf râsbstckjf râsbstckjf nf lc fi`rf pctm`gíkf ft kf o`nbffif pcs lc j`op`sbtb`k nf lc fi`rf pr`tfjtrbjf. Å jf stcnf, lf prctbjbfk fst prét å o`ktrfr cu pctbfkt quf lf trcbtfofkt c j`oofkjâ. Fk fhhft, bl pfut hcbrf rfocrqufr l‒coâlb`rctb`k booânbctf j`oof lc trís cgrâcalf sfksctb`k nf j`kh`rt ft nf hrcëjmfur k`tcoofkt. Bl pfut âgclfofkt o`ktrfr quf lfs j`l`rctb`ks r`ugfs `kt nbspcru nfs fknr`bts `ò lfs s`bks l`jcux `kt âtâ râclbsâs, ocbs s`kt t`ui`urs prâsfktfs cu kbvfcu nf jfux qub k‒`kt pcs fkj`rf âtâ trcbtâs, pubsquf ncks jfttf oâtm`nf lc nâo`kstrctb`k k‒fst hcbtf qu‒cu ocxbllcbrf supârbfur. Bl fst cvârâ quf lc nâo`kstrctb`k nfs s`bks l`jcux hcbtf cu ocxbllcbrf ft å lc ocknbaulf k‒âtcbt pcs plus fhffijcjf quf jfllf râclbsâf cu ocxbllcbrf ukbqufofkt (^CALFC (^CALFCV V 3.>) T16_. Lf ocxbllcbrf fst jm`bsb pcrjf qu‒bl fst plus hcjblf p`ur lf pctbfkt nf subvrf jfttf nâo`kstrctb`k.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
17
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
^CALFCV 3.> - F HHBJCJB^Â NFZ Z@BKZ L@JCV] CUQÍZ NÂO@KZ^QC^B@K FK V^BLBZCK^ L‒BKNBJF NF ULCSVF* Gr`upf C
Gr`upf A
Gr`upf J
Gr`upf N
I3
16,55
16,>5
17,>5
12,15
I:5
8,15
6,15
8,:5
16,15
Nbhhârfkjf
3=,=5
15,15
13,35
>,55
Âjcrt typf
=,=7
7,33
8,62
: ,2 >
* Gr` Gr`upf upf C 9 nâo nâo`ks `kstrc trctb` tb`k k cu ocx ocxbll bllcbr cbrf f sup supârb ârbfur fur.. Gr` Gr`upf upf A 9 nâo`k nâo`kstr strctb ctb`k `k cu ocx ocxbll bllcbr cbrf f bkh bkhârb ârbfur fur.. Gr`upf J 9 nâo`kstrctb`k cu ocxbllcbrf supârb supârbfur fur ft lc ocknbaulf. Gr`upf N 9 pcs nf nâo`kstrctb`k. Bl k‒y c pcs nf nbhhârfk nbhhârfkjf jf sbgkbffijctbvf n‒coâ n‒coâlb`rctb`k lb`rctb`k nu j`ktrþlf nf plcquf fktrf fktrf lfs gr`upfs C, A ft J. Bl k‒y c qu‒ukf lâgírf coâlb`rctb`k ncks lf gr`upf N T16_.
J`ktrþlf nf plcquf s`us-gbkgbvclf s`us-gbkgbvclf Lf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf s`us-gbkgbvclf s‒fhhfjtuf pcr l‒bktfroânbcbrf n‒uk cktbab`tbquf prfsjrbt pfr `s. Zb kâjfsscbrf, bl n`bt l‒étrf å lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k sfl`k lfs
k
jrbtírfs plus acs. Lfs Ucr nbsp`sbtbhs lbaârctb`k lfktfkf s`kt jcr âlbobkâsfxp`sâs pcr lfs s`bks l`jcux. cbllfurs,åuk cktbab`tbquf n`btbkfhffijcjfs étrf prfsjrbt qu‒ukf sfulf h`bs. Z‒bl nfvcbt étrf prfsjrbt pfknckt lf trcbtfofkt, jflc bknbqufrcbt quf lc sbtuctb`k k‒fst pcs s`us j`ktrþlf.
Jrbtírfs nf prfsjrbptb`k n‒uk cktbab`tbquf fk pcr`n`ktbf U`ur prfsjrbrf uk cktbab`tbquf fk pcr`n`ktbf bl hcut abfk fktfknu quf lc fi`rf s`us-gbkgbvclf s`bt bkj`opctbalf cvfj lc scktâ pcr`n`ktclf. Bl s‒cgbt n‒ukf j`knbtb`k prârfqubsf kâjfsscbrf ocbs k`k suhffiscktf. Fk fhhft, bl hcut quf lfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs s`bfkt pr`h`knfs (cu-nflå nf quflqufs obllboítrfs) pubsquf lfs s`bks l`jcux k‒`kt n‒fhhfts sur lc fi`rf s`us-gbkgbvclf quf sur lfs prfobfrs obllboítrfs nfs p`jmfs pcr`n`ktclfs (HBG. 3.3>) T18_. Lf prctbjbfk p`urrc jfpfknckt prfsjrbrf uk cktbab`tbquf fk prâsfkjf n‒ukf fi`rf bkj`opctbalf ft nf p`jmfs pfu pr`h`knfs l`rsqu‒bl fxbstf nfs `astcjlfs å l‒fktrâf nfs lâsb`ks. J‒fst quflqufh`bs lf jcs l`rsqu‒bl y c nfs qucktbtâs bop`rtcktfs nf (HBG. 3.36). tcrtrf suprc-gbkgbvcl ft s`us-gbkgbvcl fk prâsfkjf n‒ukf fi`rf bkj`opctbalf (HBG. J‒fst âgclfofkt lf jcs p`ur lfs pctbfkts cu stctut oânbjcl bknbquckt ukf h`rtf boouk`nâprfssb`k, j`oof lfs pctbfkts nbcaâtbqufs k`k j`ktrþlâs, s`us jyjl`sp`rbkf C, s`us jmbob`tmârcpbf cktbjckjârfusf `u å rbsquf nf nâvfl`ppfr uk cjjbnfkt jcrnb`-vcsjulcbrf (tmr`oaus, fkn`jcrnbtf). Fk nfm`rs n‒uk j`ktfxtf cllfrgbquf, ukf o`lâjulf cktbab`tbquf n`bt rfoplbr lfs jrbtírfs subvckts T17_ 9 ‚ lfs acjtâr acjtârbfs bfs bkjrbobkâfs bkjrbobkâfs s`kt sfksbalfs sfksbalfs å lc o`lâjulf o`lâjulf 4 ‚ lc o`lâjulf sfrc fk j`kjfkt j`kjfktrctb`k rctb`k tmârc tmârcpfutbq pfutbquf uf ncks lf fiubnf gbkgbvcl gbkgbvcl 4 ‚ lc o`lâjulf rfspf rfspfjtf jtf lc fi`rf j`opctbalf j`opctbalf cvfj lc scktâ pcr`n`ktclf pcr`n`ktclf 4 1=
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
Âocbl
3 k
Ar`ssf å nfkts
Y`kf suprcgbkgbvclf chhfjtâf pcr lf ar`sscgf Y`kf s`us-gbkgbvclf chhfjtâf pcr lf ar`sscgf U`jmf
HBG. 3.3> - Zjmâoc o`ktrckt quf lfs s`bks l`jcux k‒`kt pfu `u pcs n‒cjjís å lc fi`rf s`us-
gbkgbvclf. Bls k‒`kt n‒fhhfts quf sur lfs prfobfrs obllboítrfs.
HBG. 3.36 - ^crtrf `albtârckt lc i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf ft j`kstbtuckt cbksb uk
fkvbr`kkfofkt ckcâr`abf hcv`rcalf cux acjtârbfs pctm`gíkfs. Bl s‒cgbt n‒ukf nfs rcbs`ks p`ur lcqufllf uk cktbab`tbquf pfut étrf prfsjrbt.
‚ lc o`lâjulf o`lâjulf k‒bknubt k‒bknubt pcs `u pfu nf râsbstckjf râsbstckjf 4 ‚ bl k‒fxbstf pcs n‒cutrfs o`yfks nf j`ktrþlfr lc plcquf s`us-gbkgbvclf. Oclgrâ l‒fkg`ufofkt nfs pcr`n`ktbstfs p`ur lfs tâtrcjyjlbkfs, lfs j`kkcbssckjfs sur l‒utblbsctb`k nfs cktbab`tbqufs bknbqufkt quf lfs jml`rmynrctfs nf tâtrcjyjlbkf pcr v`bf gâkârclf k‒`kt quf trís pfu `u pcs n‒bknbjctb`ks n‒bknbjctb`ks fk pcr`n`ktbf pcr`n`ktbf fk rcbs`k nf lfur spfjtrf spfjtrf n‒cjtb`k ft nfs râsbstckjfs râsbstckjfs `asfrvâfs fk Fur`pf Fur`pf T1=_. Nf plus, fllfs prâsfktfkt nfs fhhfts sfj`kncbrfs bknâsbrcalfs (pm`t`sfksbablbsctb`k).
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
12
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
Lf oâtr`kbncz`l oâtr`kbncz`lff (sful `u css`jbâ css`jbâ å uk ocjr`lbnf ocjr`lbnf 9 Hlcgyl `u Ab-Q`n`gyl) n`kkf n‒fxjfllfkts râsultcts jlbkbqufs ft objr`ab`l`gbqufs fk pcr`n`ktbf T12_. Jfttf prfsjrbptb`k jrbpt b`k fst bknbquâf ncks l‒ukf `u plusbfurs plusbfurs nfs sbtuctb`ks subvcktfs subvcktfs 9 ‚ gbkgbv gbkgbvbtfs btfs ft/`u pcr`n`ktbtf pcr`n`ktbtfss uljâr`-kâj uljâr`-kâjr`tbq r`tbqufs ufs 4 ‚ fi`rf j`ktfkckt U`rpmyr`o`kcs gbkgbvclbs 4 ‚ fi`rf j`ktfkckt j`ktfkckt plus nf 65 % nf spbr`jmítfs spbr`jmítfs ft/`u nf aát`kkfts aát`kkfts o`ablfs o`ablfs 4 ‚ fi`rf j`ktfkc j`ktfkckt kt nfs pcrcsbtfs pcrcsbtfs (cobafs (cobafs ft/`u ^rbjm`o`kcs). L‒css`jbctb`k co`xbjbllbkf-cjbnf jlcvulckbquf (Cugofktbk) fst bknbquâf ncks lfs sbtuctb`ks subvcktfs T:5_ 9 ‚ pcr`n`ktbtfs bkhfjtâfs pcr Cjtbk`acjbllus Cjtbk`acjbllus cjtbk`oyjftfoj`obtcks ft ^ckkfrfllc h`rsytmbc 4 ‚ fi`rf boo`abl boo`ablff fk prâsfkjf prâsfkjf nf sbgkfs hrckjs n‒cjtbvbtâ n‒cjtbvbtâ jlbkbquf jlbkbquf44 ‚ pcr`n pcr`n`ktbtf `ktbtfss râsbstcktfs râsbstcktfs å l‒co`xbjbllbkf l‒co`xbjbllbkf ft cu oâtr`kbncz`lf oâtr`kbncz`lf 4 ‚ mbst`r mbst`rbquf bquf n‒cktbab`tmârcp n‒cktbab`tmârcpbf(s) bf(s) cvfuglf(s) cvfuglf(s) scks râsultct jlbkbquf 4 ‚ prâsf prâsfkjf kjf nf lâsb`ks lâsb`ks fkn`-pcr`n fkn`-pcr`n`ktcl `ktclfs fs cjtbvfs 4 ‚ prâsfkjf nf k`oarfux hcjtfurs nf râtfktb`k (k`tcoofkt lfs rfstcurctb`ks pr`tmâtbqufs).
Z`bks l`jcux å prfsjrbrf p`ur lfs pcr`n`ktbtfs jmr`kbqufs nf l‒cnultf ft lfs gbkgbvbtfs å hcbalf rbsquf pcr`n`ktcl Lfs gbkgbvbtfs å hcbalf rbsquf pcr`n`ktcl ft lfs pcr`n`ktbtfs jmr`kbqufs nf l‒cnultf s`kt lfs oclcnbfs lfs plus hrâqufoofkt rfkj`ktrâfs fk `okbprctbquf. Jfs oclcnb oclcnbfs fs aâkbgk aâkbgkfs fs kf kâjfss kâjfssbtf btfkt kt pcs l‒fopl l‒fopl`b `b n‒cktb n‒cktbsfp sfptbq tbqufs ufs « h`rts h`rts ´ ft rcrfofkt n‒cktbab`tbqufs. Jfs pctbfkts `kt, fk fhhft, uk systíof booukbtcbrf suhffiscoofkt fhffijcjf p`ur j`ktrþlfr ukf bkhfjtb`k cprís ukf sboplf nâs`rgckbsctb`k nu ab`ffilo acjtârbfk. Lf pcsscgf nfs ar`ssfttfs fst kâcko`bks `albgct`brf. L‒utblbsctb`k n‒uk nfktbhrbjf fst n`kj trís s`uvfkt suhffiscktf T3_. k
N`juofkts rfobs cu pctbfkt Oéof fk prâsfkjf n‒ukf âj`utf cttfktbvf, lfs pctbfkts kf pfuvfkt pcs t`ui`urs rftfkbr rftfk br lc t`tclbtâ t`tclbtâ nfs bkh`roctb`k bkh`roctb`kss qub lfur s`kt nâlbvrâfs nâlbvrâfs cu j`urs nf l‒fktrftbfk, l‒fktrftbfk, nf l‒fxcofk jlbkbquf, nfs fxcofks j`oplâofktcbrfs ft nf lc nâo`kstrctb`k nfs s`bks l`jcux. J‒fst lc rcbs`k p`ur lcqufllf, nís lc ffik nf lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k, lf prctbjbfk rfofttrc cu pctbfkt ukf sârbf nf n`juofkts âjrbts pfrs`kkclbsâs, râukbs ncks uk n`ssbfr âgclfofkt pfrs`kkclbsâ ft nfstbkâ å prâjbsfr lfs p`bkts qub curcbfkt pu rfstfr `asjurs. Jfs n`juofkts s`kt fxplbquâs ft iustbffiâs jb-nfss`us. Lfttrf n‒cjjufbl ( Ckkfxf Ckkfxf : ) Jfttf lfttrf rfprâsfktf rfprâsfktf fk quflquf s`rtf ukf « Jmcrtf nf quclbtâ ´ bknbquckt cux pctbfkts l‒fkgcgfofkt nf t`utf l‒âqubpf s`bgkcktf. Jf n`juofkt lfur bknbquf quf lf sfrvbjf oânbjcl qub lfur fst pr`p`sâ sfrc nf lc ofbllfurf quclbtâ p`ssbalf ft j`kh`rof j`kh` rof å lc lâgbslctb`k lâgbslctb`k fk j`urs. j`urs. :5
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
Lfttrf n‒bkh`ro Lfttrf n‒bkh`roctb`k ctb`k ( Ckkfxf Ckkfxf > ) > ) Jf n`juofkt n`juofkt c p`ur aut nf lcbssfr ukf trcjf âjrbtf âjrbtf 9 ‚ nf jf quf lf pctbfkt c abfk v`ulu j`kffifr j`kffifr cu j`urs nf l‒fktrftbf l‒fktrftbfkk 4 ‚ nf jf qub c âtâ `asfrvâ `asfrvâ cu j`urs nfs fxcofks jlbkbqufs jlbkbqufs ft j`oplâofktcb j`oplâofktcbrfs rfs 4 ‚ nfs coâlb`rctb`ks ft aâkâffijfs qu‒bl pfut cttfknrf nu trcbtfofkt fk jcs n‒`asfrvckjf tmârcpfutbquf. J‒fst jf n`juofkt cuqufl lfs pctbfkts pfuvfkt sf râhârfr fk jcs n‒âvfktufllfs nbhffijultâs ft/`u nf nâj`urcgfofkt.
Z`bks l`jcux ( Ckkfxf Ckkfxf 6 ) 6 ) Lfs Lfs quct quctrf rf ât âtcp cpfs fs nf lc oâ oâtm tm`n `nff nf j`kt j`ktrþ rþlf lf nf plcqu plcquff s` s`kt kt jl jlcb cbrf rfof ofkt kt bknbquâfs ft s`kt lc ffinílf rfpr`nujtb`k nf jf qub c âtâ nâo`ktrâ cu pctbfkt. Jf n`ju n` juof ofkt kt âv âvbtf btf s` s`uv uvfk fktt lc nf nfoc ockn knff n‒uk n‒ukff j`ks j`ksul ultc tctb tb`k `k p`ur p`ur ukf ukf k`uv k`uvfl fllf lf nâo`kstrctb`k `u nfs prâjbsb`ks å pr`p`s nfs s`bks l`jcux. @k pfut âgclfofkt fkvbscgfr lc râclbsctb`k n‒uk n`juofkt vbnâ`. @rn`kkckjf ckjf ( Ckkfxf @rn`kk Ckkfxf 8 ) 8 ) Lc prfsjrbptb`k nf ar`ssfs, ar`ssfttfs, n‒cktbsfptbqufs, ft n‒uk âvfktufl cktbab`tbquf, fst jlcbrfofkt k`tâf sur ukf `rn`kkckjf. Lfs h`roulcbrfs h`urkbs pcr lfs lca`rct`brfs s`kt å âvbtfr pcrjf quf tr`p bopfrs`kkfls. Lfs j`nfs JBU ft CJL s`kt bknbquâs p`ur hcjblbtfr lf trcvcbl nu pmcrocjbfk. Nf plus, bl pfroft cu pmcrocjbfk nf j`oprfknrf qu‒ukf ar`ssf å nfkts ft uk acbk nf a`ujmf k‒fk vclfkt pcs uk cutrf.
Sufstb`kkcbrf kcbrf oânbjcl ( Ckkfxf Sufstb`k Ckkfxf 7 ) 7 ) Su`bquf l‒fktrftbfk ca`rnf fk nâtcbl lfs cspfjts oânbjcux nf lc j`ksultctb`k pcr`n`ktclf, lc lâgbslctb`k `albgf å rfofttrf uk qufstb`kkcbrf oânbjcl cu pctbfkt. Bl fst rfoplb pcr jf nfrkbfr jmfz lub ft rfkv`yâ pcr lc p`stf `u pcr t`ut cutrf o`yfk bkh`roctbquf. Jflc pfroft cussb cu pctbfkt n‒bknbqufr jf qu‒bl curcbt pu `ualbfr cu j`urs nf lc j`ksultctb` j`ksultctb`k. k. J`optf rfknu nf lc j`ksultctb`k ( Ckkfxf Ckkfxf = ) = ) @k pfut cnofttrf quf lf pctbfkt pubssf s`umcbtfr uk sfj`kn cvbs. U`ur jf hcbrf, ft p`ur âvbtfr nf oultbplbfr bkutblfofkt lfs fxcofks, lf prctbjbfk pfut rfofttrf cu pctbfkt pctbf kt uk n`ualf n`ualf nf s`k n`ssbfr n`ssbfr (fxcofk (fxcofk rcnb`l`gbq rcnb`l`gbquf uf ft j`optf rfknu). Bkh`roctb`ks sur lf trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl ( Ckkfxfs Ckkfxfs 2 ft 35 ) 35 ) Jf n`juofkt nâjrbt lfs grcknfs âtcpfs nu trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl. Bl pfroft cu pctbfkt n‒cktbjbpfr lfs âtcpfs subvcktfs nu trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl (lbtm`trbtbfs). Fktfktf nbrfjtf ( Ckkfxf Ckkfxf 33 ) 33 ) Lc plupcrt nfs prctbjbfks prctbjbfks fxfrjfkt fxfrjfkt lfur cjtbvbtâ cjtbvbtâ ncks lf jcnrf jcnrf « lbaârcl lbaârcl ´. Jf typf n‒fxfrjbjf supp`sf n`kj qu‒bls pfrç`bvfkt nbrfjtfofkt nf lc pcrt nu pctbfkt, s`us lc
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
:3
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
h`rof n‒m`k`rcbrfs, lc plus grcknf pcrtbf nf lc râoukârctb`k nf lfur trcvcbl. Lc rflctb`k ft lf j`ktcjt cvfj l‒crgfkt css`jbâ cux m`k`rcbrfs s`kt n`kj nf jf hcbt bkâvbtcalfs. Bl fst pfut-étrf bktârfssckt nf râfiâjmbr ft nf s‒bktfrr`gfr sur lc kcturf ft lfs j`ksâqufkjfs nf jf j`ktcjt pcrtbjulbfr T1_. Bl kf sfrc âvbnfoofkt pcs qufstb`k bjb nf nbsjutfr nf l‒crgfkt tckt syoa`lbquf quf vclfur ncks âj`k`obquf j`optcalf, plutþt n‒cttbrfr l‒cttfktb`k sur scfkvclfur lc rflctb`k jrââf fktrfocbs lf prctbjbfk ft lf pctbfkt. Bl sfrcbt fk fhhft sboplbstf nf j`ksbnârfr quf pfrjfv`br nfs m`k`rcbrfs sf rânubsf rânubsf cu pcsscgf n‒ukf n‒ukf s`oof n‒crgfkt n‒crgfkt n‒ukf « p`jmf p`jmf ´ å ukf cutrf. cutrf.
OâOfKt@
Ncks lf jcnrf nu nu pcbfofkt pcbfofkt nbrfjt nbrfjt nu pctbf pctbfkt kt cu prctbjbfk prctbjbfk,, t`ut sf pcssf pcssf j`oof sb sb lf oclcnf p`ssâncbt lc jcpcjbtâ, lf p`uv`br, lf j`ktrf-p`uv`br nf nâtfrobkfr luboéof sb lf o`ktckt nfs m`k`rcbrf m`k`rcbrfss fst jm`bsb cvfj « tcjt ft ofsurf ofsurf ´. Ncks lf jcs `ò lf pctbfkt pfut jm`bsbr s`k prctbjbfk (âlâofkt ocifur nf l‒fxfrjbjf lbaârcl), bl p`ssínf nu oéof oéof j`up lc lbafrtâ lbafrtâ nf lf qubttfr. qubttfr. Kf nbt-`k pcs pcs « étrf qubttf qubttf ´ p`ur sbgkbffifr sbgkbffifr quf l‒`k fst lbarf, lbarf, lbaârâ nf lc nfttf 0 Lf pctbfkt cttfbkt n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf vbfkt j`ksultfr fk p`rtckt fk lub ukf alfssurf kcrjbssbquf. Fllf fst rfprâsfktâf pcr l‒bkqubâtunf n`ul`urfusf quckt å l‒bktâgrbtâ nf s`k j`rps ft nu rffift bocgbkâ nf jf nfrkbfr. U`ur lfs pctbfkts, lfs nbhhârfkts syoptþofs pcr`n`ktcux rfknfkt n`kj âvbnfktf jfttf fktcof nf l‒bocgf nf s`b. L‒fhhft nf j`upurf fst plus `u o`bks abfk supp`rtâ, sfl`k lfs bknbvbnus, n‒cutckt qu‒bl rfkv`bf kâjfsscbrfofkt å l‒bnâf nu vbfbllbssfofkt ft nf lc o`rtclbtâ quf jmcjuk jmfrjmf plus `u o`bks å kbfr t`utf sc vbf. L‒crgfkt j`ktfku ncks lfs m`k`rcbrfs sfrcbt n`kj jcpcalf n‒étrf jf oânbuo qub pfroft nf rfstfr ifukf ft nf kbfr lc j`knbtb`k nf o`rtfl. Cffik nf kf pcs pfrnrf sfs nfkts, uk jfrtcbk s`urbrf, ukf jfrtcbkf mcro`kbf, ukf jfrtcbkf rfprâsfktctb`k nf s`b, lfs pctbfkts cur`kt å sf sâpcrfr sâpcr fr n‒uk `aift âgclfofkt âgclfofkt surbkvfstb surbkvfstb ncks k`trf s`jbâtâ s`jbâtâ 9 l‒crgfkt. l‒crgfkt. Cffik n‒âvbtfr n‒âvbtfr nfs prâiunbjfs prâiunbjfs j`rp`rfls, j`rp`rfls, bls sfr`kt sfr`kt n`kj j`khr`ktâs j`khr`ktâs å uk prbx å pcyfr 9 lfs m`k`rcbrfs ft l‒`aâbssckjf å jfrtcbkfs ríglfs (s`bks l`jcux, prbsf nf oânbjcofkts, rfspfjt nfs rfknfz-v`us). Jfrtcbks pctbfkts nâjbnfkt oéof pcrh`bs nf nbhhârfr ukf nâpfksf nâpfk sf (cjmct (cjmct nf v`btu v`bturf, rf, nâpcrt fk vcjc vcjckjfs kjfs),), jf qu‒bls pfrjfvr`kt pfrjfvr`kt j`oof âtckt ukf « pfrtf p`ur uk ggcbk cbk ´. Lf hcbt n‒cv`br n‒cv`br å râglfr nfs m`k`rcbrfs pfut n`kj rcppflfr, boplbjbtf bopl bjbtfofkt ofkt p`ur jfrtcbks jfrtcbks ft ft fxplbjbtfo fxplbjbtfofkt fkt p`ur p`ur n‒cutrfs, n‒cutrfs, ukf vârbtâ vârbtâ psyjm`l` psyjm`l`gbquf gbquf pr`h`knf pr`h` knf 9 l‒cptbtunf å sf sâpcr sâpcrfr fr n‒ukf pcrtbf p`ur prâsfrvfr prâsfrvfr lf t`ut. Lc nbstckjf vbtclf qub sâpcrf lf prctbjbfk nu pctbfkt kf sfrcbt-fllf pcs cl`rs `jjupâf pcr lfs m`k`rc m`k`rcbrf brfss 0 L‒âkfr L‒âkfrgbf gbf quflqu quflqufh` fh`bs bs j`ksbnâ j`ksbnârca rcalf lf « nâpfks nâpfksâf âf ´ pcr lf s`bgkckt kf sfrcbt-fllf sfrcbt-fllf pcs j`opfksâf j`opfksâf,, fktrf cutrfs, cutrfs, pcr l‒cpp`rt l‒cpp`rt n‒crgfkt 0
:1
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
@k p`urrcbt jr`brf quf lfs râfifxb`ks râfifxb`ks qub vbfkkfkt vbfkkfkt n‒étrf ofkâfs sur lfs sbgkbffijctb`ks âvbnfktfs ft jcjmâfs nfs m`k`rcbrfs s`kt nu acvcrncgf scks j`ksâqufkjfs prctbqufs. Fk râclbtâ, t`ut jf qub c âtâ âk`kjâ nfvrcbt pfrofttrf nf «vbvrf´ l‒crgfkt l‒crg fkt cvfj plus nf qubâtunf pcrjf pcrjf quf lfs pctbfkts pctbfkts lf vfrsfr`kt cvfj cvfj « plcbsbr ´ ft quf lf prctbjbfk prctbjbfk lf pfrjfvrc pfrjfvrc cvfj sctbshcjt sctbshcjtb`k b`k ft sârâkbtâ. sârâkbtâ. Nu p`bkt nf vuf2prctb prctbquf, râncjtb`k n‒uk « J`ktrct J`ktrct nf s`bks´ ( Ckkfxf ). quf, `k pfut n`kj pr`p`sfr lc râncjtb`k Lc plupcrt nfs fktfktfs nbrfjtfs j`op`rtfkt j`op`rtfkt ukf tcrbffijctb`k pcr ruarbqufs 9 ] fur`s p`ur lf nbcgk`stbj, R fur`s p`ur lc tmârcpfutbquf bkbtbclf, Y fur`s p`ur lc jmbrurgbf, ftj. Bl fst p`urtckt p`ssbalf fk pcr`n`ktbf, j`oof p`ur lc pr`tmísf `u l‒`rtm`n`ktbf n`k tbf,, nf hcjtur hcjturfr fr lfs m` m`k`r k`rcbr cbrfs fs nf ockbír ockbírff gl` gl`acl aclff ft nf lfs lfs prâsfk prâsfktfr tfr nf nf ockbír ockbírff h`rhcbtcbrf, nf tfllf s`rtf quf lfs pctbfkts pubssfkt hcbrf cppfl å l‒âqubpf s`bgkcktf fk jcs nf kâjfssbtâ kâjfssbtâ scks étrf j`ktrcbkts j`ktrcbkts nf « pcyfr uk supplâofk supplâofktt ´. J‒fst jf quf l‒`k p`urrcbt cppflfr uk nfvbs scks surprbsf.
OâOfKt@
Lf o`t nâtcrtrcgf, fk pcr`n`ktbf, pfut étrf rfoplcjâ pcr uk cutrf l`rsqu‒bl fst bkjlus ncks uk trcbtf trcbtfofkt ofkt pcr`n`ktcl pcr`n`ktcl j`opl j`oplfxf. fxf. L‒fxprfssb`k L‒fxprfssb`k « lbtm`t lbtm`trbtbf rbtbf pcr`n`ktclf n`ktc lf ´ (lbtm`trbtbf (lbtm`trbtbf ? âlbobkctb`k nf jclju jcljuls) ls) cppcrcët plus cncptâf pubsqu‒bl s‒cgbt n‒âlbobkfr lf plus nf tcrtrf p`ssbalf nf lc surhcjf nfs rcjbkfs cttfbktfs nf pfrtf n‒cttcjmf fk rfspfjtckt lfs tbssus fkvbr`kkckts. Fk jcs nf pcr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf, jfttf tfjmkbquf fst nâlbjctf, jmr`k`pmcgf, kâjfssbtf uk âqubpfofkt pcrtbjulbfr (objr`sj`pf, luobírf hr`bnf) ft lc prâsfkjf n‒ukf cssbstcktf cu hcutfubl.
Lf j`ktrctftnfnfs s`bks fst rânbgâ nf hcç`k åFkjfjcs quf nfux pcrtbfs cbfkt nfs cvcktcgfs j`ktrcbktfs âqubvclfktfs. nf lfs nâscjj`rn, lfs nfux pcrtbfs n`bvfkt p`uv`br sf sâpcrfr scks j`kfibt. Bl kf s‒cgbt n`kj pcs n‒uk j`ktrct lâ`kbk, ocbs n‒uk j`ktrct `ò jmcjukf nfs nfux pcrtbfs y tr`uvf s`k bktârét. Lfs fktfktfs nbrfjtfs j`ktbfkkfkt uk tfxtf qub bknbquf quf lf pctbfkt c lf p`uv`br n‒bktfrr`oprf lf trcbtfofkt å k‒bop`rtf qufl o`ofkt, scks iustbffijctb`k ft scks quf lf s`lnf s`bt nô. Jf nfrkbfr k‒fxbstf pcs sb lf pcbfofkt nfs m`k`rcbrfs fst âqubvclfkt å jmcquf sâckjf. Vk nfs âlâofkts fssfktbfls nf jf j`ktrct rfobs cu pctbfkt fst jfrtcbkfofkt lf o`ktckt nfs m`k`rcbrfs. Zb jfttf s`oof kf ffigurcbt pcs sur s ur lf n`juofkt, bl pfrnrcbt cl`rs booânbctfofkt t`utf vclfur. J‒fst n‒cbllfurs jfttf s`oof quf jfrtcbks pctbfkts lbr`kt scks n`utf fk prb`rbtâ. Lf o`ktckt nf lc pcrtbjbpctb`k nfs `rgckbsofss nf pr`tfjtb`k kbsof pr`tfjtb`k s`jbclf fst quflqufh`bs quflqufh`bs nfocknâ nfocknâ hfrof hfrofofkt ofkt pcr lf pctbfkt. pctbfkt. J‒fst ukf cutrf ockbírf nf j`ksbnârfr l‒âlâofkt j`ôt j`oof fssfktbfl ncks lc
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
::
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
prbsf nf nâjbsb`k. nâjbsb`k. Fllf sfrc nâpfknck nâpfkncktf tf nf lc râp`ksf å lc qufstb`k subvcktf subvcktf 9 « Fk h`kjtb`k nfs aâkâffijfs quf if vcbs rftbrfr nf jf trcbtfofkt, jflc vcut-bl lc pfbkf nf hcbrf ukf tfllf nâpfksf0 nâpfksf 0 ´ Jfrtcbks pctbfkts pctbfkts h`rtukâs h`rtukâs jm`bsbssfkt, jm`bsbssfkt, pcr fxfoplf, fxfoplf, nf kf pcs fktrfprfknrf lf trcbtfofkt pcrjf qu‒bls kf s`kt pcs j`kvcbkjus nf s`k bktârét. Ncks jf jcs, lf prctbjbfk pfut sf sfktbr ocl å l‒cbsf pubsquf j‒fst abfk lf jcpbtcl j`kffickjf qub fst cltârâ ft k`k pcs lf o`ktckt nfs m`k`rcbrfs qub fst obs fk jcusf. Lf j`ôt nf jmcquf sâckjf sfrc jcljulâ fk nbvbsckt lf o`ktckt t`tcl nfs m`k`rcbrfs pcr lf k`oarf nf sâckjfs cktbjbpâfs (t`ui`urs fk gcrnckt lf systíof h`rhcbtcbrf gl`acl). Lf pcbfofkt âjmfl`kkâ ft bnfktbquf, qufllf quf s`bt lc kcturf nfs s`bks (jmbrurgbjcux `u k`k), prâsfktf l‒cvcktcgf n‒âvbtfr nfs m`k`rcbrfs nbhhârfkts p`ur lfs cjtfs sckglckts ft k`k sckglckts, sbk`k jflc s`us-fktfknrcbt quf lfs uks s`kt plus bop`rtckts quf n‒cutrfs.
J`kjlusb`k Lfs nbhhârfktfs âtcpfs nf lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k (fktrftbfk, fxcofk jlbkbquf, fxcofks j`oplâofktcbrfs) `kt pfrobs nf râp`knrf cux sbx qufstb`ks nu nbcgk`stbj T:_ 9 ‚ typf nf oclcn oclcnbf bf 4 ‚ kcturf kcturf nf lc fi`rf fi`rf 4 ‚ âtct nf rfp`s `u n‒cjtbvbtâ n‒cjtbvbtâ nf lc pctm`l`gbf4 pctm`l`gbf 4 ‚ stcnf n‒cvckjfofkt n‒cvckjfofkt nf lc oclcnbf oclcnbf 4 ‚ rbsq rbsquf uf nf râjbnbvf râjbnbvf 4 ‚ hcjtfurs cggrcvckts. Lf prctbjbfk prctbjbfk c âgclfofkt âgclfofkt âtâ jcpcalf jcpcalf nf n`kkfr n`kkfr cu pctbfkt pctbfkt nfs âlâofkts âlâofkts nf nf râp`ksf râp`ksf å sfs quctrf quctrf qufstb`ks qufstb`ks 9 ‚ qu‒ qu‒fst fst-jf -jf quf quf i‒cb 0 ‚ fst fst-jf -jf quf j‒fst j‒fst grcvf grcvf 0 ‚ quf vc vc-t-t-`k `k of hcbrf hcbrf 0 ‚ j`o j`oabf abfkk çc vc of j`ôtfr j`ôtfr 0 Jfjb c âtâ rfknu p`ssbalf pcrjf quf lfs quctrf j`knbtb`ks fxplbquckt lfs nfstrujtb`ks nu pcr`n`ktf pcr`n`ktf s`kt prâsfktfs prâsfktfs å l‒fsprbt l‒fsprbt T:3_ 9 ‚ prâsf prâsfkjf kjf nf acjtârbfs acjtârbfs vbrulfktfs vbrulfktfs 4 ‚ casfk casfkjf jf nf acjtârbfs acjtârbfs pr`tfjtrbjfs pr`tfjtrbjfs 4 ‚ fkvbr fkvbr`kkfo `kkfofkt fkt nâhcv`rcalf nâhcv`rcalf cux acjtârbfs acjtârbfs pr`tfjtrbj pr`tfjtrbjfs fs 4 ‚ nâhcbllckjf(s) nu systíof booukbtcbrf.
:>
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
@ t K f O â O
3 k
Cu t` t`tc tcl, l, lf pc pctb tbfk fktt nb nbsp sp`s `sff nf nfss oâ oâtm tm`n `nfs fs nf j`k j`ktr trþl þlff nf plcquf suprc-gbkgbvclf ft s`us-gbkgbvclf cnâquctfs p`ur quf lc fi`rf s`bt nf k`uvfcu j`opctbalf cvfj lc scktâ pcr`n`ktclf. Lfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf sfr`kt st`ppâfs cprís quflqufs i`urs nf trcbtf trc btfofk ofkt. t. Lf prc prctbj tbjbfk bfk sfrc cl` cl`rs rs fk j`k j`kh`r h`robt obtââ cvf cvfjj « lfs n`kkâfs n`kkâf râjfktfs nf `br lc sjbfkjf ´rurgbf (crtbjl (crtbjlf f 17 nustfs J`nf nffrs nâ`kt`l t`l`gb `gbf, f,s tbt tbtrf rf BB 9 Nfv Nfv`br nfs jmb jmbrur gbfks-n ks-nfktb fktbstf s fkv fkvfrs lfs oclcnfs). Ncks lc subtf nu trcbtfofkt, lfs sâckjfs sfr`kt j`kscjrâfs å lc supprfssb`k nfs âlâofkts pmysbqufs hcbsckt `astcjlf cux gcbks gcb ks n‒ n‒ct cttc tcjm jmff (p (prb rbkj kjbp bpcl clfof fofkt kt lf tc tcrt rtrf rf rcn rcnbj bjul ulcbr cbrf). f). Jf Jfss cjtfs cjt fs oâ oâjck jckbq bquf ufss sfr sfr`k `ktt cl` cl`rs rs râ râcl clbs bsâs âs nc ncks ks n‒ n‒fx fxjfl jfllf lfkt ktfs fs j`knbtb`ks, s`uvfkt scks n`ulfur ft scks scbgkfofkt.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
:6
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
Abalb`grcpmbf T3_ Jmcr`k I. Lc I. Lc prâvfk prâvfktb`k tb`k prbocbrf fk pcr`n`ktbf pcr`n`ktbf.. Ucrbs9 JnU, 153:. T1_ Jmcr`k Jmcr`k I. Qflctb`k I. Qflctb`k muocbkf ft j`ooukbjctb`k cu jcabkft nfktcbrf. Cspfjts pcrtbjulbfrs fk pcr`n`ktbf. pcr`n`ktbf. Ucrbs Ucrbs 9 JnU, 153>. 153>. T:_ Jmcr`k I. Lf I. Lf nbcgk`stbj fk pcr`n`ktbf. pcr`n`ktbf. Ucrbs Ucrbs 9 JnU, 1538. 1538. T>_ Hfrfs O ft Lujbfkf J. Zystfobj J. Zystfobj cktbab`tbjs bk tmf trfctofkt `h pfrb`n`ktbtbs. Ufrb`n`kt`l Ufrb` n`kt`l`gy `gy 1555. 1555. 1536 4 87 (3) 9 3:3-=8. 3:3-=8. T6_ L`fsjmf WI, L`pctbk NF. Bktfrcjtb`ks NF. Bktfrcjtb`ks aftwffk pfrb`n`ktcl nbsfcsf, ofnbjcl nbsfcsfs ckn booukbty bk tmf `lnfr bknbvbnucl. bknbvbnucl. Ufrb`n`kt`l`gy 1555. 322== 4 38 (3) 322 (3) 9 =5-356 =5-356.. pfrspfjtbvf `h tmf bopcjt bopcjt `h so`dbkg so`dbkg T8_ Hrckjbsj Hrckjbsj`` M. K`jbtb K`jbtb Ir, Ocrjb` Ocrjb` Y. Jurrfkt pfrspfjtbvf `k tmf pr`grfssb`k ckn trfctofkt `h pfrb`n`ktbtbs. pfrb`n`ktbtbs . Ufrb`n`kt`l`gy 1555. 15366 4 87 (3) 153 (3) 9 3=7-13 3=7-135. 5. T7_ ^frvbl A. Lc A. Lc Um`t`grcpmbf kuoârbquf fk `n`kt`l`gbf ‚ Qflctb`ks prctbjbfk, pctbfkt ft lca`rct`brf. lca`rct`brf. Ucrbs 9 JnU, 1558. 1558. T=_ ^flfs Q, ^flfs H, IHrbcs-L`pfz I, Ucstfr A, Mchhciff C. Lfss`ks lfcrkfn ckn uklfcrkfn bk pfrb`n`ktcl objr`ab`l`gy. objr`ab`l`gy. Ufrb`n`kt`l`gy 1555. 153:4 81 (3) 9 26-381. 26-381. T2_ Ymckg L, Mfks`k AZ, Jcocrg` UO, W`kg N^. ^mf jlbkbjcl vcluf `h sclbvcry ab`ocrdfrs h`r pfrb`n`ktcl nbsfcsf. nbsfcsf. Ufrb`n`k Ufrb`n`kt`l t`l`gy `gy 1555. 1555. 15524 1552 4 63 (3) 9 16-:7. pfrb`n`kt`l`gy. Ufrb`n`kt`l`g T35_ O`l C. Bocgbkg C. Bocgbkg oftm`ns bk pfrb`n`kt`l`gy. Ufrb`n`kt`l`gyy 1555. 155> 4 :> (3)9 :>->=. T33_ Fafrs`lf IL, Jcppfllb N. Cjutf-pmcsf N. Cjutf-pmcsf rfcjtckts bk bkhfjtb`ks ckn bkficooct`ry nbsfcsfs. nbsfcsfs. Ufrb`n`kt`l Ufrb`n`kt`l`gy `gy 1555. 1555. 1555 4 1: 9 32->2. T31_ R`smbf M, D`acycsmb ^, ^cb M, Gclbjbc IJ. ^mf IJ. ^mf r`lf `h gfkftbj p`lyo`rpmbsos bk pfrb`n`ktbtbs. pfrb`n`ktbtbs. Ufrb`n`kt`l Ufrb`n`kt`l`gy `gy 1555. 1555. 1557 4 >: (3) 9 351-:1. 351-:1. T3:_ Ucgf QJ, @hhfkacjmfr Z, Zjmr`nfr MF, Zfyo`ur GI, D`rock DZ. Cnvckjfs DZ. Cnvckjfs bk tmf pctm`gfkfsbs pctm`gfkfsbs `h pfrb`n`ktbtbs pfrb`n`ktbtbs 9 suoocr suoocryy `h nfvfl`pofkts, nfvfl`pofkts, jlbkbjcl boplbjctb`ks ckn huturf nbrfjtb`ks. nbrfjtb`ks. Ufrb Ufrb`n `n`k `kt` t`l` l`gy gy 1555 1555.. 1557 1557 4 3> (3 (3)) 9 138->=. T3>_ Xbafdf Acfluo X, Lúpfz Q. Ufrb`n`ktcl Q. Ufrb`n`ktcl nbsfcsf fpbnfob`l`gy ‚ lfcrkfn ckn uklfcr ukl fcrkfn kfn 0 Ufrb Ufrb`n`kt` `n`kt`l`gy l`gy 1555 1555.. 153: 4 81 (3) 9 :7-6=.
:8
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
3 k
T36_ Cknrfw Nfktbk` C, Zf`dw`` Lff Z, Ics`k Ocblm`t I, Crtmur H. Mfhtb CH. UrbkCH. Urbkjbplfs `h pfrb`n`kt`l`gy. pfrb`n`kt`l`gy. Ufrb`n`kt`l Ufrb`n`kt`l`gy `gy 1555. 1555. 153: 4 83 (3) 9 38-6:. 38-6:. T38_ J``pfr UQ, Uclofr LI, Jmcpplf BL. Kfutr`pmbl fxtrcjfllulcr trcps cs c kfw pcrcnbgo pcrcnb go bk bkkctf bkkctf booukbty booukbty 9 hrbfkn `r h`f h`f 0 Ufrb`n`k Ufrb`n`kt`l`g t`l`gyy 1555. 153: 4 8: (3) 9 386-3 386-327. 27. T37_ ^fugmfls W, Xck Fssjmf O, Zlbfpfk B, Subrykfk O. Ur`ab`tbjs O. Ur`ab`tbjs ckn `rcl mfcltmjcrf.. Ufrb`n`kt`l jcrf Ufrb`n`kt`l`gy `gy 1555. 1555. 155= 4 >= (3) 9 333->7. 333->7. T3=_ Obyczcdb D^, Wbls`k OF, Qfyk`lns MZ, Gfkj` QI. Qfsbstckjf QI. Qfsbstckjf `h Cjtbk`acjbllus Cjtbk`acjbllus cjtbk`oyjftfoj`obtck cjtbk`oyj ftfoj`obtckss ckn nbhhfrfktbcl susjfptbablbty `h `rcl Mcfo` pmblus spfjbfs t` tmf acjtfrbcl fhhfjts `h mynr`gfk pfr`xynf. pfr`xynf . Bkhfjt Boouk Boo uk 32=> 32=> 4 >8 9 8>> 8>>-=. -=. J`opcrbs`k bs`k `h kfutr`p kfutr`pmbl mbl hukjtb hukjtb`ks `ks bk cggrfss cggrfssbvf bvf ckn T32_ Ocrd B. Qynfr. J`opcr jmr`kbj pfrb`n`ktbtbs. pfrb`n`ktbtbs. Ufrb`n`kt`l Ufrb`n`kt`l`gy `gy 1555. 1555. 1535 4 6: (3) 9 31>-:7. 31>-:7. T15_ O``rf Z, Jcnlfr DC, Obllfr KI, Qbjf-Fvcks C. Cktb`xbnckt cjtbvbty `h sclbvc ckn pfrb`n`ktcl nbsfcsf. Hrff Qcnbjcls. I Qcnbjcls. I Ufrb`n`kt Ufrb`n`kt Qfs 32 322> 2> 4 13 9 >37-16. >37-16. T13_ W`lbk W`lbksdb sdb LF, L`tt ^. Fhhfjts ^. Fhhfjts `h tmf bk`rgckbj sclts, s`nbuo jml`rbnf, s`nbuo abjcra`kctf ckn ocgkfsbuo sulhctf up`k tmf gr`wtm ckn o`ablbty `h ^rfp`kfoc vbkjfktbb . I Ufrb`n`k Ufrb`n`kt`l t`l 32 32=8 =8 4 67 9 371-6. 371-6. T11_ Lfmkf QD, Wbkst`k CZ. Carcsbvbty CZ. Carcsbvbty `h s`nbuo abjcra`kctf. abjcra`kctf. Jlbk Urfv Nfkt 32=:4 69 37-=. T1:_ Qcos ^F, Zl`ts I. L`jcl I. L`jcl nflbvfry `h cktbobjr`abcl cgfkts bk tmf pfrb`n`ktcl p`jdft.. Ufrb`n`kt`l` p`jdft Ufrb`n`kt`l`gy gy 1555. 3228 3228 4 35 (3) 9 3:2-62. 3:2-62. mygbfkf pr`nujts 9 o`utmrbksfs. o`utmrbksfs. Ufrb`n`kt`l`gy T1>_ O`rck IO. M`of-usf IO. M`of-usf `rcl mygbfkf 1555. 155=4 >=, (3)9 >1-6:. T16_ Jmcr`k I ft I`cjmbo H. J`ooukbjctb`k H. J`ooukbjctb`k å lc Z`jbâtâ hrckçcbsf nf pcr`n`kt`l`gbf.. Ocltf, 3221. t`l`gbf T18_ Dclncml WA, Dcldwcrh DL, Uctbl DN. C rfvbfw `h l`kgbtunbkcl stunbfs tmct j`opcrfn pfrb`n`ktcl tmfrcpbfs. tmfrcpbfs. I Ufrb`n`kt`l 322:4 8>9 1>:-6:. T17_ Hfrfs O, Hbgufbrfn` LJ, Zblvc Zblvc Z`crfs GO, Hcvfrb O. O. Zystfobj Zystfobj cktbab`tbjs bk tmf trfctofkt `h pfrb`n`ktbtbs. pfrb`n`ktbtbs. Ufrb`n`kt`l` Ufrb`n`kt`l`gy gy 1555. 1555. 1536 4 87 (3) 9 3:3-=8. 3:3-=8. T1=_ Jmcr`k I, Ur`yf O. Vscgf nfs tâtrcjyjlbkfs fk pcr`n`ktbf. pcr`n`ktbf. I Ucr`n`kt`l 32=14 39 22-335. T12_ Afrgluknm ^, Dr`d L, Lblifkafrg A, Wfsthflt F, Zfrbk` G, Lbknmf I. ^mf I. ^mf usf `h oftr`kbncz`lf ckn co`xbjbllbk bk tmf trfctofkt `h cnvckjfn pfrb`n`k-
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
:7
Urfobírf j`ksultctb`k
tbtbs. C pr`spfjtbvf, pr`spfjtbvf, j`ktr`llfn j`ktr`llfn jlbkbjcl jlbkbjcl trbcl. I trbcl. I Jlbk Ufrb`n`kt`l 322=4 169 :6>-81. T:5_ Lfgg IC, Wbls`k O. ^mf O. ^mf prfvclfkjf `h aftc-lcjtcocsf pr`nujbkg acjtfrbc bk suag suagbkg bkgbvc bvcll plcquf plcquf ckn tmfbr tmfbr sfksbtb sfksbtbvbt vbtyy t` Cugofkt Cugofktbk. bk. Ar I @rcl Ocxbl Oc xbll`h l`hcj cj Zurg 322 32255 4 1= 9 3=5->. 3=5->. jlbkbqufs. Ucrbs9 JnU, 1552 T:3_ Jmcr`k I. Ucr`n`ktbf Oânbjclf. Bkk`vctb`ks jlbkbqufs. (1f ânbtb`k).
:=
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
1 k Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
Lf tcrtrf râsultf râsultf nf lc obkârclbsct obkârclbsctb`k b`k bktrc ft fxtrcjfllulcbrf fxtrcjfllulcbrf nu ab`ffilo objr`abfk objr`abfk (plcquf nfktcbrf) (HBG. 1.3). Bl fst j`op`sâ nf jrbstcux n`kt lc kcturf ft lc j`op`sbtb`k vcrbfkt sfl`k lc kcturf ft lc l`jclbsctb`k nf lc plcquf acjtârbfkkf. Bl fst rfj`uvfrt nf objr`-`rgckbsofs vbvckts ft o`rts. L‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf rfstf ukf nfs j`op`scktfs fssfktbfllfs nf t`us lfs typfs nf trcbtfofkts pcr`n`ktcux. Nf trís k`oarfusfs cppr`jmfs oâjckbqufs ft ft jmbobqufs `kt âtâ tfktâfs p`ur l‒âlbobkfr `u p`ur prâvfkbr s`k cjjuoulctb`k. Ncks ll‒cppr`jmf ‒cppr`jmf j`kvfktb`kkfllf, bl fst âlbobkâ pcr lc tfjmkbquf nu «Nâtcrtrcgf pr`h`kn´ `u « Nâtcrtrcg Nâtcrtrcgff pcr`n`ktcl pcr`n`ktcl ´ ncks lf jcnrf nf lc tmârcpfutb tmârcpfutbquf quf bkbtbclf. bkbtbclf. Lf nâtcrtrcgf rfprâsfktf uk cjtf j`urckt ft ackclbsâ. Fk Hrckjf, bl fst râclbsâ ckkufllfofkt fkvbr`k plusbfurs obllb`ks nf nâtcrtrcgfs. Nís lf nâaut nf lfur h`roctb`k jlbkbquf, lfs âtunbckts sf v`bfkt j`kffifr lf nâtcrtrcgf cu prâtfxtf quf, oéof « ocl ´ râclbsâ, bl kf pfut hcbrf quf nu abfk ft qu‒bl pfut étrf rfj rfj`oofk `oofkjâ jâ cutckt nf h`bs quf kâjfsscbrf. J‒fst scks n`utf lc rcbs`k p`ur lcqufllf lc k`ofkjlcturf gâkârclf nfs cjtfs fk `n`kt`l`gbf lub j`khírf uk nfs j`fhffijbfkts lf plus acs
HBG. HBG. 1. 1.3 3 - J`upf mbst`l`gbquf
n‒ukf lâsb`k pcr`n`ktclf o`ktrckt (3) o`ktrckt lc nfktbkf, (3) lc (1) lf (1) lf jâofkt, (:) jâofkt, (:) uk uk spbjulf nf tcrtrf s`us-gbkgbvcl rfj`uvfrt nf plcquf acjtârbfkkf ft (>) l‒âpbtmâlbuo (>) l‒âpbtmâlbuo nf lc p`jmf uljârâ.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
:2
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
qub s`bt fk nfktbstfrbf. ^`utfh`bs, jfttf k`ofkjlcturf kf prâjbsf pcs lc nurâf nf jmcjukf nf jfs sâckjfs.
OâOfKt@
L‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf nfs surhcjfs j`r`kcbrfs ft rcnbjulcbrfs pfut étrf cssboblâf cux cjtfs quf râclbsfkt lfs jmbrurgbfks l`rsqu‒bls âlbobkfkt uk jcljul nfs jckcux sclbvcbrfs, nf lc vfssbf, nfs rfbks, nfs urftírfs, nf lc vâsbjulf, `u nu jckcl jm`lân`quf. @r, cu j`urs nf l‒âlbobkctb`k n‒uk jcljul, lfs jmbrurgbfks s`kt trís rfspfjtufux nfs tbssus qub fkvbr`kkfkt lf jcljul. Nf tfllfs prâjcutb`ks nfvrcbfkt étrf cussb lc ríglf fk pcr`n`ktbf. @k nâjrbrc n`kj ukf tfjmkbquf n‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf (lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf) qub, l`rsqu‒fllf fst râclbsâf ncks lfs j`knbtb`ks `ptboclfs, fst subvbf nf gcbks n‒cttcjmf pârfkkfs cvfj lf j`kh`rt quf jflc fktrcëkf p`ur lf pctbfkt.
U`urqu`b U`urqu `b hcut-bl âlbobkfr âlbobkfr lf tcrtrf tcrtrf 0 Bl fxbstf tr`bs rcbs`ks prbkjbpc prbkjbpclfs lfs qub iustbffifkt iustbffifkt l‒âlbobkctb`k l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf.
FZ^MÂ^BSVF Lc plupcrt nfs nfs pctbfkts qub j`ksultfkt p`ur « uk pftbt nâtcrtrcgf nâtcrtrcgf ´ lf nfocknfkt nfocknfkt s`uvfkt p`ur nfs rcbs`ks j`soâtbqufs. Bls k‒css`jbfkt quf trís rcrfofkt sc prâsfkjf å jfllf n‒ukf oclcnbf. Bl s‒cgbt lå n‒ukf rfvfknbjctb`k lâgbtbof jcr lf tcrtrf fst nbsgrcjbfux (HBG. 1.1). Bl fst jfpfknckt jfpfknckt bop`rtckt bop`rtckt nf kf pcs j`kh`knrf j`kh`knrf « tcrtrf tcrtrf ´ cvfj « j`l`rc j`l`rctb` tb`kk ´, ft « nâtcrt nâtcrtrcg rcgff ´ cvfj cvfj « p`lbssc p`lbsscgf gf nfs j`l`r j`l`rctb ctb`ks `ks ´.
HBG. 1.1 - Uctbfkt prâsfktckt, prâsfktckt,
fktrf cutrfs, nfs cjjuoulctb`ks nf tcrtrf trís bop`rtcktfs prâiunbjbcalfs å l‒cspfjt nu s`urbrf.
>5
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
Ncks lf jcs n‒ukf nfocknf fstmâtbquf, lf nâtcrtrcgf fst s`uvfkt râclbsâ scks cv`br âtcalb nf nbcgk`stbj cu prâclcalf.
@AZ^CJLFZ CV] GCBKZ N‒C^^CJMF Lfs spbjulfs nf tcrtrf s`us-gbkgbvcux rfprâsfktfkt uk nfs `astcjlfs å lc jbjctrbsctb`k nfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs. Fk fhhft, scuh jcs fxjfptb`kkfl T3_, lf tcrtrf, oéoff « nâsbkh oéo nâsbkhfj fjtâ tâ ´, bktfrn bktfrnbt bt lc râcttc râcttcjmf jmf nfs tbssus tbssus å lc surhcj surhcjff rcnbju rcnbjulcbr lcbrff ft n`kj lc hfrofturf nfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs T1_. Ncks jf jcs, lc obsf cu rfp`s nfs lâsb`ks l âsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs fst uk prârfqubs, jcr lf tcrtrf rfj`uvfrt nf acjtârbfs pctm`gíkfs pcrtbjbpf å lfur pr`grfssb`k.
FKXBQ@KKFOFK^ HCX@QCALF CV] ACJ^ÂQBFZ XBQVLFK^FZ Lfs ckhrcjtu`sbtâs sbtuâfs cu sfbk nu tcrtrf rfprâsfktfkt nfs j`knbtb`ks bnâclfs p`ur quf jfrtcbkfs acjtârbfs ckcâr`abfs pubssfkt pr`lbhârfr. Sufllf quf s`bt lc pr`h`knfur nfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs, sb lf tcrtrf `albtírf lc i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf, bl jrâf uk fkvbr`kkfofkt ckcâr`abf cvfj ukf nbobkutb`k nu p`tfktbfl n‒`xyn`rânujtb`k hcv`rcalf å lc pr`lbhârctb`k nfs acjtârbfs vbrulfktfs (ukf nfs quctrf j`knbtb`ks kâjfsscbrfs cu nâjlfkjmfofkt nfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf) (HBG.1.:). Ncks jf jcs, pubsquf l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf kf pfut sf hcbrf n‒foalâf, bl hcut prâclcalfofkt lf nâsbkhfjtfr, jf qub fst râclbsâ å lc subtf nfs prfsjrbptb`ks nf lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k.
L`jclbsctb`k nu tcrtrf Bl fxbstf nfux s`rtfs nf tcrtrf sfl`k qu‒bl sf sbtuf cu-nflå `u fk nfçå nf lc gfkjbvf ocrgbkclf. Lf tcrtrf suprc-gbkgbvcl tr`uvf sc s`urjf obkârclf (k`tcoofkt lf
c
a
HBG. 1.: - Cjjuoulctb`k nf tcrtrf å lc i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf jrâckt cbksb ukf rânujtb`k
nu p`tfktbfl n‒`xyn`rânujtb`k hcv`rcalf cux acjtârbfs pctm`gíkfs. c. pctm`gíkfs. c. Cvckt Cvckt j`ktrþlf nf plcquf suprc-gbkgbvclf. a. suprc-gbkgbvclf. a. Cprís Cprís j`ktrþlf nf lc plcquf suprc-gbkgbvclf å l‒cbnf nf s`bks l`jcux ft nf lc plcquf s`us-gbkgbvclf.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
>3
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
jcljbuo) ncks lc sclbvf (n‒`ò l‒ckjbfk k`o nf tcrtrf « sclbvcbrf ´) ft lfs clbofkts (HB (HBG. G. 1.>) 1.>). Zc j`l`rctb`k, cu nâpcrt alckjmátrf, sf o`nbffif fk h`kjtb`k nfs clbofkts ft nfs a`bss`ks bkgârâs, cbksb quf nf l‒âvfktufllf j`ks`ooctb`k nf tcacj. Lf tcrtrf s`us-gbkgbvcl sf obkârclbsf å pcrtbr nfs sfls bk`rgckbqufs j`ktfkus ncks lf fiubnf gbkgbvcl (n‒`ò l‒ckjbfk k`o nf tcrtrf « sârbquf ´) ft ncks lf sckg (n‒`ò sc j`ulfur arukátrf nuf å lc nâgrcnctb`k nf l‒mâo`gl`abkf) (HBG. 1.6). Bl fst rcrf quf lc t`tclbtâ nf lc surhcjf rcnbjulcbrf s`bt `jjupâf pcr nu tcrtrf. Fk râclbtâ, jflub-jb `jjupf fk o`yfkkf o`bks nf lc o`btbâ nf lc surhcjf rcnbjulcbrf T:_ .
"
HBG. 1.> - Mbst`l`gbf n‒ukf pfrtf n‒cttcjmf o`ktrckt uk spbjulf nf tcrtrf fk p`sbtb`k suprc-gbkgbvclf (fiíjmf). Jf typf nf tcrtrf
fst nbsgrcjbfux ocbs pfu nckgfrfux p`ur lfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux.
c
a
HBG. 1.6 - c. Cspfjt mbst`l`gbquf n‒uk spbjulf nf tcrtrf fk p`sbtb`k s`us-gbkgbvclf (fiíjmf). c. Cspfjt
a. Cu a. Cu j`urs nf lc prâpcrctb`k nf lc j`upf mbst`l`gbquf, lf spbjulf s‒fst nâtcjmâ nu jâofkt (fiíjmf). Jfjb bknbquf quf s`k âlbobkctb`k sf hfrc fk p`sbtb`kkckt l‒bkstruofkt nf nâtcrtrcgf å lc i`kjtb`k nfkt/tcrtrf.
>1
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
Uubsquf lf tcrtrf k‒`jjupf Uubsquf k‒`jjupf pcs lc t`tclbtâ t`tclbtâ nf lc surhcjf rcnbjulcbrf, rcnbjulcbrf, tr`bs qufstb`ks qufstb`ks n‒`rnrf n‒`rn rf jlbkbquf jlbkbquf sf p`sfkt 9 ‚ hcut-b hcut-bll bkstruofktfr bkstruofktfr lc t`tclbtâ nf lc surhcjf nf lc rcjbkf 0 ‚ fst-bl kâjfsscbrf n‒bkstruofktfr vbg`urfusfofkt lc surhcjf surhcjf rcnbjulcbrf fk nfçå nf l‒cttcjmf l‒cttc jmf âpbtmâlb`-j âpbtmâlb`-j`ki`kj `ki`kjtbvf tbvf 0 ‚ n`bt-` n`bt-`kk âlbobkfr systâoctbqufo systâoctbqufofkt fkt lf jâofkt 0 OâOfKt@
Cpprâjbâf cu kbvfcu objr`sj`pbquf, l‒âlbobkctb`k t`tclf nu tcrtrf fst trís s`uvfkt bop`ssbalf. Fk fhhft, qufllf quf s`bt lc tfjmkbquf fopl`yâf (cvfj `u scks jmbrurgbf, ockufllf `u ultrcs`kbquf), bl suasbstf t`ui`urs nfs spbjulfs nf tcrtrf sur lfs surhcjfs rcnbjulcbrfs (HBG. 1.8) T>_. Ucr cbllfurs, ft qufllf quf s`bt lc pr`h`knfur bkbtbclf nf lc lâsb`k, nfs spbjulfs objr`sj`pbqufs nf tcrtrf suasbstfkt sur plus nf lc o`btbâ nf lc surhcjf nfs rcjbkfs trcbtâfs. U`urtckt lc oci`rbtâ nfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs jbjctrbsfkt prâsfkjf nf jfttf qucktbtâ obkboclf nf tcrtrf râsbnufl. Bl sfoalfrcbt n`kjfkquf l‒âlbobkctb`k t`tclf nu tcrtrf kf s`bt pcs t`ui`urs kâjfsscbrf.
c
a
j
HBG. 1.8 - c, a ft j. Nfkts j. Nfkts fxtrcbtfs cprís nâtcrtrcgf cvfj prâsfkjf nf tcrtrf râsbnufl
(fiíjmfs).
Cu j`urs nu nâtcrtrcgf j`kvfktb`kkfl, lc plupcrt nfs jlbkbjbfks j`ksbnírfkt quf l‒bkstruofkt c cttfbkt lf h`kn nf lc lâsb`k l`rsqu‒bl rfkj`ktrf ukf h`rtf râsbstckjf. Ncks jf jcs, lc h`rjf fxfrjâf fst fk gâkârcl nf plusbfurs jfktcbkfs nf grcoofs, jf qub fst abfk cu-nflå nfs h`rjfs cut`rbsâfs T6_. Nf plus, l‒bkstruofkt c trcvfrsâ l‒cttcjmf âpbtmâlb`-j`ki`kjtbvf s`us lcqufllf bl k‒fxbstf pcs nf tcrtrf (HBG. 1.7). Ucr j`ksâqufkt, l‒âpbtmâlbuo âtckt cvcsjulcbrf, l‒bkstruofktctb`k nfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs n`ktc lfs kf n`bt pcs bknubrf bknubrf nf scbgkfofk scbgkfofkt. t.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
>:
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
HBG. HBG. 1. 1.7 7 - J`upf mbst`l`gbquf
nf nfkts cttfbktfs nf pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf o`ktrckt qu‒bl k‒fxbstf pcs nf tcrtrf s`us lc i`kjtb`k âpbtmâlb`j`ki`kjtbvf (fiíjmfs). Jfjb bknbquf qu‒bl k‒fst pcs utblf n‒bkstruofktfr lc rcjbkf å jft fknr`bt.
Fk prfobfr lbfu, bl fxbstf ukf z`kf qub subt lf j`kt`ur nf l‒cttcjmf âpbtmâlb` plcquf hrff j`ki j` ki`k `kjt jtbv bvf, f, ft qub qub k‒fs k‒fstt pcs pcs j`uv j`uvfr frtf tf nf acjt acjtâr ârbf bfss cnmâ cnmârf rfkt ktfs fs ( plcquf z`kf), fllf fst n`kj scks tcrtrf T8_. Ucr j`ksâqufkt, jfttf z`kf n‒fkvbr`k uk obllb (HBG. 1.=). oítrf kf kâjfssbtf pcs n‒étrf bkstruofktâf Fk sfj`kn lbfu, lfs nfux obllboítrfs cpbjcux å lc z`kf scks plcquf s`kt `jjupâs pcr l‒cttcjmf âpbtmâlb`-j`ki`kjtbvf `ò bl k‒fxbstf pcs nf tcrtrf. Fk j`ksâqufkjf, lf tcrtrf lf plus cpbjcl sf tr`uvf å tr`bs obllboítrfs fkvbr`k nf lc jrétf bktfrpr`xboclf (cttcjmf âpbtmâlb`-j`ki`kjtbvf + z`kf scks acjtârbfs cnmârfktfs) (HBG. 1.2). Fkffik, fk prâsfkjf n‒ukf h`rof `u n‒ukf cutrf nf trcuoc `jjluscl, lc prfssb`k bknubt ukf nâobkârclbsctb`k (jf qub fst lf jcs k`tcoofkt cu j`urs nfs o`uvf-
c
a
HBG. HBG. 1.= 1.= - c. Cspfjt c. Cspfjt fk objr`sj`pbf âlfjtr`kbquf å aclcycgf nf lc z`kf lc plus cpbjclf n‒ukf
lâsb`k pcr`n`ktclf, `ò bl k‒fxbstf pcs nf acjtârbfs cnmârfktfs ft n`kj pcs nf tcrtrf (fiíjmf). a. (fiíjmf). Jfttf z`kf fst `jjupâf pcr nfs acjtârbfs k`k cnmârfktfs (fiíjmf) ft nfs a. Jfttf p`lyo`rpm`kujlâcbrfs kfutr`pmblfs. Fllf ofsurf fkvbr`k 3 oo ft kf kâjfssbtf pcs n‒bkstruofktctb`k n‒bkstruofktct b`k (*cvfj l‒cbocalf cut`rbsctb`k nf Ur`hfssfur Muafrt Kfwock).
>>
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
HBG. 1.2 - Nfkt fxtrcbtf j`l`râf cu alfu nf t`lubnbkf o`ktrckt quf
l‒bkstruofkt å nâtcrtrfr n`bt étrf sbtuâ å : oo nfs prfobírfs jfllulfs nu lbgcofkt (z`kf scks plcquf + cttcjmf âpbtmâlb`-j`ki`kjtbvf) cu j`urs nf l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf s`us-gbkgbvcl.
ofkts `rtm`n`ktbqufs) (HBG. 1.35). Ncks jf jcs, lc pcrtbf `ssfusf nu pcr`n`ktf cppc cppcrcët « k`brfrâfllf ´ å lcn‒cttcjmf rcnb`grcpm rcnb`grcpmbf, bf, p`uvckt p`uvck t cbksb cofkfr å ukf surfstbocsurfstboctb`k rcët nf lccl`rs qucktbtâ pfrnuf (HBG. 1.33). Cutrfofkt nbt, ukf bocgf rcnb`l`gbqu rcnb` l`gbquff nf nâobkârclbsctb` nâobkârclbsctb`kk (« pfrtfs pfrtfs `ssfusfs `ssfusfs ´) k‒fst pcs kâjfsscbrf kâjfsscbrfofkt ofkt syk`kyof nf pfrtf n‒cttcjmf. Zb uk n`utf suasbstf, bl fst prunfkt n‒bktr`nubrf uk jþkf nf guttc ncks lc lâsb`k p`ur s‒cssurfr qu‒bl s‒cgbt râfllfofkt nf pfrtf n‒cttcjmf (HBG. 1.31). ^`ut jf qub fst cpbjcl cu jþkf nf guttc kf nfvrc pcs étrf bkstruofktâ (jurftcgf, nâtcrtrcgf, surhcçcgf).
3
1
HBG. 1.35 - ^rcuoc `jjluscl fxpârbofktcl jmfz lf jmbfk. @k `asfrvf quf l‒cttcjmf
âpbtmâlb`-j`ki`kjtbvf sf sbtuf t`ui`urs å lc i`kjtb`k j`ur`kkf/rcjbkf (fiíjmf 3) ft quf (fiíjmf 1) lc pcrtbf `ssfusf nu pcr`n`ktf fst nâobkârclbsâf nu jþtâ prfssb`k. Jfjb o`ktrf quf lf trcuoc `jjluscl kf pr`v`quf pcs nf pfrtf n‒cttcjmf. Fk rfvckjmf, ukf nfkt s`uobsf å uk trcuoc `jjluscl pfut cugofktfr ukf o`ablbtâ prâfxbstcktf.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
>6
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
c
a
HBG. 1.33 - Qcnb`l`gbf n‒ukf nfkt s`uobsf å uk trcuoc `jjluscl o`ktrckt (c) o`ktrckt (c) ukf ukf bocgf
jlcbrf nf nâobkârclbsctb`k (fiíjmfs) qub (a) qub (a) nbobkuf nbobkuf quflqufs i`urs cprís âlbobkctb`k nu trcuoc.
c
a
HBG. 1.31 - Qcnb`l`grcpmbf n‒ukf nfkt prâsfktckt (c) prâsfktckt (c) ukf ukf pfrtf n‒cttcjmf ncks lcqufllf
(a) uk jþkf nf guttc c âtâ bktr`nubt o`ktrckt quf lc lâsb`k fst o`bks pr`h`knf quf (a) uk supp`sâ. Fk j`ksâqufkjf, j`ksâqufkjf, lc pcrtbf cpbjclf cu jþkf nf guttc kf n`bt pcs étrf bkstruofktâf (jurftcgf pcr fxfoplf).
>8
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
Suc Suckn kn hcu hcut-b t-bll âlb âlbobk obkfr fr lf tcrtrf 0 OâOfKt@
L‒bkstruofktctb`k nfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs kf pfut sf hcbrf fk t`utf sâjurbtâ quf l`rsquf lfs lâsb`ks s`kt jlbkbqufofkt ft objr`ab`l`gbqufofkt cu rfp`s, j‒fst-å-nbrf l`rsquf l‒bkhfjtb`k pcr`n`ktclf fst s`us j`ktrþlf. Jfttf pârb`nf vcrbf nf uk å nfux o`bs cprís lf nâaut nfs s`bks l`jcux T7_. Ucr j`ksâqufkt, lf nâtcrtrcgf râclbsâ n‒foalâf scks nbcgk`stbj ft scks trcbtfofkt nf nâsbkhfjtb`k l`jclf fst j`ktrf-bknbquâ. Ncks lf jcs j`ktrcbrf, bl bknubt nfs scbgkfofkts bop`rtckts ft nfs n`ulfurs ocl vâjus pcr lfs pctbfkts. Nf plus, bl pr`v`quf ukf acjtârbâobf bop`rtcktf, s`uvfkt trcksbt`brf, ocbs p`tfktbfllfofkt nckgfrfusf. Oéof sb lfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs pfuvfkt étrf sp`ktckâofkt cu rfp`s (fk l‒casfkjf nf trcbtfofkt, t`utfs lfs lâsb`ks kf s`kt pcs cjtbvfs fk oéof tfops), lf jlbkbjbfk jlbkbjbfk kf n`bt pcs j`ksbnârfr j`ksbnârfr quf nfs nfkts « pr`prfs pr`prfs ´ ft ukf gfkjbvf r`sf r`sf pálf s`kt syk`kyofs nf rfp`s, jcr lf pcr`n`ktf pfut trís abfk étrf fkj`rf bkhfjtâ T=_.
J‒fst lf jcs, pcr fxfoplf, jmfz lfs huofurs n`kt lfs ouqufusfs gbkgbvclfs s`kt pfu bkficooct`brfs oéof fk jcs n‒bkhfjtb`k. U`ur s‒cssurfr nu rfp`s nfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs, lf prctbjbfk fhhfjtufrc lfs nfux cjtfs subvckts, ft jf cvckt jmcquf sâckjf nf lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf ( Xbnâ` 3) 9 ‚ uk prâlívfo prâlívfofkt fkt nf plcquf s`us-gbkgbvclf s`us-gbkgbvclf p`ur fxcof fxcofkk cu objr`sj`pf objr`sj`pf 4 ‚ uk pcsscgf, å l‒cbnf n‒uk stboulctfur, n‒uk oâlckgf nf abjcra`kctf nf s`unf, n‒fcu `xygâkâf å 35 v`luofs ft nf jml`rmfxbnbkf, subvb nf l‒brrbgctb`k n‒fcu `xygâkâf `xyg âkâf å 35 v`luofs, pubs nf jml`rmfxbnbkf jml`rmfxbnbkf å 5,31 % (Xbnâ` 6). www. Qftr`uvfz sur bktfrkft ukf vbnâ` nf tfjmkbquf nf stboulctb`k nf lc i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf nfstbkâf å nâtfrobkfr sb jfllf-jb fst scbkf `u pcs.
Jft cjtf cjtf nf nf « stboul stboulctb ctb`k `k ´ pfroft pfroft nf nf 9 ‚ nâsbkh nâsbkhfjtf fjtfrr lc i`kjtb`k i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvc nfkt`-gbkgbvclf lf 4 ‚ j`kffir j`kffirofr ofr `u bkffirofr lc prâsfkjf prâsfkjf nu scbgkfofkt scbgkfofkt fk tckt quf sbgkf n‒cjtbvbtâ n‒cjtbvbtâ 4 ‚ vârbffifr `aifjtbvfofkt l‒`asfrvckjf nu pctbfkt. Fk l‒casfkjf nf scbgkfofkt å lc stboulctb`k, bl fst pr`acalf quf lf pcr`n`ktf k‒fst plus bkhfjtâ ft quf lf pctbfkt c âtâ `asfrvckt. Ncks lf jcs j`ktrcbrf, bl fst nâj`ksfbllâ nf pr`jânfr pr`jânfr å l‒âlbobkctb` l‒âlbobkctb`kk nu tcrtrf. tcrtrf.
J`oofkt pfut-`k âlbobkfr lf tcrtrf 0 pfut-`k âlbobkfr J`oof bl c âtâ vu plus mcut, l‒cttcjmf âpbtmâlb`-j`ki`kjtbvf kf n`bt pcs étrf, ncks t`utf lc ofsurf nu p`ssbalf, trcuoctbsâf cu j`urs nf l‒âlbobkctb`k nfs spbjulfs nf tcrtrf. Jfttf prâjcutb`k pfut étrf j`opcrâf å jfllf prbsf pcr lfs fkn`n`ktbst fkn`n `ktbstfs fs cu j`urs nf l‒ca`rn l‒ca`rn oâjckbquf oâjckbquf nfs jckcux. jckcux. Fk fhhft, fhhft, cffik nf ocxb-
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
>7
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
obsfr lc jbjctrbsctb`k nfs lâsb`ks fkn`n`ktbqufs, lfs prctbjbfks âvbtfkt, pcr lc ofsurf prâjbsf nfs bkstruofkts ft lc nâsbkhfjtb`k nfs jckcux, nf trcuoctbsfr lf pârb-cpfx. Ucr cbllfurs, l‒`aturctb`k nfs jckcux fst nâj`ksfbllâf s‒bls s`kt suspfjts n‒carbtfr nfs acjtârbfs ckcâr`abfs. Cu j`urs nf lc lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf, lf prctbjbfk cn`ptfrc lc oéof cttbtunf cu j`urs nf l‒ca`rn nfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs. J`oof bknbquâ plus mcut, ukf h`bs lf kbvfcu nf l‒cttcjmf âpbtmâlbclf cttfbkt pcr l‒bksfrt nf l‒bkstruofkt, bl hcunrc lf nâplcjfr n‒fkvbr`k tr`bs obllboítrfs fk nbrfjtb`k j`r`kcbrf cffik n‒âvbtfr nf lâsfr l‒cttcjmf âpbtmâlb`-j`ki`kjtbvf.
Fhhfts nf l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf sur lc j`op`sbtb`k nu ab`ffilo L‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf pr`v`quf nfs o`nbffijctb`ks nf lc fi`rf acjtârbfkkf suprc ft s`us-gbkgbvclf. Fk fhhft, ncks lfs sfocbkfs qub subvfkt l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf, lf p`urjfktcgf nf acjtârbfs j`jj`ànfs å Grco p`sbtbh cugofktf, cl`rs quf quf jflub nf nfss acjtârbfs acjtârbfs å Grco kâgctbh kâgctbh o`ablfs o`ablfs (surt`u (surt`utt lfs spbr spbr`jmítf `jmítfs) s) nbobkuf T2_. Jfs o`nbffijctb`ks s`kt nufs fk prfobfr lbfu å l‒fhhft oâjckbquf n‒âvcjuctb`k nfs acjtârbfs fk rcpp`rt cvfj l‒bkstruofktctb`k fllf-oéof, ocbs âgclfofkt å l‒brrbgctb`k nf l‒bkstruofkt. Ucr cbllfurs, lf hcbt n‒bktfrvfkbr cvfj uk nâtcrtrfur cu sfbk n‒ukf lâsb`k a`ulfvfrsf pr`h`knâofkt lf p`tfktbfl n‒`xyn`rânujtb`k pcr cpp`rt ocssbh n‒`xygíkf. Nf jf hcbt, lfs acjtârbfs ckcâr`abfs sf tr`uvfkt trcksbt`brfofkt ncks uk fkvbr`kkfofkt nâhcv`rcalf å lfur jr`bssckjf. Jfpfknckt, fk l‒casfkjf nf s`bks l`jcux fhffijcjfs, lfs qucktbtâs nf acjtârbfs pctm`gíkfs nbobkufkt sfulfofkt jmfz 8= % nfs pctbfkts. Nf plus, lfs fhhfts nu nâtcrtrcgf j`kvfktb`kkfl sur lc fi`rf s`us-gbkgbvclf s`kt trcksbt`brfs (quflqufs sfocbkfs å quflqufs o`bs). U`ur quf lfs o`nbffijctb`ks objr`ab`l`gbqufs s`bfkt stcalfs, bl fst fssfktbfl quf lc quclbtâ nu j`ktrþlf nf plcquf s`bt cncptâf. Fkffik, sb nfs acjtârbfs vbrulfktfs s`us-gbkgbvclfs s`kt lcbssâfs fk plcjf cprís nâtcrtrcgf, lf tfops nf rfj`l`kbsctb`k fst nf quflqufs sfocbkfs å quflqufs o`bs T35_. Jf nâlcb vcrbf kâcko`bks fk h`kjtb`k nf lc quclbtâ nfs oâjckbsofs nf nâhfksf booukbtcbrf l`jclf ft systâobquf nu pctbfkt.
Fhhfts jlbkbqufs nf l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf L‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf fst subvbf n‒uk jfrtcbk k`oarf nf o`nbffijctb`ks jlbkbqufs T33_. Bl s‒cgbt prbkjbpclfofkt nf lc nbobkutb`k nf lc pr`h`knfur nfs p`jmfs pcr lc j`oabkcbs`k nf nfux pmâk`oíkfs pmâk`oíkfs sujjfssbhs 9 lfs râjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs ft lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf (HBG. 1.3:).
>=
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
QÂJFZZB@KZ GBKGBXCLFZ Lfs s`bks l`jcux fktrcëkfkt trís s`uvfkt nfss râ nf râjf jfss ssb` b`ks ks gbkg gbkgbv bvcl clfs fs n‒cu n‒cutc tckt kt pl plus us bop`rt bop `rtckt cktfs fs quf lf pcr`n` pcr`n`ktf ktf supfrffi supfrffijbf jbfll (lfs tbssus gbkgbvcux) fst Śnâoctbâ, mypfrvc vcsj sjul ulcr crbs bsâ, â, tu tuoâ oâffiâ ffiâ,, jyck jyck`s `sââ ft quf quf lfs lfs pfrt pf rtfs fs n‒ct n‒cttc tcjm jmff s` s`kt kt sâví sâvírf rfss (HBG. (HBG. 1. 1.3> 3>)). Jfpfknckt, lfs râjfssb`ks s`kt pfu bop`rtc tckt ktfs fs l`rsq l`rsquf uf lfs lfs ouqu ouqufu fusf sfss gbkg gbkgbv bvcl clfs fs (HBG.. 1.36). Jfs râjfss`kt âpcbssfs ft ffiarfusfs (HBG sb`ks gbkgbvclfs `kt s`uvfkt p`ur j`ksâqufk qu fkjf jf nf oftt ofttrf rf fk âvbn âvbnfk fkjf jf lf tcrt tcrtrf rf prâclc prâ clcalf alfofk ofktt s`us-g s`us-gbkg bkgbvc bvcll fk p`sbtb p`sbtb`k `k suprc-gbkgbvclf (HBG. 1.38). Cprís uk å nfux o`bs nf trcbtfofkt cktbbkhfjtbfux (s`bks l`jcux å l‒cbnf nfs cktbsfptbqufs cncptâs, `u scks cktbab`tbqufs), lf lfss râ râjf jfss ssb` b`ks ks cvfj gbkg gbkgbv bvcl clfs fs s`kt s` kt s`uv s`uvfk fktt bop`rtcktfs. Jfpfknckt, å ofsurf quf lf tcrtrf fst âlbobkâ jfs râjfssb`ks âv`lufkt fkj`rf, ocbs s`kt nf o`bknrf bop`rtckjf. Cu t`tcl, lfs râtrcjtb`ks nf lc gfkjbvf lbarf bps` hcjt` ukf rânujtb`k nf lc v`kt fktrcëkfr bps` pr`h`knfur nfs nfs p`jmfs scks qu‒bl y cbt kâjfsscbr scbrfo fofk fktt ft booâ booânb nbct ctfo fofk fktt nfs nfs gcbk gcbkss n‒cttcjmf.
Âocbl
3. Qâjfssb`k
1. Gcbk n‒cttcjmf
HBG. 1.3: - Lc rânujtb`k nf lc
pr`h`knfur nf lc p`jmf sf hcbt n‒ca`rn pcr lc survfkuf n‒ukf râjfssb`k gbkgbvclf nuf å lc nbspcrbtb`k nf l‒Śníof, pubs pcr gcbk n‒cttcjmf nfpubs lf h`kn nf lc lâsb`k fk nbrfjtb`k j`r`kcbrf.
HBG. 1.3> - H`rtfs râjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs survfkckt fktrf lf o`ofkt nf lc prfobírf
j`ksultctb`k (c) j`ksultctb`k (c) ft ft cprís nfux o`bs nf s`bks l`jcux (a) l`jcux (a)..
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
>2
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
c
a
HBG. 1.36 - L`rsquf l‒Śníof k‒fst pcs bop`rtckt ft/`u l`rsquf lfs ouqufusfs s`kt
âpcbssfs, lfs râjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs cprís lfs s`bks l`jcux s`kt obkbofs. c. obkbofs. c. Å Å lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k. a. j`ksultctb`k. a. Cprís Cprís ukf sâckjf nf lbtm`trbtbf.
c
a
j
n
f
h
HBG. 1.38 - Nbhhârfkts jcs jlbkbqufs o`ktrfkt quf lf tcrtrf n‒ca`rn fk sbtuctb`k s`us-
gbkgbvclf (c,jftf) sf rftr`u rftr`uvf vf fk p`sbtb` p`sbtb`kk suprcsuprc-gbk gbkgbv gbvclf clfcpr cprís ís lfs s`bks s`bks l`jcux l`jcux (a,nfth).
65
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
GCBKZ N‒C^^CJMF OâOfKt@
Lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf jlbkbqufs `atfkus cprís l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf s`kt pr`p`rtb`kkfls å lc pr`h`knfur nf lc lâsb`k. Cutrfofkt nbt, plus lc lâsb`k fst pr`h`knf, plus lfs gcbks s`kt nf bop`rtckts. Ucrtrcbtfofkts j`ksâqufkt, bl k‒fxbstf pcs nf pr`h`knfur nf n‒cttcjmf p`jmf cu-nflå lcqufllf lfs k`k jmbrurgbjcux kf s`kt pcs jcpcalfs nf gcgkfr nf l‒cttcjmf T31_. Lc pr`h`knfur n‒ukf lâsb`k pcr`n`ktclf kf n`bt n`kj pcs étrf lf sful jrbtírf nf j`ksfrvctb`k `u n‒fxtrcjtb`k n‒ukf nfkt. Cprís lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf, lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf sf trcnubsfkt fssfktbfllfofkt pcr9 ‚ lc nbobkutb`k ft quflqufh`bs l‒crrét nf lc o`ablbtâ nfktcbrf (scuh fk prâsfkjf nf trcuocc `jjluscl trcuo `jjluscl ft/`u nf lâsb`ks lâsb`ks fkn`n`ktbqu fkn`n`ktbqufs fs cjtbvfs) 4 ‚ lc tfxturf tfxturf plus hfrof nu tbssu gbkgbvcl gbkgbvcl 4 ‚ l‒coâl l‒coâlb`rctb b`rctb`k `k nf l‒bocgf rcnb`l`gbquf rcnb`l`gbquf (j`oalfo (j`oalfofkt fkt « sp`ktckâ sp`ktckâ ´ nfs lâsb`ks ft râcppcrbtb`k nf lc lcobkc nurc) (HBG. 1.37) 4 ‚ lc o`bks grcknf grcknf pâkâtrctb`k pâkâtrctb`k nf lc s`knf ncks lc lâsb`k lâsb`k 4 ‚ lc sfksctb`k nf h`rjf ft nf j`kh`rt âpr`uvâf pcr lf pctbfkt.
c
a
HBG. 1.37 - Zbgkfs rcnb`l`gbqufs n‒coâlb`rctb`k cvckt (c) cvckt (c) ft ft cprís trcbtfofkt
pcr`n`ktcl (a) pcr`n`ktcl (a)..
Lfs s`bks nfktcbrfs, lf ar`sscgf nfs nfkts, lc ocstbjctb`k ft lf nâtcrtrcgf pr`v`qufkt ukf acjtârbâobf. Jfjb fst nô å l‒fhhrcjtb`k v`l`ktcbrf (`u k`k) nf l‒âpbtmâlbuo. Jfttf acjtârbâobf fst trcksbt`brf p`ur lc plupcrt nfs pctbfkts, jcr lfur systíof booukbtcbrf fst jcpcalf nf supprbofr lfs acjtârbfs å Grco kâgctbh nu sckg jbrjulckt. Fk rfvckjmf, lfs fkn`t`xbkfs acjtârbfkkfs pfuvfkt ofttrf fk nckgfr lc scktâ nfs pctbfkts n`kt lfs nâhfksfs booukbtcbrfs s`kt co`bknrbfs (boouk`nâp (boou k`nâprfssf rfssfurs, urs, cktb-bkficoo cktb-bkficooct`br ct`brfs, fs, gluj`j`rtb gluj`j`rtbj`ànf j`ànfs, s, jyjl`sp`rb jyjl`sp`rbkf) kf) `u boouk`nâprboâs å lc subtf n‒ukf jmbob`tmârcpbf. Ncks jf jcs, lfs nâjmcrgfs n‒fkn`t`xbkfs sf ockbhfstfkt pcr nfs âpbs`nfs hâarblfs.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
63
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
Fk l‒casfkjf nf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf rbg`urfux ft cncptâ, lc sbtuctb`k jlbkbquf kf s‒coâlb`rf quf tr`bs å quctrf sfocbkfs cprís uk nâtcrtrcgf j`kvfktb`kkfl. J‒fst lc rcbs`k p`ur lcqufllf, sb lc fi`rf k‒fst pcs j`opctbalf cvfj lc scktâ pcr`n`ktclf, lfs pcrcoítrfs jlbkbqufs rfvbfkkfkt cux vclfurs `asfrvâfs cvckt trcbtfofkt. Lfs prctbjbfks `kt n`kj lf jm`bx nf lc tfjmkbquf p`ur âlbobkfr lf tcrtrf å lc j`knb j`knbtb`k tb`k nfcvfj ffixfr lcjlcbrfofkt jlcbr fofkt lfs `aifjtbhs `aifjtbh(jf s 9 `atfkbr ockbí pârfkkf ukfnf fi`rf j`opctbalf scktâ pcr`n`ktclf qub fstnf cuockbírf jcmbfrrfnfs jmcrgfs lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k). Nu p`bkt nf vuf rcnb`l`gbquf, lc lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf râclbsâf fk prâsfkjf n‒ukf fi`rf j`opctbalf cvfj lc scktâ pcr`n`ktclf n`kkf nfs râsultcts sctbshcbsckts cprís uk nâlcb nf sbx å n`uzf o`bs cprís lf nâaut nu trcbtfofkt. Fk rfvckjmf, lfs nâtcrtrcgfs râclbsâs t`us lfs tr`bs o`bs h`kt pfrnrf nf l‒cttcjmf cu kbvfcu nfs sbtfs ofsurckt nf 3 å : oo nf pr`h`knfur T3:_. Cu kbvfcu mbst`l`gbquf, mbst`l`gbquf, lc jbjctrbsctb`k jbjctrbsctb`k nfs lâsb`ks lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktcl pcr`n`ktclfs fs pfut sf hcbrf pcr (HBG. 1.3=) 9 ‚ ukf cttcjmf âpbtmâlb`âpbtmâlb`-j`ki`k j`ki`kjtbvf jtbvf h`kjtb`kkfllf h`kjtb`kkfllf jlcssbquf jlcssbquf 4 ‚ uk l`kg âpbtmâlbuo âpbtmâlbuo nf i`kjtb`k i`kjtb`k 4 ‚ ukf râgâkârctb`k `u ukf râpcrctb`k t`tclf `u pcrtbfllf nfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux pr`h`kns.
Âocbl
HBG. 1.3= - Jbjctrbsctb`k nfs lâsb`ks
pcr`n`ktclfs. Lf râcttcjmfofkt nf l‒âpbtmâlbuo nf i`kjtb`k fst rcpbnf (ukf sfocbkf) cl`rs quf jfllf nu tbssu j`ki`kjtbh ft nu tbssu `ssfux fst plus lfktf l fktf (plusbfurs o`bs). Jâofkt
Fhhfts sur lfs tbssus j`ki`kjtbhs L‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf pr`nubt nfs fhhfts ocifurs sur lc kcturf ft lf k`oarf nfs jfllulfs qub j`op`sfkt lf tbssu j`ki`kjtbh gbkgbvcl. Zb ukf k`uvfllf cttcjmf âpbtmâlbclf cppcrcët fk o`bks nf nfux sfocbkfs, lc octurctb`k nfs ffiar`alcstfs fst
61
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
o`bks rcpbnf (plusbfurs o`bs) T3>_. Lc kcturf nf l‒bkffiltrct lfuj`jytcbrf sf o`nbffif âgclfofkt cu j`urs nfs o`bs qub subvfkt l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf. @k `asfrvf cl`rs ukf nbobkutb`k nu p`urj p`urjfktcg fktcgff nfs plcso`jytfs plcso`jytfs cvfj ukf cugofktct cugofktctb`k b`k j`kj`j`kj`obtcktf nf jflub nfs lyopm`jytfs (HBG. 1.32) T3>_.
c
a
HBG. 1.32 - c. c. Bocgf Bocgf mbst`l`gbquf nu tbssu j`ki`kjtbh nâstrujturâ fk rcbs`k n‒ukf bkhfjtb`k
pcr`n`ktclf. K`tfr l‒Śníof ft l‒bop`rtckt bkffiltrct lfuj`jytcbrf. a. lfuj`jytcbrf. a. Mbst`l`gbf Mbst`l`gbf n‒uk tbssu j`ki`kjtbh scbk cprís trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl.
Octârbfl kâjfsscbrf å lc lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf BKZ^QVOFK^Z VL^QCZ@KBSVFZ Nís lfur cppcrbtb`k, lfs nâtcrtrfurs gâkârctfurs n‒ultrcs`ks `kt j`kku uk sujjís booânbct T36_. Jf s`kt nfs bkstruofkts n`kt lfs bksfrts vbarfkt å nfs hrâqufkjfs vcrbckt nf 15 å :5 dMz (nf 15 555 å >5 555 jyjlfs pcr sfj`knf) fk pr`nubsckt uk fhhftt nf ocrtílfof fhhf ocrtílfofkt. kt. Lfs `sjbllctb`ks `sjbllctb`ks sf pr`nubsfkt pr`nubsfkt sfl`k uk plck pfrpfknbj pfrpfknbjulcbrf ulcbrf å lc surhcjf nf lc nfkt. Lfs o`uvfofkts ft `sjbllctb`ks nfs bksfrts s`kt pr`v`quâs ft trcksobs pcr uk j`urckt âlfjtrbquf cltfrkctbh gâkârckt ukf ocgkât`-j`kstrbjtb`k nf lcofs nf oâtcl `u nf jrbstcux (pbâz`âlfjtrbjbtâ). Lfs o`uvfofkts pfuvfkt étrf fllbptbqufs, lbkâcbrfs `u jbrjulcbrfs. Vtblbsâs scks prâjcutb`ks, lfs nâtcrtrfurs ultrcs`kbqufs pr`v`qufkt nfs n`ulfurs, jmcuhhfkt ft nâtrubsfkt pr`acalfofkt lf jâofkt. Fk fhhft, lfs nâtcrtrfurs ultrcs`kbqufs supprbofkt iusqu‒å 165 oo nf suastckjf nfktcbrf, jf qub fst supârbfur å jf qub fst prâj`kbsâ cu j`urs n‒ukf lbtm`trbtbf lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf pcr`n`ktclf.. Lf nâtcrtrfur gâkârctfur n‒ultrcs`ks U-Ocx Kfwtr`k ]Z (Cjtâ`k^O) pfroft nf hcbrf vcrbfr lc hrâqufkjf nfs vbarctb`ks nf tfllf s`rtf qu‒fllfs s`bfkt j`opctbalfs cvfj ukf âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf k`k n`ul`urfusf (HBG. 1.15). Lf systíof Xfjt`r ^O pfroft n‒âlbobkfr fhffijcjfofkt nfs ffikfs pcrtbjulfs nf tcrtrf s`us-gbkgbvcl grájf å uk bksfrt qub vbarf ncks lf sfks vfrtbjcl å rcbs`k nf 16 555 jyjlfs pcr sfj`knf (HBG. 1.13). Jfs nbsp`sbtbhs prâsfktfkt lf trís grckn cvcktcgf n‒ca`rnfr lfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktcl pcr`n `ktclfs fs âtr`btfs âtr`btfs ft pr`h`knfs pr`h`knfs cvfj lf o`bks nf trcuoc trcuoc p`ssbalf. p`ssbalf.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
6:
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
HBG. 1.15 - Nâtcrtrfur
gâkârctfur n‒ultrcs`ks U-Ocx Kfwtr`k U6 ]Z (Cjtâ`k^O). Jft bkstruofkt cut`rbsf lf râglcgf nfs hrâqufkjfs ft l‒brrbgctb`k nfs lâsb`ks pfknckt l‒bkstruofktctb`k.
HBG. 1.13 - Zystíof Xfjt`r
(Nürr Nfktcl^O) qub pfroft uk cjjís k`k trcuoctbsckt cux lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs pr`h`knfs ft å fktrâf âtr`btf.
Lc oci`rbtâ nfs nâtcrtrfurs gâkârctfurs n‒ultrcs`ks s`kt cui`urn‒mub j`uplâs å nfs systíofs n‒brrbgctb`k pfrofttckt cbksb ukf nâsbkhfjtb`k nfs lâsb`ks cu j`urs nu nâarbnfofkt.
BKZ^QVOFK^Z Z@KBSVFZ Lfs nâtcrtrfurs s`kbqufs h`kjtb`kkfkt å l‒cbnf n‒cbr j`oprboâ hcbsckt vbarfr uk bksfrt. J`oof lc turabkf, bls pfuvfkt étrf hcjblfofkt arckjmâs sur lf j`rn`k
6>
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
nf l‒âqubpfofkt. Lc hrâqufkjf nfs vbarctb`ks vcrbf nf 1 å 8 dMz (nf 1 555 å 8 555 jyjlfs pcr sfj`knf), jf qub fst j`ksbnârcalfofkt plus hcbalf quf jfllf nfs nâtcrtrfurs gâkârctfurs n‒ultrcs`ks. L‒bksfrt `sjbllf nf ockbírf fllbptbquf pcrcllílfofkt å lc surhcjf nf lc nfkt. Lfs bksfrts `kt lc h`rof n‒ukf jurfttf nf Grcjfy, n‒ukf hcujbllf `u n‒ukf s`knf. Bls pfrofttfkt n‒cjjânfr å uk grckn k`oarf nf lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs, nfs plus sboplfs cux plus t`rtufusfs. Lf Z`kbHlfx (Dcv`^O) p`ssínf uk bksfrt qub `sjbllf nf 5,5= å 5,1 oo. Lc prfssb`k n‒cbr n`bt étrf râglâf nf :,6 å >,1 acrs (HBG. 1.11). ^r`bs ^r`bs bksfrts bksfrts s`kt h`urkb h`urkbss 9 Ucr`Ucr`n`ktcl, Hcujbllf ft Vkbvfrsfl (HBG. 1.1:). Bl fxbstf plusbfurs bkstruofkts s`kbqufs ocbs lf Z`kbHlfx ft lf ^btck ZW n`kkfkt nfs râsultcts jlbkbqufs bnfktbqufs (^CALF (^CALFCV CV 1.3). ^CALFCV 1.3 - LFZ NBHHÂQFK^Z BKZ^QVOFK^Z Z@KBSVFZ F^ VL^QCZ@KBSVFZ Bkstruofkts s`kbqufs
Z`kbjHlfx
H`urkbssfurs
Dcv`
^O
^btck Ur`xf`ZWYC-66 ^b-Ocx Z 275
^O
Nürr W & Nfktcl M KZD ^O
^O
HBG. 1.11 - Nâtcrtrfur s`kbquf Z`kbHlfx (Dcv`^O). Jf typf n‒bkstruofkt utblbsf tr`bs
hrâqufkjfs j`opctbalfs cvfj lf j`kh`rt nu prctbjbfk ft nu pctbfkt.
HBG. 1.1: - Nbhhârfkts bksfrts
utblbsâs cu j`urs nf lc lbtm`trbtbf.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
66
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
Bkstruofkts ultrcs`kbqufs
H`urkbssfurs
Cjtâ`k Nfktsply Nürr Nfktcl
U-Ocx Jcvbtr`k Ift Ulus Xfjt`r
^O
^O
BKZ^QVOFK^Z BKZ^QV OFK^Z Å OCBK Zur lc acsf n‒âtunfs bk vbtr` ofkâfs sur nfs nfkts fxtrcbtfs, lfs bkstruofkts ockufls `kt âtâ j`ksbnârâs pfknckt l`kgtfops j`oof supârbfurs cux nâtcrtrfurs ultrcs ult rcs`kb `kbquf qufss p`ur p`ur jrâfr jrâfr nfs surhcj surhcjfs fs « lbssfs lbssfs ft nurfs nurfs ´. Bl c âtâ o`ktrâ o`ktrâ quf lc jbjctrbsctb`k nfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs fst pfu nâpfkncktf nf lc rug`sbtâ nf lc surhcjf rcnbjulcbrf. Ucr cbllfurs, lfs nbhhârfkts nâtcrtrfurs s`kbqufs ft ultrcs`kbqufs n`kkfkt lfs oéofs râsultcts jlbkbqufs quf lfs bkstruofkts å ocbk quckt å lc rug`sbtâ nfs surhcjfs bkstruofktâfs. Lfs bkstruofkts å ocbk (sjclfrs, m`ufs, jurfttfs) âlbobkfkt ukf trís grcknf qucktbtâ nf suastckjf nfktcbrf (jâofkt, nfktbkf). Zb lf prctbjbfk hcbt lf jm`bx n‒utblbsfr lfs jurfttfs, j`kvbfkt cl`rs nf trcvcbllfr cvfj lc pcrtbf j`kvfxf nf l‒bkstruofkt fk (HBG. 1.1>c). Lfs nfux bksfxfrçckt ukfbl h`rjf fk nbrfjtb`k j`r`kcbrf ft k`k cpbjclf truofkts lf plus s`uvfkt utblbsâs p`ur l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf s`us-gbkgbvcl s`kt lc jurfttf ZQD-> ft lf Obkb 6 (HBG. 1.1>a).
a
HBG. 1.1> - Lc hcjf j`kvfxf trcvcbllcktf nf lc
jurfttf (fiíjmf) n`bt étrf utblbsâf p`ur âlbobkfr lfs spbjulfs nf tcrtrf nfs rcjbkfs nfktcbrfs. ZQD->. a. Obkb Obkb 6. c. Jurfttf c. Jurfttf ZQD->. a.
c
HBAQFZ @U^BSVFZ Lc prâsfkjf nf spbjulfs nf tcrtrf fst nbhffijblf å nâjflfr å l‒cbnf n‒ukf s`knf. Fk fhhft, `k sf tr`opf tr`bs h`bs sur quctrf quckn `k nbt qu‒bl rfstf nu tcrtrf ft l‒`k k‒c rcbs`k qu‒ukf h`bs sur nfux quckn `k nbt qu‒bl k‒y fk c plus T38_. Lfs spbjulfs nf tcrtrf nf tcbllf rânubtf s`kt s`uvfkt nbhffijblfs å v`br å l‒Śbl ku. J‒fst lc rcbs`k p`ur lcqufllf l‒utblbsctb`k n‒ukf luobírf hr`bnf vâmbjulâf pcr ukf ffiarf `ptbquf fst j`ksfbllâf T37_. Fllf s‒utblbsf p`ur trcksluobkfr lc surhcjf nfktcbrf j`oof `k lf hcbt p`ur nâjflfr lfs jcrbfs bktfrpr`xboclfs (HBG. 1.16) (Xbnâ` 8). Cu t`tcl, jf nbsp`sbtbh pfroft nf k‒bkstruofktfr quf lc pcrtbf nf lc surhcjf rcnbjulcbrf qub j`ktbfkt nu tcrtrf.
68
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
c
a
HBG. 1.16 - Xbsuclbsctb`k nu tcrtrf pcr
trcksluobkctb`k. c. Z`urjf trcksluobkctb`k. c. Z`urjf nf luobírf hr`bnf utblbsâf l`rs nf lc lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf (:O J`kjfpt). a. J`kjfpt). a. Cspfjt Cspfjt jlbkbquf n‒ukf nfkt `ò lf tcrtrf fst fk vuf nbrfjtf. j. nbrfjtf. j. ^crtrf ^crtrf vbsuclbsâ pcr trcksluobkctb`k.
j
www. Qftr`uvfz sur bktfrkft ukf vbnâ` nf tfjmkbquf n‒âlbobkctb`k nfs spbjulfs nf tcrtrf suprc ft s`us-gbkgbvcux utblbsckt nfs cbnfs `ptbqufs.
CBNFZ @U^BSVFZ L‒utblbsctb`k nf l`upfs abk`julcbrfs fst h`rtfofkt j`ksfbllâf, cffik n‒coâlb`rfr j`ksbnârcalfofkt lf p`uv`br nf nâffikbtb`k nf lc vbsb`k, j`optf tfku nf lc tcbllf quflqufh`bs quflq ufh`bs trís hcbalf nfs spbjulfs spbjulfs nf tcrtrf tcrtrf å âlbobkfr âlbobkfr (HBG. (HBG. 1.18).
c
a
HBG. HBG. 1.18 1.18 - c ft a. Fxfoplfs a. Fxfoplfs n‒`ptbqufs utblbsâfs p`ur `atfkbr ukf ofbllfurf vbsb`k nu tcrtrf
cu j`urs nf lc lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf (:O J`kjfpt).
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
67
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
Bl fst âgclfofkt p`ssbalf n‒utblbsfr uk objr`sj`pf `pârct`brf qub pfroft n‒cv`br ukf vbsb`k pcrhcbtf nfs z`kfs å trcbtfr (HBG. 1.17). Cvfj jf nbsp`sbtbh, lf prctbjbfk k‒bkstruofktf quf lc pcrtbf nf lc nfkt qub j`op`rtf nu tcrtrf ft âvbtf n‒bkstruofktfr lc pcrtbf nf lc nfkt qub k‒fk j`op`rtf pcs.
HBG. HBG. 1.17 1.17 - Lbtm`trbtbf râclbsâf
å l‒cbnf n‒uk objr`sj`pf `pârct`brf qub pfroft ukf vbsb`k pcrhcbtf nfs spbjulfs nf tcrtrf å âlbobkfr fk âvbtckt nf trcuoctbsfr lfs tbssus scbks (:O J`kjfpt).
Ur`t`j`lf `lf nf lbtm`t lbtm`trbtbf rbtbf pcr`n`k pcr`n`ktclf tclf Ur`t`j Cprís ukf pârb`nf n‒uk o`bs obkbouo nf s`bks l`jcux râclbsâs cvfj rbgufur, lf prctbjbfk pfut cl`rs ca`rnfr lfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs ncks nfs j`knbtb`ks `ptboclfs nf j`kh`rt, n‒fhffijcjbtâ ft nf sâjurbtâ. Lfs tbssus s`kt cl`rs hfrofs, k`k mâo`rrcgbqufs ft pfuvfkt étrf ockbpulâs scks n`ulfur. L`rs nf lc prfobírf sâckjf nf lbtm`trbtbf, lc sâqufkjf jmr`k`l`gbquf fst lc subvcktf.
FK^QF^BFK CV AVQFCV Bl k‒fst âvbnfoofkt pcs qufstb`k nf hcbrf cssf`br nbrfjtfofkt lf pctbfkt sur lf hcutfubl nfktcbrf nís s`k fktrâf ncks lc scllf nf s`bks. Cu prâclcalf, bl fst fssfktbfl n‒âj`utfr lf pctbfkt nf pcrt ft n‒cutrf n‒uk aurfcu. Bl s‒cgbrc s‒cgbrc n`kj n`kj 9 ‚ nf s‒fkquârbr nfs coâlb`rctb`ks quf lf pctbfkt c pu j`kstctfr pcr rcpp`rt å lc sâckjf nf l‒fxcofk pcr`n`ktcl bkbtbcl. Nu p`bkt nf vuf rflctb`kkfl, bl fst bop`rtckt nf pfrjfv`br pfrjfv`br lf nfgrâ nf sctbshcjtb`k sctbshcjtb`k quf jfs coâlb`rctb`ks coâlb`rctb`ks `kt fktrcëkâ 4 ‚ n‒âj`utfr cvfj fopctmbf ft pctbfkjf lfs pr`alíofs rfkj`ktrâs ft lfs j`ksbgkfr ncks lf n`ssbfr (n`ulfurs, nbhffijultâ cu pcsscgf nfs ar`ssfttfs, cgk`sbf ft j`l`rctb`ks nufs å lc jml`rmfxbnb jml`rmfxbnbkf, kf, ftj.) 4 ‚ nf rfv`br, cvfj lf pctbfkt, lf qufstb`kkcbrf oânbjcl qub curc âtâ rfçu pcr j`urrbfr p`stcl `u pcr j`urrbfl ft nbsjutfr cvfj lub, âvfktufllfofkt, nfs k`uvfllfs bkh`roctb`ks qu‒bl qu‒bl curcbt pu k`tfr k`tfr 4
6=
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
‚ nf j`oofk j`oofktfr tfr lfs p`ssbalfs n`kkâfs n`kkâfs ab`l`gbqufs ab`l`gbqufs 4 ‚ n‒bknbqufr cu pctbfkt quf lf tcrtrf sfrc âlbobkâ cvfj lfs oéofs prâjcutb`ks qu‒f qu ‒fop opl` l`bf bf uk jmbr jmbrur urgb gbfk fk p`ur p`ur âlbo âlbobk bkfr fr uk jc jclj ljul ul nf lc vâ vâsbj sbjul ulff ablbc ablbcbr brf, f, pcr pcr fxfopl fxf oplf. f. L‒fopl`b L‒fopl`b nu o`t « nâtcrt nâtcrtrcg rcgff ´ sfrc lbobtâ ‚ v`b v`brf rf âvbtâ âvbtâ ‚ cu pr`ffit nf jflub nf « lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf ´. Lf pctbfkt fst prâvfku quf, nurckt lc sâckjf nf lbtm`trbtbf lbtm`t rbtbf pcr`n`ktc pcr`n`ktclf, lf, lfs nfkts kf sfr`kt pcs « caëoâfs caëoâfs ´ ft qu‒bl kf s‒cgbt pcs nu nâtcrtrcgf nâtcr trcgf qu‒bl curcbt pu suabr cupcrcvckt cupcrcvckt 4 ‚ n‒bknbqufr quf jfttf sâckjf fst nâscgrâcalf ocbs pfu `u pcs n`ul`urfusf. Jft fktrftbfk nurf fk gâkârcl jbkq å nbx obkutfs.
F]COFK JLBKBSVF Grájf å lc ocjr`pm`t`grcpmbf, bl fst p`ssbalf n‒fkrfgbstrfr lfs k`uvfllfs n`kkâfs jlbkbqufs j`oof lc j`ulfur, lc h`rof ft lc tfxturf nf lc gfkjbvf, lc hfrofturf nfs âvfktufls nbcstíofs. Lf prctbjbfk p`urrc cl`rs j`opcrfr jf qu‒bl `asfrvf å lc nfuxbíof nfuxb íof j`ksultctb`k j`ksultctb`k cvfj jf qu‒bl c pm`t` pm`t`grcpm grcpmbâ bâ å lc prfobírf (HBG. 1.1=).
c
a
HBG. 1.1= - Jcs jlbkbquf o`ktrckt lf jcs (c) jcs (c) cvckt cvckt trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl ft (a) ft (a) cprís cprís uk
o`bs nf s`bks l`jcux.
Bl fst iunbjbfux nf hcbrf pcrt nf jfs coâlb`rctb`ks cu pctbfkt qub y tr`uvfrc lc iustf râj`opfksf nf sfs fhh`rts, fk oéof tfops qu‒ukf s`urjf n‒âkfrgbf p`ur j`ktbkufr lfs s`bks l`jcux cvfj rbgufur. Jfjb fst surt`ut vrcb l`rsquf lfs o`ablbtâs `kt nbobkuâ pcr rcpp`rt å jfllfs prâsfktfs å lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k. Jflc c âgclfofkt nfs fhhfts fupm`rbsckt fupm`rbscktss sur lf prctbjbfk prctbjbfk qub y tr`uvf cussb lc lâgbtbof lâgbtbof « râoukârcrâoukârctb`k ´ nf s`k nbhffijblf trcvcbl trcvcbl nf prfob prfobírf írf j`ksultctb`k. j`ksultctb`k. @k s‒cssurfrc âgclfofkt âgclfofkt quf l‒mclbt`sf ft lfs suppurctb`ks suppurctb`ks `kt nbspcru. nbspcru. Vk prâlívfofkt nf plcquf s`us-gbkgbvclf fxcobkâ cu objr`sj`pf fst râclbsâ cffik nf j`kffirofr quf lfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs s`kt objr`ab`l`gbqufofkt cu rfp`s.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
62
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
UQÂUCQC^B@K NFZ LÂZB@KZ Cffik nf s‒cssurfr quf lfs lâsb`ks s`kt cu rfp`s, lf prctbjbfk pcssfrc prâclcalfofkt å lc i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf uk oâlckgf n‒fcu `xygâkâf å : %, nf abjcra`kctf nf s`unf ft nf jml`rmfxbnbkf å l‒cbnf n‒uk stboulctfur Autlfr ^O, brrbgufrc fksubtf l‒fktr l‒f ktrâf âf nfs lâsb`ks lâsb`ks n‒ca`r n‒ca`rnn cvfj cvfj ukf s`lutb s`lutb`k `k n‒fcu n‒fcu `xygâk `xygâkâf âf å : %, pubs pubs cvfj cvfj
ukf s`lutb`k s`lutb`k nf jml`rmfxbnbkf jml`rmfxbnbkf å 5,31 % (Ucr`fx `u Urfxbnbkf ). Lf prctbjbfk rfpârfrc lfs lâsb`ks qub scbgkfkt cu pcsscgf nu stboulctfur (Alffnbkg Vp`k Ztboulctb`k 9 AVZ +). Zb lfs s`bks l`jcux `kt âtâ râclbsâs cvfj t`utf lc rbgufur v`uluf, bl fst rcrf n‒`asfrvfr uk scbgkfofkt (AVZ -). Qcppfl`ks qu‒uk scbgkfofkt nu pcr`n`ktf supfrffijbfl l`rs nf lc stboulctb`k sbgkbffif quf lfs tbssus s`kt hrcgblfs ft quf l‒âpbtmâlbuo fst uljârâ. Fk jcs nf scbgkfofkt å lc stboulctb`k, lf prctbjbfk pfut cv`br å hcbrf hcjf å nfux sbtuctb`ks sbtuc tb`ks nbhhârfktfs nbhhârfktfs 9 ‚ sfuls quflqufs quflqufs sbtfs bs`lâs bs`lâs s`kt AVZ + 4 ‚ ukf trís grcknf qucktbtâ nf lâsb`ks bktfrpr`xboclfs s`kt AVZ +. Ncks lf prfobfr jcs, bl s‒cgbt s`uvfkt n‒ukf bop`ssbablbtâ ckct`obquf å pcssfr lfs ar`ssfttfs fk rcpp`rt cvfj nfs pr`xbobtâs rcnbjulcbrfs, nfs s`bks `u nfs pr`tmísfs hcbsckt `astcjlf (HBG. 1.12). Bl pfut âgclfofkt s‒cgbr nu râsultct n‒ukf cttbtunf pusbllckb kbof of nu pctb pctbfk fktt sur sur lf lfss nfkt nfktss p`rt p`rtfu fusf sfss nf rf rfst stcu curc rctb tb`k `kss pr pr`t `tmâ mâtb tbqu qufs fs ffixâf ffixâfss (a (arb rbng ngfs fs,, j`ur`kkfs, ftj.) qu‒bl jrcbkt nf nfsjfllfr fk utblbsckt lfs ar`ssfttfs bktfrnfktcbrfs. Bl j`kvbfknrc cl`rs nf n`kkfr lfs fxplbjctb`ks kâjfsscbrfs cvfj t`utf lc ocksuâtunf ft lc hfroftâ v`ulufs, cffik nf rcssurfr lf pctbfkt sur lf pfu nf rbsquf nf nfsjfllfofkt nfs pr`tmísfs. Zb kâjfsscbrf, lf prctbjbfk hfrc fk s`rtf qu‒fllfs kf sf nfsjfllfkt pcs.
c
a
HBG. 1.12 - c. c. Zcbgkfofkt Zcbgkfofkt å lc stboulctb`k. Ncks jf jcs, lc pr`xbobtâ rcnbjulcbrf cu kbvfcu
nf :1/:: ft :6/:8 c bktfrnbt lf pcsscgf nf lc ar`ssfttf bktfrnfktcbrf ft n`kj lc pfrsbstckjf nf l‒bkficooctb`k (lf rfstf nfs sbtfs kf scbgkfkt pcs å lc stboulctb`k). a. stboulctb`k). a. Coclgcof Coclgcof nâa`rnckt rfprâsfktckt uk `astcjlf cu pcsscgf nf lc ar`ssfttf.
Ncks lf sfj`kn jcs, bl s‒cgbt s`uvfkt n‒uk ockquf n‒`asfrvckjf nf t`ut `u pcrtbf nu pr`t`j`lf. L‒cttbtunf lc plus cncptâf fst cl`rs lc subvcktf (HBG. 1.:5) 9 ‚ surt`ut kf pcs pcs nâtcr nâtcrtrfr trfr 4 ‚ âvbtfr nf julpcablbsfr julpcablbsfr lf pctbfkt pctbfkt 4 ‚ fkn`ssfr lc rfsp`kscab rfsp`kscablbtâ lbtâ 4 ‚ râpât râpâtfr fr quf lfs s`bks l`jcux s`kt nbhffijblfs nbhffijblfs å râclbsfr râclbsfr 4
85
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
c
1 k
a
HBG. 1.:5 - Uctbfkt k‒cyckt pcs rfspfjtâ lfs prfsjrbptb`ks nf s`bks l`jcux. c. Xuf jlbkbquf c. Xuf
cprís uk o`bs n‒ukf mygbíkf nfktcbrf jlcssbquf. a. jlcssbquf. a. @k @k `asfrvf uk scbgkfofkt nf lc t`tclbtâ nfs sbtfs å lc stboulctb`k.
‚ v`br cvfj lf pctbfkt qufllfs s`kt lfs rcbs`ks (pmysbqufs ft/`u psyjm`l`gbqufs) qub `kt j`knubt j`knubt å jfttf sbtuctb`k sbtuctb`k 4 ‚ rfj`oofkjfr lc nâo`kstrctb`k nfs s`bks l`jcux cvfj hfroftâ, pctbfkjf ft ocksuâ ock suâtun tunff 4 ‚ pr`p`sfr nf l‒cbnf l‒cbnf fk jcs nf kâjfssbtâ kâjfssbtâ 4 tfkbr j`optf tf nu pr`ffil psyjm`l`g bquf ‚‚ fk jcsj`op nf nâobssb`k nupsyjm`l`gbquf pctbfkt, kf pcsnulubpctbfkt hfrofr4 lc p`rtf nâffikbtbvfofkt. L`rsquf lf pr`t`j`lf nf s`bks l`jcux k‒c pcs âtâ rfspfjtâ, lfs lâsb`ks rbsqufkt n‒étrf t`ui`urs fk cjtbvbtâ cvfj uk pcr`n`ktf supfrffijbfl hrcgblf. Zb lf prctbjbfk bktr`nubscbt uk bksfrt cu sfbk nf lâsb`ks cjtbvfs, lc pcr`b o`llf nf lc p`jmf sfrcbt cl`rs pfrh`râf cvfj ukf p`ssbalf bkvcsb`k acjtârbfkkf, uk rbsquf nf pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf jlbkbquf ft nfs fhhfts å nbstckjf sur lc scktâ nu pctbfkt (HBG. 1.:3). Nf plus, ncks lf jcs n‒ukf lbtm`trbtbf scks `asfrvckjf, lf pctbfkt p`urrcbt pfksfr ‚ å t`rt ‚ quf jfllf-jb k‒bktfrnbt pcs lf trcbtfofkt.
HBG. 1.:3 - Uctbfkt cyckt suab uk cjtf obkfur (fxtrcjtb`k n‒ukf nfkt o`ablf) fk pârb`nf
n‒boouk`supprfssb`k. Lfs j`oplbjctb`ks `kt âtâ ocifurfs (sfptbjâobf cvfj m`spbtclbsctb`k n‒urgfkjf, pubs fk s`bks bktfksbhs). Jf jcs mfurfusfofkt rcrf o`ktrf quf lf nâtcrtrcgf jmfz uk pctbfkt boouk`nâprboâ (jmbob`tmârcpbf, gluj`j`rtbj`ànfs, jyjl`sp`rbkf C) k‒fst plus uk cjtf aâkbk ft pfut pr`v`qufr ukf acjtârbâobf p`uvckt ofttrf fk nckgfr lc vbf nu pctbfkt.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
83
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
OâOfKt@
Bl fst trís bop`rtckt nf kf pcs julpcablbsfr lf pctbfkt. Lf aláofr rbsquf n‒fkvfkbofr lc rflctb`k rflctb`k ft jrâfr cbksb nf « rfn`u rfn`utcalfs tcalfs fsjclcnf fsjclcnfss ´ qub rbsqufkt nf sf tfrobk tfr obkfr fr pcr 9 « Uub Uubsqu squff j‒fst j`oof j`oof çc, rfknfzrfknfz-o`b o`b ofs rcnb`s rcnb`s ! ´ Cffik nf rfofttrf nf l‒`rnrf ncks lc rflctb`k trcbtckt-trcbtâ, bl fst plus pfrtbkfkt n‒fkn`ssfr lc rfsp`kscablbtâ nu ockquf nf j``pârctb`k j``pârctb`k 9 jf k‒fst pcs lf pctbfkt qub k‒c pcs j`oprbs, j‒fst lf prctbjbfk qub k‒c pcs fxplbquâ jlcbrfofkt. Lf pctbfkt j`kffif cl`rs qu‒bl k‒c pcs fu lf j`urcgf nf râclbsfr lfs s`bks l`jcux pcr pfur nf sf hcbrf ocl, nf sf j`l`rfr lfs nfkts cvfj lf acbk nf a`ujmf, `u t`ut sboplfofkt cv`ufrc quf lc sbtuctb`k sbtuct b`k psyjmbquf psyjmbquf ncks lcqufllf lcqufllf bl sf tr`uvf fk jf o`ofkt kf lub pfroft pfroft pcs nf tr`uvfr l‒âkfrgbf suhffiscktf p`ur subvrf lfs prfsjrbptb`ks. Ncks jf jcs, bl j`kvbfkt n‒bknb n‒b knbquf qufrr quf lc nfrkbí nfrkbírf rf jm` jm`sf sf n`kt n`kt lf pctbfk pctbfktt c afs`bk afs`bk fk jcs nf nf strfss, strfss, jf kf s`kt s`kt pcs nfs s`ujbs supplâofktcbrfs, j‒fst-å-nbrf ukf a`ujmf cvfj nf nâscgrâcalfs bkhfjtb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs. Lf prctbjbfk pfut ci`utfr qu‒bl kf sfrcbt pcs pr`hfssb`kkfl nf l‒cjj`opcgkfr ncks jft cackn`k, scks lcå s`k v`l`ktâ kâjfsscbrf n‒ca`utbr. Bl fst j`ksfbllâ nf rfnbrf cu pctbfkt (ft quflqufh`bs fkt`urcgf) quf lfs s`bks l`jcux s`kt jfrtfs nbhffijblfs å râclbsfr, ocbs ukbqufofkt cu j`urs nf lc prfobírf sfocbkf nf trcbtfofkt. Bl k‒fst pcs bkutblf nf vârbffifr quf l‒`k kf s‒fst pcs tr`opâ nf stylf nf j`op`rtfofkt s`jbcl. Fk fhhft, j`kh`knrf pcr fxfoplf uk ckclysckt cvfj uk pr`o`uvckt fst fst s`uvfkt sckjtb`kkâ pcr uk âjmfj rflctb`kkfl T1_. Lf prctbjbfk nfocknfrc cu pctbfkt s‒bl s`umcbtf quf l‒`k rfj`oofkjf lc nâo`kstrctb`k nfs s`bks l`jcux. Zb j‒fst lf jcs, bl fst j`ksfbllâ nf lf hcbrf j`oof sb rbfk k‒cvcbt âtâ hcbt `u nbt cu j`urs nf lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k. Z`uvfkt lf pctbfkt j`kffif kf pcs cv`br fktfknu tfllf `u tfllf fxplbjctb`k `u j`oprbt tfl `u tfl gfstf. Fkffik, lf prctbjbfk prctbjbfk pfut pr`p`sfr nf l‒cbnf fk jcs nf kâjfssbtâ. kâjfssbtâ. Fk jcs nf « nâobssb`k ´ nu pctbfkt, bl fst plus fhffijcjf fhffijcjf nf kf pcs hfrofr nâ nâffikbtbvfofkt ffikbtbvfofkt lc p`rtf ft nf hcbrf scv`br qu‒bl sfrc t`ui`urs lf abfkvfku nís qu‒bl curc prbs lc nâjbsb`k nf rfprfknrf lf trcbtfofkt.
LB^M@^QB^BF Ulus pcr mcabtunf quf p`ur nfs rcbs`ks sjbfktbffiqufs, `k pfut pr`jânfr å l‒âlbobkctb`kk nu tcrtrf pcr qucnrckt kctb` qucnrckt `u pcr sfxtckt å quflqufs quflqufs sfocbkfs n‒bktfrvcllf. n‒bktfrvcllf.
81
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
OâOfKt@
L‒cppr L‒cp pr`j `jmf mf gl gl`a `acl clff j` j`ks ksbs bstf tf å âlbobkfr pr`grfssbvfofk pr`grfssbvfofktt lf tcrtrf sur lc t`tclbtâ nfs sbtfs T3=_ (HBG. 1.:1). Jfttf cttbtunf pfroft ukf jbjctrbsct trb sctb`k b`k (t` (t`kbffi kbffijct jctb`k b`k nfs tbs tbssus sus ft/`u ft/ `u gcb gcbks ks n‒c n‒cttc ttcjmf jmf)) cvf cvfjj ukf jbkâtbquf âqubvclfktf ncks t`utf lc a` a`uj ujmf mf sc scks ks sf lc lcbs bssf sfrr su surrprfk pr fknr nrff pc pcrr uk âv âvfk fktu tufl fl « cj cjjb jb-nfktt ´ nck nfk nckss uk quc qucnrc nrckt kt pfk pfknck ncktt quf l‒`k fk bkstruofktf uk cutrf.
HBG. 1.:1 - Ncks l‒cppr`jmf gl`aclf
l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf sf hcbt, sâckjf cprís sâckjf, sur lc t`tclbtâ nfs sbtfs fk pr`jânckt nf lc supfrffijbf vfrs lc pr`h`knfur. Jfttf tfjmkbquf pfroft ukf sykjmr`kbsctb`k nf lc jbjctrbsctb`k ft nbobkuf lf rbsquf nf r`oprf l‒cttcjmf âpbtmâlb`-j`ki`kjtbvf.
Lf prctbjbfk ca`rnf lfs lâsb`ks fk lfs bkstruofktckt nf lc supfrffijbf å lc pr`h`knfur. Bl âlbobkf lf tcrtrf fk trcksluobkckt lfs nfkts å l‒cbnf nf lc ffiarf `ptbquf, `ptbqu f, nfs abk`julcbrfs abk`julcbrfs `u nu objr`sj`pf objr`sj`pf `pârc `pârct`brf t`brf. Lfs fspcjfs bktfrnfktcbrfs s`kt trcbtâs fk prb`rbtâ pubsquf lf tcrtrf bktfrpr`xbocl fst lf plus nckgfrfux p`ur lf pcr`n`ktf. Lc prâsfkjf n‒ukf j`llca`rctrbjf cu hcutfubl (cssbstcktf nfktcbrf) quclbffiâf ft fktrcëkâf fst kâjfsscbrf. J‒fst fllf fk fhhft qub tbfkt lc ffiarf `ptbquf cvfj lc a`kkf ckgulctb`k ncks lfs tr`bs nbofksb`ks nf l‒fspcjf, cffik quf lf prctbjbfk pubssf vbsuclbsfr lf tcrtrf. Fllf lub bknbquf âgclfofkt l`rsquf lf tcrtrf s‒fst nâtcjmâ nf lc nfkt. U`ur ukf ofbllfurf fhffijcjbtâ nf lc l c trcksluobkctb`k, ft n`kj uk rfpârcgf nu tcrtrf, bl fst prâhârcalf nf hcbrf lf plus n‒`asjurbtâ p`ssbalf ncks lc scllf nf s`bks ft nf supprbofr lfs luobírfs pcrcsbtfs (sjbclytbquf, plch`kkbfrs, cpplbqufs, ftj.). Lfs spbjulfs nf tcrtrf vbsbalfs s`kt âlbobkâs n‒ca`rn cvfj lf nâtcrtrfur s`kbquf. Jfux qub kf s`kt pcs vbsbalfs lf s`kt cvfj lf systíof Xfjt`r ^O `u lf U-Ocx^O. L‒âlbobkctb` L‒âlbo bkctb`kk nu tcrtrf sf râclbsf râclbsf nf lc hcç`k subvcktf subvcktf (HBG. 1.::) 9 ‚ rfpâr rfpârfr fr vbsufllfofkt vbsufllfofkt lf spbjulf nf tcrtrf tcrtrf 4 ‚ p`sfr lc pcrtbf trcv trcvcbllck cbllcktf tf nf l‒`utbl å lc i`kjtb`k i`kjtb`k tcrtrf/nfkt tcrtrf/nfkt 4 ‚ cjtbvfr l‒bkstruo l‒bkstruofkt fkt scks scks lu lubb n`kkf n`kkfrr nf o` o`uvfo uvfofkts fkts nf tr`p grck grcknf nf coplbtun coplbtunf f4 ‚ cttfknrf quf lf spbjulf sf nâtcjmf nf lc nfkt fk âvbtckt n‒boprbofr ukf tr`p h`rtf prfssb`k sur l‒bkstruofkt cu rbsquf nf lf arbsfr ft nf pfrnrf fk sfksbablbtâ tcjtblf.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
8:
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
3
Âocbl Zpbjulf nf tcrtrf rcnbjulcbrf @oarf p`rtâf n‒uk spbjulf nf tcrtrf
Luobírf hr`bnf
1
f k b j c Q
:
^crtrf
Obsf fk plcjf nf l‒bksfrt å lc i`kjtb`k tcrtrf/nfkt
f k b j c Q
>
^crtrf
Cjtbvctb`k nf l‒bksfrt scks qubttfr lf j`ktcjt cvfj lc i`kjtb`k tcrtrf/nfkt
f k b j c Q
^crtrf
Nâtcjmfofkt n‒uk spbjulf nf tcrtrf
HBG. 1.:: - Zâqufkjf l`rs nf l‒âlbobkctb`k n‒uk spbjulf nf tcrtrf. (3) tcrtrf. (3) Cprís Cprís vbsuclbsctb`k
grájf å lc trcksluobkctb`k trcksluobkctb`k 4 (1) l‒fxtrâobtâ nf l‒bksfrt fst p`sbtb`kkâf å lc i`kjtb`k tcrtrf/ (1) l‒fxtrâobtâ nfkt4 (:) nfkt4 pubs l‒bkstruofkt fst cjtbvâ scks qubttfr lf j`ktcjt cvfj lc nfkt. (>) nfkt. (>) Lf Lf spbjulf nf (:) pubs tcrtrf sf nâtcjmf fk ocssf nf lc nfkt scks lf hrcgofktfr.
OâOfKt@
Lc lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf fst râclbsâf fk plusbfurs sfssb`ks fspcjâfs nf uk å nfux o`bs n‒bktfrvcllf p`ur pfrofttrf å l‒âpbtmâlbuo nf i`kjtb`k nf s‒cttcjmfr å lc surhcjf rcnbjulcbrf ft cu tbssu j`ki`kjtbh nf jbjctrbsfr T32_. Fk o`yfkkf, uk t`tcl nf nfux mfurfs fst kâjfsscbrf (fk gâkârcl, quctrf `u jbkq sâckjfs n‒ukf nfob-mfurf å qucrcktf-jbkq obkutfs) p`ur quf lc lbtm`trbtbf n`kkf lfs râsultcts jlbkbqufs fsj`optâs, j‒fst-å-nbrf lc hfrofturf nf lc oci`rbtâ nfs p`jmfs pcr`n`ktclfs pcr gcbks n‒cttcjmf. Jfs nfrkbfrs s`kt râgulbírfofkt cpprâjbâs pcr uk s`kncgf nâlbjct ft, âvfktufllfofkt, pcr lc prbsf nf jlbjmâs rcnb`l`gbqufs.
8>
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
BQQBGC^B@K Å L‒CBNF N‒CK^BZFU^BSVFZ Cprís cv`br âlbobkâ lf plus nf tcrtrf p`ssbalf, lf prctbjbfk pr`jínf å l‒brrbgctb`k nf l‒fktrâf nf t`utfs lfs lâsb`ks, n‒ca`rn cvfj ukf s`lutb`k n‒fcu `xygâkâf å : %, pubs cvfj cvfj ukf ukf s` s`lu lutb tb`k `k nf jml` jml`rm rmfx fxbn bnbk bkff å 5, 5,31 31 % (U (Ucr cr`f `fxx `u Urfxbnbkf). Jfttf brrbgctb`k cssurf uk fkvbr`kkfofkt objr`abfk sâjurbsâ ft ukf âvcjuctb`k nfs âvfktufls spbjulfs nf tcrtrf qub curcbfkt pu étrf pbâgâs ncks lfs lâsb`ks. Ncks lc plupcrt nfs jcs, ukf ckfstmâsbf l`jclf k‒fst pcs kâjfsscbrf grájf, pr`acalfofkt, cu rfspfjt cvfj lfqufl lfs lâsb`ks s`kt ca`rnâfs. Bl fst p`ssbalf âgclfofkt quf lfs tuaulb nfktbkcbrfs nfktbkcbrfs s`bfkt obkârclbsâs å lc subtf nfs s`bks l`jcux (jf qu‒cttfstf s`uvfkt lc nbobkutb`k nfs sfksbablbtâs cu hr`bn). Jmfz lfs pctbfkts `ò bl fxbstf nfs sfksbablbtâs nfktbkcbrfs bop`rtcktfs (jf qub fst lf jcs p`ur lfs nfkts qub cvcbfkt âtâ prâclcalfofkt surhcjâfs), lf systíof :O^O n‒ckfstmâsbf âlfjtrbquf n`kkf n‒fxjfllfkts râsultcts. L‒utblbsctb`k nu pr`t`xynf n‒cz`tf pfut étrf utblf p`ur lfs pctbfkts pusbllckbofs.
U@LBZZCGF NFZ J@L@QC^B@KZ (XBNÂ@ (XBNÂ@ 7) 7) www. Qftr`uvfz sur bktfrkft ukf vbnâ` nf p`lbsscgf nfs j`l`rctb`ks nufs å l‒utblbsctb`k nf acbks nf a`ujmf å acsf nf jml`rmfxbnbkf.
Lfs j`l`rctb`ks pr`v`quâfs pcr l‒uscgf nf lc jml`rmfxbnbkf s‒âlbobkfkt trís hcjblfofkt hcjblf ofkt ft trís rcpbnfofkt rcpbnfofkt l`rsquf lfs s`bks l`jcux `kt âtâ râclbsâs cvfj rbgufur. Jf p`lbsscgf sf hcbt å l‒cbnf n‒uk câr`p`lbssfur (HBG. 1.:>).
c
a
HBG. 1.:> - J`l`rctb`ks nufs å l‒utblbsctb`k n‒uk acbk nf a`ujmf å acsf nf jml`rmfxbnbkf.
j`ksultctb`k. a. Xuf Xuf jlbkbquf cprís lfs s`bks l`jcux. c. Xuf c. Xuf jlbkbquf å lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k. a.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
86
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
Lfs câr`p`lbssfurs h`kjtb`kkfkt fk nbrbgfckt sur lc nfkt uk ift ffilbh`rof j`kstbtuâ n‒uk oâlckgf n‒cbr j`oprboâ, n‒fcu râjmcuhhâf ft nf pcrtbjulfs carcsbvfs. Jf ift cgbt sur lfs nâpþts nfktcbrfs (å l‒fxjlusb`k nu tcrtrf hfrofofkt cttcjmâ å lc nfkt) pcr carcsb`k oâjckbquf j`ktbkuf ft kf rfqubfrt cujukf prfssb`k ockufllf sur lc nfkt. Lc prfssb`k n‒cbr sf sbtuf fktrf 86 ft 355 psb. L‒fcu, n`kt lc tfopârcturf fst j`ktrþlâf j`ktr þlâf å l‒cbnf n‒uk tmfro`stct tmfro`stct,, fst s`uvfkt s`uvfkt ocbktfkuf ocbktfkuf cppr`xboctbvfo cppr`xboctbvfofkt fkt å :7,7 `J. Lfs pcrtbjulfs s`lbnfs nu ift s`kt fssfktbfllfofkt nu abjcra`kctf nf s`unf kfttfofkt o`bks carcsbh quf l‒`xynf n‒cluobkbuo utblbsâ pcr lfs o`nílfs ckjbfks. Bl fst oâlckgâ cvfj nfs pm`spmctfs nf jcljbuo trbacsbqufs qub cugofktfkt lc fiubnbtâ nf lc p`unrf. Lf ift p`ssínf ukf h`rof tfllf quf l‒cbr ft lc p`unrf s`kt fkt`urâs n‒fcu pfrofttckt cbksb nf j`ktrþlfr lc nbrfjtb`k nu ift. L‒foa`ut nf lc pbíjf å ocbk fst tfku å > `u 6 oo nf lc surhcjf å p`lbr cvfj uk âvfktufl o`uvfofkt jbrjulcbrf. Lf tbfrs gbkgbvcl nf lc nfkt fst âvbtâ cffik nf obkbobsfr lc p`ssbablbtâ nf trcuoc nfs tbssus o`us (HBG. 1.:6). Lfs câr`p`lbssfurs s`kt jcpcalfs n‒âlbobkfr lfs pcrtbjulfs cttcjmâfs å lc nfkt sur ukf âpcbssfur nf 3> oo. L‒utblbsctb`k nfs câr`p`lbssfurs pfroft pfro ft ukf âj`k`obf âj`k`obf nf tfops pcr rcpp`rt å l‒utblbsctb`k l‒utblbsctb`k nfs jupulfs.
c
HBG. HBG. 1.:6 1.:6 - c. Xuf jlbkbquf. a. Ab`psbf Ab`psbf n”uk tbssu gbkgbvcl uljârâ pcr c. Xuf jlbkbquf. a.
nfs pr`ifjtb`ks nf abjcra`kctf nf s`unf cu j`urs nu p`lbsscgf nfs j`l`rctb`ks (fiíjmf). K`tfr lfs pfrh`rctb`ks cu kbvfcu nf l‒âpbtmâlbuo (fiíjmfs). Jfs uljârctb`ks guârbssfkt cn bktfgruo fk quflqufs i`urs.
a
Vk jfrtcbk k`oarf nf prâjcutb`ks n`bvfkt étrf prbsfs l`rsquf lfs câr`p`lbssfurs s`kt utblbsâs. Cvckt trcbtfofkt, lfs lívrfs nu pctbfkt pfuvfkt étrf fknubtfs nf vcsflbkf cffik nf lfs pr`tâgfr j`ktrf lf ar`ubllcrn nf abjcra`kctf nf s`unf. Bl fst âgclfofkt p`ssbalf nf pr`tâgfr lfs yfux nu pctbfkt cvfj uk ocsquf jmbrurgbjcl, ft jfux nf l‒cssbstcktf ft nu prctbjbfk pcr nfs lukfttfs l ukfttfs spâjbclfs (HBG.1.:8). Vk cspbrctfur n`bt étrf utblbsâ p`ur âvcjufr lfs s`lutb`ks. s`lutb`ks. L‒utblbsctb`k nf l‒câr`p`lbssfur kf hcbt pcs vcrbfr lfs pcrcoítrfs ab`l`gbqufs scuh ukf lâgírf cugofktctb`k nu p`tcssbuo sckgubk T15_.
88
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
c
1 k
a
HBG. 1.:8 - Ur`tfjtb`k nfs yfux ft nfs lívrfs (@ptrcgctf^O, Bv`jlcr/Xbvcnfkt) nu pctbfkt
j`ktrf lfs âvfktufllfs pr`ifjtb`ks nurckt lf p`lbsscgf.
Bl fst nâj`ksfbllâ n‒utblbsfr lfs câr`p`lbssfurs cu j`urs n‒ukf jmbrurgbf pcr`n`ktclf cffik n‒âvbtfr lfs rbsqufs n‒fopmysíof s`us-ouqufux. L‒fxpârbfkjf jlbkbquf o`ktrf quf lf Ur`pmyHlfx (Dcv`^O) ft lf Cbr-K-G` (Cjtâ`k^O) n`kkfkt sctbshcjtb`k sb l‒fcu ft l‒cbr nfs âqubpfofkts s`kt nf a`kkf quclbtâ (HBG. 1.:7) (^CALFCV 1.1) .
c
a
HBG. 1.:7 - c. Ur`pmyHlfx c. Ur`pmyHlfx (Dcv`^O). a. ). a. Cbr-K-G` Cbr-K-G` (Cjtâ`k^O). ^CALFCV 1.1 - CÂQ@U@LBZZFVQZ NBZU@KBALFZ FK H QCKJF K`os
Cbr-K-G` Cbr-Hl`w Mckny Ur`pmyHlfx Ur`pmy-Octf Kf` Ufrb`-Octf
H`urkbssfurs
Cjtâ`k FOZ Dcv` Absbj` KZD
^O
^O
^O
^O
^O
O@NBHBJC^B@KZ NFZ Z@BKZ L@JCV] Lc nbspcrbtb`k nf l‒Śníof gbkgbvcl css`jbâf å l‒âlbobkctb`k nfs spbjulfs bktf bktfrn rnfk fktc tcbr brfs fs o`nb o`nbffif ffifkt kt lc tcbl tcbllf lf ft lc h`ro h`roff nfs nfs foar foarcs csurf urfss ft pcr pcr j`ksâ j`ksâqu qufk fktt jfllfs nfs ar`ssfttfs å utblbsfr pcr lf pctbfkt. Lf prctbjbfk nfvrc cl`rs cugofktfr lc tcbllf ft/`u jmckgfr nf h`rof, ft âvfktufllfofkt nf ocrquf (HBG. 1.:= 1.:=)).
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
87
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
c
a
HBG. HBG. 1.:= 1.:= - Cprís lfs s`bks l`jcux ft lc lbtm`trbtbf, lc o`rpm`l`gbf nfs fspcjfs bktfrnfk bktfrnfktcbrfs tcbrfs
fst s`uvfkt o`nbffiâf, kâjfssbtckt n`kj nf prfsjrbrf nfs ar`ssfttfs bktfrnfktcbrfs nf h`rof ft nf tcbllf nbhhârfktfs nf jfllfs prfsjrbtfs å lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k. c. j`ksultctb`k. c. Xuf Xuf jlbkbquf l`rs nf lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k. a. j`ksultctb`k. a. Xuf Xuf jlbkbquf cprís lfs s`bks l`jcux ft lc prfobírf sâckjf nf lbtm`trbtbf.
Fkffik, l`rsquf lfs pctbfkts rfvbfkkfkt cprís uk o`bs nf s`bks l`jcux j`rrfjtfofkt râclbsâs, bls cv`ufkt cv`br crrétâ rcpbnfofkt l‒utblbsctb`k nu râvâlctfur nf plcquf, pcrjf qu‒bl tcjmfjcr lf lfs lcvca`, vétfofkts, lívrfs râclbsâs ft lc lckguf. Fk râclbtâ, bls k‒fk `kt plus afs`bk s`bkslfs l`jcux `kt âtâlfs s`uvfkt n‒foalâf cvfj t`utf lc rbgufur v`uluf. Fk rfvckjmf, jf k‒fst pcs lf jcs l`rsquf jfrtcbks pctbfkts sf prâsfktfkt å lc sfj`knf j`ksultctb`k cvfj nfs lívrfs ft ukf lckguf j`l`râfs fk r`sf r`sf pcr pcr lf râvâ râvâlc lctf tfur ur,, `k pfut pfut cl`r cl`rss susp suspfj fjtf tfrr ukf ukf pr`j pr`jân ânur urff j`oo j`oofk fkjâ jâff tcrnbvfofkt. Å jf stcnf, bl fst p`ssbalf, n‒ukf pcrt, nf prfsjrbrf ukf ar`ssf å nfkts plus hfrof (Autlfr ^O VltrcZ`ht ::: `u >>>, Bkcvc^O 15/355). N‒cutrf pcrt, l`rsquf lfs lâsb`ks s`kt cu rfp`s, bl fst âgclfofkt p`ssbalf nf nbobkufr lc p`s`l`gbf nfs acbks nf a`ujmf nf jml`rmfxbnbkf, cffik nf rânubrf lfs j`l`rctb`ks (nbobkutb`k nf lc hrâqufkjf ft/`u nf lc j`kjfktrctb`k) `u prfsjrbrf Jurcsfpt^O. Zb nfs pr`tmísfs trcksbt`brfs n`bvfkt étrf râclbsâfs, fllfs p`urr`kt l‒étrf å lc j`knbtb`k quf lc i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf s`bt rfspfjtâf nurckt lfs s`bks, lc p`sf ft lc prâpcrctb`k (y j`oprbs l`rs nfs foprfbktfs). Lfs lbobtfs jfrvbjclfs nfvr`kt étrf bopârctbvfofkt fk p`sbtb`k suprc-gbkgbvclf `u iuxtc-gbkgbvclf, surt`ut p`ur lfs pcr`n`ktbtfs cgrfssbvfs.
HBK NF L‒FK^QF^BFK Cvckt nf lbaârfr lf pctbfkt, bl fst kâjfsscbrf n‒cv`br uk j`urt fktrftbfk cu aurfcu cffik nf9 ‚ j` j`kffi kffiro rofr fr lfs lfs coâl coâlb` b`rc rctb` tb`ks ks pc pcrr rcpp rcpp`r `rtt cux cux `asf `asfrv rvct ctb`k b`kss nf lc prfo prfobí bírf rf j`ksultctb` j`ksu ltctb`kk 4 ‚ prâ râvv`br lf lfss lâg lâgírfs írfs o`ablbt blbtâs âs ft lfs lfs âvfk vfktu tuf fll llf fs sfk sfksb sba abl blbt btâ âs cu hr` hr`bn trcksbt`br trck sbt`brfs fs 4
8=
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
‚ bknbqu bknbqufr fr quf lc sâckjf sâckjf c âtâ hcjblf pcr rcpp` rcpp`rt rt å jf qu‒fllf curcbt âtâ sb `k cvcbt « nâtcrtrâ nâtcrtrâ ´ n‒foalâf n‒foalâf å lc prfobírf prfobírf j`ksultctb` j`ksultctb`k. k. Lf prctbjbfk prctbjbfk nâjrbrc sur lf n`ssbfr nu pctbfkt pctbfkt lfs nbhhârfkts nbhhârfkts âlâofkts âlâofkts nf lc sâckjf 9 l`jclbsctb`k nu tcrtrf, lc nbhffijultâ `u lc hcjblbtâ å l‒âlbobkfr, lc quclbtâ nfs s`bks l`jcux, l`jcu x, cbksb quf lfs k`uvfllfs k`uvfllfs prfsjrbptb`ks. prfsjrbptb`ks. Fk fhhft, l`rs nfs j`kfibts, lfs fxpfrts fxpfrts rfpr`jmfkt s`uvfkt cux prctbjbfks nfs n`ssbfrs bksuhffiscoofkt n`juofktâs. J‒fst å lc ffik nf lc sâckjf quf lf prctbjbfk pfut âgclfofkt iugfr nu nfgrâ nf sctbshcjtb`k nu pctbfkt.
OâOfKt@
Lfs sâckjfs nf lbtm`trbtbf sfr`kt râpâtâfs cutckt nf h`bs quf kâjfsscbrf å uk `u nfux o`bs n‒bktfrvcllf, fk cpprâjbckt å jmcquf h`bs lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf ft lc hfrofturf hfrof turf nfs p`jmf p`jmfss å l‒cbnf n‒ukf s`knf pcr`n pcr`n`ktclf `ktclf ft/`u nf rcnb`g rcnb`grcpmb rcpmbfs fs râtr`-clvâ`lcbrfs. @k v`bt n`kj quf lfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs pfuvfkt étrf cppr`jmâfs cutrfofkt quf n‒foalâf cvfj ukf vbgufur fxcgârâf. Zb fllfs s`kt cu rfp`s, ft qu‒fllfs s`kt ca`rnâfs fk rfspfjtckt lfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux, lf pctbfkt ft lf prctbjbfk tbrfr`kt t`utfs lfs sctbshcjtb`ks cttfknufs nu trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl.
Zurhcçcgf LF QFZUFJ^ NV JÂOFK^ Lf sur surhcç hcçcgf cgf sf nâffikbt nâffikbt j`o j`oof of âtckt âtckt « l‒âlbob l‒âlbobkct kctb`k b`k nf lc t`tclb t`tclbtâ tâ nu jâofkt jâofkt kâjr`sâ ft/`u boprâgkâ n‒fkn`t`xbkfs cffik nf jrâfr uk âtct nf surhcjf ab`l`gbqufofkt qufof kt j`opctbalf j`opctbalf cvfj lc k`uvfllf k`uvfllf cttcjmf´ cttcjmf ´ ( Cofrbjck Cjcnfoy `h Ufrb`n`kt`l`gy , 32=8). Lf j`kjfpt âtcbt nf hcjblbtfr lc râcttcjmf nfs ffiarfs nf j`llcgíkf å lc surhcjf nf lc rcjbkf. Jfpfknckt, ukf k`uvfllf cttcjmf h`kjtb`kkfllf kf pfut sf rfj`kstbtufr scks jâofkt, hcutf nf qu`b lc jbjctrbsctb`k sf hcbt pcr l‒bktfroânbcbrf n‒uk l`kg âpbtmâlbuo âpbtmâlbuo nf i`kjtb`k. i`kjtb`k. Lf surhcçcgf systâoctbquf nâtrubt lfs quflqufs nbxbíofs nf obllboítrfs nf jâofkt, cvfj obsf å ku nf lc nfktbkf rcnbjulcbrf, supprbockt cl`rs t`utfs lfs jmckjfs n‒ukf râcttcjmf h`kjtb`kkfllf (HBG.1.:2). Zb lf jâofkt fst âlbobkâ, `k pfut oéof `asfrvfr nfs râs`rptb`ks rcnbjulcbrfs, pubsquf lf jâofkt c pmysb`l`gbqufofkt obssb`k nf s‒y `pp`sfr fk s‒bktfrp`sckt fktrf lc nfktbkf ft lf lbgcofkt, lf tbssu j`ki`kjtbh gbkgbvcl `u l‒`s pcr`n`ktcl. Bl fst cui`urn‒mub rfj`kku qu‒å lc surhcjf n‒ukf rcjbkf bkhfjtâf, lf jâofkt j`ksfrvf t`utfs lfs jcrcjtârbstbqufs tbkjt`rbclfs n‒uk tbssu vbvckt. Nf plus, fk j`ktrcnbjtb`k cvfj lfs âtunfs ckjbfkkfs, bl kf sfoalf pcs quf lf jâofkt s`bt pr`h`knâofkt
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
82
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
HBG. - J`upf mbst`l`gbquf nfkt surhcjâf lc kfttf1.:2 calctb`k nf lc nfktbkf ft lc ln‒ukf c prâsfkjf n‒uk l`kgo`ktrckt âpbtmâlbuo
nf i`kjtb`k (fiíjmfs).
boprâgkâ n‒fkn`t`xbkfs acjtârbfkkfs. Fk fhhft, plus nf 25% nfs fkn`t`xbkfs acjtârbfkkfs k‒boprígkfkt pcs lc surhcjf rcnbjulcbrf T13_. Zfulf lc ffikf jutbjulf nuf å lc prâjbpbtctb`k nfs sfls n‒`rbgbkf sârbquf, rfj`uvrckt lf jâofkt, j`ktbfkt lfs fkn`t`xbkfs. Cu t`tcl, bl sfoalf quf lf jâofkt kf s`bt cltârâ quf sur lfs 65 prfobfrs objr`ks T11_.
OâOfKt@
Lf surhcçcgf surhcçcgf râclbsâ râclbsâ iusqu‒å l‒`atfktb`k l‒`atfktb`k nu « jrb nfktbkcbrf nfktbkcbrf ´ fst s`uvfkt syk`kyof nf nbspcr nbspcrbtb`k btb`k qucsb t`tclf nu jâof jâofkt. kt. Lf rfspfjt nu jâofkt cu j`urs nf l‒bkstruofktctb`k oâjckbquf nfs rcjbkfs nfktcbrfs nfocknf, ncks uk prfobfr tfops, l‒cjjfptctb`k nu j`kjfpt, pubs l‒cjqubsbtb`k n‒ukf fxpârbfkjf, pubsquf lc nfktbkf ft lf jâofkt `kt å pfu prís lc oéof nurftâ rfknckt cbksb nbhffijblf lfur nbhhârfkjbctb`k tcjtblf. U`ur lfs j`khrírfs nâautckts fk pcr`n`ktbf jlbkbquf, bl fst j`ksfbllâ n‒cpplbqufr å nfs nfkts fxtrcbtfs fxtrcbtfs ukf j`l`rctb`k j`l`rctb`k cu alfu nf oâtmylíkf oâtmylíkf `u nf t`lubnbkf t`lubnbkf å 3 %. Lf prctbjbfk p`urrc cl`rs s‒fktrcëkfr å nbstbkgufr lfs nbhhârfkjfs nf t`ujmfr fktrf lf jâofkt ft lc nfktbkf fk jurftckt ukf nfs surhcjfs `ò lc nfktbkf curc âtâ v`l`ktcbrfofkt fxp`sâf pcr surhcçcgf, ft lc surhcjf nfktcbrf `ò lf jâofkt curc âtâ lcbssâ fk plcjf (HBG. 1.>5).
75
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
c
a
1 k
j
HBG. 1.>5 - J`l`rctb`k nf lc surhcjf
rcnbjulcbrf pcr lc tfjmkbquf nf
n
f
Wcfrmcug. c. Wcfrmcug. Nfkt fxtrcbtf cvckt c. Nfkt j`l`rctb`k. j`l`rctb`k. a. Lc nfkt c n‒ca`rn âtâ a. Lc trfopâf ncks ukf s`lutb`k nf t`lubnbkf `u nf alfu nf oâtmylíkf å 3 %, pubs ca`kncoofkt ca`kncoofkt rbkjâf ncks ncks l‒fcu ft hr`ttâf cvfj ukf ar`ssf å nfkts p`ur âlbobkfr lfs nâpþts k`k cttcjmâs cttcj mâs (plc (plcquf quf nfktcbrf nfktcbrf).). j. Zfuls ls lfs j. Zfu âlâofkts nf l‒cttcjmf lbgcofktcbrf s`kt rfstâs rfstâs j`l`râs. j`l`râs. n. Vkfo`btbânflc nfkt nfkt c ât âtââ tr trcb cbtâ tâff pcr pcr uk su surh rhcç cçcg cgff å lc jurfttf ft lc rcjbkf c âtâ å k`uvfcu j`l`râf. f. Lc pcr pcrtbf tbf surhcj surhcjâf âf k‒f k‒fst st plus plus j`l`râf, jf qub suggírf quf lfs ffiarfs prâjânfoofktt cttcjmâfs `kt âtâ prâjânfoofk âlbobkâfs.
OâOfKt@
Nu p`bkt nf vuf jlbkbquf, l‒âlbobkctb`k nu jâofkt pcr surhcçcgf vbg`urfux fktrcëkf fktrc ëkf uk jfrtc jfrtcbk bk k`oarf n‒fhhfts bctr`gíkfs bctr`gíkfs 9 ‚ nf trís nâscgrâcalfs sfksbablbtâs nfktbkcbrfs (surt`ut cu hr`bn) qub rfprâsfktfkt rfprâsfktfkt l‒ukf nfs j`oplbjctb`ks ocifurfs nfs trcbtfofkts trcbtfofkts pcr`n`ktcux j`kvfktb`kkfls 4 ‚ lfs surhcçcgfs râpâtâs râgulbírfofkt nurckt nfs ckkâfs fktrcëkfkt nfs pfrtfs nf suastckjf suastckjf tfllfs quf lfs rcjbkfs cppcrcbssfk cppcrcbssfktt quflqufh`bs quflqufh`bs fk « tr`gk tr`gk`k `k nf (HBG. 1.>3) 4 p`oof´ ‚ lfs nfkts surhcjâfs s`kt lfs prfobírfs å étrf pfrnufs cprís trcbtfofkt T1:_.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
73
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
a
HBG. 1.>3 - c. Xuf c. Xuf rcnb`l`gbquf ft (a) ft (a) jlbkbquf jlbkbquf nf nfkts c
qub `kt suab nfs surhcçcgfs râgulbfrs. @k `asfrvf ukf calctb`k nfs tbssus nurs nf lc rcjbkf (fiíjmfs).
Lf rfspfjtukf nu o`bks jâofktgrcknf cu j`urs nf l‒cppr`jmf oâjckbquf nfs lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs fktrcëkf hrâqufkjf nf jf typf nf pr`alíofs. Fk râsuoâ, bl cppcrcët qu‒bl hcbllf, plus quf icocbs, étrf n‒ukf fxtréof prunfkjf vbså-vbs nf lc i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf ft nf lc surhcjf rcnbjulcbrf l`rs nfs ockŚuvrfs nf pcr`n`ktbf, nf nfktbstfrbf ft nf pr`tmísf. Ncks lc plupcrt nfs jcs, bl sfoalf qu‒bl kf s` s`bt bt plus plus rfqu rfqubs bs n‒âl n‒âlbo bobk bkfr fr systâoctbqufofkt lf jâ jâof ofkt kt pcr pcr su surh rhcç cçcg cgff rcnbjulcbrf. JCZ UCQ^BJVLBFQ NFZ NFK^Z ^QCB^ÂFZ FK NFK^BZ^FQBF
L`rsqu‒ukf nfkt supp`rtf uk pblbfr pr`tmâtbquf cux lbobtfs s`us-gbkgbvclfs, bl fst p`ssbalf quf jbofkts lf jâofkt s`bt jfttf h`bs kâjr`sâqubå pfuvfkt trcvfrs lfs fhhfts t`xbqufs nfs nf sjfllfofkt `u nfrâfllfofkt t`us lfs pr`nubts cttfbknrf l‒fspcjf nfkt`-gbkgbvcl (HBG. 1.>1) T1>_. Bl fk vc nf oéof l`rsquf, cu j`urs nf lc prbsf n‒foprfbktf, lfs ffils nf râtrcjtb`k gbkgbvclf pfrh`rfkt l‒âpbtmâlbuo nf i`kjtb`k ft nâgrcnf lf jâofkt. U`urtckt, bl fxbstf cui`urn‒mub uk systíof n‒âvbjtb`k gbkgbvclf qub kf nâtrubt nâtrubt pcs l‒cttcjmf âpbtmâlbclf âpbtmâlbclf (Fxpcsyl (Fxpcsyl) (HBG. 1.>:). Ncks lfs jcs jbtâs jb-nfssus, lf surhcçcgf jlcssbquf s‒cvírf kâjfsscbrf cffik n‒âlbobkfr lf jâofkt nâtrubt cu j`urs nfs s`bks nf nfktbstfrbf ft nf pr`tmísf, jcr lc k`uvfllf cttcjmf fst cl`rs bop`ssbalf. Å lc luobírf nf jf qub vbfkt n‒étr n‒étrff fxp`sâ, bl fst n`kj pfrobs nf j`kjlurf j`kjlurf quf 9 ‚ plus lfs nfkts s`kt bknfokfs nf s`bks `u nf pr`tmísfs, o`bks bl y curc bknbjctb`k nf surhcçcgf (HBG. 1.>>) 4 ‚ plus lfs nfkts `kt suab nfs s`bks (surt`ut fk p`sbtb`k s`us-gbkgbvclf ft sur lfs nfkts nâpulpâfs), nâpulpâfs), plus bl y curc bknbjctb`k bknbjctb`k nf surhcçcgf surhcçcgf (HBG. 1.>6). 71 © Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
c
1 k
a
HBG. 1.>1 - Nfkts cyckt suab nf k`oarfusfs
cgrfssb`ks cu j`urs nfs s`bks nfktcbrfs ft pr`tmâtbqufs qub `kt fu p`ur j`ksâqufkjf lc nfstrujtb`k t`tclf nfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux. c. pcr`n`ktcux. c. Xuf Xuf jlbkbquf. a. jlbkbquf. Qcnb`grcpmbf. j. Nfkt j`ur`kkâf a. Qcnb`grcpmbf. j. Nfkt
j
`asfrvâf cu objr`sj`pf å aclcycgf.
HBG. 1.>: - Zystíof Fxpcsyl (Cjtâ`k^O) pfrofttckt n‒âjcrtfr l‒âpbtmâlbuo suljulcbrf scks
nâtcjmfr l‒âpbtmâlbuo nf i`kjtb`k.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
7:
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
HBG. 1.>> - Fxcofk rcnb`l`gbquf n‒uk jcs nf pcr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf gâkârclbsâf `ò bl fxbstf
pfu pfu nf jcrbfs jcrbfsnfk nfktcb tcbrf rfs. s. Ncks Ncks jf typf typf nf pcr`n` pcr`n`ktb ktbtf, tf, lf jâofk jâofktt k‒fst k‒fst kb kâjr` kâjr`sâ sâ kb boprâg boprâgkâ kâ pr`h`knâofktt pcr nfs fkn`t`xbkfs acjtârbfkkfs. Bl k‒y c n`kj pcs bknbjctb`k nf surhcçcgf. pr`h`knâofk
HBG. 1.>6 - Fxcofk rcnb`l`gbquf n‒uk jcs nf pcr`n`ktbtf `ò bl fxbstf nf k`oarfusfs
pr`tmísfs n`kt lc râclbsctb`k c pr`acalfofk pr`acalfofktt kâjr`sâ lf jâofkt ft scks n`utf lc nfktbkf. Ncks jf jcs, bl y c n`kj bknbjctb`k nf surhcçcgf.
J@OOFK^ QÂCLBZFQ VK ZVQHCÇCGF Lfs jurfttfs pfuvfkt étrf utblbsâfs p`ur surhcjfr lfs rcjbkfs nfktcbrfs. Lc pcrtbf trcvcbllcktf nf l‒`utbl, j‒fst-å-nbrf sc pcrtbf j`kvfxf, sfrc cl`rs utblbsâf. L‒fopl`b nfs jurfttfs n`bt étrf prunfkt j`optf tfku nf lc qucktbtâ bop`rtcktf nf octârbfl nfktcbrf qub pfut étrf âlbobkâf (cu obkbouo 355 oo). Lf jm`bx nf lc jurfttf sf hfrc fssfktbfllfofkt fk rcpp`rt cvfj lc pr`h`knfur nf lc lâsb`k, lc nbofksb`k nf s`k `rbffijf n‒fktrâf, s`k crjmbtfjturf, lc p`sbtb`k nf lc nfkt sur l‒crjcnf ft lc qucktbtâ nf tbssus å âlbobkfr. Zb lc tcbllf nf lc jurfttf fst tr`p bop`rtcktf pcr rcpp`rt å jfllf nf l‒`rbffijf nf lc lâsb`k, bl fxbstf nfs rbsqufs nf gfstfs bctr`gíkfs cvfj nâjmbrfofkt nfs tbssus.
7>
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
Lc tcbllf nf lc pcrtbf trcvcbllcktf nf l‒bkstruofkt p`urrc étrf plus bop`rtcktf sb lfs rcjbkfs s`kt trcbtâfs jmbrurgbjclfofkt cvfj âlâvctb`k n‒uk lcoafcu. Lfs jurfttfs nf Grcjfy ft lf Obkb 6 pcrcbssfkt étrf lfs bkstruofkts lfs plus cncptâs p`ur lf surhcçcgf. Jfpfknckt, bl fst bop`rtckt nf s‒cssurfr nf lc quclbtâ nf l‒cjbfr bk`xyncalf, hcutf nf qu`b lfs ockŚuvrfs nf nâj`ktcobkctb`k ft nf stârblbsctb`k rbsqufrcbfkt nf lfs fkn`oocgfr. Bl fst n`kj rfj`oocknâ cu prctbjbfk n‒étrf fxtréofofkt vbgblckt l`rs nf l‒cjmct nf jf typf nf octârbfl T7_.
Jurftcgf Lf jurftcgf sf nâffikbt j`oof âtckt lf kftt`ycgf n‒ukf surhcjf `u n‒ukf jcvbtâ cvfj l‒cbnf l‒cbnf n‒ukf jurfttf. jurfttf. Bl pfut étrf râclbsâ « å l‒cvfuglf l‒cvfuglf ´ (scks âlâvctb`k âlâvctb`k n‒uk lcoafcu) lcoaf cu) `u « `uvfrt `uvfrt ´ (cprís âlâvctb`k âlâvctb`k n‒uk lcoafcu) lcoafcu).. Fhhfjtuâ Fhhf jtuâ cu nâaut nu trcbtfofkt trcbtfofkt j`kvfktb`kkf j`kvfktb`kkfl,l, n`kt bl fst ukf nfs j`op`scktfs j`op`scktfs nf lc tmârcpfutbquf bkbtbclf, lf jurftcgf gbkgbvcl fst s`uvfkt râclbsâ, nâlbaârâofkt `u bkjbnfoofkt, fk oéof tfops quf lf nâtcrtrcgf ft lf surhcçcgf. Lf j`kjfpt râsbnf ncks l‒âlbobkctb`k nf l‒âpbtmâlbuo nf lc p`jmf ft lf tbssu bkficooct`brf s`us icjfkt. Jft cjtf fst n`ul`urfux ft bctr`gíkf l`rsqu‒bl fst râclbsâ sur nfs lâsb`ks cjtbvfs. Lc kâjfssbtâ n‒âlbobkfr systâoctbqufofkt pcr jurftcgf lf tbssu bkficooct`brf cffik nf gcgkfr nf l‒cttcjmf k‒c pcs âtâ nâo`ktrâf, pubsquf s‒fk castfkbr k‒fopéjmf pcs lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf T16_.
^BZZV BKHLCOOC^@BQF Lf tbssu nf grckulctb`k fst uk tbssu jbjctrbjbfl j`op`sâ prbkjbpclfofkt nf ffiar`alcstfs, nf a`urgf`ks jcpbllcbrfs, nf jfllulfs bkficooct`brfs ft n‒Śníof. Fk pcr`n`ktbf, bl s‒cgbt fk râclbtâ n‒uk tbssu bkficooct`brf fk râcjtb`k å ukf bkhfjtb`k nu pcr`n`ktf. pcr`n `ktf. Bl kf j`kjfrkf s`uvfkt quf lf tbssu j`ki`kjtbh j`ki`kjtbh gbkgbvcl. @k pfut j`kh`knrf uk tbssu nur nâobkârclbsâ cvfj uk tbssu bkficooct`brf. Fk fhhft, ukf nfs prfobírfs râcjtb`ks n‒uk tbssu obkârclbsâ bkhfjtâ fst nf pfrnrf ukf pcrtbf nf s`k j`ktfk j`ktfkuu obkârc obkârcl.l. Cu-nfl Cu-nflåå nf :5 %, jfttf pfrtf pfrtf obkârc obkârclf lf fst vbsbalf vbsbalf å lc rcnb`grcpmbf s`us lc h`rof n‒ukf bocgf plus `u o`bks h`kjâf qub j`rrfsp`kn å uk tbssu nâobkârclbsâ, ocbs t`ui`urs cttcjmâ å lc surhcjf rcnbjulcbrf (HBG. 1.>8). Jf tbssu o`u pfut étrf trís hcjblfofkt pâkâtrâ sb lf s`kncgf fst râclbsâ cvfj ukf h`rjf supârbfurf å 5,16 K.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
76
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
c
a
HBG. 1.> 1.>8 8 - Qcnb`grcpmbf o`ktrckt (c) o`ktrckt (c) ukf ukf lâsb`k lâsb`k cvfj uk « nâhcut bktrc-`ssfux bktrc-`ssfux ´ ft ft (a) uk (a) uk o`bs cprís nâsbkhfjt nâsbkhfjtb`k b`k pcr lfs s`bk s`bkss l`jcu l`jcux. x. Bl kf s‒cgbsscbt s‒cgbsscbt n`kj pcs n‒ukf « pfrtf `ssfusf ´ ocbs n‒ukf nâobkârclbsctb`k.
OâOfKt@
Cvckt nf nâjbnfr sb ukf « lâsb`k `ssfusf Cvckt `ssfusf ´ oârbtf uk jurftcgf jurftcgf,, bl fst fssfktbfl nf s‒cssurfr fk prfobfr lbfu quf lc lâsb`k k‒fst plus cjtbvf. Ucr cbllfurs, p`ur nâtfjtfr nâtfjtfr lf râfl h`kn nf lc lâsb`k pcr`n`ktclf, bl fst prunfkt n‒bktr`nubrf uk jþkf nf guttc, n`kt lc p`bktf s‒crrétfrc nís lf j`ktcjt cvfj lfs prfobírfs jfllulfs âpbtmâlbclfs, pubs nf prfknrf uk jlbjmâ râtr`-clvâ`lcbrf jþkf fk plcjf. Cprís obsf cu rfp`s nf lc lâsb`k, l‒bkstruofktctb`k l‒bkstruofktctb`k kf nfvrc j`kjfrkfr j`kjfrkfr quf lc pcrtbf j`r`kcbrf cu jþkf nf guttc. K`t`ks cu pcsscgf quf lfs jlbjmâs kuoârbqufs pfrofttfkt nf râglfr lf j`ktrcstf ft lc luobk`sbtâ nf tfllf s`rtf quf lfs trcofs `ssfusfs pfuvfkt étrf vbsuclbsâfs (HBG. 1.>7). Cu t`tcl, lf jurftcgf gbkgbvcl kf n`kkf pcs nf ofbllfurs râsultcts jlbkbqufs (rânujtb`k nf lc pr`h`knfur nf p`jmf ft gcbks n‒cttcjmf jlbkbquf) quf l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrff cprís j`ktrþlf tcrtr j`ktrþlf nf l‒bkhfjtb`k. l‒bkhfjtb`k. Bl fst n`kj trís rcrfofkt rcrfofkt bknbquâ. bknbquâ.
c
a
HBG. 1.>7 - Nfux rcnb`s n`kt l‒ukf (c) l‒ukf@ fst j`ktrcstâf lfs trcaâjulfs ft l‒cutrf (a) l‒cutrf (c) fst (a) nâffikbf lfs ofttckt fk âvbnfkjf. @k k cpfrç`bt lc ouqufusf ouquffhhcçckt usf qub rfj`uvrf lc nfrkbírf nfrkbírf o`lcbrf (fiíjmf).
78
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
SVFLLFZ SVFLL FZ LÂZB@KZ HCV^-BL HCV^-BL JVQF^FQ 0 L‒âlbobkctb`k nfs tbssus gbkgbvcux bkhfjtâs fst pcrtbjulbírfofkt bknbquâf l`rsqu‒bls s`kt boprâgkâs nf j`rps âtrckgfrs (pcrtbjulfs n‒coclgcofs `u nf jbofkt nf sjfllfofkt) (HBG. 1.>=). Ncks jf jcs, bl fst p`ssbalf qu‒ukf bkficooctb`k jmr`kbquf bktfrnbsf lc guârbs`k nf lc lâsb`k cvfj bop`ssbablbtâ nf gcgkfr nf l‒cttcjmf. Zb tfl fst lf jcs, l‒âlbobkctb`k nfs tbssus j`kjfrkâs sfrc râclbsâf cvfj plus nf rcpbnbtâ ft n‒fhffijcjbtâ pcr fxârísf jmbrurgbjclf hrckjmf, plutþt quf pcr uk jurftcgf jurftcgf « cvfuglf ´ (HBG. 1.>2).
HBG. 1.>= - ^bssu gbkgbvcl
fxjbsâ jmbrurgbjclfofkt o`ktrckt qu‒bl fst boprâgkâ nf j`rps âtrckgfrs (pr`acalfofkt nf l‒coclgcof nfktcbrf) (fiíjmfs).
c
a
HBG. 1.>2 - c. Jcs bkhfjtâ (a) jurf jurftâ tâ å « l‒cvfuglf l‒cvfuglf ´. Jfttf ct cttbtun tbtunff fst å c. Jcs n‒uk pcr`n`ktf bkhfjtâ (a)
pr`sjrbrf.
Bl rfstf å râs`unrf lc qufstb`k nf scv`br sb lc prâsfkjf nf tcrtrf fst l‒fxprfssb`k n‒ukf râcjtb`k fhffijcjf nf nâhfksf nf l‒`rgckbsof `u s‒bl s‒cgbt cu j`ktrcbrf n‒ukf oclcnbf oclcn bf fk s`b. Nf oéof, oéof, lfs jlbkbjbf jlbkbjbfks ks s`kt t`ui`urs t`ui`urs å lc rfjmfrjmf rfjmfrjmf nf o`yfks o`yfks plus rcpbnfs (pfut-étrf jmbobqufs) n‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf, oéof sb l‒utblbsctb`k nfs lcsfrs s‒fst cvârâf nâjfvcktf.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
77
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
jfrt rtcb cbkfs kfs ât âtun unfs fs `k `ktt o` o`kt ktrâ râ qu quff lc su supp pprf rfssb ssb`k `k @ Oéof sb jf t t`tclf nu tcrtrf kf pfut étrf cttfbktf quf trís rcrfofkt, bl K f fst p`ssbalf n‒âlbobkfr suhffiscoofkt nf tcrtrf p`ur quf lfs O â lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs jbjctrbsfkt ft quf lfs pctbfkts pubssfkt O gcrnfr lfurs nfkts. U`ur quf lc lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf s`bt fhffijcjf,ftlfobjr`ab`l`gbquf, prârfqubs fst n‒`atfkbr ukf rfp`s jlbkbquf jf qub fst ukpcr`n`ktbtf nfs `aifjtbhscu ocifurs nf lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k.
7=
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
1 k
Abalb`grcpmbf T3_ Lbstgc Lbstgcrtf rtfkk OC OC,, Fllfgc Fllfgccrn crn A. Flfjtr Flfjtr`k `k objr`s objr`sj`p j`pbj bj fvbnfk fvbnfkjf jf `h c jfllul jfllulcr cr cttcjmofkt aftwffk iukjtb`kcl fpbtmflbuo ckn nfktcl jcljulus. jcljulus. I Ufrb`n`ktcl n`k tcl Qf Qfss 327: 327: 4 = 9 3>:-65. 3>:-65. T1_ Cllfk NL, Dfrr NC. ^bssuf NC. ^bssuf rfsp`ksf bk tmf gubkfc pbg t` stfrblf ckn k`k stfrblf jcljulus.. I Ufrb`n`kt`l 32864 :89 313-8. jcljulus T:_ Zmfrock UQ, Mutjmfks LM Ir, Ifws`k LG, O`rbcrty IO, Grfj` GW, OjHcll W^ Ir. ^mf fhhfjtbvfkfss `h suagbkgbvcl sjclbkg ckn r``t plckbkg. B. Jlbkbjcl nftfjtb`k `h rfsbnucl jcljulus. jcljulus. I Ufrb`n`kt`l 32254 839 :-=. T>_ Zmfrock UQ, Mutjmfks LM Ir, Ifws`k LG. ^mf fhhfjtbvfkfss `h suagbkgbvcl sjclbkg ckn r``t plckkbkg. BB. Jlbkbjcl rfsp`ksfs rflctfn t` rfsbnucl jcljulus.. I Ufrb`n`k julus Ufrb`n`kt`l t`l 322 32255 4 83 9 2-36. 2-36. T6_ Ycppc V, Jcln`sm I, Zbo`kc J, Grch M, Jcsf N. Bk vbv` sjclbkg ckn r``t plckbkg h`rjfs.. I Ufrb`n`kt`l 32234 819 ::6->5. h`rjfs T8_ Hrfbnock Acrafr UO, KI, Kfwock MK.objr`s MK. ^mf ^mfr`sj`p «j`pf Ulcquf Ulcquf-Hr -Hrff ff Y`k f´ bk mfcltm mfcO^, ltm ckn nbsf nbsfcsf csfO`rnck 9 c sjc sjckkb kkbkg kg flfjtr flfjtr`k `k obj f stun stuny y. IY`kf Ufrb`n`kt`l n`k t`l 32 3221 21 4 8: 9 =25 =25-8. -8. T7_ Jmcr`k Jmcr`k I. Ucr`n`kt Ucr`n`ktbf bf oânbjclf oânbjclf.. Bkk`vctb Bkk`vctb`ks `ks jlbkbquf jlbkbqufss. Ucrbs rbs 9 JnU JnU, 1552 552 (1f ânbtb`k).
Lfs pcr`n`ktbtfs pcr`n`ktbtfs râhrcjtcbrfs râhrcjtcbrfs fxbstfkt-fll fxbstfkt-fllfs fs 0 I Ucr`n`kt`l T=_ Wbls`k ^G Ir. Lfs 322>4 3:9 3::-=. T2_ Lbstgcrtfk OC, Lbknmf I, Mfllnfk L. Fhhfjt L. Fhhfjt `h tftrcjyjlbkf ckn/`r sjclbkg `k muock pfrb`n`ktcl nbsfcsf. Jlbkbjcl, objr`ab`l`gbjcl ckn mbst`l`gbjcl `asfrvctb`ks. I I Jlb `asfrvctb`ks. Jlbkk Ufrb` Ufrb`n`k n`kt`l t`l 327 327== 4 6 9 1>8-73. 1>8-73. T35_ Ocgkuss`k B, Lbknmf I, R`kfycoc ^, Lbkifrafrg A. Qfj`l`kbzctb`k A. Qfj`l`kbzctb`k `h c suagbkgbvcl objr`ab`tc h`ll`wbkg sjclbkg bk nffp p`jdfts. I Jlbk Ufrb`n`kt`l 32=> 32 => 4 33 9 32:-15 32:-157. 7. Acnfrs frstfk tfk C, Kb Kblvâ lvâus us Q, Fg Fgfla flafrg frg.. I. Fhhfj T33_ Acn Fhhfjtt `h k`k-surg k`k-surgbjcl bjcl pfrb`n`k pfrb`n`ktcl tcl tmfrcpy. tmfrcpy. Ufrb`n`kt`l t`l 32= 32=>c >c 4 33 9 8:-78. 8:-78. BB. Zfvfrfly cnvckjfn pfrb`n`ktbtbs. I Jlbk Ufrb`n`k
Jrbtbjcl cl pr`abk pr`abkgg T31_ Lbknmf I, Z`jrcksdy Z, Kyock Z, Mchhciff C, Wfsthflt F. « F. « Jrbtbj nfptms ´ bk pfrb`n`ktcl pfrb`n`ktcl tmfrcpy. tmfrcpy. I Jlb Jlbkk Ufrb` Ufrb`n`k n`kt`l t`l 32= 32=11 4 2 9 :1:-:8. :1:-:8. T3 T3:_ :_ Jl Jlch chhf hfyy K. J`oo J`oofk fktt gc gcgk gkfr fr `u pfrn pfrnrf rf nf l‒l‒ct cttc tcjm jmff pc pcr` r`n` n`kt ktcl clff. I Ucr`n`kt`l 322> 4 3: 9 32:-151. T3>_ Lbstgcrtfk OC, Lbknmf I, Mfllnfk L. Fhhfjt L. Fhhfjt `h tftrcjyjlbkf ckn/`r sjclbkg `k muock pfrb`n`ktcl nbsfcsf. Jlbkbjcl, objr`ab`l`gbjcl ckn mbst`l`gbjcl `asfrvctb`ks.. I Jlb `asfrvctb`ks Jlbkk Ufrb` Ufrb`n`k n`kt`l t`l 327 327== 4 6 9 1>8-73. 1>8-73.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
72
Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf
T36_ Alckj G. Lfs G. Lfs cppcrfbls å ultrcs`ks ft lfs s`bks nfktcbrfs. nfktcbrfs . Lf ffil nfktcbrf4 155== :3 9 >1 ->. 155 ->. T38_ Zmfrock UQ, Mutjmfks LM Ir, Ifws`k LG, O` O`rbcrty rbcrty IO, Grfj` GW, OjHcll W^ Ir. ^mf fhhfjtbvfkfss `h suagbkgbvcl sjclbkg ckn r``t plckbkg. B. Jlbkbjcl nftfjtb`k `h rfsbnucl jcljulus. jcljulus. I Ufrb`n`kt`l 32254 839 :-=. T37_ I`mks I`mks`k `k GD, Qfbkmcrnt Qfbkmcrnt QC, ^ussbkg ^ussbkg GI, Qr`ijb Qr`ijb QH. QH. Hbafr `ptbj pr`af cugofktfn sjclbkg vfrsus j`kvfktb`kcl sjclbkg. I sjclbkg. I Ufrb`n`k Ufrb`n`kt`l t`l 32 32=2 =2 4 85 9 3:3-8. 3:3-8. T3=_ Subrykfk O, O`kgcrnbkb J, Ucuwfls O, A`llfk JO, vck Flnfrf I, vck Ztffkafrgmf N. @kf N. @kf stcgf hull- vfrsus pcrtbcl-o`utm nbsbkhfjtb`k bk tmf trfctofkt `h jmr`kbj cnult `r gfkfrclbzfn fcrly-`ksft pfrb`n`ktbtbs. BB. L`kgtfro bopcjt `k objr`abcl l`cn. l`cn. I Ufr Ufrb`n b`n`kt `kt`l `l 3222 322244 75 9 8>8-68. 8>8-68. T32_ Wcfrmcug I. Mfclbkg I. Mfclbkg `h tmf nfkt`-fpbtmflbcl iukjtb`k h`ll`wbkg suagbkgbvcl plcquf j`ktr`l. BB. Cs `asfrvfn `k fxtrcjtfn tfftm. I tfftm. I Ufrb` Ufrb`n` n`kt kt`l `l 327= 327= 4 >2 9 332-:>. ft cl. ^mf T15__ Zky T15 Zkynfr nfr IC, OjXcy I^, Ar`wk Ar`wk HM, Zt` Zt`hhf hhfrs DW, Mcrvfy Mcr M`u M`ust` st`kkfGN fhhfjt `hOj cbrXcy carcsbvf p`lbsmbkg `krsal``n pMvfy cknQJ, flfjtr`lytf flfjtr`lyt j`kjf j`kjfktrcktrc-
tb`ks bk mfcltmy o`kgrfl n`gs. n`gs. I Ufrb`n`kt Ufrb`n`kt`l `l 322 32255 4 83 9 =3-8. =3-8. T13_ O``rf I, Wbls`k O, Dfbsfr IA. ^mf IA. ^mf nbstrbautb`k `h acjtfrbcl lbp`p`lyscjjmcrbnf (fkn`t`xbk) bk rflctb`k t` pfrb`n`ktclly bkv`lvfn r``t surhcjfs. surhcjfs. I Jlbk Ufrb`n`kt`l 32=8 4 3: 9 7>=-63. T11_ Mugmfs HI, Zoclfs HJ. Boouk`mbst`jmfobjcl HJ. Boouk`mbst`jmfobjcl bkvfstbgctb`k `h tmf prfsfkjf ckn nbstrbautb`k `h jfofktuo css`jbctfn lbp`p`lyscjjmcrbnfs bk pfrb`n`ktcl nbsfcsf. nbsfcsf. I Ufr Ufrb`n b`n`kt `ktcl cl Qfs 32=8 32=8 4 13 9 8857. 8857. T1:_ Lbknsd`g Z, Al`oløh I, Ufrss`k B, Kbdlcs`k C, Mfnbk C, Frbjss`k O, Iîrkjrcktz A, Ucl` V, ^fllfhsfk G, Yfttfrstrøo @, Aløol`h L. Xclbnctb`k L. Xclbnctb`k `h ck clg`rbtmo h`r jmr`kbj pfrb`n`ktbtbs pfrb`n`ktbtbs rbsd cssfssofkt cssfssofkt ckn pr`gk`stbjctb pr`gk`stbjctb`k `k 9 ckclysbs `h ck bkficooct`ry rfcjtbvbty tfst ckn sfljtfn rbsd prfnbjt`rs. prfnbjt`rs . I Ufrb`n`kt`l n`k t`l 153 15355 4 =3 (8) 9 1:7->7. 1:7->7. T1>_ Grcbg QG. J`op`sbtb`k, QG. J`op`sbtb`k, jmcrcjtfrbstbjs ckn jlbkbjcl ckn tbssuf rfcjtb`ks `h boprfssb`k octfrbcl. octfrbcl. Bk 9 Wbllbcos NH (fn). Ab`j`opctbablbty `h nfktcl nfktcl octfrbcls.. X`l. BBB. A`jc Qct`k rbcls Qct`k 9 JQJ Urfss, Bkj Bkj.,., 32=1 9 177-=2. T16_ Fjmfvfrrbc II, Jchhfssf QG. Fhhfjts QG. Fhhfjts `h gbkgbvcl jurfttcgf wmfk pfrh`rofn `kf o`ktm chtfr r``t bkstruofktctb`k. C ab`oftrbj fvcluctb`k. fvcluctb`k . I Jlbk Ufrb`n Ufr b`n`kt `kt`l `l 32=: 4 35 9 177 177-=8 -=8..
=5
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
: k Qââvcluctb`k
Lc rââvcluctb`k fst lf o`ofkt nf lc tmârcpfutbquf `ò lf jlbkbjbfk prfkn lc nâjbsb`k nf j`ktbkufr, n‒bktfrr`oprf, nf o`nbffifr `u nf st`ppfr lf trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl « cjtbh ´. Jfttf âtcpf fst n`kj, fk nâffikbtbvf nâffikbtbvf ft n‒ca`rn, n‒ca`rn, ukf cttbtunf nbcgk`stbquf nbcgk`stbquf qub j`ksbstf å sf p`sfr lc qufstb`k nf scv`br p`ur qufllf(s) rcbs`k(s) tfllfs `u tfllfs lâsb`ks k‒`kt pcs gcgkâ t`utf l‒cttcjmf cttfknuf. Ncks l‒cttbtunf j`kvfktb`kkfllf, lf nâlcb fktrf lc nfrkbírf sâckjf nf lc tmârcpfutbquf bkbtbclf (nâtcrtrcgf-surhcçcgf-jurftcgf) ft lc prfobírf âtcpf nf lc pmcsf « j`rrfjtrb j`rrfjtrbjf jf ´ fst fk gâkârcl gâkârcl nf quctrf å sbx sfocbkfs sfocbkfs T3_. Jfpfknckt, lc jbjctrbsctb`k nfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux kâjfssbtf uk nâlcb trís s`uvfkt supârbfur å quflqufs sfocbkfs. sfocb kfs. Zb lfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux pcr`n`ktcux supfrffijbfls supfrffijbfls (lf tbssu j`ki`kjtbh j`ki`kjtbh gbkgbvcl ft sfs âpbtmâlbuos) `kt ukf trís grcknf jcpcjbtâ å étrf rcpbnfofkt sctbshcbsckts n‒uk p`bkt nf vuf jlbkbquf, fk rfvckjmf lfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux pr`h`kns (lf jâofkt, lf lbgcofkt ft l‒`s pcr`n`ktcl) ofttfkt plusbfurs o`bs `u pcrh`bs oéof plusbfurs ckkâfs cvckt n‒cttfbknrf lfur octurctb`k j`oplítf (HBG. :.3).
Qââvcluctb`k nfs pcrcoítrfs lbâs cu pctbfkt
L`rs nf lc rââvcluctb`k, bl s‒cgbt nf rfjmfrjmfr sb l‒`rbgbkf nu pr`alíof sf tr`uvf cu kbvfcu nu pctbfkt, nf lc a`ujmf, nfs nfkts `u nfs sbtfs. Fk râclbtâ, fllf n`bt étrf râclbsâf å jmcquf sâckjf nf lbtm`trbtbf.
@AZFQXCKJF NV UC^BFK^ Lf prctbjbfk sf tr`uvf quflqufh`bs nfvckt ukf sbtuctb`k jlbkbquf `ò nfs âvâkfofkts boprâvus ft boprâvbsbalfs l‒`albgfkt å rââvclufr lf plck nf trcbtfofkt. Ucr fxfoplf, lf pctbfkt pfut âpr`uvfr nfs nbhffijultâs å j`ktrþlfr lc plcquf suprcgbkgbvclf p`ur nfs rcbs`ks n‒`rnrf psyjm`l`gbquf (HBG. :.1). Bl k‒fst pcs rcrf qu‒cu j`urs nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh jfrtcbks pctbfkts s`bfkt j`khr`ktâs å nfs sbtuctb`ks plus `u o`bks nrcoctbqufs nrcoctbqufs nf lc vbf j`urcktf j`urcktf 9 nbv`rjf, jmþocgf, jmþocgf, nâjís `u oclcnbf oclcnbf
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
=3
Qââvcluctb`k
c
j
a
n
HBG. :.3 - Ucr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf cvfj nfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf sâvírfs jmfz ukf ifukf hfoof
nf 32 cks. Zb lfs tbssus supfrffijbfls `kt jbjctrbsâ rcpbnfofkt, lfs tbssus pr`h`kns (`s pcr`n`ktcl) `kt kâjfssbtâ plusbfurs ckkâfs cvckt n‒`atfkbr nfs râsultcts. c râsultcts. c ft a. Cvckt a. Cvckt trcbtfofkt. j trcbtfofkt. j ft n. :: n. :: cks cprís trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl.
n‒uk pr`jmf, âtct nâprfssbh, ftj. Jfs âvâkfofkts o`ablbsfkt ft nât`urkfkt l‒âkfrgbf psyjmbquf psyjm bquf quf lf pctbfkt pctbfkt cvcbt iusqu‒cl`rs iusqu‒cl`rs râsfrvâf râsfrvâf å sc scktâ pcr`n`ktclf pcr`n`ktclf.. Ncks jfs typfs nf sbtuctb`ks, cprís nbsjussb`k cvfj lf pctbfkt, lf jlbkbjbfk pfut prfkn prfknrf rf lc nâjbsb nâjbsb`k `k n‒bktf n‒bktfrr` rr`opr oprff o`ofkt o`ofktck ckâof âofkt kt lc tmârcp tmârcpfut futbqu bquff `u cu j`ktrcbrf nf lc j`ktbkufr, âvfktufllfofkt fk lc o`nbffickt, sfl`k quf lf pctbfkt pfut `u k`k vcbkjrf lfs nbhffijultâs cuxqufllfs bl n`bt hcbrf hcjf ncks l‒booânbct. Bl fst quflqufh`bs utblf n‒`rbfktfr lf pctbfkt vfrs uk oânfjbk gâkârclbstf `u spâjbclbsâ T1_. Cu pcsscgf sbgkcl`ks quf jmfz jfrtcbks pctbfkts (s`uvfkt trís o`tbvâs ft ckxbfux), `k `asfrvf nfs uljârctb`ks nf lc ouqufusf nufs å ukf p`sbtb`k frr`kâf nf lc ar`ssf (ar`sscgf nf lc gfkjbvf ft k`k pcs nfs nfkts) (HBG. :.:). Jfs uljârctb`ks pfuvfkt nâj`urcgfr jfrtcbks pctbfkts. Lf prctbjbfk bknbquf cl`rs quf lc jcusf nf l‒bkhfjtb`k sf tr`uvf sur lfs nfkts ft k`k pcs sur lc gfkjbvf. Bl fst n`kj kâjfsscbrf nf rfv`br lc p`sbtb`k nfs p`blss nf lc ar`ss p`bl ar`ssff å nfkt nfktss qub n`bvf n`bvfkt kt étrf p`sbtb` p`sbtb`kkâs kkâs fkt fktrf rf lfs nfkt nfktss (v`br jmcpbtrf 3).
=1
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
c
: k
a
j
HBG. :.1 - Vk âjmfj n‒`asfrvckjf. c. n‒`asfrvckjf. c. Å Å lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k. a. j`ksultctb`k. a. Cprís Cprís uk o`bs nf s`bks
l`jcux `ò lf pctbfkt c âtâ `asfrvckt. `asfrvckt. j. Qâjbnbvf nuf å ukf k`k-`asfrvckjf k`k-`asfrvckjf (âtct nâprfssbh j. Qâjbnbvf css`jbâ å ukf nâpfknckjf).
HBG. HBG. :.: :.: - Vljârctb`k nf lc ouqufusf gbkgbvclf bknubtf pcr ukf tfjmkbquf bkcppr`prbâf. Jfs
uljârctb`ks s`kt trís n`ul`urfusfs, ocbs guârbssfkt fk quflqufs i`urs. Lc fiíjmf bknbquf lc hélurf.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
=:
Qââvcluctb`k
Z^C^V^ OÂNBJCL Lf stctut oânbjcl nu pctbfkt pfut âv`lufr cu j`urs nu trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl. Jfrtcbks pctbfkts pfuvfkt s`uhhrbr nf oclcnbfs n`kt lc kcturf ft/`u lf trcbtfofkt pfuvfkt o`nbffifr, pcrh`bs pr`h`knâofkt, lf plck nf trcbtfofkt. J‒fst lf jcs nf jfrtcbks jckjfrs `ò lc t`xbjbtâ nf lc jmbob`tmârcpbf bknubt ukf cplcsbf oânullcbrf cyckt p`ur j`ksâqufkjf ukf hrcgblbsctb`k ocifurf nfs systíofs nf nâhfksf booukbtcbrf T:_. Ucr jrcbktf nf acjtârbâobf, jfrtcbks jckjâr`l`gufs nfocknfkt oéof å lfurs pctbfkts nf kf pcs sf ar`ssfr lfs nfkts cu j`urs nf lc jmbob`tmârcpbf. L`rs n‒uk trcbtfofkt cktbjckjârfux, bl k‒y c pcs nf j`ktrf-bknbjctb`k (cu j`ktrcbrf) å fhhfjtufr lfs s`bks l`jcux. Zb lc pcr`n`ktbtf fst cu rfp`s, lc tmârcpfutbquf pfut étrf p`ursubvbf, p`urs ubvbf, ocbs ocbs cvfj prunfkjf prunfkjf,, nf hcç`k å jf quf lfs tbssus kf s`bfkt s`bfkt pcs uljârâs uljârâs cu j`urs nf l‒bkstruofktctb`k. Bl fst bop`rtckt nf k‒fhhfjtufr n‒cjtfs sckglckts (jurftcgf, jmbrurgbf pcr`n`ktclf, fxtrcjtb`ks, ftj.) qu‒cvfj uk cvcl oânbjcl, pubsquf lc jbjctrbsctb`k sfrc nbhffijblf, v`brf bop`ssbalf. Ucr cbllfurs, bl fst `albgct`brf nf trcbtfr lfs bkhfjtb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs ft nfktcbrfs cvckt n‒fktrfprfknrf lc jmbob`tmârcpbf, hcutf nf qu`b lfs j`oplbjctb`ks bkhfjtbfusfs pfuvfkt étrf ocifurfs T>_. Ncks jfrtcbkfs sbtuctb`ks, lf prctbjbfk pfut nâvfl`ppfkt cv`br rfj`ursnfs å l‒fxtrcjtb`k. Fkffik, cu j`urs nf lc jmbob`tmârcpbf, jfrtcbks pctbfkts uljârctb`ks nfs ouqufusfs aujjclfs n`ul`urfusfs, nf typf lbjmâk`ànf ft cpmt`ànf qub pfuvfkt gékfr lc ocstbjctb`k `u lc j`knubtf nfs s`bks l`jcux (HBG. :.>).
HBG. :.> - Oujbtf cppcruf cu
j`urs n‒ukf jmbob`tmârcpbf.
Jmfz n‒cutrfs pctbfkts, uk nbcaítf nf typf 3 `u 1 pfut étrf nbcgk`stbquâ pfknckt lc tmârcpfutbquf pcr`n`ktclf. Bl k‒y c cl`rs pcs nf j`ktrf-bknbjctb`k cu trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl ocbs, cu j`ktrcbrf, bknbjctb`k h`rofllf n‒uk trcbtfofkt âtb`l`gbquf pubsquff lfs nbcaâtbqufs pubsqu nbcaâtbqufs râsbstfkt râsbstfkt ocl cux bkhfjtb`ks bkhfjtb`ks ft qu‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf pcr`n`ktbtf cjtbvf pfut j`ktrcrbfr lf j`ktrþlf nf l‒mypfrglyjâobf T6_ . Bl sf pfut cl`rs qu‒bl hcbllf o`nbffifr lc kcturf ft lc p`s`l`gbf nfs cktbsfptbqufs.
=>
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
: k
Vkf fxtréof vbgblckjf fst rfqubsf sb ukf oclcnbf nu systíof jcrnb`-vcsjulcbrf (bkhcr (bk hcrjtu jtuss nu oy`jcr oy`jcrnf, nf, ckgbkf ckgbkf nf p`btrb p`btrbkf, kf, cjjbnf cjjbnfkt kt vcsjul vcsjulcbr cbrff jârâar jârâarcl) cl) sf nâjlfkjmf cu j`urs nu trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl. Fk fhhft, ukf bkhfjtb`k pcr`n`ktclf cjtbvf pfut cggrcvfr lc oclcnbf T8_. Ncks jf jcs, bl hcunrc scks n`utf o`nbffifr lc kcturff nfs s`bks l`jcux kctur l`jcux p`ur lbobtfr lc acjtârbâo acjtârbâobf. bf. Fkffik, sb ukf pctbfktf ukfksgr`ssfssf j`urs trcbtfofkt, bl hcunrc pfutétrff âgclfo étr âgc lfofkt fkt o`nbffif o`nprâsfktf bffifrr jfrtcb jfrtcbks âlâofk âlâofkts tsfk nu trcbtf trcnf btfofk ofkt, t, pubsqu pubsquf f lf rbsquf rbsq uf n‒cjj`ujmfofkt prâocturâ fst cugofktâ fk jcs n‒bkhfjtb`k pcr`n`ktclf cjtbvf T7_. Cttfktb`k t`utfh`bs nf kf pcs clcrofr bkutblfofkt lc pcrturbfktf (surt`ut lfs prbo`-pcrturbfktfs).
Z@VQJFZ F]^FQKFZ NF QÂBKHFJ^B@K NFZ LÂZB@KZ ^mâ`rbqufofkt, bl fst t`ui`urs p`ssbalf qu‒uk pctbfkt s`bt j`ktcobkâ pcr uk ofoarf nf s`k fkt`urcgf T=_. Ncks jf jcs, lfs s`bks l`jcux n`bvfkt étrf râclbsâs cvfj plus nf rbgufur fkj`rf. Cvfj lfs prâjcutb`ks n‒`rnrf psyjm`l`gbquf âvbnfktfs, lf prctbjbfk cl`rs hcoblbcl. pr`p`sfr n‒fxcobkfr ft/`u nf trcbtfr uk `u plusbfurs ofoarfs nfp`urrc l‒fkt`urcgf
Qââvcluctb`k nfs pcrcoítrfs lbâs å lc a`ujmf OâOfKt@
Vkf frrfur nf nbcgk`stbj pfut étrf rfsp`kscalf n‒ukf râp`ksf bkcncptâf cu trcbtfofkt jm`bsb. Ucr fxfoplf, lf prctbjbfk c pu p`sfr lf nbcgk`stbj nf pcr`n`ktbtf jmr`kbquf nf l‒cnultf, cl`rs qu‒bl s‒cgbsscbt n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf. U`ur lc pcr`n`ktbtf jmr`kbquf, l‒utblbsctb`k nf nfktbhrbjf pfut j`kvfkbr cl`rs quf jf k‒fst pcs lf jcs p`ur lc pcr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf `ò bl fst jcpbtcl n‒fopl`yfr nfs cktbsfptbquf cktbsf ptbqufss cncp cncptâs tâs j`oof lc jml`r jml`rmfxbn mfxbnbkf, bkf, l‒fcu `xygâkâf, `xygâkâf, lf abjcr abjcra`kct a`kctff nf s`unf. Bl fst p`ssbalf cussb qu‒ukf ackclf pcr`n`ktbtf jmr`kbquf nf l‒cnultf sf trcksh`rof, fk j`urs nf trcbtfofkt, fk pcr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf pcr cppcrbtb`k n‒âlâofkts n‒`rnrf oânbjcl `u psyjm`l`gbquf qub k‒fxbstcbfkt pcs cu nâaut nu trcbtfofkt. Vk pctbfkt pfut, k`tcoofkt, nâvfl`ppfr ukf chhfjtb`k oânbjclf qub nbobkuf lfs nâhfksfs booukbtcbrfs. J‒fst lf jcs l`rsquf lf pctbfkt fst s`uobs å nfs oânbjctb`ks boouk`supprfssbvfs (jyjl`sp`rbkf C, gluj`j`rtbj`ànfs) p`ur lc prâpcrctb`k oânbjclf å ukf trcksplcktctb`k `u p`ur lf trcbtfofkt n‒ukf oclcnbf cut`-booukf. Ucr cbllfurs, jfs oânbjctb`ks fktrcëkfkt k`k sfulfofkt uk rbsquf nf jckjfr cjjru, ocbs âgclfofkt ukf hrcgblbsctb`k ocifurf nu pcr`n`ktf hcjf cux cgfkts bkhfjtbfux qub,
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
=6
Qââvcluctb`k
pcr surjr`ët, `kt pu étrf gârâs hcjblfofkt cu nâpcrt pcr ukf tmârcpfutbquf jlcssbquf `u pcr nfs s`bks l`jcux n‒ukf rbgufur rflctbvf. Lf plck nf trcbtfofkt p`urrc cl`rs étrf o`nbffiâ fk h`kjtb`k nfs k`uvfllfs n`kkâfs nbcgk`stbqufs.
Qââvcluctb`k nfs pcrcoítrfs lbâs cux nfkts Lfs nfkts plurbrcnbjulâfs s`kt jfllfs qub râp`knfkt lf plus nbhffijblfofkt å lc tmârcpfutbquf pcr`n`ktclf T2_. Lfs fspcjfs bktfrrcnbjulcbrfs `kt 1,6 h`bs plus nf rbsqufs n‒étrf pfrnus pfknckt lc ocbktfkckjf ft, pcr j`ksâqufkt, pfknckt lf trcbtfofkt T35_. Z‒bl y c cttfbktf nfs fspcjfs bktfrrcnbjulcbrfs, lf prctbjbfk n`bt âvclufr sb lfs lâsb`kss s`kt n‒`rbgbkf lâsb`k n‒`rbgbkf strbjtfofkt strbjtfofkt pcr`n` pcr`n`ktclf ktclf,, fkn`n`ktbquf fkn`n`ktbquf,, trcuoc trcuoctbquf tbquf (`jjlusclf pcr fxfoplf) `u fkn`-pcr`n`ktclf. Ucr cbllfurs, lfs nfkts surhcjâfs, pblbfrs pr`tmâtbqufs ft/`u p`rtfusfs nf lâsb`ks fkn`n`ktbqufs s`kt plus å rbsquf n‒étrf pfrnus T33_.
LÂZB@KZ BK^FQQCNBJVLCBQFZ UCQ@N@K^CLFZ
Lfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf cjtbvfs bktfrrcnbjulcbrfs strbjtfofkt pcr`n`ktclfs s`kt trís s`uvfkt n‒`rbgbkf bkhfjtbfusf. Ncks jf jf jcs, l‒ckct`obf nf lc h`urjmf rcnbjulcbrf pfut rfprâsfktfr uk fkvbr`kkfofkt hcv`rcalf cux acjtârbfs vbrulfktfs. Lf prctbjbfk nfvrc pr`jânfr å uk fxcofk objr`ab`l`gbquf (objr`sj`pbf å j`ktrcstf nf pmcsf `u s`knfs kujlâbqufs) cffik nf nâtfrobkfr lc kcturf nf lc fi`rf s`us-gbkgbvclf. Zb lc plcquf s`us-gbkgbvclf j`ktbfkt nfs acjtârbfs pctm`gíkfs, lf prctbjbfk p`urrc râclbsfr nfs brrbgctb`ks s`us-gbkgbvclfs, o`nbffifr lfs oâtm`nfs nf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf, ofttrf fk plcjf ukf cktbab`tmârcpbf l`jclf, tukkfllbsfr lc hurjctb`k, `u râclbsfr ukf mâobsfjtb`k (HBG. :.6).
c
a
HBG. :.6 - Lâsb`k fkn`-pcr`n`ktclf chhfjtckt lc rcjbkf nbstclf. Bl c âtâ pr`jânâ cu
trcbtfofkt fkn`n`ktbquf pubs å l‒coputctb`k nf lc rcjbkf nbstclf. c. Qcnb`grcpmbf c. Qcnb`grcpmbf cvckt trcbtfofkt. a trcbtfofkt. a Cprís Cprís sâpcrctb`k nf rcjbkfs.
=8
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
: k
Zb lfs lâsb`ks s`kt cu rfp`s ft quf lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf kf sf h`kt pcs, j‒fst qu‒bl rfstf (HBG. :.8) 9 uk `astcjlf å lc hfrofturf nfs p`jmfs. Bl pfut s‒cgbr (HBG. ‚ nf tcrt tcrtrf rf râsbnu râsbnufl fl 4 ‚ nf pfrlfs pfrlfs n‒âocbl n‒âocbl 4 ‚ nf hrcj hrcjtur turfs fs `u nf hélurf hélurfss 4 ‚J`kjfrkckt nf pfrh`rctb`ks rcnbjulcbrfs. jfs jcs, bl fst t`ui`urs p`ssbalf n‒âlfvfr uk lcoafcu p`ur cjjânfr cu tcrtrf rcnbjulcbrf, supprbofr lfs pfrlfs n‒âocbl, âvclufr lc kcturf nf lc hrcjturf `u nf lc hélurf, hélurf, ft âvfktufllfofkt âvfktufllfofkt fxtrcbrf fxtrcbrf lc nfkt.
c
a
j
n f
h
g
HBG. :.8 - Nbhhârfkts `astcjlfs cux gcbks n‒cttcjmf. c. n‒cttcjmf. c. ^crtrf ^crtrf râsbnufl. a. râsbnufl. a. Ufrlf Ufrlf n‒âocbl.
bktfrrcnbjulcbrf. n, f ft h. Hrcjturfs bktfrrcnbjulcbrf. n, j. Jcrbf j. Jcrbf h. Hrcjturfs rcnbjulcbrfs. Lc fiíjmf bknbquf lc hrcjturf. g. g. Ufrh`rctb`k. Ufrh`rctb`k.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
=7
Qââvcluctb`k
Lfs lâsb`ks bktfrrcnbjulcbrfs pcr`n`ktclfs nf jlcssf B ft BB sfr`kt trcbtâfs plus v`l`ktbfrs nf ockbírf j`ksfrvctrbjf, cl`rs quf lfs hurjctb`ks nf jlcssf BBB cur`kt s`uvfkt å étrf tukkfllbsâfs. Jfttf bktfrvfktb`k sf hfrc cux nâpfks nfs strujturfs nfktcbrfs ft k`k nu pcr`n`ktf. Lf rbsquf nf jcrbf fst nbobkuâ pcr lf pcsscgf nf lc ar`ssfttf ncks lc hurjctb`k (HBG. :.7).
HBG. :.7 - Hurjctb`k nf jlcssf BBB. Bl c âtâ jm`bsb nf pr`jânfr cu trcbtfofkt fkn`n`ktbquf
subvb nf lc râclbsctb`k n‒uk tukkfl cut`rbsckt lf pcsscgf n‒ukf ar`ssfttf. Lc tukkfllbsctb`k sf hcbt cux nâpfks nfs tbssus nfktcbrfs ft k`k pcs nf jflub nu pcr`n`ktf.
Lfs o`lcbrfs ocknbaulcbrfs s`kt fk gâkârcl hcjblfofkt trcbtcalfs, pubsquf lfs rcjbkfs s`kt s`uvfkt abfk sâpcrâfs. Lfs o`lcbrfs ocxbllcbrfs s`kt plus nbhffijblfs å trcbtfr fk rcbs`k nf lc prâsfkjf nf lc rcjbkf pclctbkf ft nf lc hcbalf l`kgufur nfs rcjbkfs vfstbaulcbrfs (HBG. :.=).
HBG. :.= - Coputctb`k nf lc rcjbkf nbst`-vfstbaulcbrf ft tukkfllbsctb`k n‒ukf hurjctb`k nf
jlcssf BBB.
==
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
: k
CL^ÂQC^B@KZ N‒@QBGBKF ^QCVOC^BSVF Zb ukf nfkt prâsfktf t`ui`urs ukf o`ablbtâ cl`rs quf lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf s`kt cjqubs, bl fst pr`acalf qu‒fllf s`bt s`uobsf å ukf h`rof `u ukf cutrf nf trcuoc `jjluscl (aruxbsof, pcr fxfoplf). Ncks jf jcs, lc nâobkârclbsctb`k sf trcnubt pcr ukf bocgf rcnb`l`gbquf plus `u o`bks âtfknuf (HBG. :.2). Fk jcs nf trcuoc `jjluscl, lc s`knf pcr`n`ktclf kf pâkítrf pcs lc lâsb`k. Lf trcbtfofkt sfrc n`kj l‒ciustfofkt `jjluscl, pubsquf lf jurftcgf ft lf surhcçcgf s`kt j`ktrf-bknbquâs ft bkfhffijcjfs. Fk jcs nf sfksbablbtâ å lc ocstbjctb`k, lc o`ablbtâ pfut étrf nuf å ukf hrcjturf `u å ukf hélurf.
c
a
HBG. :.2 - c. Qcnb`grcpmbf cprís c. Qcnb`grcpmbf n‒ukf o`lcbrf s`uobsf å uk trcuoc `jjluscl ft (a) (a) cprís
supprfssb`k nu trcuoc.
Lfs nfkts supp`rts nf jr`jmfts nfs pr`tmísfs co`vbalfs pcrtbfllfs s`kt s`uobsfs å nfs s`llbjbtctb`ks k`k pmysb`l`gbqufs qub s`uvfkt oíkfkt å l‒fxtrcjtb`k.
LÂZB@KZ BK^FQQCNBJVLCBQFZ N‒@QBGBKF FKN@N@K^BSVF Oéof fk l‒casfkjf nf jcrbf, bl fst p`ssbalf quf lc pulpf n‒ukf nfkt s`bt kâjr`sâf, j`oof j‒fst s`uvfkt lf jcs fk prâsfkjf n‒uk trcuoc `jjluscl. Ncks jf jcs, cprís vclbnctb`k pcr lfs tfsts tmfrobqufs, bl hcunrc râclbsfr lf trcbtfofkt fkn`n`ktbquf nf lc nfkt j`kjfrkâf scks nâpcssfofkt nf pátf cu-nflå cu-nf lå nu pârb-cpfx pârb-cpfx qub fst quflqufh`bs lcrgfofkt lcrgfofkt `uvfrt (HBG. :.35). Lfs lâsb`ks fkn`n`ktbqufs pfuvfkt cttfbknrf lfs fspcjfs bktfrrcnbjulcbrfs å trcvfrs nfs jckcux cjjfss`brfs n`kt lc prâsfkjf vcrbf, vcrbf, sfl`k lfs cutfurs, nf 5 å 85 % T31_. Bl s‒cgbt s‒c gbt s`uvfk s`uvfktt nf nfkts nfkts nâpulp nâpulpâfs âfs cux jckcux jckcux rcnbju rcnbjulcb lcbrfs rfs bkj`op bkj`oplít lítfof fofkt kt `aturâs, cvfj `u scks rfstcurctb`ks pr`tmâtbqufs ffixfs, `u cux jckcux `aturâs j`oplítfofkt ocbs cvfj prâsfkjf nf jckcux cjjfss`brfs `u nf hcussfs v`bfs. Ncks jf jcs, lc rfprbsf nu trcbtfofkt fkn`n`ktbquf cvfj nâsbkhfjtb`k ft `aturctb`k nfs jckcux pfroft s`uvfkt lc jbjctrbsctb`k nfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux pr`h`kns (HBG. :.33).
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
=2
a
c
j n
HBG. :.35 - c. Cajís c. Cajís sur ukf :8 oâsb`-vfrsâf cvfj (a) cvfj (a) ukf ukf bocgf rcnb`l`gbquf âv`quckt
ukf lâsb`k pcr`n`ktclf bktfrrcnbjulcbrf. Fk râclbtâ, bl s‒cgbsscbt n‒ukf kâjr`sf pulpcbrf pcr trcuoc `jjluscl. j. `jjluscl. j. Lf Lf trcbtfofkt fkn`n`ktbquf (oéof bkj`oplft) c pfrobs lc râs`lutb`k nfs sbgkfs jlbkbqufs ft rcnb`l`gbqufs. n. rcnb`l`gbqufs. n. Fxfoplf Fxfoplf n‒coputctb`k rcnbjulcbrf.
c
a
HBG. :.33 - Nfkt j`ur`kkâf cu trcbtfofkt fkn`n`ktbquf bkj`oplft ft prâsfktckt ukf
hurjctb`k nf jlcssf BB. Lc prâsfkjf n‒uk jckcl cjjfss`brf ncks lf plckjmfr nf l‒fspcjf bktfrrcnbjulcbrf c âtâ suspfjtâf. Cprís trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl pcr lbtm`trbtbf, lc rfprbsf nu trcbtfofkt fkn`n`ktbquf c âtâ fhhfjtuâf (N`jtfur @lbvbfr Lfr`ugf, fkn`n`ktbstf, 62=>5 Ufrfkjmbfs). c. Ufrfkjmbfs). c. Qcnb`grcpmbf Qcnb`grcpmbf cvckt trcbtfofkt fkn`n`ktbquf. a. fkn`n`ktbquf. a. Qcnb`grcpmbf Qcnb`grcpmbf râclbsâf quflqufs sfocbkfs cprís trcbtfofkt fkn`n`ktbquf o`ktrckt ukf trís kfttf coâlb`rctb`k, jf qub j`kffirof l‒myp`tmísf n‒ukf lâsb`k bktfrrcnbjulcbrf prbkjbpclfofkt n‒`rbgbkf fkn`n`ktbquf.
25
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
: k
LÂZB@KZ OB]^FZ FKN@-UCQ@N@K^CLFZ Bl fxbstf nfs lâsb`ks `ò l‒fkn`n`ktf ft lf pcr`n`ktf s`kt bkhfjtâs T3:_. Lc jbjctrbsctb`k jbjctrb sctb`k nfs lâsb`ks lâsb`ks pcr`n`ktclf pcr`n`ktclfss pfut cl`rs s‒cvârfr s‒cvârfr nbhffijblf. L`rsqu‒bl y c j`kj`obtckjf n‒ukf lâsb`k fkn`n`ktbquf ft n‒ukf lâsb`k pcr`n`ktclf sur ukf oéof nfkt, bl fst bop`rtckt nf nâtfrobkfr s‒bl fxbstf ukf j`ooukbjctb`k
ckct`obquf fktrf lfs nfux lâsb`ks. Lc obsf fk plcjf n‒uk jþkf nf guttc ft lc prbsf n‒uk jlbjmâ rcnb`l`gbquf nâtfrobkfkt s`k fxbstfkjf `u s`k casfkjf (HBG. :.31). Z‒bl fxbstf ukf j`kkfxb`k fktrf lfs nfux lâsb`ks, fllfs s‒bkhfjtfkt l‒ukf l‒cutrf. Bl hcunrc cl`rs trcbtfr ncks uk oéof tfops l‒bkhfjtb`k pcr`n`ktclf å l‒cbnf nf s`bks l`jcux ft lc lâsb`k fkn`n`ktbquf pcr trcbtfofkt `u rftrcbtfofkt iusqu‒å lc nbspcrbtb`k j`oplítf nfs sbgkfs n‒cjtbvbtâ fkn`n`ktbquf ft pcr`n`ktclf. Cu j`ktrcbrf, s‒bl y c bknâpfknckjf ckct`obquf nfs nfux lâsb`ks, ft m`rs sbtuctb`k n‒urgfkjf, bl fst j`ksfbllâ n‒csscbkbr lc a`ujmf cvfj lfs s`bks l`jcux cvckt n‒fktrfprfknrf lf trcbtfofkt fkn`n`ktbquf.
Qââvcluctb`k nfs pcrcoítrfs lbâs cux sbtfs Lfs sbtfs lfs plus å rbsquf nf pfrnrf nf l‒cttcjmf (`u nf kf pcs fk gcgkfr) s`kt bknâkbcalfof bknâkbcalfofkt kt lfs fspcjfs fspcjfs bktfrpr`xbocu bktfrpr`xbocuxx T3>_. Bl sf pfut quf lc j``pârctb`k nu pctbfkt s`bt fk ifu, j`optf tfku nf lc p`ssbalf nbhffijultâ n‒utblbsfr lfs ar`ssfttfs bktfrnfktcbrfs. J‒fst n`kj cu kbvfcu nu rcpp`rt trcbtckt-trcbtâ quf sf sbtuf lc s`lutb`k. Zb nfs sbtfs spâjbffiqufs prâsfktfkt nfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf cjtbvfs âv`lutbvfs, bl j`kvbfknrc n‒ca`rn n‒âtcalbr lf nbcgk`stbj âtb`l`gbquf ft nf supprbofr fksubtf lc `u lfs jcusfs. jcusfs. Bl s‒cgbt s`uvfkt s`uvfkt n‒uk spbjulf spbjulf nf tcrtrf, tcrtrf, nf hcjtfurs hcjtfurs ckct`obqufs ckct`obqufs `u bctr`gíkfs. Bl pfut s‒cgbr âgclfofkt nf sbtfs `ò bl fxbstf nfs rfstcurctb`ks pr`tmâtbqufs ffixâfs bctr`gíkfs cux lbobtfs s`us-gbkgbvclfs p`ur lfsqufllfs bl suhffirc nf
supprbofr lc pcrtbf nfs a`rns jfrvbjcux qub cgrfssfkt lc i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf. @ Lc rââvcluctb`k kâjfssbtf nf lc râfifxb`k, nf lc rbgufur, nu t tfops ft nfs o`yfks. Fllf kf pfut pcs étrf râclbsâf ncks lc K f prâjbpbtctb`k. @k âvbtf cbksb lfs trcbtfofkts frrctbqufs qub O n`kk kkfk fktt cu pc pctb tbfk fktt lc tr trbs bstf tf bo bopr prfs fssb sb`k `k qu quff lf pr prct ctbj bjbf bfk k â n` O « kcvbgu kcvbguff å vuf ´. Fk râclbtâ, râclbtâ, bl sfoalf sfoalf quf lc j`kstcktf j`kstcktf rââvcrââvc-
luctb`k å jmcquf sâckjf nf lbtm`trbtbf s`bt lc oâtm`nf lc plus sôrf p`ur âvbtfr lfs âjmfjs tmârcpfutbqufs.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
23
Qââvcluctb`k
c
j
a
n
f
h
HBG. :.31 - Lâsb`k pcr`n`ktclf sur ukf bkjbsbvf ocxbllcbrf. c. ocxbllcbrf. c. Lc Lc obsf fk plcjf n‒uk jþkf nf
guttc ofttckt fk âvbnfkjf lc j`ooukbjctb`k cvfj lc ffistulf. a. ffistulf. a. Qcnb`grcpmbf Qcnb`grcpmbf jþkf nf guttc fk plcjf. Lâsb`ks fkn`-pcr`n`ktclfs k`k rflbâfs ckct`obqufofkt. Xuf jlbkbquf (j) jlbkbquf (j) cvckt ft (n) cprís ft (n) cprís trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl. Qcnb`grcpmbfs (f) Qcnb`grcpmbfs cvckt ft (h) ft (h) cprís cprís trcbtfofkt (f) cvckt fkn`n`ktbquf (N`jtfur @lbvbfr Lfr`ugf, fkn`n`ktbstf, 62=>5 Uârfkjmbfs).
21
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
: k
Abalb`grcpmbf T3_ Dbfsfr IA. Ufrb`n`ktbjs. C Ufrb`n`ktbjs. C prcjtbjcl cppr`cjm. L`kn` cppr`cjm. L`kn`kk 4 A`st`k A`st`k 9 Wrbgmt, Wrbgmt, 3225. 3225. pctbfkts . Lc Lfttrf T1_ Grboclnb C. Lfs C. Lfs jlâs p`ur j`oprfknrf l‒bk`asfrvckjf nfs pctbfkts. 15384 35:9 2-33. T:_ Jbckjb` Z. Ofnbjctb`ks Z. Ofnbjctb`ks ct rbsd h`r pfrb`n`ktcl nbsfcsf. nbsfcsf . I Ufrb`n Ufrb`n`kt `kt`l `l 3228 3228 4 87 9 3566-2. T>_ Nrfbzfk Z, A`nfy GU, Q`nrbgufz X. @rcl X. @rcl j`oplbjctb`ks `h jckjfr jmfo`tmfrcpy.. U`stgrc rcpy U`stgrcnn Ofn 327 32766 4 6= 9 76-=1. 76-=1. T6_ Gr`ssb ZG, Zdrfpjbksdb HA, Nfjcr` ^, Ycoa`k Ycoa`k I, Juoobks N, Gfkj` QI. Qfsp`ksf QI. Qfsp`ksf t` pfrb`n`ktcl tmfrcpy bk nbcaftbjs ckn so`dfrs. so`dfrs. I Ufrb`n` Ufrb`n`kt` kt`ll 32284 3228 4 87 9 352>-35. T8_ Afjd I, Gcrjbc Q, Mfbss G, X`d`kcs UZ, @hhfkacjmfr Z. Ufrb`n`ktcl Z. Ufrb`n`ktcl nbsfcsf ckn jcrnb`vcsjulcr nbsfcsf. nbsfcsf. I Ufr Ufrb`n b`n`kt `kt`l `l 3228 4 87 9 331:-7. 331:-7. T7_ @hhfkacjmfr Z, Dctz XL, Hfrtbd GZ, A`yn NL, Ocyk`r GA, OjDcbg Q ft cl. Ufrb`n`ktcl bkhfjtb`k cs c rbsd hcjt`r h`r prftfro l`w abrtm. abrtm. I Ufrb`n`kt`l Ufrb`n`kt`l 3228 3228 4 87 9 335:-3: 335:-3:.. T=_ Clcluusc Z, Cscdcbkfk Z, Lcb JM. Bktrchcoblbcl JM. Bktrchcoblbcl trcksobssb`k `h Cjtbk`acjbllus cjtbk`oyjftfoj`obtck cjtbk`oyjft foj`obtckss. I Ufrb`n`kt Ufrb`n`kt`l `l 3223 3223 4 81 9 15735. 15735. T2_ Mcop ZF, Kyock Z, Lbknmf I. Ufrb`n`ktcl I. Ufrb`n`ktcl trfctofkt `h oultbr``tfn tfftm. Qfsults chtfr 6 yfcrs. I yfcrs. I Jlb Jlbkk Ufrb` Ufrb`n`k n`kt`l t`l 327 32766 4 1 9 318-:6. 318-:6. T35_Mbrsjmhfln L, Wcssfrock A. C A. C l`kg tfro survfy `h t``tm l`ss bk 855 trfctfn pfrb`n`ktcl pctbfkts. pctbfkts. I Ufr Ufrb`n b`n`kt `kt`l `l 327=4 327= 4 >2 9 116-:7. 116-:7. T33_ Lbknsd`g Z, Al`oløh I, Ufrss`k B, Kbdlcs`k C, Mfnbk C, Frbjss`k O, Iîrkjrcktz A, Ucl` V, ^fllfhsfk G, Yfttfrstrøo @ ft Aløol`h L. Xclbnctb`k L. Xclbnctb`k `h ck clg`rbtmo h`r jmr`kbj pfrb`n`ktbtbs pfrb`n`ktbtbs rbsd cssfssofkt cssfssofkt ckn pr`gk`stbjctb`k pr`gk`stbjctb`k 9 ckclysbs ckclysbs `h ck bkficooct`ry rfcjtbvbty tfst ckn sfljtfn rbsd prfnbjt`rs. prfnbjt`rs . I Ufrb`n`kt`l n`k t`l 15 1535 35 4 =3 (8) 9 1:71:7->7. >7. T31_ Gutockk IL. Urfvclfkjf, l`jctb`k ckn pctfkjy jckcls bk tmf hurjctb`k rfgb`k `h pfrockfkt pfrockfkt o`lcrs. o`lcrs. I Ufrb`n`k Ufrb`n`kt`l t`l 32 327= 7= 4 >2 9 13-8. 13-8. T3:_ Gb`vckk`lb IL, Zchhcr IL. Âjmckgfs râjbpr`qufs fktrf lfs pctm`l`gbfs pulpcbrfs ft pcr`n`ktclfs. I Ucr`n`kt`l Ucr`n`kt`l 32== 4 7 (k` spâjbcl Fkn`/Ucr`) Fkn`/Ucr`) 9 313-:5 313-:5.. T3>_ Acrkfs GU, Ucrdfr WC, Ly`k ^J, Hultz QU. QU. Bknbjfs usfn t` fvcluctf sbgks, syopt`os ckn ftb`l`gbj hcjt`rs css`jbctfn wbtm nbsfcsfs `h tmf pfrb`n`ktbuo.. I Ufr n`ktbuo Ufrb`n b`n`kt `kt`l `l 32=84 32=8 4 67 9 8>:8>:-63. 63.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
2:
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
> k Ablck nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh
Lc nâjbsb`k nf ofttrf ffik cu trcbtfofkt cjtbh fst fssfktbfllfofkt h`knâf sur lf prbkjb prb kjbpf pf subvck subvcktt 9 bl fst tfrobkâ tfrobkâ l`rsquf l`rsquf lfs `aifj `aifjtbh tbhss ffixâs ffixâs fk j`oouk j`oouk cvfj cvfj lf pctbfkt cu nâaut nu trcbtfofkt s`kt cttfbkts. Jfttf nâjbsb`k nâpfkn nf lc prâsfkjf nf plusbfurs j`knbtb`ks, qub pfuvfkt étrf fk rflctb`k cvfj nfs jrbtírfs lbâs å lc h`bs cu pctbfkt, å lc a`ujmf, cux nfkts ft cux sbtfs. Lc nâjbsb`k nf tfrobkfr lf trcbtfofkt cjtbh fst prbsf plus `u o`bks tþt cprís âtunf nu n`ssbfr, kâg`jbctb`k cvfj lf pctbfkt, ft sfl`k lc kcturf nfs `aifjtbhs âtcalbs.
Jrbtírfs nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh JQB^ÍQFZ LBÂZ CV UC^BFK^ Zb lf j`kh`rt h`kjtb`kkfl rfprâsfktf lf sful jrbtírf nf sujjís p`ur lf pctbfkt, lf trcbtfofkt cjtbh pfut trís abfk sf tfrobkfr nís lc ffik nf lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k, pubsquff lfs syoptþofs pubsqu syoptþofs css`jbâs cux pfrtfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf n‒cttcjmf cjtbvfs (scbgkfofk (scbgkfofkts, ts, mclbt`sf, n`ulfurs, o`ablbtâs, suppurctb`ks, obgrctb`ks) cur`kt âtâ rânubts, v`brf supprboâs, pcr lf trcbtfofkt cktb-bkhfjtbfux. ^`utfh`bs, fk jcs nf pcr`n`ktbtf, lfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf sfr`kt jfrtfs st`ppâfs, ocbs lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf kf p`urr`kt pcs étrf cjqubs. Ncks jf jcs lfs s`bks l`jcux kf nfvr`kt pcs étrf bktfrr`opus, hcutf nf qu`b lc oclcnbf rbsqufrcbt h`rt nf râcppcrcëtrf, surt`ut s‒bl s‒cgbt n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf. Bl fst n`kj trís bop`rtckt, p`ur nfs rcbs`ks muocbkfs ft iurbnbqufs âvbnfktfs, quf lf pctbfkt s`bt prâvfku jlcbrfofkt nu rbsquf fkj`uru. Zb nfs s`bks ft/`u nfs pr`tmísfs s`kt kâjfsscbrfs, bls kf p`urr`kt pcs étrf râclbsâs ncks nf a`kkfs j`knbtb`ks nf sâjurbtâ. Bl fst cbksb h`rtfofkt j`ksfbllâ nf kf pcs lfs râclbsfr, oéof sb lf pctbfkt c sbgkâ ukf nâjmcrgf (lc iurbsprunfkjf c j`kffiroâ quf jfttf cttbtunf âtcbt lc plus prunfktf, jcr bl fst bktfrnbt nf râclbsfr uk trcbtfofkt n`kt `k scbt qu‒bl âjm`ufrc). Lfs sâckjfs nf ocbktfkckjf sfr`kt, ncks jf jcs, plus rcppr`jmâf rcppr `jmâfss quf l`rsqu‒uk trcbtfofkt trcbtfofkt cjtbh c âtâ ofkâ å tfrof. tfrof. Lf pctbfkt ft/`u lf prctbjbfk pfuvfkt nâjbnfr n‒bktfrr`oprf lf trcbtfofkt cjtbh p`ur nfs rcbs`ks pfrs`kkfllfs, j`oof ukf sbtuctb`k ffikckjbírf nbhffijblf,
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
26
Ablck nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh
uk âtct psyjmbquf bkj`opctbalf cvfj uk trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl, `u ukf sbtuctb`k sbtuctb `k oânbjclf oânbjclf j`oof ukf m`spbtclbsctb` m`spbtclbsctb`k k pcr fxfoplf.
ZROU^@OC^@L@GBF H@KJ^B@KKFLLF Lf trcbtfofkt cjtbhcux pfutpfrtfs étrf j`ksbnârâ l`rsquf lfs syoptþofs bkvclbnckts css`jbâs n‒cttcjmf j`oof cjtbvfs tfrobkâ s`kt supprboâs. Jmcjuk nf jfs syoptþofs sfrc pcssâ fk rfvuf cffik nf nâtfrobkfr sb lfur nbspcrbtb`k j`oplítf fst pârfkkf ft pfut étrf j`ksbnârâf j`oof uk jrbtírf suhffisckt p`ur nâjbnfr nf lc ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh.
O`ablbtâs Lfs o`ablbtâs fk rcpp`rt cvfj lfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf s`kt s`uvfkt trís nbobkuâfs, v`brf crrétâfs, l`rsquf lc oclcnbf fst cu rfp`s ft quf lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf s`kt ocxbocux.
k
OâOfKt@
^`utfs lfs o`ablbtâs kf s`kt pcs systâoctbqufofkt supprboâfs cl`rs quf lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf s`kt cjqubs. Lc prâsfkjf n‒âvfktufls trcuoc `jjluscux pfut trís abfk fxplbqufr quf nfs o`ablbtâs suasbstfkt, cl`rs quf lfs jrbtírfs `aifjtbhs nf gcbks n‒cttcjmf s`kt cttfbkts. @k pfut cl`rs j`ksbnârfr quf lf trcbtfofkt cjtbh k‒fst pcs tfrobkâ tckt quf lf trcuoc `jjluscl fxbstf. Jfpfknckt, lc prâsfkjf nf trcuocc `jjlu trcuo `jjluscl scl sur uk pcr` pcr`n`ktf n`ktf scbk k‒bknu k‒bknubt bt pcs nf pfrtf pfrtfss n‒cttc n‒cttcjmf. jmf. Lfs o`ablbtâs râsbnufllfs pfuvfkt âgclfofkt étrf nufs å nfs lâsb`ks fkn`n`ktbqufs cjtbvfs, cjtbv fs, nfs râs`rptb`k râs` rptb`ksscvfj, ft nfsncks hrcjturfs hrcjjfrtcbks turfs `u jcs, nfs hélurfs hélu rfs (HBG.>.3). Bl hcunr hcunrcc âvbnfoofkt âvbnfoofkt lfs prfknrf fk jmcrgf l‒fxtrcjtb`k.
c
a
j
HBG. >.3 - c. Bkjbsbvf c. Bkjbsbvf ocxbllcbrf (13) prâsfktckt ukf râs`rptb`k rcnbjulcbrf bop`rtcktf. fxtrcbrf. j. Hrcjturf Hrcjturf rcnbjulcbrf `ò l‒fxtrcjtb`k fst a. Qcnb`grcpmbf. a. Qcnb`grcpmbf. Jfttf nfkt fst å fxtrcbrf. j. bknbquâf.
28
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
> k
Zcbgkfofkt Oéof sb lf scbgkfofkt cu ar`sscgf nbspcrcët trís rcpbnfofkt (ukf sfocbkf fk gâkârcl cprís lf nâaut nu trcbtfofkt cktb-bkhfjtbfux), lf trcbtfofkt cjtbh k‒fst tf tfro robk bkââ quf quf l`rs l`rsqu quff lc t`tc t`tclblbtâ tâ nfs nfs lâsb lâsb`k `kss kf sc scbg bgkf kf pcs pcs å lc st stbo boul ulct ctb` b`kk (AVZ -). Lf pctbfkt kf sfrc pcs lbaârâ tckt quf jf syoptþof k‒curc pcs âtâ âlbobkâ k
(surt`ut fk jcs nf pcr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf). k Obgrctb`k OâOfKt@
Ncks uk jfrtcbk k`oarf nf jcs, lfs obgrctb`ks (lf plus s`uvfkt lfs vfrsb`ks ft o`bks s`uvfkt lfs fxtrusb`ks) s`kt pcrtbfllfofkt `u t`tclfofkt râvfrsbalfs cprís trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl (HBG. >.1) T3_.
c
j
a
n
HBG. >.1 - Urâsfkjf nf nbcstíofs cppcrus l`rs n‒ukf bkhfjtb`k pcr`n`ktclf. c ft j. Cvckt j. Cvckt
trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl. a pcr`n`ktcl. a ft n. Cprís n. Cprís hfrofturf nfs nbcstíofs p`uvckt étrf rcpbnf `u lfktf (nf quflqufs o`bs å quflqufs ckkâfs).
Zb nfs obgrctb`ks bkfstmâtbqufs pfrsbstfkt, uk trcbtfofkt `rtm`n`ktbquf pfut étrf fkvbscgâ, jf qub âvbtf trís hrâqufoofkt lfs fxtrcjtb`ks ft n`kj lfs pr`tmísfs (HBG. >.:). @k pfut j`ksbnârfr quf lf trcbtfofkt `rtm`n`ktbquf hcbt cl`rs pcrtbf bktâgrcktf nf lc tmârcpbf cjtbvf, fk scjmckt qu‒bl n`bt étrf râclbsâ s`us âtr`btf survfbllckjf pcr`n`ktclf ft scks brrbtctb`k nf lc i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf. Ucr fxfoplf, lfs clbgkfurs nf lc tfjmkbquf Bkvbsclbgk^O kf n`bvfkt pcs rfj`uvrbr lc
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
27
Ablck nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh
c
a
j
n
f
h
HBG. >.: - Jcs jlbkbqufs o`ktrckt qu‒bl fst p`ssbalf n‒âvbtfr lfs fxtrcjtb`ks ft lfs l fs pr`tmísfs
quckn uk trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl fst subvb n‒uk trcbtfofkt `rtm`n`ktbquf. c `rtm`n`ktbquf. c ft a. Cvckt a. Cvckt trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl. j pcr`n`ktcl. Cprís trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl ft pfknckt trcbtfofkt j ft n. Cprís n.trcbtfofkt `rtm`n`ktbquf. `rtm`n`ktbquf. f f ft h. Cprís h. Cprís `rtm`n`ktbquf.
i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf, jflc jrâfrcbt sbk`k uk fkvbr`kkfofkt ckcâr`abf cvfj uk rbsquf nf râjbnbvf. Qfoplbr l‒clbgkfur n‒uk gfl å acsf nf jml`rmfxbnbkf pfknckt lc kubt nbobkuf lf rbsquf n‒bkhfjtb`k n‒bkhfjtb`k (HBG. >.>). k
Zuppurctb`k
Lfs suppurctb`ks n‒`rbgbkf pcr`n`ktclf n`bvfkt cas`luofkt étrf supprboâfs p`ur j`ksbnârfr quf lf trcbtfofkt cjtbh fst tfrobkâ. Oéof s‒bl s‒cgbt nf suppurctb`ks n‒`rbgbkf fkn`n`ktbquf, bl hcunrc lfs prfknrf fk jmcrgf (y j`oprbs pcr l‒fxtrcjtb`k), pubsquf lfs nfkts cbksb cttfbktfs s`kt nfs râsfrv`brs acjtârbfks p`tfktbfls p`uvckt étrf rfsp`kscalfs n‒ukf râjbnbvf qucsbofkt pr`grcooâf (HBG. >.6).
2=
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
c
> k
a
HBG.>.> - c. Lfs clbgkfurs utblbsâs cu j`urs nu trcbtfofkt `rtm`n`ktbquf Bkvbsclbgk ^O c. Lfs
pfuvfkt rfj`uvrbr lc i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf, jf qub pfut jrâfr uk fkvbr`kkfofkt ckcâr`abf, hcv`rbsckt lc pr`lbhârctb`k nfs acjtârbfs pctm`gíkfs, ft nâjlfkjmfr nfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf n‒ct tcjmf.. Bl fst utblf nf nâj`upfr l‒clbg l‒clbgkfur kfur p`ur supprbofr supprbofr lc pcrtbf « bctr`gíkf bctr`gíkf´´ ft nfocknfr cu pctbfkt nf (a) nf (a) rfoplbr rfoplbr l‒clbgkfur cvfj uk gfl å acsf nf jml`rmfxbnbkf ^O (Flugfl pcr fxfoplf).
Bkhfjtb`k pulpcbrf Qâcjtb`k bkhlcooct`brf
Obgrctb`k cpbjclf nf l‒âpbtmâlbuo
HBG. >.6 - Qflctb`ks fktrf l‒fkn`n`ktf ft lf pcr`n`ktf (sfl`k Fmkfvbn ft cl. I Ufrb`n`kt`l
322: 4 8> 9 3322-15>). 3322-15>). @k `asf `asfrvf rvf quf lfs j`ooukbjctb`k j`ooukbjctb`kss fktrf lf tbssu pulpcbrf pulpcbrf ft lf pcr`n`ktf pfuvfkt s‒fhhfjtufr å trcvfrs nfs jckcux cjjfss`brfs.
Bl fst nâj`ksfbllâ nf prfsjrbrf fk cvfuglf uk cktbab`tbquf, l`jcl `u systâobquf, p`ur hcbrf nbspcrcëtrf lfs suppurctb`ks. Ncks jf jcs, lfs râsultcts s`kt tfop`rcbrfs. Bl fst plus fhffijcjf nf trcbtfr lc `u lfs jcusfs .
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
22
Ablck nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh
k
Mclbt`sf
L‒mclbt`sf pcr`n`ktclf nbspcrcët quflqufs i`urs cprís lc obsf fk plcjf nfs s`bks l`jcux. Uubsqu‒fllf fst lc sbgkcturf n‒ukf bkhfjtb`k å acjtârbfs ckcâr`abfs (pcr`n`ktclf ft/`u fkn`n`ktbquf), fllf n`bt étrf ârcnbquâf p`ur quf lf sujjís nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh s`bt j`ksbnârâ j`oof cjqubs. K`t`ks cu pcsscgf quf l‒mclbt`sf fst uk syoptþof syoptþof prâj`jfofkt prâj`jfofkt nâtfjtâ pcr lf pctbf pctbfkt kt fk jcs nf râbkhfjtb` râbkhfjtb`k. k. k
Qâjfssb`k gbkgbvclf
L`rsquf lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf s`kt cjqubs, lfs râjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs bknubtfs pcr lfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf cjtbvfs ft jfllfs pr`v`quâfs pcr l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf kf n`bvfkt plus âv`lufr. Zb j‒fst lf jcs, j‒fst quf lfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf s`kt âv`lutbvfs, oéof sb lc pr`h`knfur nf lc p`jmf fst nf : `u > oo. Jfrtcb Jfr tcbkfs kfs râjfss râjfssb`k b`kss gbkgbv gbkgbvclf clfss fk rcpp`r rcpp`rtt cvfj cvfj nfs vcrbct vcrbctb`k b`kss ckct`o ckct`obqu bqufs fs fxtréofs (râjfssb`ks l`jclbsâfs cu kbvfcu n‒ukf sfulf hcjf n‒ukf `u nf plusbfurs nfkts scks pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf n‒cttcjmf bktfrpr`xboclf bktfrpr`xboclfs) s) pfuvfkt pfuvfkt étrf prbsfs fk jmcrgf jmcrgf pcr lc (HBG.>.8c ft a) T:_ T:_. Jfllf-jb pfut râs`unrf jmbrurgbf ouj`-gbkgbvclf, sb lf pctbfkt lf nâsbrf (HBG.>.8c ncks uk oéof tfops lfs pr`alíofs nf sfksbablbtâ cu hr`bn cu kbvfcu nfs rcjbkfs nâkunâfs. Kâcko`bks, nf tfllfs râjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs, cvfj `u scks ockquf nf gfkjbvf cnmârfktf, pfuvfkt étrf j`opctbalfs cvfj lc j`ksfrvctb`k nfs nfkts å l`kg tfrof (HBG. >.8j ft n).
c
a
j
n
HBG. HBG. >.8 >.8 - c ft a. Jmbrurgbf a. Jmbrurgbf ouj`-gbkgbvclf cyckt râs`lu lf pr`alíof fstmâtbquf ft nbobkuâ
lc sfksbablbtâ nfktbkcbrf. j. nfktbkcbrf. j. Hfoof Hfoof nf =5 cks prâsfktckt n‒bop`rtcktfs râjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs (vcrbctb`ks ckct`obqufs fxtréofs) scks fktrcëkfr nf pfrtfs nfs nfkts. n. Qâjfssb`ks n. Qâjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs gâkârclbsâfs jmfz ukf pctbfktf n`kt lfs nfkts s`kt h`kjtb`kkfllfs nfpubs plus nf 15 cks.
355
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
> k
Zb lfs râjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs kf pfuvfkt pcs étrf trcbtâfs, lc râclbsctb`k n‒ukf âpbtmísf gbkgbvclf pfroft nf râs`unrf, cu o`bks nf ockbírf trcksbt`brf ft å pfu nf hrcbs, lfs pr`alíofs fstmâtbqufs (HBG. >.7).
c
a
j
n
f
h
HBG. >.7 - c, a, j, n, f ft h. Âpbtmísfs h. Âpbtmísfs gbkgbvclfs pfrofttckt nf râs`unrf lfs cspfjts
nbsgrcjbfux nfs râjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs.
^cssfofkt clbofktcbrf Mâlcs, lfs tcssfofkts clbofktcbrfs bktfrnfktcbrfs pfrsbstfkt cprís trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl. Kâcko`bks, bls pfuvfkt étrf hcjblfofkt gârâs pcr l‒uscgf nfs ar`ssfttfs bktfrnfktcbrfs. Lfs s`bks s`bks ft pr`tmí pr`tmísfs sfs bctr`g bctr`gíkf íkfss qub bknubs bknubsfkt fkt nfs tcssfo tcssfofkt fktss clb clbofk ofktcb tcbrfs rfs nfvr`kt étrf o`nbffiâs `u rfj`oofkjâs. Å jf tbtrf, lc nfktbstfrbf ft lc pr`tmísf h`kt cl`rs pcrtbf bktâgrcktf nf lc tmârcpfutbquf pcr`n`ktclf. Jfpfknckt, nfs pr`tmísfs ft nfs s`bks bctr`gíkfs kf s`kt pcs t`ui`urs syk`kyofs n‒bop`ssbablbtâ nf gcgkfr nf l‒cttcjmf, å lc j`knbtb`k quf lfs lbobtfs nfs pr`tmísfs s`bfkt âl`bgkâfs nf lc i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf ft quf lfs foarcsurfs pfrofttfkt lf pcsscgf nfs ar`ssfttfs bktfrnfktcbrfs (HBG. >.=). k
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
353
Ablck nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh
c
j
a
n
HBG. >.= - c, a ft j. Ur`tmísf j. Ur`tmísf râclbsâf sur uk pcr`n`ktf csscbkb. K`tfr lc p`sbtb`k suprc-
gbkgbvclf nfs lbobtfs jfrvbjclfs cffik nf kf pcs trcuoctbsfr lc i`kjtb`k nfkt`-gbkgbvclf. n. Ur`tmísf n. Ur`tmísf k`k j`kh`rof ocbs n`kt lfs lbobtfs s`kt fk p`sbtb`k suprc-gbkgbvclf. Lc ouqufusf gbkgbvclf fst scbkf.
JQB^ÍQFZ QCNB@L@GBSVFZ Lfs coâlb`rctb`ks rcnb`l`gbqufs `aifjtbvfkt lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf ft lc j`ks`lbnctb`k nfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux pr`h`kns. Fllfs pfrofttfkt nf j`ksbnârfr quf lf trcb tr cbtf tfo ofkt fkt cjtb cjtbhh fst fst tfro tfrobk bkâ. â. Jf s`kt s`kt pr prbk bkjb jbpc pclfo lfofk fktt lc râcp râcppc pcrbt rbtb` b`k k nf lc lcobkc nurc cu kbvfcu nfs jrétfs bktfrpr`xboclfs ft lf j`oalfofkt nfs lâsb`ks (HBG. >.2) . Lfs sbgkfs rcnb`l`gbqufs kf s`kt `asfrvâs qu‒cprís plu« vfrt vfrtbj bjclf clfss ´(ft sbfurs o`bs quflqufh`bs plusbfurs ckkâfs) nf trcbtfofkt cjtbh ft nf ocbktfkckjf (HBG. >.35).
JQB^ÍQFZ OBJQ@AB@L@GBSVFZ L‒ckclysf cu objr`sj`pf å j`ktrcstf nf pmcsf ft/`u å l‒cbnf nfs s`knfs kujlâbqufs n`bt bknbqufr quf lc fi`rf fst j`opctbalf cvfj lc scktâ pcr`n`ktclf cvckt nf lbaârfr lf pctbfkt ft nf lf s`uofttrf å lc ocbktfkckjf. Ncks jf jcs, bl fst p`ssbalf nf t`lârfr ukf pr`h`knfur nf p`jmf supârbfurf å > oo. Jfttf vbgblckjf cu kbvfcu objr`ab`l`gbquf fst n‒cutckt plus bop`rtcktf quf lfs pctbfkts s`kt cttfbkts nf pcr`n`ktbtf cgrfssbvf subvbf nf râclbsctb`ks pr`tmâtbqufs.
351
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
c
> k
j
a
n
HBG. >.2 - O`nbffijctb`ks rcnb`l`gbqufs cprís 1= cks nf trcbtfofkt. Zfulfs lfs lâsb`ks
fkn`n`ktbqufs s`kt rfstâfs âv`lutbvfs (>: ft >3). c >3). c ft a. Cvckt a. Cvckt trcbtfofkt fk 32==. j ft n. Cprís n. Cprís trcbtfofkt fk 1538. K`tfr lfs lâsb`ks fkn`-pcr`n`ktclfs cjtbvfs sur lfs nfkts >3 ft >: qub nfvr`kt étrf fxtrcbtfs å j`urt tfrof.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
35:
Ablck nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh
c
j
a
n
HBG. >.35 - O`nbffijctb`ks rcnb`l`gbqufs cprís trcbtfofkt n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf jmr`kbquf nf
l‒cnultf. c ft a. Cvckt l‒cnultf. c 1533. j ft n. Cprís a. Cvckt trcbtfofkt fk 1533. j n. Cprís trcbtfofkt fk 1538. K`tfr l‒bkficooctb`k gbkgbvclf cu kbvfcu nfs lbobtfs pr`tmâtbqufs fk p`sbtb`k s`us-gbkgbvclf.
35>
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
JMCUB^QF
> k
OâOfKt@
Lf sfubl nf t`lârckjf nu systíof booukbtcbrf vbs-å-vbs nf jfs acjtârbfs pctm`gíkfs vcrbf n‒uk pctbfkt å l‒cutrf. Fk j`ksâqufkjf, `k pfut cnofttrf quf lf trcbtf trc btfofk ofktt cjt cjtbh bh fst tfr tfrobk obkââ p`u p`urr jfr jfrtcb tcbks ks pct pctbfk bfkts ts « râs râsbst bstckt cktss ´, oéo oéoff s‒bl suasbstf uk k`oarf rfstrfbkt nf acjtârbfs bkj`opctbalfs cvfj lc scktâ pcr`n`ktclf. J‒fst quflqufh`bs lf jcs p`ur lfs pcr`n`ktbtfs jmr`kbqufs nf l‒cnultf ft lfs gbkgbvbtfs å hcbalf rbsquf pcr`n`ktcl.
JQB^ÍQFZ AB@L@GBSVFZ Lfs pcrcoítrfs ab`l`gbqufs n`bvfkt rfvfkbr å nfs vclfurs k`roclfs cprís trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl T>_ . Jfpfknckt, bl fxbstf nfs âlâofkts qub kf vcrbfkt pcs, oéof fk jcs nf sujjís tmârcpfutbquf. Fk fhhft, lc prâsfkjf n‒ukf lfuj`jyt`sf jmfz lf huofur kf rfnfvbfknrc k`roclf qu‒cprís jfssctb`k n‒uk tcacgbsof cjtbh. Jmfz lfs pctbfkts nbcaâtbqufs, bl fst bop`rtckt quf lc glyjâobf s`bt j`ktrþlâf pcr lf kbvfcu n‒mâo`gl`abkff glyquâf cvckt nf lfs lbaârfr gl`abk lbaârfr (MaC3j bkhârbfurf bkhârbfurf å 8 %).
Fktrftbfk nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh Å lc ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh, lfs pctbfkts n`bvfkt étrf jlcbrfofkt bkh`roâs quf lfs `aifjtbhs pcr`n`ktcux `kt âtâ cttfbkts ft jf å qu`b v`kt j`rrfsp`knrf lfs vbsbtfs nf ocbktfkckjf. Bls pfuvfkt l‒étrf `rclfofkt cu j`urs nf l‒fktrftbfk nf ffik nf trcbtfofkt cjtbh, ocbs bl fst bop`rtckt qu‒bls s`bfkt âgclfofkt bkh`roâs pcr âjrbt sur lc kâjfssbtâ kâjf ssbtâ nf jfs vbsbtfs nf ocbktfkckj ocbktfkckjff ( Ckkfxf 31).
@ t K f O â O
Lc nfrkbírfåj`ksultctb`k j`ksul tctb`k nu trcbt cjtbh j`ksultctb`k. fst fk t`ut p`bkt sfoalcalf jflub râclbsâ l`rstrcbtfofkt nf fofkt lc prfobírf Ucr j`ksâqufkt, j`ksâqu fkt, lf prctbjbfk prctbjbfk pr`jínf å 9 ‚ uk fktrftbfk qub bknbquf cu pctbfkt lfs âlâofkts suaifjtbhs ft `aifjt `ai fjtbhs bhs nf sujjís 4 ‚ uk fxcofk jlbkbquf jlbkbquf qub j`kffirof j`kffirof lfs gcbks n‒cttcjmf n‒cttcjmf 4 ‚ nfs nfs fxc fxcofk ofkss j`o j`oplâ plâofkt ofktcbr cbrfs fs acj acjtâr târb`l b`l`gb `gbquf qufs, s, rcnb rcnb`l` `l`-gbqufs ft ab`l` ab`l`gbqufs gbqufs j`kh`rofs. Lfs jrbtírfs nf sujjís nu trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl cjtbh s`kt nfvfkus plus j`oplfxfs quf jfux nâjrbts jlcssbqufofkt ncks lc oâtm`nf j`kvfktb`kkfllf. Fk fhhft, lc rânujtb`k å zâr` nfs p`jmfs pcr`n`ktclfs, l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf ft l‒`atfktb`k nf nfkts pr`prfs kf s`kt pcs suhffiscktfs p`ur nâjbnfr quf lf trcbtfofkt cjtbh fst tfrobkâ.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
356
Ablck nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh
Abalb`grcpmbf T3_ Gcuoft UF, Aruksv`ln OB, OjOcmck JC. Zp`ktckf`u Zp`ktckf`uss rfp`sbtb`kkbk rfp`sbtb`kkbkgg `h pctm`l`gbjclly obgrctfn tfftm. tfftm. I Ufr Ufrb`n b`n`kt `kt`l `l 32224 3222 4 75 9 3377-=>. 3377-=>. pr`alfos. Jmbjcg` 9 Subktfssfkjf T1_ Mcll WA. Uurf WA. Uurf ouj`gbkgbvcl pr`alfos. Subktfssfkjf Uualbsmbkg Uualbsmbkg J` Bkj., 32=>. T:_ Wfkkstrøo I, Lbknmf I. Q`lf I. Q`lf `h cttcjmfn gbkgbvc h`r ocbktfkckjf `h pfrb`n`ktcl mfcltm. mfcltm. I Jlb Jlbkk Ufrb` Ufrb`n`k n`kt`l t`l 32= 32=:: 4 35 9 158-13. 158-13. T>_ Fafrs`lf IL, Jcppfllb N. Cjutf-pmcsf N. Cjutf-pmcsf rfcjtckts bk bkhfjtb`ks ckn bkficooct`ry nbsfcsfs. nbsfcsfs. Ufrb`n`kt Ufrb`n`kt`l` `l`gy gy 1555. 155 15555 4 1: 9 3232->2. >2.
358
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Ckkfxfs Ckkfxf 3 K@O CNQFZZF XBLLF Ur`hfssb`k O`tbh prctbjbfk Cnrfssâ pcr Oânfjbk
9 9 9 9 9 9 9
NC^F Nctf nf Kcbssckjf U`rtcalf N`objblf O`tbh pctbfkt Urctbjbfk trcbtckt ^âl. prctbjbfk trcbtckt
9 9 9 58 9 9 9 Nr 9
M@ZUB^CLBZC^B@KZ 9 OFNBJC^B@KZ 9
CH NBCAF^F
ZROU^@OC^@L@GBF ZROU^@OC^@L@ GBF H@KJ^B@KKFLLF ZCBGKFOFK^^ ZCBGKFOFK
9 ........................................................................... ............................................................................... ...............................................................................OCQBÂ .......................................OCQBÂ
N@VLFVQ
9 ........................................................................... .................................................................................. ................................................................................UCJZÂ .....................................UCJZÂ
CAJÍZ
9 ................................................................................ ............................................................................. ..........................................................................NBX@QJÂ ..................................NBX@QJÂ
QÂJFZZB@K
9 ............................................................................. .......................................................................................... ..............................................................................QFOCQBÂ ...........................QFOCQBÂ
O@ABLB^Â
9 ........................................................................... ............................................................................. ................................................................................JÂLBAC^CBQF ........................................JÂLBAC^CBQF
OBGQC^B@K
9 ........................................................................... .............................................................FKHCK^Z......................UF^B^Z........................FKHCK^Z......................UF^B^Z-FKHCK^Z....... FKHCK^Z..................... ..............
MCLB^@ZF
9 .............................................................^CACJ.................................. .........................^CACJ.......................................................................... .......................................................................................... ..................................................
^CZZFOFK^Z ^CZZFOFK ^Z
9 ................................................................................ .......................................................................................... .............................................................................................. ..................................................................... ..........................
CK^ÂJÂNFK^Z 9 ............................................................................. ................................................................................ ...................................................................................................... .................................................................................. ..................... @Q^M@N@K^BF @Q^M@N@K ^BF 9 ........................................................................... .................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. .................................................................................. ................ Z^QFZZ 9 UQ@HFZZB@KKFL UQ@HFZZB@KKFL NFK^BHQBJF 9 ........................................................................... .................................................................................. ..................................................................................................... .......................................................... ........................ Z^QFZZ 9 UFQZ@KKFL........................ AQ@ZZF
9 .................................................................................. .................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ......................................................... ................
NBXFQZ
9................................................... ........ NFQKBFQ NÂ^...................................................ZVB^FZ .........................ZVB^FZ .....................................................
CK^BAB@^BSVFZ
9 ^RUF...................................................U@VQSV@B.................................. ....................U@
[email protected]............................... .................SVCKN................................................ .................
CJ^BXB^Â
NBCGK@Z^BJ UC^M@L@GBF NBCGK@Z^BJ
OBJQ@AB@L@GBF
QBZSVF UCQ@N@K^CL NF QÂJBNBXF
JLBKBSVF
ZCBGKFOFK^
HCBALF
O@RFK
H@Q^
CAJÍZ OBGQC^B@K O@ABLB^Â MCLB^@ZF
AB@L@GBSVF
3= 37 38 36 3> 3: 31 33 >= >7 >8 >6 >> >: >1 >3 J`ktrþlckt Ur`o`uvckt
13 11 1: 1> 16 18 17 1= :3 :1 :: :> :6 :8 :7 :=
Ckclysckt Hcjblbtckt
C^^CJMF
J@K^F]^F
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
357
Ckkfxfs
K@O CNQFZZF XBLLF Ur`hfssb`k O`tbh prctbjbfk Cnrfssâ pcr Oânfjbk
9 9 9 9 9 9 9
NC^F Nctf nf kcbssckjf U`rtcalf N`objblf O`tbh pctbfkt Urctbjbfk trcbtckt ^âl. prctbjbfk trcbtckt
M@ZUB^CLBZC^B@KZ 9 OÂNBJC^B@KZ 9
9 35/33/38 9 9 58 9 9 9 Nr
9
CH NBCAF^F
ZROU^@OC^@L@GBF BF H@KJ^B@KKFLLF ZROU^@OC^@L@G ZCBGKFOFK^^ ZCBGKFOFK
9 ............................................................................. .......................................................................................... .............................................................................OCQBÂ ..........................OCQBÂ
N@VLFVQ
9 ............................................................................. ............................................................................. ..............................................................................UCJZÂ ........................................UCJZÂ
CAJÍZ
9 ............................................................................. ............................................................................. .............................................................................NBX@QJÂ ....................................NBX@QJÂ
QÂJFZZB@K
9 .................................................................................. .......................................................................... ....................................................................... ...................................QFOCQBÂ ..QFOCQBÂ
O@ABLB^Â
9 ............................................................................. .......................................................................................... ..............................................................................JÂLBAC^CBQF ...........................JÂLBAC^CBQF
OBGQC^B@K
9 ............................................................................. .............................................................FKHCK^Z......................UF^B^Z......................FKHCK^Z......................UF^B^Z-FKHCK^Z.... FKHCK^Z..................... .................
MCLB^@ZF
9 .............................................................^CACJ............................. .......................^CACJ..................................................................................... ............................................................................................... .......................................
^CZZFOFK^Z 9 .................................................................................. ............................................................................. ................................................................................................... ............................................................................. ................... CK^ÂJÂNFK^Z 9 ..................................................................................... ........................................................................................... .................................................................................. .......................................................................... ................................. @Q^M@N@K^BF @Q^M@N@K^ BF 9 ........................................................................................ ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ................................................... .......... NFK^BHQBJF AQ@ZZF
9 ........................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................ ................................................... Z^QFZZ UQ@HFZZB@KKFL ............. ............. 9 Z^QFZZ UFQZ@KKFL 9 9 ................................................................. ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... .......................................................................... .................................
NBXFQZ
9................................................... ............... NFQKBFQ NÂ^...................................................ZVB^FZ .............................ZVB^FZ ..................................................... ............
CK^BAB@^BSVFZ 9 ^RUF...................................................U@VQSV@B............................ ..................U@
[email protected]........................ .......................SVCKN................................................ ........................
CJ^BXB^Â
NBCGK@Z^BJ UC^M@L@GBF NBCGK@Z^BJ
OBJQ@AB@L@GBF
QBZSVF UCQ@N@K^CL NF QÂJBNBXF
JLBKBSVF
ZCBGKFOFK^
HCBALF
O@RFK
H@Q^
CAJÍZ OBGQC^B@K O@ABLB^Â MCLB^@ZF
AB@L@GBSVF
3= 37 38 36 3> 3: 31 33 >= >7 >8 >6 >> >: >1 >3 J`ktrþlckt Ur`o`uvckt
13 11 1: 1> 16 18 17 1= :3 :1 :: :> :6 :8 :7 :=
Ckclysckt Hcjblbtckt
C^^CJMF
J@K^F]^F
35=
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Ckkfxfs
NFK^ AQ@ZZF AQ@ZZF^^FZ
9 9 9
M1@1 + AZ >76 811 /81> / UU Kµ1 / UU Kµ:
NC^F
FN
9 ………………………………………€
C^Z C^A
9 J@QZ@NRL / UCQ@F] 9 ABQ@N@GRL / CVGOFK^BK / YFQ@
^QCB^FOFK^
QÂGLFOFK^Z
1537
35/33
fur`s SVFZ^ 9
FU 9
AB@ 9
OÂNBJCL 9 ^QCXCBL 9 HCOBLLF 9
ZVB^FZ 9 DFRFZ 9 @MB 9 NF^ /U@L 9
OÂNBJCL 9
ZVB^FZ 9 DFRFZ 9 @MB 9 NF^ /U@L 9
^QCXCBL 9 HCOBLLF
OÂNBJCL 9 ^QCXCBL 9 HCOBLLF 9
ZVB^FZ 9 DFRFZ 9 @MB 9 NF^ /U@L 9
OÂNBJCL 9 ^QCXCBL 9 HCOBLLF 9
ZVB^FZ 9 DFRFZ 9 @MB 9 NF^ /U@L 9
OÂNBJCL 9 ^QCXCBL 9 HCOBLLF 9
ZVB^FZ 9 DFRFZ 9 @MB 9 NF^ /U@L 9
OÂNBJCL 9 ^QCXCBL 9 HCOBLLF 9
ZVB^FZ 9 DFRFZ 9 @MB 9 NF^ /U@L 9
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
352
Ckkfxfs
Ckkfxf 1
Lbllf, lf… Lbllf,
Ablck ab`l`gbquf nf Ocncof, O`ksbfur
Kuoârctb`k H`roulf XZ Glyjâobf å ifuk MaC3J ^rckscobkcsfss CZ^ & CL^ ^rckscobkcsf Ur`tâbkf J râcjtbvf ultrcsfksbalf Hbarbk`gíkf Jm`lfstfr`l t`tcl MNL LNL ^rbglyjârbnfs 16 @M Xbtcobkf N1 N: ^rckshfrrbkf Jcra`xy Nfhbjbfktf (JN^)
Nr …
Kuoâr` n‒bnfktbhbjctb`k 9
335
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Ckkfxfs
Ckkfxf :
Lbllf, lf … Ocncof… Ocncof … O`ksbfur …
Jmírf Ocncof, Jmfr O`ksbfur, K`us v`us rfofrjb`ks vbvfofkt nf lc j`khbckjf quf v`us v`ulfz abfk k`us cjj`rnfr. K`us cv`ks pr`jânâ cui`urn‒mub å l‒fxcofk j`oplft nf v`trf a`ujmf qub k`us c pfrobs nf nbcgk`stbqufr quf v`trf pcr`n`ktf (l‒fk sfoalf nfs tbssus qub s`utbfkt v`s nfkts) fst cttfbkt pcr`n`ktbtf ´. n‒ukf bkhfjtb`k cppflâf « pcr`n`ktbtf ´.
U`ur ocëtrbsfr jfttf bkhfjtb`k, k`us v`us cv`ks bknbquâ nfs s`bks l`jcux å râclbsfr nfux h`bs pcr i`ur. Bls v`kt v`us pfrofttrf pfrofttrf nf v`br nbspcrcëtrf nbspcrcëtrf `u nbobkufr nbobkufr j`ksbnârcalfofk j`ksbnârcalfofktt lfs syoptþofs qub v`us `kt cofkâ(f) å k`us j`ksultfr. l`jclf css`jbâf å lc prbsf nu oânbjcofkt quf k`us v`us cv`ks Grájf å jfttf nâsbkhfjtb`k l`jclf css`jbâf prfsjrbt, k`us cll`ks p`uv`br râclbsfr ncks nf a`kkfs j`knbtb`ks l‒ âlbobkctb`k nfs nâpþts nf tcrtrf tcrtrf qub s`kt sur lfs rcjbkfs nf v`s nfkts. ^`utfs lfs tfjmkbqufs o`nfrkfs sfr`kt obsfs fk Śuvrf p`ur pfrofttrf lc j`ks`lbnctb`k nf v`trf pcr`n`ktf chbk quf v`us kf pfrnbfz pcs v`s nfkts. nfkts . K@^QF ÂSVBUF Z‒FKGCGF Å OF^^QF Å X@^QF NBZU@ZB^B@K 9 • uk cjjufbl s`urbckt, cttfktbh, p`kjtufl ft pr`hfssb`kkfl ncks ukf coabckjf coabckjf mcro`kbf mcro`kbfusf usf 4 • lf plcbsbr nf p`ssânfr ukf a`ujmf fk a`kkf scktâ 4 • nfs s`bks nf quclbtâ ncks ukf coabckjf c oabckjf jmclfurfusf ft j`kvbv j`k vbvbclf bclf 4 • lfs tfjmkbqufs lfs plus o`nfrkfs å uk j`ôt j`ôt rcbs`kkcalf 4 • nfs j`knbtb`ks nf sâjurbtâ ft n‒mygbíkf `ptboclfs. `ptboclfs.
Nr…..
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
333
Ckkfxfs
Ckkfxf >
Lbllf,
Ocncof, O`ksbfur JFZ BKH@QOC^B@KZ X@VZ CBNFQ@K^ Å OBFV] J@OUQFKNQF L‒BK^Â L‒BK^ ÂQÉ^
NF X@^QF
^QCB^FOFK^ F^ N@KJ Å LF QFKNQF ULVZ FHHBJCJF Jmírf Ocncof, Jmfr O`ksbfur,
Å lc nfocknf nu n`jtfur
,
…
v`us k`us cvfz j`ksultâs p`ur fxcofk ft âvfktufl trcbtfofkt
pcr`n`ktcl. Cu j`urs nf l‒fktrftbfk, v`us k`us sbgkclfz nfs scbgkfofkts cu ar`sscgf, nfs râtrcjtb`ks nf v`s gfkjbvfs, nfs tcssfofkts clbofktcbrfs fktrf lfs nfkts, nfs cajís, nfs o`ablbtâs, nfs sfksbablbtâs cu jmcun, cu hr`bn, å lc ocstbjctb`k, ukf sfksctb`k nf ocuvcbs g`ôt ncks lc a`ujmf cbksb qu‒uk âjcrtfofkt nf v`s nfkts nf nfvckt. Ucr cbllfurs, v`us k`us bknbqufz quf v`s pcrfkts `kt s`uhhfrt nf nâjmcussfofkt. L'fxcofk nâtcbllâ nf v`trf pcr`n`ktf (l‒ (l‒`rgckf `rgckf qub s`utbfkt v`s nfkts) hcbt cppcrcëtrf quf v`trf gfkjbvf fst bkhfjtâf (jf qub sf trcnubt pcr nfs scbgkfofkts cu ar`sscgf ft nfs n`ulfurs gbkgbvclfs) ft quf l'`s qub fkt`urf lfs rcjbkfs nf v`s nfkts fst fkn`oocgâ (j'fst lc rcbs`k p`ur lcqufllf v`s nfkts a`ugfkt ft quf v`s gfkjbvfs sf râtrcjtfkt). Jfs syoptþofs s`kt jfux nf lc pcr`n`ktbtf (nâjmcussfofkt) qub fst ukf bkhfjtb`k l`jclf aâkbgkf pr`v`quâf pcr l'cjjuoulctb`k nf objr`afs cppflâs « plcquf nfktcbrf ´ (vbsbalf cprís cpplbjctb`k nf râvâlctfur nf plcquf Nfkt` Ulcquf Bkcvc) quf v`us âlbobkfrfz grájf å lc tfjmkbquf nf ar`sscgf quf k`us v`us cv`ks bknbquâ. Cprís quflqufs sfocbkfs nf ar`sscgf obkutbfux, v`us p`urrfz j`kstctfr 9
3. ukf cugofktctb`k pubs ukf nbobkutb`k trís kfttf nu scbgkfofkt ft uk jmckgfofkt nf j`ulfur nf v`s gfkjbvfs 4 1. ukf nbobkutb`k nu v`luof nf v`s gfkjbvfs n`kkckt l'boprfssb`k nf râtrcjtb`k (bl s'cgbt fk hcbt nf lc mcutfur k`roclf nf v`s gfkjbvfs p`ur v`trf nfkturf) 4 :. ukf sfksctb`k nf hrcëjmfur 4 >. ukf nbobkutb`k nf lc o`ablbtâ nf v`s nfkts. L`rsquf lc plcquf nfktcbrf s'cjjuoulf sur lfs nfkts, fllf nurjbt ft h`rof nu tcrtrf. L`rsquf lc plcquf nfktcbrf fst âlbobkâf s`bgkfusfofkt nfux h`bs pcr i`ur, lf tcrtrf kf pfut plus sf h`rofr `u sf rfh`rofr.
Vk ar`sscgf obkutbfux fst nbhhbjblf. K`us s`oofs lå p`ur v`us cbnfr å lf rfknrf plus hcjblf, v`brf cgrâcalf. K'mâsbtfz n`kj pcs å k`us nfocknfr nfs j`ksfbls ft nf l'cbnf. Lf prbkjbpf nu trcbtfofkt sfrc l'âlbobkctb`k oâtbjulfusf pcr lf pcr`n`ktbstf nu tcrtrf, nfs objr`afs ft nfs nâarbs qub sf s`kt cjjuoulâs sur v`s nfkts ft lfurs rcjbkfs. Jf trcbtfofkt c p`ur aut nf pfrofttrf lc râclbsctb`k nf s`bks nurcalfs ft nf a`kkf quclbtâ fk j`ks`lbnckt l'`s qub fkt`urf v`s nfkts ft fk rfkh`rçckt lc gfkjbvf qub lf rfj`uvrf. Vkf nfs hcç`ks nf rfknrf v`trf trcbtfofkt fkj`rf plus fhhbjcjf fst nf k`us p`sfr nfs qufstb`ks (k'mâsbtfz n`kj pcs å k`us lfs p`sfr).
Nr….
331
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Ckkfxfs
Ckkfxf 6 Lbllf, Lbllf,
Z@BKZ L@JCV] L@JCV] 9 1 H@BZ UCQ I@VQ I@VQ (å l‒fxjlusb`k nf t`ut nfktbhrbjf) Z`bks fssfktbfls fssfkt bfls å lc a`kkf ocrjmf nf v`trf trcbtfofkt trcbtfofkt Å ZVBXQF IVZSV'CV UQ@JMCBK QFKNFY-X@VZ
3. U@VQ OF^^QF FK ÂXBNFKJF ÂXBNFKJF LC ULCSVF NFK^CBQF NFK^CBQF Nâp`sfr quflqufs g`uttfs nf NFK^@-ULCSVF sur lfs nfkts nf nfvckt. Âtclfr cvfj lc lckguf sur t`utfs t `utfs lfs surhcjfs nfktcbrfs. Qbkjfr ca`kncoofkt å l‒fcu.
1. U@VQ NÂ^CJMFQ LC ULCSVF NFK^CBQF NF LC ZVQHCJF NFZ NFK^Z Fhhfjtufr uk UQFOBFQ AQ@ZZCGF « Å ZFJ Z FJ ´ cvfj lc ar`ssf å nfkts ft lfs ar`ssfs bktfrnfktcbrfs. :. U@VQ ÂLBOBKFQ LFZ OBJQ@AFZ NF LC ULCSVF NFK^CBQF Fhhfjtufr uk NFV]BÍOF AQ@ZZCGF cvfj lc ar`ssf å nfkts ft lfs ar`ssfttfs cvfj uk oâlckgf n‒ fcu `xygâkâf å 35 v`luofs ft nf abjcra`kctf nf s`unf. s`unf . >. U@VQ NÂZBKHFJ^FQ NÂZBKHFJ^FQ LFZsfj`knfs OVSVFVZFZ OVSVFVZFZ NF LC A@VJMF UVQ. UVQ. Qbkjfr lc a`ujmf pfknckt 36 cvfj UCQ@F] cvfj UCQ@F]
JF^ CK^BZFU^BSVF UFV^ J@L@QFQ X@Z NFK^Z F^ LF N@Z NF X@^QF LCKGVF FK OCQQ@K OCQQ @K H@KJÂ. H@KJÂ. BL BL KF Z'CGB^ UCZ N'VKF N'VKF « ORJ@Z ORJ@ZF F ´, OCBZ NF J@L@QC J@L@QC^B@KZ ^B@KZ SVB SVB UCQ^BQ@K^ ^QÍZ HCJBLFOFK^ CV U@LBZZCGF. X@VZ U@VQQFY ÂGCLFOFK^ ÂGCLFOFK^ K@^FQ VKF CL^ÂQC^B@K ^QCKZB^@BQF NV G@Ô^ ZCKZ GQCXB^Â.
LC UQFOBÍQF ZFOCBKF FZ^ N@VL@VQFVZF 9 KF UCZ MÂZB^FQ Å K@VZ J@K^CJ^FQ FK JCZ NF ^Q@U GQCKNFZ NBHHBJVL^ÂZ. A`k j`urcgf... Nr ….
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
33:
Ckkfxfs
Ckkfxf 8 Lbllf,, Lbllf
@rn`kkckjf nf Ocncof, O`ksbfur
….
Å rfk`uvflfr sb kâjfsscbrf U`ur lfs s`bks l`jcux, 1 h`bs pcr i`ur 9
Qâvâlctfur nf plcquf Nfkt`-Ulcquf Bkcvc
(J`nf JBU 856 =2> 5)
Fcu `xygâkâf 35 v`luofs Gbhrfr - A`ttlfUcjd 355 oL
(J`nf JBU :>2 >16 5)
Abjcrf Ulus N`ualf Cjtb`k Gbhrfr
(J`nf JBU 7:6 >3:-1)
: Ar`ssfs å nfkts >76 Autlfr (jmckgfr nf ar`ssf t`us lfs o`bs)
(J`nf JBU 767 25: 1)
Ar`ssfs bktfrnfktcbrfs Autlfr 811 & 3831 (^rcv'Lfr)
(J`nf CJL 7683:=57877668)
Ar`ssfs bktfrnfktcbrfs GVO Z@H^-UBJDZ 865
(J`nf CJL 855522>)
AQ@ZZF^^FZ BK^FQNFK^CBQFZ AV^LFQ >1> - 3>1> 3>1>
(CJL 782 178 =)
FLVNQBL UFQB@ 5,1 % (1 hlcj`ks nf 155 oL) UCQ@F] (:55 oL) JVQCZFU^ CNZ 515 cvfj cjbnf myclur`kbquf Vk acbk nf a`ujmf octbk ft s`br cprís lf ar`sscgf
(J`nf JBU 111 6715) (J`nf CJL :>> 8>3 7) (J`nf CJL 8>28737)
Ab-Obssbl`r Gâ (3 a`ëtf) Vk j`oprboâ octbk ft s`br cu oblbfu nfs rfpcs pfknckt 6 i`urs (âvbtfr lc j`ks`ooctb`k n'clj``l pfknckt lc prbsf nu oânbjcofkt )
(J`nf JBU :73 351 8)
Kuoâr` n‒bnfktbhbjctb`k 9
33>
Nr…
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Ckkfxfs
Ckkfxf 7 Ocncof, O`ksbfur, J@KHBNFK^BFL
SVFZ^B@KKCBQF OÂNBJCL 3. 1. :. >. 6. 8. 7. =. 2. 35. 33. 31. 3:.
Étfs-v`us fk a`kkf scktâ 0 ……………………….…..… Étfs-v`us fk trcbtfofkt cjtufllfofkt 0 ………… ……… Urfkfz-v`us nfs oânbjcofkts 0…………………..…..… Cvfz-v`us suab ukf `pârctb`k ocifurf 0 ………...…..… Cvfz-v`us âtâ grcvfofkt oclcnf nfpubs 6 cks 0... …..… Cvfz-v`us âtâ m`spbtclbsâ nfpubs 6 cks 0.……….…..… Cvfz-v`us ocbgrb n‒ukf ockbírf bop`rtcktf 0.……..… Suckn v`us v`us alfssfz, ofttfz-v`us l`kgtfops å jbjctrbsfr 0 Cvfz-v`us âtâ s`bgkâ p`ur ckâobf 0 ……………………. Cvfz-v`us fu ukf mâpctbtf 0 …………………………..… Cvfz-v`us suab uk trcbtfofkt pcr rcnbctb`k 0.....……..… Z`uhhrfz-v`us nf oclcnbf jcrnb`-vcsjulcbrf 0 ...……..… Hcbtfs-v`us nf lc tfopârcturf scks qu‒`k fk nâjílf lfs jcusfs 0 ……………………….………..…
3>. 36. 38. 37. 3=. 32. 15. 13. 11.
Étfs-v`us nbcaâtbquf 0 Cvfz-v`us nfs nbcaâtbqufs ncks v`trf hcobllf 0 ……...… Z`uhhrfz-v`us nf nâs`rnrfs m`ro`kcux 0…………..… Étfs-v`us cllfrgbquf å uk oânbjcofkt 0 ……………..… Cvfz-v`us uk uljírf n‒fst`ocj `u ukf gcstrbtf 0 …..… Zubvfz-v`us uk râgbof 0………………..……………..… Z`uhhrfz-v`us n‒mypfrtfksb`k crtârbfllf 0 …………..… Urâsfktfz-v`us nfs oclcnbfs nu sckg………………..… Z`uhhrfz-v`us nf n`ulfurs cu kbvfcu nf lc tétf `u nu j`u 0
@VB
K@K
IF KF ZCBZ UCZ
Lbstf nfs oânbjcofkts
NC^F 9
ZBGKC^VQF 9
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
336
Ckkfxfs
Ckkfxf = Lbllf, lf
N`jtfur…… Jmírf J`ksŚur ,
I‒cb rfçu cui`urn‒mub fk prfobírf j`ksultctb`k Ocncof (…) (…),, quf if v`us v`us rfofrjbf nf o' cv`br cnrfssâf. cnrfssâf. Lc pctbfktf, ágâf nf ( …) cks, scks cktâjânfkts oânbjcux pcrtbjulbfrs (scuh …), sf plcbkt nfpubs quflqufs o`bs/ckkâfs nf scbgkfofkts `jjcsb`kkfls cu ar`sscgf, å lc ocstbjctb`k, sp`ktckâs, nf râjfssb`ks gbkgbvclfs l`jclbsâfs gâkârclbsâfs, nf tcssfofkts clbofktcbrfs gârâs å l‒cbnf nf jurf nfkts, nf hbl nfktcbrf, n‒uk mynr`pulsfur, nf ar`ssfttfs bktfrnfktcbrfs n‒cajís l`jclbsâs ncks lf sfjtfur p`stârbfur cktârbfur ocknbaulcbrf ocxbllcbrf nr`bt gcujmf cyckt kâjfssbtâ lc prfsjrbptb`k n‒uk cktbab`tbquf (… (…), nf o`ablbtâs nfs nfkts cktârbfurfs ocknbaulcbrfs ocxbllcbrfs nr`btfs gcujmfs cyckt fktrcëkâ lc râclbsctb`k râclbsctb`k n‒ukf j`ktfktb`k, nf sfksbablbtâs cu jmcun, cu hr`bn, cu sujrf, å lc ocstbjctb`k cu kbvfcu nfs sfjtfurs cktârbfurs ocknbaulcbrfs ocxbllcbrfs nr`bts gcujmfs, n‒mclbt`sf ft nf obgrctb`ks (nbcstíof cu kbvfcu nf). Lf nfrkbfr nâtcrtrcgf c âtâ fhhfjtuâ fk (…) scks subtfs jlbkbqufs k`tcalfs. @k k`tf pcr cbllfurs uk trcbtfofkt `rtm`n`ktbquf å nbsp`sbtbh hbxf râclbsâ pfknckt l‒fkhckjf. Lfs mcabtunfs n‒mygbíkf aujj`-nfktcbrf aujj` -nfktcbrf h`kt bktfrvfkbr ukf ar`ssf å nfkts s`uplf cvfj j`oof nfktbhrbjf… Fkhbk, bl fxbstf nfs cktâjânfkts hcoblbcux nf pcr`n`ktbtf sâvírf ft uk tcacgbsof cjtbh (6 , 35, 36, `u 15 jbgcrfttfs pcr i`ur nfpubs plus nf ( …) cks). L‒fxcofk jlbkbquf j`khbrof lfs âlâofkts nf l‒fktrftbfk ft `aifjtbvf nfs sbgkfs bkhfjtbfux jmr`kbqufs cvfj prâsfkjf nf plcquf ft nf tcrtrf suprc ft s`us-gbkgbvcux ca`knckts. @k k`tf âgclfofkt nfs pr`alíofs `jjluscux (suprcjlusbf, vfrsb`ks vfstbaulcbrfs nfs cxfs nfktcbrfs, nysmcro`kbf, fkj`oarfofkt nfktcbrf) ft nfs ânfktctb`ks j`opfksâfs pcr nfs pr`tmísfs sjfllâfs ckjbfkkfs râjfktfs. Fkhbk, bl fxbstf trís pr`acalfofkt ukf pcrch`kjtb`k (aruxbsof k`jturkf). Lf ablck rcnb`l`gbquf l`kg jþkf oft fk âvbnfkjf nfs pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf bktfrpr`xboclfs l`jclbsâfs gâkârclbsâfs nf l‒`rnrf nf ( nf (…) % cvfj prâsfkjf nf nâhcuts bktrc-`ssfux, nf jrctírfs bktfrpr`xbocux ft nfs sbgkfs âvbnfkts n‒cttfbktf nfs fspcjfs bktfrrcnbjulcbrfs (hurjctb`ks nf jlcssf BB … BBB). Lc hl`rf objr`abfkkf s`us-gbkgbvclf fst fssfktbfllfofkt fssfktbfllfo fkt j`op`sâf nf acjtârbfs o`ablfs bkj`opctbalfs cvfj lc scktâ pcr`n`ktclf (spbr`jmítfs, vbarb`ks, aát`kkfts o`ablfs, cobafs, trbjm`o`kcs). Chbk n‒âvclufr lfs j`ksâqufkjfs systâobqufs nf jfttf bkhfjtb`k pcr`n`ktclf, i‒cb nfocknâ ukf Kuoârctb`k/H`roulf, ukf vbtfssf nf sânbofktctb`k ft uk n`scgf nf lc JQU ft nu hbarbk`gíkf. Lf nbcgk`stbj fst n`kj j`opctbalf cvfj jflub nf pcr`n`ktbtf jmr`kbquf nf l‒cnultf, cgrfssbvf, cjtbvf cu rfp`s rflctbh cvfj (…) å ( …) % nf pfrtfs n‒cttcjmf gâkârclbsâfs ncks uk h`rt j`ktfxtf
oânbjcl, nf strfss psyjm`l`gbquf ft `jjlus`-pr`tmâtbquf. I‒cb n‒foalâf bknbquâ ft nâo`ktrâ å Ocncof (…) (…) lfs oâtm`nfs nf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf suprcgbkgbvclf (surt`ut cu kbvfcu nfs fspcjfs bktfrnfktcbrfs) cvfj prfsjrbptb`k nf (…) pfknckt 6 i`urs qub nfvrcbt, ncks uk nâlcb nf 35 å 36 i`urs, st`ppfr l‒âv`lutb`k l‒âv` lutb`k nf lc pctm`l`gbf. Zb Ocncof (…) (…) lf nâsbrf, if p`urrcbs lc rfv`br ncks nfux o`bs fkvbr`k p`ur ofttrf fk plcjf lf trcbtfofkt cjtbh qub j`ksbstfrc fssfktbfllfofkt fk l‒âlbobkctb`k oâtbjulfusf nfs spbjulfs nf tcrtrf
suprc-gbkgbvclfs ocbs surt`ut s`us-gbkgbvclfs pcr lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf prbkjbpclfofkt k`k jmbrurgbjclf.
Lf pr`k`stbj gl`acl fst a`k ( …) fxjfllfkt (scuh p`ur lfs nfkts) p`ur cutckt quf lf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf s`bt fxtréofofkt rbg`urfux. Ncks l‒booânbct, bl hcunrcbt râclbsfr 9 (…) Fk v`us rfofrjbckt nf lc j`khbckjf quf v`us v`ulfz abfk o ‒cjj`rnfr, if v`us prbf nf jr`brf, Jmírf J`ksŚur , å l‒l‒fxprfssb`k nf ofs sfktbofkts j`rnbclfofkt nâv`uâs. Nr…
Ubíjfs i`bktfs 9 ukf j`pbf nu ablck rcnb`l`gbquf quf v`us p`uvfz j`ksfrvfr p`ur v`trf n`ssbfr.
338
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Ckkfxfs
Ckkfxf 2 Lbllf, lf FK^FK^F NBQFJ^F J@K^QC^ NF Z@BKZ Ocncof, O`ksbfur If s`ussbgkâ (f), Ocncof…, O`ksbfur …, rfj`kkcbs cv`br âtâ bkh`roâ pcr lf N`jtfur Icjqufs JMCQ@K nu nfvbs j`kjfrkckt lf ^rcbtfofkt nf pcr`n`kt`l`gbf qub j`oprfknrc 9
3. 1. :. >. 6. 8. 7.
Ablck pcr`n`ktcl j`oplft (ablck rcnb`l`gbquf j`oprbs) j`oprbs) (MASN553 ft MASD5>3) Lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf (âlbobkctb`k t`tclf nfs nâpþts tcrtrbqufs s`usgbkgbvcux) (MK) Nâtcrtrcgf ft p`lbsscgf nfs nfkts (MAIN553) Zurhcçcgfs (MAGA558) Jmbrurgbf pcr`n`ktclf (MK) Z`bks p`st`pârct`brfs (MK) Ablck pcr`n`ktcl nf hbk nf trcbtfofkt (ablck rcnb`l`gbquf rcnb`l`gbquf j`oprbs) (MASN553 ft MASD5>3)
K.A. Jf nfvbs kf j`oprfkn pcs lfs âvfktufls s`bks nfktcbrfs, lc `u lfs j`ur`kkfs, arbngfs `u pr`tmísfs, lf trcbtfofkt `rtm`n`ktbquf, lc j`ktfktb`k, lf `u lfs boplckts ft lfs sâckjfs nf ocbktfkckjf cprís trcbtfofkt.
J@Ô^ GL@ACL 9
FVQ@Z
…
Lc pcrtbjbpctb`k nf l'Cssurckjf oclcnbf sf lbobtf å 75 % nf ::2,31 fur`s
(> x MAIN553) + (MASD@>3 x 1) scks nfocknf n'fktfktf prâclcalf If jfrtbhbf cv`br âtâ bkh`roâ nf jfttf lbobtctb`k nf lc pcrtbjbpctb`k nf lc Zâjurbtâ s`jbclf (lfs cutrfs cjtfs âtckt m`rs-k`ofkjlcturf) ft o'fkgcgf å prfknrf å oc sfulf jmcrgf (`u âvfktufllfofkt å jfllf nf oc outufllf) lc nbhhârfkjf qub fk râsultf. (Kf pcs mâsbtfr å nfocknfr å v`trf outufllf nf k`us j`ktcjtfr chbk quf k`us nâhfknb`ks v`trf n`ssbfr.) Lf ríglfofkt s'fhhfjtuf pcr vfrsfofkts âjmfl`kkâs å jmcjukf nfs sâckjfs (s`bt …fur`s pcr sâckjf). Lfs hfubllfs nf s`bks sbgkâfs p`rtckt lf o`ktckt nfs m`k`rcbrfs cut`rbsckt uk rfoa`ursfofkt s`kt rfobsfs fk hbk nf trcbtfofkt. J`kh`roâofkt å l'crtbjlf >.1.3.> nu J`nf nf lc Zâjurbtâ s`jbclf k`us kf s`oofs plus fk ofsurf nf rfp`rtfr lf o`ktckt nfs cjtfs m`rs-k`ofkjlcturf (MK) sur lfs hfubllfs nf s`bks ocbs, sb v`us v`us lf nâsbrfz, k`us v`us h`urkbr`ks ukf hcjturf p`ur lfs cjtfs m`rs-k`ofkjlcturf.
Nr
…
O`ksbfur
…
Lf N`jtfur s'fkgcgf å pr`nbgufr å Ocncof, O`ksbfur, lfs ofbllfurs s`bks sfl`k lfs tfjmkbqufs lfs plus râjfktfs. ^`utfh`bs, lf trcbtfofkt p`urrc étrf bktfrr`opu fk jcs nf k`k-rfspfjt nfs rfj`oocknctb`ks nf ar`sscgf nfktcbrf ft/`u nf rfknfz-v`us k`k nâj`oocknâ(s) >= mfurfs å l'cvckjf. Lf pctbfkt p`urrc bktfrr`oprf lf trcbtfofkt å k'bop`rtf qufl o`ofkt scks iustbhbjctb`ks ft scks quf lf s`lnf s`bt nô. …
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
337
Ckkfxfs
Ckkfxf 35 BKH@QOC^B@KZ ZVQ LF ^QCB^FOFK^ UCQ@N@K^CL UCQ@N@K^CL Bl fxbstf tr`bs stcnfs ncks uk trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl fssfktbfl å ukf guârbs`k. Urfobfr stcnf L‒crrét nf l‒âv`lutb`k nu nâjmcussfofkt fst cssurâ pcr lf j`ktrþlf nf l‒bkhfjtb`k. L‒crrét nf l‒bkhfjtb`k. Bl fst râclbsâ å l‒cbnf nfs s`bks l`jcux l`jcux (ar`sscgf nfux h`bs pcr i`ur), cvfj `u scks lfs cktbab`tbqufs qub v`us `kt âtâ prfsjrbts. Nfuxbíof stcnf L‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf sf hcbt pcr lc tfjmkbquf nf lc « lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf ´ ft L‒âlbobkctb`k pfroft nf j`ks`lbnfr lf pcr`n`ktf. pcr`n`ktf. Jf k‒fst pcs lf nâtcrtrcgf j`kvfktb`kkfl. Jfttf tfjmkbquf c p`ur aut n‒âlbobkfr obkutbfusfofkt lf tcrtrf s`us lc gfkjbvf scks caëofr lc rcjbkf rcjbkf ft scks hcbrf n‒bkjbsb`k.. Vkf luobírf « hr`bnf ´ pubsscktf pfroft nf v`br lf tcrtrf sbtuâ s`us lc n‒bkjbsb`k gfkjbvf ft nf l‒âlbobkfr cvfj uk bkstruofkt bkhrcs`kbquf. Bl hcut fk gâkârcl quctrf å sbx sâckjfs nf :5 å >6 obkutfs jmcjukf - k`k n`ul`urfusfs n`ul`urfusfs - cvfj quflqufh`bs, sb kâjfsscbrf, ukf bktfrvfktb`k aâkbgkf p`ur jfrtcbkfs nfkts. nfkts. ^r`bsbíof stcnf Vkf sâckjf nf hbk nf trcbtfofkt sfrc râclbsâf chbk nf vclbnfr lfs râsultcts. Bl v`us sfrc bknbquâ jf qu‒bl hcut hcbrf p`ur ocbktfkbr lfs râsultcts ft âvbtfr lfs râjbnbvfs. râjbnbvfs. Nurâf nu trcbtfofkt trcbtfofkt Ncks lc plupcrt nfs jcs, lf trcbtfofkt nurf fkvbr`k 31 o`bs. @asfrvckjf tmârcpfutbqu tmârcpfutbquff Lf rfspfjt nfs prfsjrbptb`ks fst cas`luofkt fssfktbfl cu sujjís å l`kg tfrof tfrof nu trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl. M`k`rcbrfs M`k`rcbrfs Lf o`ktckt t`tcl nfs m`k`rcbrfs fst nbvbsâ pcr lf k`oarf nf sâckjfs prâvufs. Lfs ríglfofkts s`kt âjmfl`kkâs sur t`utf lc nurâf nu trcbtfofkt. Lfs m`k`rcbrfs j`oprfkkfkt jfux vfrsâs å lc prfobírf j`ksultctb`k. X`s hfubllfs nf s`bks p`rtckt l‒bktâgrclbtâ nfs m`k`rcbrfs vfrsâs v`us sfr`kt rfobsfs fk hbk nf trcbtfofkt. U`kjtuclbtâ U`kjtuclbtâ Lf N`jtfur Jmcr`k fst trís p`kjtufl. X`us k‒cttfknrfz pcs. pcs . X`us p`uvfz n`kj `rgckbsfr v`trf i`urkâf. K`trf sfjrâtcrbct v`us j`khbrofrc jmcquf rfknfz-v`us, rfknfz-v`us , pcr tâlâpm`kf, ukf sfocbkf cvckt jflub-jb. Ofrjb nf k`us hcbrf scv`br sb v`us s`umcbtfz étrf j`ktcjtâ(f) pcr uk cutrf o`yfk (j`urrbfr, j`urrbfl, tâlâj`pbf). lc prbsf fk jmcrgf pcr lfs cssurckjfs s`jbclfs fst obkbof. Lfs outufllfs prfkkfkt quflqufh`bs fk jmcrgf ukf pcrtbf nfs m`k`rcbrfs. Bl fst p`ssbalf nf nfocknfr ukf cbnf fxjfptb`kkfllf. Lf N`jtfur Jmcr`k ft lf sfjrâtcrbct s`kt s`kt lå p`ur v`us cbnfr ncks v`s nâocrjmfs. nâocrjmfs. Lf o`ktckt nfs m`k`rcbrfs fst bkhârbfur å jflub nf lc râclbsctb`k n‒ukf pr`tmísf. Lf rfoplcjfofkt n‒ukf sfulf nfkt j`ôtf å pfu prís lf oéof prbx qu‒uk trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl, ocbs lf nâjmcussfofkt k‒fst t`ui`urs pcs trcbtâ. K`tc afkf 9
33=
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Ckkfxfs
Ckkfxf 33
F]FOULCBQF KF UCZ FOU@Q^FQ
J`oprfknrf lc Ucr`n`ktbf
Vk gubnf prctbquf qub râp`kn cux qufstb`ks quf v`us v`us p`sfz cu suift nu nâjmcussfofkt
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
332
Ckkfxfs
Ocnfo`bsfllf, lf, Ocncof, Ocnfo`bsfl O`ksbfur, X`us v`us bktfrr`gfz sur lf « nâjmcussfofkt ´ nfs nfkts 0 Jf gubnf v`us fst nfstbkâ. Bl tfktf nf râp`knrf cux qufstb`ks lfs plus hrâqufktfs quf v`us v`us p`sfz å pr`p`s nfs oclcnbfs nu pcr`n`ktf cffik quf v`us pubssbfz obfux j`oprfknrf lf trcbtfofkt quf lf nfktbstf s`umcbtf râclbsfr cffik nf gcrnfr v`s nfkts kcturfllfs. Bl kf rfoplcjf pcs âvbnfoofkt lf « j`ll`quf sbkgulbfr ´ nf lc j`ksultctb`k, ocbs bl pfroft nf lf rfknrf plus fjcjf. Bl kf v`us bktfrnbt abfk sôr pcs nf p`sfr cux prctbjbfks t`utfs lfs qufstb`ks qub p`urrcbfkt suasbstfr.
Fk fspârckt v`us cv`br cbnâ. X`trf jmbrurgbfk nfktbstf.
315
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Ckkfxfs
LF GVBNF UQC^BSVF NF LC UCQ@N@K^BF
Su‒ fst-jf quf0 fst-jf lf pcr`n`ktf
Su‒fst-jf gbkgbvbtf 0 qu‒ukf
Lf pcr`n`ktf fst l‒`rgckf qub sfrt å ocbktfkbr lfs nfkts hfrofofkt cttcjmâfs cux oájm`brfs. J‒fst uk fksfoalf qub j`oprfkn 9 - Lc gfkjbvf (lf sful tbssu vbsbalf å l‒Śbl ku) - L‒`s L‒`s qub fkt`urf lc l c rcjbkf nfs nfkts (vbsbalf sur lfs rcnb`grcpmbfs) - Lf lbgcofkt (ukf crtbjulctb`k cr tbjulctb`k fktrf lc nfkt ft l‒`s) - Lf jâofkt (ukf ffikf j`ujmf å lc surhcjf sur hcjf nf lc rcjbkf qub pfroft l‒bksfrtb`k nfs ffiarfs nu lbgcofkt)
Su‒fst-jf Su‒ fst-jf qu‒ qu‒uk(f uk(f)) pcr`n`ktbstf pcr`n`ktbst f0 Vk(f) pcr`n`ktbstf fst uk(f) nfktbstf `u uk oânfjbk spâjbclbsâ(f)) ncks lf nbcgk`stbj, lf trcbtfofkt ft spâjbclbsâ(f lc prâvfktb`k nfs oclcnbfs nu pcr`n`ktf. Lc h`roctb`k fk pcr`n`ktbf kâjfssbtf, cprís lfs âtunfs ukbvfrsbtcbrfs, nf subvrf, fk Hrckjf ft/ `u å l‒âtrckgfr, nfs âtunfs pcrtbjulbírfs « p`stukbvfrsbtcbrfs ´ qub nurfkt plusbfurs ckkâfs.
:
Bl s‒cgbt n‒ukf ackclf bkficooctb`k nf lc gfkjbvf k`k n`ul`urfusf scks cttfbktf nfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux pr`h`kns. Å l‒fxjfptb`k n‒uk scbgkfofkt cu ar`sscgf, lfs gbkgbvbtfs prâsfktfkt pfu nf syoptþofs. Bl fxbstf nfs gbkgbvbtfs stcalfs ncks lf tfops qub kf ofttfkt pcs lc nfkturf fk nckgfr. Vkf mygbíkf nfktcbrf cncptâf suhffit s`uvfkt å supprbofr lf scbgkfofkt nfs gfkjbvfs. Jfrtcbkfs gbkgbvbtfs s`kt å rbsquf nf sf trcksh`rofr fk pcr`n`ktbtf (« nâjmcussfofkt ´) cvfj nfstrujtb`k nfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux pr`h`kns (`s, lbgcofkt, jâofkt). Lf pcr`n`ktbstf nbsp`sf nfs o`yfks nf hcbrf lc nbhhârfkjf fktrf jfs nfux h`rofs nf gbkgbvbtfs ft nf prfknrf lfs nbsp`sbtb`ks qub s‒bop`sfkt fk jcs nf gbkgbvbtf å rbsquf cffik qu‒fllf kf sf trcksh`rof pcs fk « nâjmcussfofkt ´. Bl fxbstf ukf h`rof rflctbvfofkt rcrf nf gbkgbvbtf cppflâf « gbkgbvbtf uljâr`-kâjr`tbquf ´. J‒fst ukf h`rof sâvírf nf gbkgbvbtf qub s‒cjj`opcgkf nf scbgkfofkts trís bop`rtckts nfs gfkjbvfs, nf n`ulfurs vbvfs qub gékfkt lf s`oofbl, lc ocstbjctb`k ft lf ar`sscgf nfs nfkts. Fllfs s‒cjj`opcgkfkt nf hctbguf, quflqufh`bs nf ffiívrf ft nf gckglb`ks (jf qub pfut quflqufh`bs lc j`kh`knrf cvfj ukf ckgbkf). Bl s‒cgbt n‒ukf bkhfjtb`k sâvírf qub survbfkt arutclfofkt s`uvfkt cu j`urs nf pârb`nfs nf strfss ft k`tcoofkt jmfz lfs huofurs. h uofurs. Lc gbkgbvbtf uljâr`-kâjr`tbquf kâjfssbtf lc obsf fk plcjf rcpbnf n‒uk trcbtfofkt cktb-bkhfjtbfux l`jcl ft gâkârcl qub pfroft nf râs`unrf lf pr`alíof fk quflqufs i`urs. Mfurfusfofkt, lc gbkgbvbtf uljâr`kâjr`tbquf râp`kn trís abfk cu trcbtfofkt (s`bks l`jcux cvfj prfsjrbptb`k n‒uk cktbab`tbquf cncptâ).
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
313
Ckkfxfs
>
LF GVBNF UQC^BSVF NF LC UCQ@N@K^BF
Su‒fst-jf qu‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf 0
Sufls s`kt hcjtfurs nf lfs rbsquf nf s`uſtrbr nf pcr`n`ktbtf 0
J`ooukâofkt cppflâfs « nâjmcussfofkt ´, ´, lfs pcr`n`ktbtfs s`kt nfs bkhfjtb`ks jmr`kbqufs (j‒fst-å-nbrf (j‒fst -å-nbrf âtclâfs ncks lf tfops). Fllfs sf trcnubsfkt pcr lc nfstrujtb`k nu pcr`n`ktf plus `u o`bks sâvírf, plus `u o`bks rcpbnf ft plus `u o`bks gâkârclbsâf. Fllfs s‒cjj`opcgkfkt nf l‒uk `u plusbfurs nfs syoptþofs subvckts 9 • Vk scbgkfofkt cu ar`sscgf • Vkf râtrcjtb`k nfs gfkjbvfs • Nfs sfksbablbtâs cu hr`bn fk l‒casfkjf nf jcrbfs nfktcbrfs, • Nfs a`urrcgfs clbofktcbrfs fktrf lfs nfkts • Nfs o`ablbtâs ft n‒âjcrtfofkt nfs nfkts • Nf suppurctb`ks Bl fxbstf plusbfurs h`rofs nf pcr`n`ktbtfs. Lfs plus hrâqufktfs s`kt lfs pcr`n`ktbtfs « jmr`kbqufs nf l‒cnultf ´ (=5%) n‒âv`lutb`k lfktf. Lfs plus rcrfs s`kt lfs pcr`n`ktbtfs n‒âv`lutb`k rcpbnf (l`jclbsâf `u gâkârclbsâf).. ^`utfs lfs pcr`n`ktbtfs râp`knfkt trís gâkârclbsâf) abfk cu trcbtfofkt cppr`prbâ (nbhhârfkt sfl`k lf typf nf pcr`n`ktbtf) s‒bl fst rcpbnfofkt bkstcurâ hcutf nf qu`b ukf `u plusbfurs nfkts pfuvfkt étrf, å tfrof, pfrnufs.
Bl fxbstf plusbfurs hcjtfurs nf rbsquf nf s`uhhrbr n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf n`kt lfs prbkjbpcux s`kt lfs subvckts 9 - Urâsfkjf n‒cktâjânfkts hcoblbcux nf pcr`n`ktbtfs - Urâsfkjf nf strfss psyjm`l`gbquf cvfj `u scks nâprfssb`k kfrvfusf - ^cacgbf cjtbvf - Qflctbvf râsbstckjf å lc jcrbf nfktcbrf - Zusjfptbablbtâ cux bkhfjtb`ks bkhfjt b`ks (nbcaítf pcr fxfoplf) - Mbst`rbquf nf gbkgbvbtf uljâr`-kâjr`tbquf J‒fst grájf å lc nâtfjtb`k nf jfs hcjtfurs hcj tfurs nf rbsquf qu‒bl fst p`ssbalf nf ofttrf fk plcjf uk pr`grcoof nf prâvfktb`k cncptâf cffik nf nbobkufr lf rbsquf nf s`uhhrbr s`uhhr br n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf.
Su‒fst jf qu‒uk ablck pcr`n`ktcl pcr`n`ktcl 0 Cvckt nf j`oofkjfr uk trcbtfofkt tr cbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl, lf pcr`n`ktbstf fhhfjtuf uk ablck nf lc scktâ gâkârclf, nfktcbrf ft pcr`n`ktclf. Cprís uk fktrftbfk nfstbkâ å rfjufbllbr ft bktfrprâtfr lfs syoptþofs, lf pcr`n`ktbstf râclbsf uk fxcofk jlbkbquf j`oplft subvb n‒fxcofks n‒fxcof ks j`oplâofktcbrfs (rcnb`grcpmbfs, fxcofks objr`ab`l`gbqufs,, fxcofks ab`l`gbqufs). Å jf stcnf objr`ab`l`gbqufs nf lc j`ksultctb`k, lf pcr`n`ktbstf fst jcpcalf nf p`sfr uk nbcgk`stbj prâjbs ft nf prfsjrbrf lf prfobfr trcbtfofkt p`ur j`ktrþlfr l‒bkhfjtb`k ft crrétfr cbksb lc pr`grfssb`k nf lc pcr`n`ktbtf. Bl sfrc sfr c âgclfofkt jcpcalf nf nâtfrobkfr lc kcturf ft lc nurâf nu trcbtfofkt j`oplft cbksb quf lf o`ktckt nfs m`k`rcbrfs. Jfttf j`ksultctb`k kâjfssbtf ukf mfurf cu obkbouo.
311
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Ckkfxfs
LF GVBNF UQC^BSVF NF LC UCQ@N@K^BF
6
Vkf h`bs l‒bkhfjtb`k st`ppâf pcr lfs s`bks l`jcux, bl fst n`kj fssfktbfl qu‒uk pcr`n`ktbstf âlbobkf lc t`tclbtâ nu tcrtrf p`ur pfrofttrf pfroft trf lc jbjctrbsctb`k nu pcr`n`ktf.
Su‒ fst-jf nfktcbrf fst-jf quf f lc plcquf nfktcbr ft lf tcrtrf 0 Lc “Ulcquf nfktcbrf‟ fst uk nâpþt o`u objr`abfk alckjmátrf k`k vbsbalf å l‒Śbl ku qub sf nâp`sf râgulbírfofkt sur lfs nfkts ft lfs pr`tmísfs jmfz jmcjuk n‒fktrf k`us. Lf tcrtrf fst ukf jcljbffijctb`k nf lc plcquf nfktcbrf. Fk n‒cutrfs tfrofs, bl hcut h cut n‒ca`rn quf lc plcquf nfktcbrf s`bt rfstâf suhffiscoofkt l`kgtfops (quflqufs i`urs) sur lc surhcjf nfs nfkts p`ur qu‒fllf pubssf fksubtf nurjbr ft h`rofr lf tcrtrf. • Sufllf fst lc j`ulfur nu tcrtrf 0 Lf tcrtrf fst n‒ca`rn alckj jrcyfux jrcyfux pubs sf j`l`rf fk ocrr`k plus `u o`bks h`kjâ å pcrtbr nfs j`op`sckts nf l‒clbofktctb`k, l‒clbofktctb`k, nfs a`bss`ks `u nu tcacj. Bl kf hcut pcs j`kh`knrf lf tcr trf cvfj lfs j`l`rctb`ks nfs nfkts nufs cux oânbjcofkts prfsjrbts pcr lf pcr`n`ktbstf. Jfs j`l`rctb`ks s`kt trís hcjblfofkt âlbobkâfs pcr lf p`lbsscgf nfs nfkts ft kf prâsfktfkt cujuk jcrcjtírf nf grcvbtâ. Fllfs s`kt lf râsultct nf l‒cjtb`k nfs cktbsfptbqufs sur lfs acjtârbfs qub j`op`sfkt lc plcquf nfktcbrf. • Fst-jf quf t`ut lf o`knf h`rof nu tcrtrf 0 Jfrtcbkfs pfrs`kkfs “hcarbqufkt‟ nf lc plcquf ft n`kj nu tcrtrf fk plus grcknf qucktbtâ ft plus vbtf quf n‒cutrfs.. Jflc nâpfkn nf lc j`op`sbtb`k acjtârbfkkf n‒cutrfs nf lc plcquf nfktcbrf ft nf lc kcturf nf lc sclbvf. • Fst-jf quf lf tcrtrf rfvbfkt cprís âlbobkctb`k 0 @k j`oprfkn qu‒ukf h`bs lf tcrtrf âlbobkâ pcr lf pcr`n`ktbstf, bl kf sf rfh`rofrc plus sb lc plcquf nfktcbrf fst “acttuf nf vbtfssf‟ râgulbírfofkt ft rbg`urfusfofkt grájf cux s`bks l`jcux prfsjrbts pcr lf pcr`n`ktbstf. • U`urqu`b hcut-bl âlbobkfr lf tcrtrf 0 Å pcrt lf hcbt quf lf tcrtrf t crtrf k‒fst pcs fstmâtbquf, fstmâtbquf, jflub qub sf nâp`sf sur lfs nfkts (surt`ut s`us lc gfkjbvf) jrâf uk fkvbr`kkfofkt hcv`rcalf å l‒bkhfjtb`k.
• U`urqu`b lfs nfkts s`kt-fllfs o`ablfs 0 L`rsquf lf pcr`n`ktf fst rânubt cu j`urs n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf fk pârb`nf cjtbvf k`k trcbtâf, lfs nfkts pfuvfkt nfvfkbr plus `u o`bks o`ablfs. Jfttf o`ablbtâ fst nuf å ukf rânujtb`k nu supp`rt pcr`n`ktcl ft å l‒bkficooctb`kk nfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux. Fllfs n`kkfkt l‒bkficooctb` fk gâkârcl lc sfksctb`k nf nfkts sur rfss`rt l`rs nf lc ocstbjctb`k. L`rsquf l‒bkhfjtb`k fst j`ktrþlâf pcr l‒cjtb`k j`ki`bktf nu pcr`n`ktbstf ft nu pctbfkt, lfs o`ablbtâs jfssfkt `u nbobkufkt h`rtfofkt. h`r tfofkt.
• U`urqu`b lfs nfkts s‒âjcrtfkt-fllfs 0 Lfs rcbs`ks p`ur lfsqufllfs lfs nfkts s‒âjcrtfkt s`kt lfs oéofs quf jfllfs qub fxplbqufkt lc o`ablbtâ nfs nfkts. Z`uvfkt, cprís trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl, lfs nfkts pfuvfkt, fk quflqufs o`bs `u ckkâfs, rftr`uvfr « sp`ktckâofkt ´ lfur plcjf n‒`rbgbkf. Jfpfknckt, ncks jfrtcbks jcs, bl fst kâjfsscbrf nf rfj`urbr å l‒`rtm`n`ktbf p`ur râclbgkfr lfs nfkts. Jf râclbgkfofkt kf pfut sf hcbrf cvfj sujjís qu‒cprís qu‒cprís uk trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl j`oplft. • U`urqu`b lfs gfkjbvfs scbgkfkt-fllfs 0 L`rsquf lf pcr`n`ktf fst bkhfjtâ, lc gfkjbvf fst « uljârâf ´ jf qub fktrcëkf uk scbgkfofkt cu ar`sscgf plus `u o`bks sâvírf ft plus `u o`bks hrâqufkt. J‒fst l‒uk nfs syoptþofs qub nbspcrcët lf plus rcpbnfofkt ft nâffikbtbvfofkt nís lfs prfobírfs sfocbkfs nu trcbtfofkt. Bl hcut k`tfr jfpfknckt quf jmfz lfs huofurs, jf scbgkfofkt fst ocsquâ. • Sufllfs s`kt lfs `rbgbkfs nf lc ocuvcbsf mclfbkf 0 Lfs acjtârbfs rfsp`kscalfs nfs bkhfjtb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs nâgrcnfkt lfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux ft pr`nubsfkt nfs j`op`sâs sulhurâs qub pr`v`qufkt lc ocuvcbsf mclfbkf (« mclbt`sf pcr`n`ktclf ´). Jfttf mclbt`sf nbspcrcët rcpbnfofkt ft nurcalfofkt fk quflqufs i`urs l`rsquf lfs prfsjrbptb`ks nu pcr`n`ktbstf s`kt subvbfs cvfj rbgufur. Lc ocuvcbsf mclfbkf pfut âgclfofkt pr`vfkbr n‒bkhfjtb`ks nfktcbrfs (jcrbfs) `u cu j`urs n‒bkhfjtb`ks nbgfstbvfs `u pulo`kcbrfs. Lf pcr`n`ktbstf s‒cssurf fk prfobfr lbfu quf jf k‒fst pcs lf jcs.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
31:
Ckkfxfs
8
LF GVBNF UQC^BSVF NF LC UCQ@N@K^BF
• Fst-jf qu‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf fst t`ui`urs n`ul`urfusf 0 Zb lc jcrbf nfktcbrf fst s`uvfkt n`ul`urfusf, lc n`ulfur k‒fst prâsfktf quf rcrfofkt cu j`urs nf l‒âv`lutb`k n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf. Jfjb fxplbquf quf s`k nbcgk`stbj pfut étrf tcrnbh. Suckn fllf survbfkt, j‒fst s`uvfkt cu j`urs nfs pârb`nfs cjtbvfs n‒fxcjfractb`k. n‒fxcjfractb`k. Lf j`ktrþlf nf l‒bkhfjtb`k pfroft trís s`uvfkt nf nbobkufr lfs n`ulfurs `u nf lfs hcbrf nbspcrcëtrf. • U`urqu`b lfs gfkjbvfs sf râtrcjtfkt 0 L`rsquf lfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux pr`h`kns (k`tcoofkt l‒`s pcr`n`ktcl) `kt âtâ rânubts å lc subtf n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf, lc gfkjbvf sf râtrcjtf iusqu‒å jf qu‒fllf rfkj`ktrf l‒`s s`us-icjfkt. Jfjb c p`ur fhhft fh hft n‒fxp`sfr lc rcjbkf cvfj nfs sfksbablbtâs cu hr`bn ft cu jmcun. L`rsquf lc pfrtf n‒`s (âgclfofkt cppflâf « pfrtf n‒cttcjmf ´) fst sâvírf, bl k‒fst plus p`ssbalf nf hcbrf « rfo`ktfr ´ lc gfkjbvf å sc p`sbtb`k n‒`rbgbkf. Ncks jfrtcbkfs sbtuctb`ks, `k pfut `asfrvfr nfs râtrcjtb`ks nfs gfkjbvfs scks p`ur cutckt quf lfs nfkts s`bfkt fk nckgfr. Jfs râtrcjtb`ks s`kt nufs å ukf p`sbtb`k bkmcabtufllf nf l‒cxf nfs nfkts. Vkf survfbllckjf ft uk ar`sscgf nfs nfkts cppr`prbâ s`kt s`uvfkt suhffisckts. Ncks jfrtcbks jcs, bl fst p`ssbalf nf râclbsfr nbhhârfkts typfs nf jmbrurgbfs nbtfs « ouj`gbkgbvclfs ´ nfstbkâfs å j`uvrbr lc rcjbkf fxp`sâf. • U`urqu`b lfs clbofkts sf tcssfkt fktrf fkt rf lfs nfkts 0 J‒fst surt`ut fktrf lfs nfkts quf sf sbtuf lf nâjmcussfofkt. Lfs fspcjfs fktrf lfs nfkts sf tr`uvfkt cl`rs âlcrgbs pfrofttckt cbksb cux clbofkts n‒étrf rftfkus. J‒fst J‒fst lc rcbs`k p`ur lcqufllf lf pcsscgf nf ar`ssfttfs bktfrnfktcbrfs cncptâfs fst kâjfsscbrf ft bknbspfkscalf. Fllfs s`kt boprâgkâfs nfs cktbsfptbqufs prfsjrbts pcr lf pcr`n`ktbstf (lf jurfnfkt fst bktfrnbt jcr nckgfrfux p`ur lf pcr`n`ktf) pcr`n`ktf)..
31>
• Su‒fst-jf qu‒uk cajís pcr`n`ktcl 0 L`rsquf lf pcr`n`ktf fst bkhfjtâ, bl crrbvf qu‒bl y cbt nfs suppurctb`ks. Lc plupcrt nu tfops, fllfs pfuvfkt s‒âj`ulfr pcr lc « p`jmf ´ pcr`n`ktclf (fspcjf jrââ fktrf lc gfkjbvf ft lc nfkt l`rsquf lf pcr`n`ktf fst nâtrubt) ft pcr j`ksâqufkt kf s`kt pcs n`ul`urfusfs. Zb fk rfvckjmf, lf pus kf pfut pcs s‒âvcjufr, bl cppcrcët cl`rs nfs pmâk`oíkfs n`ul`urfux qub kf jfssfr`kt qu‒cprís qu‒c prís j`ktrþlf nf l‒bkhfjtb`k pcr lfs s`bks l`jcux (cvfj `u scks prfsjrbptb`k n‒uk cktbab`tbquf cncptâ). Suflqufh`bs, bl fxbstf ukf « ffistulf ´ (pftbt p`bkt alckj sur lc gfkjbvf) qub fst uk `rbffijf pcr lfqufl lf pus pfut s‒âvcjufr.
J`oofkt trcbtf trcbt f t-`k ukf pcr`n`ktbtf 0 Bl fxbstf : stcnfs nu trcbtfofkt nfs pcr`n`ktbtfs qub s`kt fssfktbfls å s`k sujjís 9 UQFOBFQ Z^CNF L‒crrét nf l‒âv`lutb`k nu nâjmcussfofkt fst cssurâ pcr lf j`ktrþlf nf l‒bkhfjtb`k. Fk jcs nf pcr`n`ktbtf, lf pcr`n`ktbstf prfsjrbt n‒foalâf nfs s`bks nf nâsbkhfjtb`k l`jclf å l‒cbnf nf ar`ssfs å nfkts ft nf ar`ssfttfs ar`ssft tfs bktfrnfktcbrfs css`jbâfs å nfs cktbsfptbqufs. Bls suhffisfkt s`uvfkt å hcbrf nbspcrcëtrf fk quflqufs sfocbkfs ukf grcknf pcrtbf nfs syoptþofs. N‒cutrf pcrt, lfs s`bks l`jcux pfrofttfkt l‒âlbobkctb`k l‒âlbobkctb`k nu tcrtrf tcr trf ncks lfs ofbllfurfs j`knbtb`ks nf sâjurbtâ. Ucr s`ujb n‒fhffijcjbtâ, lf pcr`n`ktbstf fst fxbgfckt sur l‒`asfrvckjf (rfspfjt nfs prfsjrbptb`ks). Bl sfrc t`ui`urs å v`trf nbsp`sbtb`k p`ur v`us cpp`rtfr l‒cbnf kâjfsscbrf fk jcs nf nbhffijultâs.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Ckkfxfs
LF GVBNF UQC^BSVF NF LC UCQ@N@K^BF
NFV]BÍOF Z^CNF L‒âl ‒âlbobkctb`k bobkctb`k nu tcrtrf tcrt rf sf hcbt pcr lc tfjmkbquf nf lc « lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf ´ ft pfroft nf j`ks`lbnfr lf pcr`n`ktf. Zb lf nâtcrtrcgf fst uk cjtf hrâqufkt h râqufkt fk nfktbstfrbf qu`tbnbfkkf (s`uvfkt p`ur nfs rcbs`ks r cbs`ks fstmâtbqufs), l‒âlbobkctb`k l‒âl bobkctb`k nu tcrtrf cu j`urs nu trcbtfofkt t rcbtfofkt n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf sf hcbt å l‒cbnf nf tfjmkbqufs nbhhârfktfs. Lc lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf sf râclbsf å l‒cbnf n‒ukf bkstruofktctb`k spâjbclf ft s`us objr`sj`pf `pârct`brf. Lc lbtm`trbtbf pcr`n`ktclf kâjfssbtf nu tfops (fk gâkârcl > å 6 sâckjfs nf :5 å >6 obkutfs jmcjukf fspcjâf n‒uk o`bs fkvbr`k). Jfttf tfjmkbquf kf kâjfssbtf pcs n‒ckfstmâsbf l`jclf jcr fllf k‒fst pcs n`ul`urfusf. ^Q@BZBÍOF Z^CNF Vkf sâckjf nf ffik nf trcbtfofkt sfrc râclbsâf p`ur vclbnfr lfs râsultcts ft bknbqufr jf qu‒bl hcut hcbrf p`ur ocbktfkbr lfs râsultcts ft âvbtfr lfs râjbnbvfs.
Ufut-`k guârbr n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf 0 Z‒bl fst p`ssbalf nf guârbr ukf gbkgbvbtf, jf tfrof kf pfut pcs s‒c s‒cpplbqufr pplbqufr cux pcr`n`ktbtfs. Jfpfknckt, bl fst p`ssbalf n‒crrétfr lc pr`grfssb`k n‒ukf pcr`n`ktbtf ft nf j`ks`lbnfr lfs tbssus pcr`n`ktcux cffik nf gcrnfr lfs nfkts kcturfllfs. Kâcko`bks, cprís trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl, bl fst cas`luofkt kâjfsscbrf nf subvrf uk pr`grcoof nf ocbktfkckj ocbktfkckjff râgulbírf cffik n‒âvbtfr lfs râjbnbvfs.
7
Su‒fst-jf lc jmbrurgbf jmbrurgbfquf pcr`n`ktclf 0 Ncks jfrtcbkfs jbrj`kstckjfs, bl fst kâjfsscbrf nf s`ulfvfr lc gfkjbvf p`ur cjjânfr å lc rcjbkf nfs nfkts ft âlbobkfr lf tcr trf qub s‒y tr`uvf. Bl s‒cgbt n‒ukf bktfrvfktb`k aâkbgkf râclbsâf s`us ckfstmâsbf l`jclf ft n`kt lfs subtfs s`kt sboplfs. Grájf cux pr`grís nfs tfjmkbqufs râclbsâs nfpubs lfs 15 nfrkbírfs ckkâfs, lfs bknbjctb`ks nf jmbrurgbf pcr`n`ktclf `kt j`ksbnârcalfofkt nbobkuâ.
J`oabfk J`oabf k j`ôt j`ôtf f uk trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl 0 Iusqu‒å prâsfkt lfs Jcbssfs n‒Cssurckjf Oclcnbf kf prfkkfkt quf trís pcrtbfllfofkt fk jmcrgf lfs m`k`rcbrfs fk rflctb`k cvfj lfs trcbtfofkts pcr`n`ktcux jcr bls s`kt nbts « M`rs K`ofkjlcturf ´. ´. Zfulfs jfrtcbkfs outufllfs pfuvfkt pcrtbjbpfr cux hrcbs fkgcgâs. Cprís cv`br râclbsfr uk ablck j`oplft nf v`trf âtct pcr`n`ktcl, lf pcr`n`ktbstf pfut v`us h`urkbr uk « J`ktrct nf s`bks ´ (âgclfofkt cppflâf « Fktfktf nbrfjtf ´) qub nâjrbt fk nâtcbl lf nbcgk`stbj, lc lbstf nfs cjtfs å râclbsfr ft lf o`ktckt gl`acl nfs m`k`rcbrfs. Lf sfjrâtcrbct fst lå p`ur v`us cbnfr å âtcalbr uk n`ssbfr p`ur v`trf cssurckjf j`oplâofktcbrf. Oéof s‒bl s‒cgbt t`ui`urs n‒ukf j`ktrcbktf ffikckjírf, jflc j`ôtf o`bks jmfr nf gcrnfr sfs nfkts quf nf lfs pfrnrf.
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
316
Ckkfxfs
=
LF GVBNF UQC^BSVF NF LC UCQ@N@K^BF
Sufllf Sufllfs s s`kt lfs j`ksâqufkjfs p`ssbalfs p`ssb alfs nfs bkhfjtb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs sur lc scktâ gâkârclf 0
Ufut-`k râclbsfr ukf pr`tmísf quckn lfs nfkts `kt âtâ nâjmcussâfss 0 nâjmcussâf
Lfs rfjmfrjmfs râjfktfs `kt o`ktrâ quf lfs bkhfjtb`ks pcr`n`ktclfs sâvírfs pfuvfkt quflqufh`bs oci`rfr lf rbsquf jcrnb`-vcsjulcbrf `u nâsâqublbarfr uk nbcaítf. Ulus rcrfofkt, ukf bkhfjtb`k pcr`n`ktclf pfut étrf uk hcjtfur nf rbsquf nf kcbssckjf prâocturâf. L`rsquf k`trf systíof nf nâhfksf (lf systíof booukbtcbrf) fst nâffijbfkt (j`oof l`rs nfs jmbob`tmârcpbfs cktbjckjârfusfs cktbjckjârfusfs `u cu j`urs nu ZBNC), bl fst jcpbtcl p`ur lc scktâ gâkârclf qu‒bl k‒fxbstf k‒fxbstf pcs n‒bkhfjtb`ks nfktcbrfs ft /`u pcr`n`ktclfs. Ncks jfs jcs pcrtbjulbfrs, lf pcr`n`ktbstf sf oft cl`rs fk rcpp`rt cvfj lfs oânfjbks j`kjfrkâs cffik n‒mcro`kbsfr lfs trcbtfofkts ft hcbrf fk s`rtf quf lc scktâ gâkârclf kf s`bt pcs cltârâf.
L`rsqu‒bl fst kâjfsscbrf nf rfoplcjfr nfs nfkts ockqucktfs pcr ukf pr`tmísf (arbngfs, boplckts), fllf kf pfut sf hcbrf ncks nfs j`knbtb`ks nf sâjurbtâ quf l`rsquf lf pcr`n`ktf c âtâ csscbkb. Zb tfl k‒fst pcs lf jcs, lfs pr`tmísfs rbsqufkt n‒étrf pfrnufs. J‒fst lf rþlf nu spâjbclbstf nf sf ofttrf fk rcpp`rt cvfj lf nfktbstf trcbtckt p`ur lub bknbqufr qufllfs s`kt lfs ofbllfurfs s`lutb`ks pr`tmâtbqufs cncptâfs å v`trf jcs.
Jf qu‒bl hcut rftfkbr Lf « nâjmcussfofkt ´ nfs nfkts k‒fst pcs nô, j`oof bl fst s`uvfkt jru, å l‒ágf ft/`u å uk ockquf n‒mygbíkf nfktcbrf. Bl s‒cgbt fk râclbtâ nf oclcnbfs bkhfjtbfusfs p`ur lfsqufllfs nfs trcbtfofkts fjcjfs fxbstfkt qub pfrofttfkt nf gcrnfr sfs nfkts t`utf ukf vbf. Jfpfknckt, lf spâjbclbstf kf pfut t`ui`urs pcs sf pcssfr nf lc j``pârctb`k j``pârctb `k nu pctbfkt.
jcjmft nf v`trf prctbjbfk
Qftr`uvfz plus n‒bkh`roctb`ks sur k`trf sbtf bktfrkft 9 www.pcr`j`kjfpt.j`o/pctbfkts
318
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Ckkfxfs
Ckkfxf 31 Lbllf, lf… Jmírf Ocncof, Jmfr O`ksbfur K`us tfrobk`ks cui`urn‒mub v`trf trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl quf k`us cvb`ks j`oofkjâ lf (…) Grájf å v`trf j``pârctb`k ft v`trf o`tbvctb`k, v`trf nâjmcussfofkt fst ocbktfkckt stcablbsâ ft v`trf pcr`n`ktf j`ks`lbnâ. Vkf lfttrf nf j`optf rfknu c âtâ fkv`yâf å v`trf jmbrurgbfk-nfktbstf, lf Nr …
Cbksb quf lfs rfjmfrjmfs o`nfrkfs l‒`kt o`ktrâ, lf ocbktbfk nfs râsultcts ft lc prâvfktb`k nfs râjbnbvfs nâpfknfkt lcrgfofkt nf v`trf jcpcjbtâ å p`ursubvrf cvfj rbgufur lfs s`bks l`jcux quf k`us v`us cv`ks prfsjrbts. J`oof t`us lfs `ò trcbtfofkts nfktcbrfs, trcbtfofkt pcr`n`ktcl étrf subvb Cu nf vbsbtfs râgulbírfs k`us vârbhbfr`ks quflfl‒âtct nf v`trf pcr`n`ktfn`bt rfstf stcalf. j`urs nf jfs vbsbtfs, k`us âlbobkfr`ks lc plcquf nfktcbrf, lf tcrtrf ft lfs j`l`rctb`ks qub curcbfkt pu sf nâp`sfr sur v`s nfkts. K`us vârbhbfr`ks âgclfofkt qu‒cujukf jcrbf k‒fxbstf ft quf l‒`s pcr`n`ktcl j`ktbkuf nf sf j`ks`lbnfr. j`ks`lbnfr. Lc kâjfssbtâ ft lc hrâqufkjf nf jfs vbsbtfs nâpfknfkt nf lc kcturf ft nf lc sâvârbtâ nf v`trf nâjmcussfofkt. Lfs m`k`rcbrfs sfr`kt nf (… ( …) fur`s. Lfs Jcbssfs n‒ n‒cssurckjf cssurckjf oclcnbf oclcnbf kf prfkkfkt fk jmcrgf qu‒ukf pcrtbf obkbof nf jfs m`k`rcbrfs (bl sfrc pfut-étrf `pp`rtuk nf vârbhbfr cuprís nf v`trf outufllf sb jfllf-jb pfut v`us cbnfr). X`us étfs âvbnfoofkt lbarf n‒fhhfjtufr `u nf kf pcs fhhfjtufr jfs vbsbtfs nf ocbktfkckjf t`ut fk scjmckt qu‒fllfs s`kt trís s`uvfkt kâjfsscbrfs cu c u ocbktbfk nfs râsultcts å l`kg tfrof. K‒mâsbtfz surt`ut pcs å k`us j`ktcjtfr fk fk jcs nf pr`alíofs `u sb v`us cvbfz nfs qufstb`ks å k`us p`sfr. ^rís sfksbalf å lc j`khbckjf quf v`us cvfz abfk v`ulu k`us cjj`rnfr, if v`us prbf nf jr`brf, Jmírf Ocncof, Jmfr O`ksbfur, fk l‒cssurckjf nf k`s nâv`uâs sfktbofkts. sfktbofkts.
Icjqufs JMCQ@K
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
317
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Bknfx
Ar`ssfttf, 11 Ar`ssfttfs bktfrnfktcbrfs, 13 Aurfcu nu prctbjbfk, 6 AVZ +, 85 Autlfr >76 Ur`tfjt, 11
C Cajís, 6 Cajís, Cjtf ‚ j`urckt, :2 ‚ nf stboulctb`k, >7
^O
‚ oâjckbquf, oâjckbquf, :6 ‚ sckglckt, => Co`xbjbllbkf, :5 Coputctb`k, =8 Ckgbkf nf p`btrbkf, =6 Cktâjânfkts hcoblbcux, 8 Cktbab`tbquf, 6 Cktbj`cgulckt, 7 Cktbsfptbquf, 18 Cpmt`ànf, => Cplcsbf oânullcbrf, => Cppr`jmf gl`aclf, 8: Cspfjt ‚ jlbkbquf, jlbkbquf, 67 ‚ rflctb`kkfl, 1 Cssbstcktf, 13
J Jckcux cjjfss`brfs, =2 Jckjfr, 6 Jâofkt, :2 Jmbob`tmârcpbfs, 7 Jmbrurgbf, :: Jml`rmfxbnbkf, 11 Jlbjmâ pm`t`grcpmbquf, 33 Jlboct nf j`kffickjf râjbpr`quf, 3 Jlbkbqufs
Acjtârb`lytbquf, 18 Acjtârb`stctbquf, 18 Abjcra`kctf nf s`unf, 18 Abjcrf Gbhrfr Ulus , 11 Abk`julcbrf, 67
‚‚ fxcofks, cspfjts, 1 :3 ‚ râsultcts, :5 ‚ sbgkfs, 2 J`l`rctb`k ‚ nfkts, 17 ‚ lckguf, 17 J`optf rfknu nfs `asfrvctb`ks, :3 Jþkf nf guttc, >6 J`ksultctb`k, 3 J`ktrþlf nf plcquf ‚ å l‒cbnf n‒cktbsfptbqufs, 11
Ab`l`gbquf, Ar`ssf Bkcvc31 36/355 jmbrurgbjclf, 11 Ar`ssfs å nfkts, 8
strbjtfofkt oâjckbquf, 11 ‚‚ suprc-gbkgbvclf, 8 Jrb nfktbkcbrf, 75
A
^O
^O
312 © Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Bknfx
Jrbtírfs ‚ ab`l`gbqufs, 356 ‚ nf ffik nu trcbtfofkt cjtbh, 26 ‚ objr`ab`l`gbqufs, 351 ‚ rcnb`l`gbqufs, 351 Jurftcgf, >6 Jurfttf, 66
Fstmâtbquf, 6, >5 Âtcalbssfofkt nu nbcgk`stbj âtb`l`gbquf, 3 Fxcofk ‚ aujj`-nfktcbrf, 2 ‚ jlbkbquf, 3 ‚ j`oplâofktcbrf, 3
H N Nâhcut bktrc-`ssfux, 78 Nâobkârclbsctb`k, >6 Nâo`kstrctb`k fk a`ujmf, 13 Nfkt plurbrcnbjulâf, =8 Nfktbhrbjf, 18 Nfktbstfrbf, 71 Nâsbkhfjtb`k nfs ouqufusfs, 11 Nâtcrtrcgf, = ‚ pcr`n`ktcl, :2 ‚ pr`h`kn, :2 Nâtcrtrcgf-surhcçcgf j`kvfktb`kkfl, >= Nâtcrtrfur ‚ s`kbquf, 6> ‚ ultrcs`kbquf, 6: Nbcaítf, 7 Nbcgk`stbj, 1 N`juofkts rfobs cu pctbfkt, :5
F Fcu `xygâkâf, 16 Âlâofkts oânbjcux, 7 Foprfbktf, 71 Fkn`t`xbkf acjtârbfkkf, 75 Fktfktf nbrfjtf, :3 Fktrftbfk, 3-1 Fpbtmâlbuo, >: Fpbtmísf, gbkgbvclf, 353 Fspcjf ‚ aujjcl, 2 ‚ nfkt`-gbkgbvcl, 71 ‚ bktfrnfktcbrf, 1: ‚ bktfrpr`xbocl, 1> ‚ bktfrrcnbjulcbrf, 3=
Hélurf, =7 Hbarf `ptbquf, 68 Hbls nf râtrcjtb`k râtrcjtb`k,, 71 Hl`rf acjtârbfkkf, >= Hrcjturf, =7 Hurjctb`k, =8
G Gbkgbvbtf, :5 Gr`ssfssf, 7
M Mcabtunf n‒mygbíkf aujj`-nfktcbrf, 8 Mclbt`sf, 33 M`k`rcbrfs ‚ o`ktckt, 1 ‚ vfrsfofkt, = M`spbtclbsctb`k, 7 Mygbíkf, 13 Mygbâkbstf, 13
B Boouk`nâprfssfur, 7 Bkffiltrct lfuj`jytcbrf, 6: Bkh`roctb`ks, 3 ‚ nâlbvrckj nâlbvrckjf, f, 3 ‚ nbvfrsfs, = Bkstruofkt ‚ å ocbk, 68 ‚ s`kbquf, 6> ‚ ultrcs`kbquf, 6: Brrbgctb`k, 86
3:5 © Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Bknfx
I
K
I`uf, 17
Kcturf nu trcbtfofkt, 1 K`ofkjlcturf, :2 K`uvfllf cttcjmf, 82
L Lckguf, 17 Lâsb`k ‚ cpbjclf, 3= ‚ fkn`n`ktbquf, >= ‚ fkn`-pcr`n`ktclf, :5 ‚ bktfrpr`xboclf, 85 ‚ bktfrrcnbjulcbrf, =8 ‚ ouqufusf, 2 ‚ `ssfusf, 78 ‚ pcr`n`ktclf, 3 Lfttrf ‚ n‒cjjufbl, n‒cjjufbl, :5 ‚ n‒bkh`roctb`k, :3 Lbgcofkt, Lbtm`trbtbf, >6 :3 ‚ bktfrpr`xboclf, 81 ‚ pcr`n`ktclf, ::, >7 L`kg âpbtmâlbuo nf i`kjtb`k, 61
O Ocbktfkckjf, =8 Oclcnbf ‚ jcrnb`-vcsjulcbrf, 7 ‚ pcr`n`ktclf, 3 Ockquf n‒cpplbjctb`k, 85 Octurctb`k j`oplítf, =3 Oâtr`kbncz`lf, :5 Objr`ab`l`gbquf, 31 Objr`sj`pf å j`ktrcstf nf pmcsf, 3: Objr`sj`pbf ‚ å j`ktrcstf nf pmcsf, 36 ‚ âlfjtr`kbquf, >> Obgrctb`k, = O`ablbtâ, nfktcbrf, 33 O`nbffijctb`k ‚ jlbkbquf, jlbkbquf, >= ‚ nf lc fi`rf acjtârbfkkf, >= ‚‚ nfs s`bks l`jcux, >= 87 objr`ab`l`gbquf, Oujbtf, =>
@
@asfrvckjf ‚ nu pctbfkt, >7 ‚ nu pr`t`j`lf, 85 ‚ tmârcpfutbquf, = @astcjlf cu gcbk n‒cttcjmf, >3 @rn`kkckjf, :3 @rtm`n`ktbf, ::
U Ucr`n`ktclf ‚ j`ksultctb`k, :3 ‚ bkhfjtb`k, 7 Ucr`n`ktbtf ‚ cjtbvf, 1> ‚ cgrfssbvf, 8 ‚ jmr`kbquf, 8 ‚ sâvírf, 8 ‚ uljâr`-kâjr`tbquf, :5 Ucr`kn`ktclf ‚ lâsb`k, 3 ‚ lbtm`trbtbf, :: Ufrh`rctb`k rcnbjulcbrf, =7 Uârbcpfx, =2 Ufrlf n‒âocbl, =7 Um`t`grcpmbf, 33 Ublbfr cktârbfur nfs coygnclfs, 17 Ulck nf trcbtfofkt, trcbtfofkt, =8 Ulckjmfr nf lc a`ujmf, 17 Ulcquf ‚ objr`abfkkf, 36 ‚ râvâlctfur, 11 ‚ s`us-gbkgbvclf, 7 ‚ suprc-gbkgbvclf, 11 U`jmf, pcr`n`ktclf, 1= U`lbsscgf, 17 Urâpcrctb`k bkbtbclf, =3
3:3 © Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Bknfx
Urfsjrbptb`k ‚ nfs trcbtfofkts nf j`ktrþlf nf plcquf, 32 ‚ n‒uk trcbtfofkt cktb-bkhfjtbfux, 3 Ur`k`stbj, 1 Usyjm`l`gbf nu j`op`rtfofkt, 1 Usyjm`tr`pf, 7
S Sucnrckt, 81 Sufstb`kkcbrf oânbjcl, :3
Q Qcnb`l`gbf, 37 Qâjfssb`k, gbkgbvclf, 6 Qâfifxfs kcusâfux, 31 Qâgâkârctb`k, 61 Qflctb`kkfl ‚ cspfjt, 1 ‚ J`opâtfkjf J`opâtfkjfs, s, 3 ‚ tfops, 1 Qâvâlctfur nf plcquf, 11 Qþlf rfspfjtbh, >
Z Zcbgkfofkt, = Zcktâ ‚ aujj`-nfktcbrf, 7 ‚ gâkârclf, gâkârclf, 31 ‚ pcr`n`ktclf, 31 Zâckjf nf nâo`kstrctb`k, 13 Zbgkfs ‚ ab`l`gbqufs, 31 ‚ jlbkbqufs, 2
Z`bks ‚ j`ktrct nf, :: ‚ nfktcbrfs, 3=, 63 ‚ l`jcux, 15 ‚ pr`tmâtbqufs, 3= Z`kncgf, 2 Z`knf ‚ CNK, 36 ‚ kujlâbquf, 36 Zpbjulf, tcrtrf, >3 Ztctut oânbjcl, => Ztboulctb`k, cjtf nf, >7 Zuppurctb`k, 6 Zurhcçcgf, 82 Zyopt`oct`l`gbf ‚ h`kjtb`kkfllf, 28 ‚ h`kjtb`kkfllf tfllf qu‒fllf fst vâjuf pcr lf pctbfkt, 1 Zystíof booukbtcbrf, :5
^ ^crtrf, :2 ‚ spbjulf, >3 ^cssfofkts clbofktcbrfs, 353 ^fst ‚ ab`l`gbquf ft gâkâtbquf, 3= ‚ UZ^, 31 ^âtrcjyjlbkf, 12 ^bssu ‚ jbjctrbjbfl, 76 ‚‚ j`ki`kjtbh, 61 76 nf grckulctb`k, grckulctb`k, ‚ gbkgbvcl, 88 ‚ bkficooct`brf, 76 ‚ `ssfux, 61 ^rcbtfofkt `rtm`n`ktbquf, = ^rcuoc `jjluscl, >> ^ukkfllbsctb`k, =8
3:1 © Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
K`tfs
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
K`tfs
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
K`tfs
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
K`tfs
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
K`tfs
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
Obsf fk pcgf pcgf 9 Lf vfkt sf lívf... lívf... Cjmfvâ n‒boprbofr fk ocrs 1537 sur lfs prfssfs nf l‒boprbofrbf NYZ Nâpþt lâgcl lâgcl 9 ocrs 1537 Boprboâ Boprb oâ fk Zl`vâk Zl`vâkbf bf
© Bkbtbctbvfs Zcktâ ‚ fBZAK 9 27=1=>:83>38:
