Training Module Manufacture Transformer

Training Module

SANJEEV KADIAN Presents

TRAINING MODULE INDEX Particulars

Pages

1. Understanding Understanding Transformers 2. Core 3. Conductor  4. Bushings 5. Buchholz Relay 6. Hermatically Sealed T/fs 7. Magnetic Oil Level gauge 8. Silicagel Breather  9. Sub-Assemblies 10. Tap Changer  11. Temperature Indicator  12. Transformer Oil 13. Repairing Distribution Transformers 14. Sales & Marketing 1

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

UNDERSTANDING TRANSFORMERS

2

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll TRAN SF FO O RM RM Efirst R need B AtoSdownload I C S it.

INTRODUCTION

Cancel

Download And Print

A transformer transformer is is basically an electromagne electromagnetitic c static static equipment equipment based based on the principal of Faraday’s law of  electromagne electromagnetitic c induction. A transformer transformer essenti essentially ally consists of ma magne gnetitic c core, build-up of insulated silicon silicon steel laminations, upon which are wound sets of coils suitably located with respect to each other and termed as primary and secondary windings. Such a combination may be used to derive a voltage higher  or lower than what is immediately available. In the former case, the transformer is termed as step-up transformer, while in the later case, it is known as step-down transformer. transformer. The primary winding is that winding to which the supply voltage is applied, irrespective of whether it is higher or lower voltage winding, the other winding to which the load is connected is termed as secondary winding.

THE WORKING PRINCIPLE If an alternating voltage is applied to the terminals of the primary winding of a transformer, with the secondary winding open-circuited, a very small current will flow in the primary circuit only, which serves to magnetise the core and to supply the iron loss of the transformer. Thus, an alternating magnetic flux is established in the the core which which induces an e.m.f. e.m.f. in both primary and second secondary ary windings. windings. As primary primary and secondary windings are wound on the same core and as the magnetic flux is common to both windings, obviously, the voltage induced in the primary and secondary windings are, therefore, in direct proportion to the number of turns in these windings.

LAMINATED CORE

Diagram circuit and transformer 

showing windings windings

magnetic magnetic of a

TRANSFORMER LOSSES Transformer loss mainly has two components: no-load loss & load loss. No load loss results from steel materials, used for magnetizing core laminations. It includes hysteresis and eddy current loss, dielectric loss and copper loss due to no-load current. 3

Training Module



Print document

In ordercomponents, to print this document from Scribd, you'll and secondary windings. It Load loss arises from the resistive used for building the primary 2 comprises I R lossof loss of windings, to eddy current cuit. rrent and stray loss in the the tank and and core clamp. clamp. firstloss needdue to download Cancel

Total Download And Print

No-Load

Hysteresis & eddy current loss

Di-electric loss as a function of  primary & secondary

Load

Copper  loss due to no-load current

I2R loss for both primary & secondary windings

Loss due to eddy current set-up in the the

Stray loss in tank & core clamp

Diagram showing various components of losses

EFFICIENCY No-load loss of the transformer is constant and does not change with variation of load. However, load loss changes in respect of the loading pattern. The transformer will yield maximum efficiency at a load when no-load loss and load loss are equal. REGULATION The regulati regulation on of a transformer transformer refers refers to to the change change of secondary secondary terminal voltage between between no load and and load conditions; it is usually quoted as a per cent or per unit value for full load at given power factor.

G EN E N E R A L C ON ON S T R U C T I O N

Constructional Parts The transformer is comparatively simple structure since there are no rotating parts, or bearings. The chief  elements of the construction are – (1) Magnetic agnetic circuits, circuits, comprising lim limbs, yokes yokes and clamping clamping structures. (2) Electric circuits, circuits, the primary and secondary secondary windings, windings, formers, insulation and bracing devices. devices. (3) Terminals, Terminals, tappings and tapping swit switches ches,, terminal insulators and leads. (4) Tank, Tank, oil, cooling devices, conservators, conservators, dryers and ancillary apparatus. apparatus.

1. Magnetic Magnetic Circuit The magnetic agnetic core is built up of laminations laminations of high grade sil silicon icon sheet sheet steel, which are insulated from each other by a special coating of varnish. The usual thickness of laminations are 0.18 mm, 0.23 mm, 0.30 mm and 0.35 mm. The two losses, due to varying flux, occur in the core: the eddy current and the 4

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this iron document from Scribd, hysteresis losses. The silicon content of the and the nature ofyou'll annealing are very important in determining the hysteresis loss. Silicon the it. material brittle, thus making it difficult to process. first need tomakes download

Core Construc Construc tion Cancel cold rolled Download And Print The core built up with high-grade non-aging grain oriented silicon steel lamination having high permeability and low hysteresis loss. A three legged, mitered and interleaved type core construction is adopted. Main limbs are bound fiberglass types and clamp plates to ensure adequate mechanical strength, and to prevent vibration during operation rigidly bolt yokes. The clamping structure and core sheet sheet are specially specially connected connected not not to to make make one one turn circuit circuit & connected connected to top top of tank at one point. Core construction of modern core type power Transformers Transformers Cold rolled grain oriented steel laminations are used for cores of all modern power Transformers. This is because it permits the use of flux densities between 1.6 to 1.8 wb/m2 as compared with 1.3 wb/m2 for hot rolled steel & consequently the weight of both core and windings is reduced. Cooling of cores In transformers of medium and high capacity with diameter of circumscribing circle D>=0.35m the cores have the relatively small surface / volume ratio so that the temperature gradient in the core is excessive. In such cases the cooling must be augmented by dividing the core in to different stacks with longitudinal oil ducts (usually 6mm wide) running parallel to the lamination. Core-Clamping All core-clamping bolts shall be effectively insulated with enamel or preferably varnish impregnated but not insulated with paper. The joints must be of inter leaved type. Liberal axial ducts must be provided so as to ensure free circulation of oil and efficient cooling of the core, so that the maximum temperature at any point will be within permissible limits. Earthing Positive earthing of the cabinet shall be ensured for providing two separate earthing pads. The earth wire shall be term terminated inated on to the earthing pad and and secured secured by the use of star of self-etching self-etching washe washer. r. Using Using a separate earth wire shall do earthing of hinged door. Core Earthing With the exception of individual laminations and core bolts, all internal metal parts of the transformer  require earthing.

2. Electric Circuits The windings of a transformer are made of copper or aluminium wire and / or strip. Heavy current capacity requires conductors of larger cross-section. To reduce eddy current losses within the conductors, several small wires or parallel strips are preferable than to use one large strip. This gives rise to unequal reactance components of the conductor, which can be reduced by transposing the conductors. Two types of coil construct constructions ions are commo commonly nly used – Concentr Concentric ic or Pancake / interl interleaved. eaved. Between Between coils coils segments, spacers are provided to permit dissipation of heat from the windings either by ventilation or by a liquid cooling medium. Double cotton, single cotton with an under layer of enamel or synthetics enamel, or double paper covering are most most commo commonly nly being used for winding wires. Str Strips ips are generall generally y covered with layers of papers known as DPC, TPC, QPC, MPC etc.

5

Training Module

Winding Constructions

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

The windings are arranged to ensure free circulation of oil and to reduce hot spots in the windings. All Cancel are insoluble, Download And Print materials used in the assem assembly bly of windings non-catalytic non-catalyt ic and chem chemically ically inactive in the the hot hot transformer oil. The windings are supported securely in axially as well as radially using radials spacers, axial spacers, press board cylinders and clamp rings, so that they will not be displaced or deformed during short circuits. circuits. The coils are clamped clamped by by adjustable pressures pressures bolts at are top end and and the face is uniformly distributed to the windings using sturdy and to rings. A transformer generally consists of LT & HT windings. The L.T. windings shall be circular and concentric with HT windings windings on the outer side the the electrical and magn magnetic etic balance balance under under all condit conditions ions of operation. The arrangement shall permit free circulation of the oil to ensure the absence of hot spots. It is essential that the windings shall be subjected to through sinking occurring at site. The general design and construction of the transformers and bracing’s of the windings shall be such that no mechanical movements of the coils will be possible with dead short on either side of the transformer. The short circuit ratings of the transformers shall be as per IS 2026 of latest issue. All clearance of  windings and other live parts shall be adequate for the maximum voltage operation plus 10 percent. There should be sufficient clearance between H.V. and L.V. windings yoke and the coils and between coil in HT windings to have free oil circulation. Current density in the high voltage and low voltage windings together  with the section of wire that will be used therein shall be clearly stated in the tender. High Voltage Conductor  For distribution transformers of medium capacity, the conductors being chosen for primary winding are mostly round in shape. low Voltage Voltage Conductor  Conductor  In case of low voltage conductors, since the current is generally high, a rectangular conductor is commonly used. Multiple strips in parallel are also selected for a higher rating transformer. Insulation The insulation material to be used for the windings shall be suitable for satisfactory service in tropical climates in this country and full load operation as per ISS. DFC insulation shall be provided for high voltage as well as low voltage windings. The insulation betwe between en the H.V. H.V. and L.V. windings and core, comprises comprises Bakeli Bakelite te – paper paper cylinder cylinder or  elephantine elephantine wrap that is typical. typical. The insulation of conductors conductors may may be of of paper, paper, cotton cotton or glass tape, tape, glass tape being being used for air – insulated transformers. transformers. Paper Paper insulation insulation usually usually necessitates the use of round coils, whil while e the cross – over of the several several strands strands in a conductor must be properly shaped, and not merely twisted. The high voltage winding is separated from the low – voltage winding winding by a series of ducts and Bakelit Bakelite e cylinders or barrels.

3 . Lead and Termi Terminals nals The connections to the windings are copper rods or bars, insulated wholly or in part, and taken to the bus – bars directly in the case of air – cooled transformers, or to the insulator insulator bushings on on the tank top in the case of oil – cooled transformers. transformers. 6

Training Module

Terminal Arrangement

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

a) Bushing terminals shall be provided with suitable terminal connectors of approved type & size for  Cancel And Print cable/overhead conductors’ termination of HV sideDownload & cable termination on LT side. b) The neutral terminals of 433V winding shall be brought out on a bushing along with the 433V volt phase terminals to form form 4wires 4 wires system for the the 433V 433V.. Additiona Additionall neutral bushing bushing shall be provided for earthing.

4. Transformer Tank All the tanks are of double welded construction and are reinforced by stiffener of structural steel. All bottled connection to the tank is filled with the compressible oil tight gasket. The tank is provided with two earthing terminals for the purpose of the grounding. The tank and accessories of the transformer can be withstanding withstanding full vacuum of 0.1 Tore. And a maximum positive positive pressure of 1kg / sq.cm. In order to relive relive the excessive gaseous pressure which may build up by a fault or an arcing inside the tank, it is equipped with a pressure relief device / explosion vent which is designed to operate when the maximum gaseous pressure in the tank exceeds 0.5 kg / 5q. cm. Tank bodies for most of the transformer are made from rolled steel plates, which are fabricated to from the container. While designing tanks for transformer, a large number of factors include keeping the weight, stray load losses and cost a minimum. The tanks should should be strong enough enough to withstand stresses produced produced by by jacking and lifti lifting. ng. The size of the tank must be large enough to accommodate cores, windings, internal connections and also must give the require clearance between the windings and the walls. The fittings include thermometer pockets, drain cock, rollers or wheels for moving the transformer in to position, eye – bolts, for for lift lifting, ing, conservators conservators and breaths. breaths. Cooling Cooling tubes are are welded welded in, but separate separate radiators are individually welded and afterwards bolted on. Radiators During service, the tank body can dissipate a total loss equivalent to 500 W/Sq m (maximum) of the tank surface area. In case the total loss, i.e. (no-load + load loss) is more than the loss dissipated by tank surface, the loss in excess is required to be dissipated dissipated with the help of additi additiona onall cooling cooling surface surface which which is commonly called radiator. Classification of radiators Radiators commonly being used are of three different types: 1. Elliptical lliptical tube tube radia radiator  tor  2. Press ressed ed steel steel radia radiator  tor  3. Corruga orrugated ted wall pane panell

Elliptical tube radiators and pressed steel radiators operate on then convection process of cooling, whereas a corrugated wall panel performs cooling by radiation only.

7

Training Module

Print document



In order to print thisbeing document Scribd, you'll Corrugated wall panel radiators are commonly used from for sealed type transformers and also on such places where there are restrictions ontooverall dimensions. The radiators are widely used for transformers first need download it. built for export, as corrugated wall panel transformers occupy less space and can accommodate more transformers in one container during transport. Cancel Download And Print Cooling Methods

A 1

2 3

4 5 6 7 8 b.

Si m p l e c o o l i n g AN Natura turall co cooling ling by by atm atmo ospheric ric cir circu cula latio tion n, with witho out an any sp special ial de device ices. Th The transformer cores and coils are open all round to the air. This method is confined to very small units of a few KV, at low voltages. AB In this this case th the coo cooling ling is imp improve roved d by an an air bla blas st, dire direc cted ted by by su suitab itable trun trunking ing and produced by a fan. ON The gre grea at ma majorit jority y of of tra transfo sformers are oil – imm immerse rsed with natura turall co cooling ling, i.e. i.e. the the heat heat developed in the cores and coil coils s is passed to the oil and thence thence to the tank walls, from which it is dissipated. The advantages over air cooling include freedom from the possibility of dust clogging the cooling ducts, or of moisture affecting the insulation, and the design for higher voltages is greatly improved. OB In this this metho thod the the cooling ling of an an ON – typ type tra transfo sformers is imp improv roved by air bla blas st over the outside of the tank. OFN The oil is is cir circ culate lated d by pu pump to natura turall air air – cooler. ler. OFB For larg large e tran transfo sforme rmer artifi artifici cia al co cooling ling may be be used sed. Th The refrig refrige erato rator, r, wh where it is cooled cooled by air air – blast. blast. O An oil – immerse rsed tra transform former of of this this typ type is cooled led by the the circ irculati latio on of wa water ter in cooling tubes tubes is situated situated at at the the top of of the the tank but below oil – level. OF Similar, to OFB OFB,, exce except pt that that the the refrige refrigerato ratorr employs ploys water ater instea instead d of of air blas blastt for  cooling the oil, which is circulated by pump from the transformer to the cooler. Mi x ed c o o l i n g ON/OFN, ON/OFB, ON/OFW, ON/OB/OFB, ON/OW/OFW, ONAN, ONAF, OFAF

Cooling ducts In large transformers, the cooling surface of the cores must be augmented otherwise temperature rise will be excessive owing to small surface/volume ratio of the cores. Cooling ducts provides the additional surface. The cooling may be (I) horizontal or (ii) vertical. The vertical cooling ducts are along the direction of laminations and hence can be easily provided. The horizontal ducts are across the laminations and therefore require special punching of core. The oil following through these ducts takes away the heat. Paintings Tanks should should be sand blasted blasted or cleaned by chemical process process before painti painting. ng. In general a prima primary ry coat of suitable anticorrosive paints followed by two coats of standard grey is applied on the tanks and radiators.

8

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

SCHEDUL E OF OF TESTS

ROUTINE TESTS Download And Print Following tests are conducted on each and every every transformer. Cancel

       

Measurement of Insulation Resistance Measurement of Voltage Ratio Separate Source Voltage Withstand Test Induced Over-voltage Withstand Test Measuremen Measurementt of No Load Loss Loss and Current Measurement of Impedance Voltage/Short Circuit Impedance and Load Loss Measurement of Winding Resistance Unbalance Current

TYPE TESTS Following tests are conducted on only one transformer of each each rating for a particular design, subject to client’s requirement.        

Impulse Test Test -- (Conducted (Conducted by recognized govt. govt. testing testing laboratory) Short Cir Circuit cuit -- (Conducted by recognized govt. Testing Laborator Laboratory) y) Check of Voltage Vector Relationship Temperature Rise Test Oil Dielectric Test Test Air Pressure Test Vacuum Test Oil Leakage Test.

FINAL TEST Following t ests are carried out on t he Transformer Transformer as per sequence.                

Measurement of Insulation Resistance Measurement of Voltage Ratio and Check of Voltage Vector Relationship Separate Source Voltage Withstand Test Induced Over-voltage Withstand Test Measurement of No Load Loss and Current Measurement of Impedance Voltage/Short Circuit Impedance and Load Loss Measurement of Winding Resistance Unbalance Current Oil Dielectric Test Test Temperature Rise Test Air Pressure Test Vacuum Test Oil Leakage Test. Magnetic balance test Measurement of zero sequence impedance Measurement of noise level

9

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll needURE to download it. TESTI NG PROCED PROfirst CEDURE

INSULATION RESISTANCE:

Download And Print

Cancel

The Oil/Air Oil/Air Temperature Temperature is measured measured and recorded immediatel immediately y prior to the test. The insulati insulation on resistance of each windings corresponding to other windings and to earth is measured and recorded. I.R Value between : HV & E : Connect Connect Posit Positive ive terminal of Insulation Insulation Tester to HV HV Bushing Bushing and Negati Negative ve Terminal to the Earth. LV & E : Connect Connect Posit Positive ive terminal of Insulation Insulation Tester to LV LV Bushing and Negati Negative ve Terminal to the Earth. HV & LV: LV: Connect Connect Positive Positive terminal terminal of Insulation Insulati on Tester to HV Bushing and Negati Negative ve to LVBushing. 





VOLTAGE RATIO & VOLTAGE VECTOR RELATIONSHIP: (A) (A)

Measurement Measurement of voltage Ratio – Ratio – To check the voltage ratio of Transformer Ratio Meter is used; V1 N1 Voltage Ratio Ratio = ----------- = -------------V2 N2

where, where,

N1 = Primary Primary Turn N2 = Secondary Turn

(B) (B) Voltage Vector Relationship (Dyn-11) (Dyn-11) Transformer’s A-phase of primary side and A-phase of secondary side are shorted, and in primary side 3Phase supply (About balance voltage voltage 400 Volts) olts) applied at rated rated frequency. Voltage is , then, then, measured on following points :IV-2V = IV-2w = 1W-2W and !W-2V In this test IV-2W and IV-2V may be same and 1W-2V may be more than 1W-2W

SEPARATE SOURCE VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST: In this test the full test voltage given below applied for 60 seconds between the winding under test and all terminals of remaining windings, core, frame and tank of the transformer connected together to earth. TESTS : (A) (A) High Voltage Test - In this test secondary secondary side of the the transformer transformer and tank are are earthed and and from primary primary side full test Single Phase voltage applied for 60 seconds at rated (50 Hz) frequency. (B) (B) Low Voltage Test - In this test prim primary side of the trans transformer former and and tank are earthed earthed and and from second secondary ary side full test, Single phase voltage applied for 60 seconds at rated (50 Hz) frequency.

INDUCED OVER VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST: The transformer can be tested on either LV or HV side. Double the rated voltage at double the frequency is applied at the testing side. The other side is open circuited. Duration of Test : 60 seconds

10

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll NO LOAD LOSS AND CURRENT: first need to download it. The test is is conducted by a Three Watt Wattmeter meter Method. Method. The No No Load Loss Loss and the no load current current are measured measured at rated frequency frequency at a rated voltage while the other winding winding is to be left open circuited. In this way after after applying rated 3 Phase voltage at rated frequency from LV side,Download the current isAnd measured Cancel Printin Ammeter. This current will be no load current or magnetizing current, and the total reading of the watt meters will be the Total No Load Loss of the tested transform transformer. er. To measure measure the No Load Loss and No Load current of Power Power Transformer Transformer one CT-PT CT-PT set is is connected to an Auto Transformer.

IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE/SHORT CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE & LOAD LOSS: The Impedance voltage/short circuit impedance and load loss are measured at rated frequency by applying an approximately full load current to one winding with the other winding short circuited. The measurements may be made at any current between 25 percent and 100 percent, but preferably not less than 50 percent of the rated current (principal tapping) or tapping current to the test current. The measured value of Load Loss Loss may may be corr corrected ected by the following following formula : 2 Rated Current Total Total Loss Loss = -------------------------------------Test Current

The measured value of the impedance voltage may be corrected by the following formula :

Rated Current Total Impedan Impedance ce voltage = ----------------------------------Test Current

MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE: To measure the resistance resistance of LV and and HV HV Winding inding , Kelvin and Wheatstone Bri Bridge dge are are respectively respectively used. The resistance and temperature of each winding are recorded.

UNBALANCE CURRENT: In this test of the Transformer, all three phases of secondary (Star Connected) are shorted and shorted point linked to the neutral point of transformer with an Ammeter.Then, full load current at rated frequency is applied to primary (Delta Connected) of the transformer. The current measured between the shorted secondary and the neutral point is the unbalance unbalance current. current. Circuit diagra diagram m is respecti respectively vely same as load loss test :-

11

Training Module



Print document

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll TEMPERATURE RISE TEST: first need to download it. In this this test LV winding of the transformer transformer is is shorted and and from HV HV winding winding full losses (Load (Load loss at 75 Deg. Deg. Cent. + No Load Loss) is fed. fed. One thermometer thermometer is placed placed in oil fill filled ed thermometer thermometer pocket of transformer transformer for oil temp. and other 3 Nos. Nos. thermom thermometers in different different directions transformer for transformer ambient amPrint bient temp. temp. After feeding the total loss loss at Cancel of theDownload And transformer, transformer, the volt voltage age current, top oil oil temp. and ambient ambient temp. temp. is measured. These all all readings readings are taken one by by one after every hour. This process is continued till oil temperature rise of transformer remains constant. Keeping oil temp. rise constant, load is reduced at full rated current for one hour, after one hour supply shut-off. After shutting off the supply supply hot resistances of winding are immediatel immediately y measured. measured. Thus, aft after er plotting plotting the graph between time time and hot hot resistance, resistance, we can find find out out the highest actual hot resistance resi stance at the zero time. In this this way the maximum maximum winding temperature rise can be calculated by the following formula : (a) Hot Resistance Resistancex x (225+RT (225+RT)-225 )-225 ....... .......... ..... For Aluminium Aluminium . Cold Resistance (b) Hot Resistance x (235+RT)-235 ........... For Copper  Cold Resistance where, RT = Ambient Temp. at the time of cold resistance :

OIL DIELECTRIC STRENGTH TEST: To test the Dielectric strength of oil, a motorised oil testing set is used . Before using this instrument, the oil pot of  this this instrume instrument nt washed washed wit with h the same same oil, which to to be tested. tested. After washing the pot, the gap between between the elect electrodes rodes is set at 2.5 mm mm and the oil is fil filled led in it. Wait for about 10 minutes, minutes, so that the air bubbles bubbles disappear. disappear. After this, the instrument instrument is is switched ‘ON’ ‘ON’ and the flash flash point point (in (in KV) KV) is is noted. noted. This process process is repe repeated ated for six time ti mes s and the average of the six values is the Dielectric Strength of the oil.

 AIR PRESSURE TEST: This is a type test which is conducted on the transformer tank. The tank may be fixed with a dummy cover with all fitti fittings ngs including bushin bushings gs in position and subjected to a pressure pressure of  2 0.35 Kg/Cm (Hg) upto 1000 KVA Transformer Tank 0.80 Kg/Cm2 (Hg) above 1000 KVA Transformer Tank created inside inside the tank and maint maintained ained for one hour. The permanent permanent deflection deflecti on of of flat flat plate, after after pressure pressure has has been been released should not exceed the values given below:  

Horizontal length of flat plate (in mm) Upto and including 750 751 - 1250 1251 - 1750 1751 - 2000 2001 - 2250 2251 - 2500 2501 - 3000 Above 3000

Permanent Deflection (in mm) 5 6.5 8 9.5 11 12.5 16 19

12

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. This is a type test , which is conducted on transformer tank. The transformer tank may be completed with all fittings including bushings in position and shall be subjected to full vacuum corresponding to (-) 0.7 Kg/Cm.sq.(Hg) created inside inside the tank for one hour. hour. The permanent perman ent deflection deflection of flat flat platesAnd after afterPrint the vacuum has been been released shall not Cancel Download exceed the value specified below without affecting the performance of the transformer.

VACUUM TEST:

Horizontal length of flat plate (in mm) Upto and including 750 751 - 1250 1251 - 1750 1751 - 2000 2001 - 2250 2251 - 2500 2501 - 3000 Above 3000

Permanent Deflection (in mm) 5 6.5 8 9.5 11 12.5 16 19

OIL LEAKAGE TEST: This is a type test, which is conducted on fully completed transformer. The transformer shall be oil filled and complete complete with all fitt fittings. ings. Then Then following air air pressure is applied: 2 1) 0.35 Kg/Cm (Hg) pressure – For transformers transformers upto 1000 KVA for one hour  2) 0.80 Kg/Cm2 (Hg) pressure – For transformers transformers above 1 1000 000 KVA for 12 hours hours During this period no leakage should occur.

13

Training Module



Print document

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll to download R A W M A T E RI R I Afirst L need & A C CE C E SS Sit.S OR OR I ES ES

Download Print and repair of transformers. The following is the list of the majorCancel raw-material required for theAnd manufacture                      

CORE COPPER OIL STEEL (TANKS) RADIATORS / WALL PANELS TAP CHANGER OFF LOAD, ON LOAD BUSHINGS & FITTINGS COPPER SHEET & FLAT OIL CONSERVATOR BREATHER DIAL TYPE THERMOMETER OIL LEVEL GAUGE PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE BUCHHOLZ BUCHHOLZ RELAY RELA Y OIL & WINDING WINDING TEMP. INDICATOR RATING & DIAGRAM PLATE BI-DIRECTION BI-DIRECTIONAL AL ROLLERS CABLE BOX LIFTING LUGS TERMINAL TERMINAL MARKING MA RKING PLATE  AIR RELEASE PLUG VALVES

                     

CORK SHEET GASKET WASHER BUSHING BUSHING CLA MP CLAMPING MEMBER  ARCING HORNS HORNS BIMETALLIC CONNECTOR EARTHING LUGS SRBP TUBE COTTON TAPE EMPIRE SLEEVING PRESS BOARD INSULATING KRAFT PAPER INLINE CONNECTOR CONNECTOR BAK ELITE SHEET SHEET CI PLUG BRIGHT ROD BOLTS, NUTS, WASHER PRIMER & FINISH PAINT INSLULATING VARNISH SOLDER WIRE LUGS GROUNDING GROUNDING TERMINALS TERMINAL S

14

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

CORE

15

Training Module

Print document

CORE

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.



The need for electrical electrical steel sheets sheets of highest quality quality has increased increased in recent recent years due to rapid development development of electrical electrical machinery industry industry in many many countries. countries. Grain Cancel Download And Print Oriented Oriented steel steel sheets namely namely ORIENTCO ORIENTCORE, RE, ORIENTCOR ORIENTCORE E H1-B & ORIENTCO ORIENTCORE RE HI-B.LS are some of the finest quality of core. ORENTCORE.HI-B is a breakthrough in that it offers higher magnetic flux density, lower core core loss and lower magnetostriction magnetostriction than any conventional conventional grain-oriented grain-oriented electrical steel sheet. ORIENT.HI-B.LS is a novel type with marked lower core losses, produced by laser  irradiation of the surface of ORIENTCORE.HI-B sheets.

Quality     

Stable product quality Core loss are extremely low in rolling direction Permeability Permeability is extremely high high in rolling direction direction Lamination factor is higher  Excellent Insulation coatings

Standard Sizes Coils

Thickness Standard W idth Available W idth

Cut length

ORIENT. HI-B 0.23mm & 0. 27mm 0.30mm 0.30mm & 0.35mm 0.35mm 914 mm & 950 mm From 50mm to 1000 mm

ORIENT.HI-B.L S 0.23mm,0.27mm

From 50mm to 950 mm

Thichness Length

Same as for coils Lengths upto 3100 mm are availa ble in 840 mm and 914 mm widths Core cut in customer specified sizes can also be provided

Annealing of stacked stacked electrical electrical sheets sheets Though ORIENTCORE and ORIENTCORE.HI-B are grain orient steel sheets with excellent magnetic properties, mechanical stress during such operations as cutting, punching and bending affect their magnetic properties adversely. When these stress are excessive, stress relief annealing is necessary.

16

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll Following method is observed for stress relief annealing first need to download it.

1. Stacked electrical electrical steel sheets sheets are heated thoroughly in the edge-to-edge edge-to-edge direction rather than in the face-to-face direction, because heat transfer is far  Download And Print faster in side heating. Cancel 2. A cover is put over over sheets stacked stacked on a flat plate. plate. Because ORIENTCORE and and ORIENTCORE.HI-B have extremely low carbon content and very easily decarburized at annealing temperatures, the base, cover and other accessories used are of very low carbon content . 3. To prevent prevent oxidation so as to protect the the coating on the sheets, a nonoxidizing nonoxidizing atmosphere free from carbon sources is used having less than 2%hydrogen or  high-purity nitrogen gas. Due point of the atmosphere is maintained at 0ºC or  less. 4. Care is taken to the flatness of annealing annealing base, base, because because an uneven base distorts cores, leading leading to possible distortion during during assembly. 5. Annealing temperature ranging from 780ºC to 820ºC is maintained maintained for more more than 2 hours or more. Cooling is done upto 350ºC in about 15 hours or more.

Available Grades 





ORIENTCORE o M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 & M6 ORIENTCORE.HI-B o 23ZH90, 23ZH95, 27ZH95,27ZH100,30ZH100 M-0H,M-1H,M-2H,M-3H o ORIENTCORE.HI-B.LS 23ZDKH90,27ZDKH95 o

17

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

Conductor

18

Training Module

Print document

CONDUCTOR

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.



Conductors are one of the principal materials used in manufacturing of transformers. Best quality of copper rods are procured from indigenous as well as foreign sources. Cancel Download And Print Normally 8 mm & 11 mm rods are procured. For each each supply of input, input, test certificate from suppliers is obtained and at times, such input is got tested from reputed test labs. Various sizes as specified by customers can be drawn. At each stage of drawing of  copper wires & strips, strips, the dimension is measured measured all around and in case case found oversize particular die is replaced forthwith. During final stage of drawing smoothness and brightness brightness is strictly strictly observed. Elongation, Elongation, Springiness Springiness & Tensil strength strength are thoroughly tested. While drawing, care is taken that the physical properties of the conductors are maintained. After the wires & strips are drawn as per clients requirements they are moved on to paper covering process. To prevent the inclusion of copper dust or other extraneous matter under paper covering the conductor is fully cleaned by felt pads or other suitable means before entering the paper covering machine. As per the customers requirements DPC, DPC, TPC & MPC conductors are produced. It is ensured that each layer  of paper is continuous, firmly applied and substantially free from creases. No bonding or adhesive material is used except to anchor the ends of paper. Any such bonding materials used to anchor the ends do not have deleterious effect on transformer oil, insulating paper or the electric electric strength strength of the covering. It is ensured ensured that the the overlapping percentage is not less than 25% of the paper width.

Arrangement Arrangement of layers According to the number of layers used the paper is applied as follows. f ollows. Two layers:Where there are two layers both of them are wound in opposite directions. More than two layers Where there are more than two layers all the layers are applied in the same direction, all, except the outermost layer is butt wound, and the outermost layer is overlap wound. Within each group of papers the position of the butt joints of any layer relative to the layer below is progressively displaced by approximately 30 percent of the paper  width. Note: Overlapping can also be done as per customer requirements.

Grade of paper The paper, before application, is ensured to be free from metallic and other injurious inclusions and and have no deleterious deleterious effect on insulating insulating oil. The thickness thickness of paper  used is between 0.025 mm to 0.075 mm. Enameled Conductor Apart from paper covered conductors, we have all the facilities of producing enameled conductors as per customer specified requirements. requirements. 19

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

BUSHINGS

20

Training Module

BUSHINGS

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

Cancel And Print shells Insulators and Bushings are built buil t with theDownload best quality Porcelain shells manufactured by wet process. The materials that go into the manufacture of these insulators offer best quality mechanical and electrical characteristics. The standard colour of the glaze is brown, but white glazed insulators can also be made available on request.

Manufacturing process For manufacture of electro porcelain, high quality indigenous raw materials viz, China Clay, Ball Clay, Quartz and Feldspar is used. The raw materials in lots undergo thorough test in quality control laboratory before being user for manufacture. manufacture. Quartz and feldspar are ground to required finesses and then intimately mixed with ball and china clay in high speed blungers. They are then passed through electromagnetic separators, which remove iron and other magnetic impurities. The slip produced is passed to a filter press where extra water water is removed under under pressure and the the resulting clay cakes are aged over a period. The aged cakes are extruded to required form viz., cylinders, on high vacuum de-airing pug mill. The extruded blanks or cylinders are given shapes of Insulators / Bushings which are conditioned and are shaped on copying lathes as the case may be. These shaped insulators / bushings are then dried under controlled conditioned and then they are glazed, Trade mark, month, year and country of manufacture are marked before firing. The glazed shells are fired in fuel efficient kilns having temperature controls to ensure uniformity of firing f iring high strength in porcelain shells. Metal parts used in the assembly of Insulators, are of blackheart and malleable cast iron and are hot dip galvanized to conform to international international standards.

Testing, Assembly & packing All insulators & bushings undergo routine electrical and mechanical tests. The tests before and after after assembly are carried out according according to IS Specifications, Specifications, to ensure their suitability for actual conditions of use. Porosity tests are also carried out regularly on samples from every batch, to ensure that the insulators are completely vitrified. These insulators insulators are then visually visually checked and sorted, sorted, before they are packed in sea sea worthy packing, to withstand transit conditions.

Types of Insulators Insulators & Bushings Bushings 



Bushing Insulators o Hollow Porcelain Bushings upto 33 KV Application : Transformers, Capacitors, Circuit Breakers etc. o Pin Insulators o Pin Insulators conforming to ISS, B.S., IEC and other international standards upto 33 KV 21

Training Module 







Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll Post type Insulators Post type insulators, complete with metal fittings, generally IS o first need to download it. Specifications Specifications and other International Standards upto 33 KV Solid Core Insulators Cancel Download And Print o Line Post Long Rod o o Support Special Type Insulators C.T. upto 66 KV o P.T. toto 33 KV o Weather Casing o L.T. Insulators Shackel Type o o Spool Type Pin Type o o Guy strain

22

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll Product Specification first need to download it.

1.

H.V. Bushings (IS:3347)

2.

L.V. Bushings (IS:3347)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1 KV / 250 amps 1 KV / 630 amps 1 KV / 1000 amps 1 KV / 2000 amps 1 KV / 3150 amps

3.

H.V. Bushings (IS:8603)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

12 KV / 250 amps 12 KV / 630 amps 12 KV / 1000 amps 12 KV / 2000-3150 amps 36 KV / 250 amps 36 KV / 630 amps 36 KV / 1000 amps 36 KV / 20 2000-3150 amps

4.

C.T. Bushings (IS:5612)

1. 2. 3.

12 KV 24 KV 36 KV

1. 2. Cancel 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 10. 11. 11. 12. 12.

12-17.5 KV / 250 amps 12-17.5 KV / 630 amps Download And Print 12-17.5 KV KV / 1000 am amps 12-1 12-17 7.5 KV / 20 2000-3 0-3150 150 am amps 24 KV / 250 amps 24 KV / 630 amps 24 KV / 1000 amps 24 KV / 2000 – 3150 amps 36 KV / 250 amps 36 KV / 63 630 am amps 36 KV / 100 1000 0 amps amps 36 KV / 200 20000-31 3150 50 amps amps

23

Training Module

EPOXY BUSHINGS

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

All Epoxy Resin Cast Components are made from hot setting reins cured with anhydrides; hence these provide class-F Insulation to the system. In an oxidizing CancelResinsDownload Printat 150ºC whereas atmosphere, certain amine cured Epoxy can start toAnd degrade the anhydride cured systems are stable at 200ºC therefore our epoxy components are cured with anhydrides which gives them a longer life.

Electrical & Mechanical Properties Compressive Strength Tensil Strength Di-electric Strength

1500-2000 Kg/cm 2 650-850 Kg/cm2 18-22 KV/mm

Range of products available in the market market 1. 2. 3. 4.

All All desi design gns s of bus bushi hing ngs s for for seal sealed ed typ type e dist distri ribu buti tion on tra trans nsfo form rmer ers s All desig designs ns of Spouts Spouts,, Trol Trolley ley bushi bushing ngs s etc etc for 1.1 KV oil circui circuitt brea breaker kers s Resi Resin n cas castt CT’ CT’s s & PT’s PT’s for for 1.1 1.1 KV Inst Instru rume ment nt pane panels ls Any Any des desig ign n of of Bus Bus Bar Bar sup suppo port rts s for for cont contro roll pan panel els s

24

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

Buchholz Relay

25

Training Module



Print document

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll BUCHHOLZ RELAY first need to download it.

Power transformers are considered to be highly reliable type equipment, yet, in order to ensure the continuity of service that modern conditions demand, protective devices are Cancel Download And Print required. The purpose of such devices is to disconnect faulty apparatus before large scale damage caused by a fault to the apparatus or to other connected apparatus. Such devices generally respond respond to a change in the current or pressure arising from the faults and are used for either signaling or tripping the circuits. Protective devices in the ideal case must be sensitive to all faults, simple in operation, robust for services and economically feasible. Considering liquid immersed transformer, a near ideal protective device is available in the form of gas and oil operated relay described here. The relay operates on the well known fact that almost every type of electric fault in a liquid immersed transformer gives rise to a gas. This gas is collected in the body of the relay and is used in some way or the other to cause the alarm or the tripping circuit to operate. The principle of the gas and oil relay was first successfully demonstrated and utilized by “Buchholz” many years back.

Applications Double element relays can be used in detecting minor and major faults in a transformer. The alarm element will operate, after a specified volume of gas has collected to give an alarm indication. Examples of incipient faults are. 1) 2) 3) 4)

Broken do down co core bo bolt in insulation Shorted lamination Bad contacts Overheating of of pa parts of wi windings

The alarm element will also operate in the event of oil leakage, or if air gets into the oil system. The trip element will be operated by an oil surge in the event of more serious faults such as 1) 2) 3) 4)

Earth faults Winding short circuit Puncture of bushings Short circuit between phases

The trip element will also be operated if a rapid loss of oil occurs.

Available range Relays for users outside India Type SRIE No. of Switching 1 System

GORIE 2

GOR2E 2

GOR3E 2

26

Training Module Pipe bore in mm Transformer rating In MVA

25In order to print2this 5 document from 50Scribd, you'll ≤1 .6 need to download ≤ 5.0 it. > 5.0 first

80 > 10.0

≤ 10.0

Relays for users in India Type No. of Switching System Pipe bore in mm Transformer rating In MVA



Print document

Cancel

Download And Print

GOR1 2

GOR2 2

GOR3 2

SRI 1

SRI/V 1

25 < 1.0

50 > 1.0

80 > 10.0

25 For   OLTC

25 < 1.0

≤ 10.0

27

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

Hermatically Sealed T/fs

28

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to downloadSEALED it. HERMETICALLY TRANSFORMERS Cancel

Download And Print

Sealed from environment by a) Welded Lid b) Bolted Lid

For fin type radiators

For corrugated tanks

Nitrogen ga s cushion located above the liquid level

Transformer is totally filled with fluid and level being indicated on the liquid level indicator  positioned at the highest point on the lid

A pressure relief device may be fitted to regulate the inernal pressure

29

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

Magnetic Oil Level Gauge

30

Training Module



Print document

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll MAGNETIC OIL LEVEL INDICATOR first need to download it.

Magnetic oil level indicators are used for varied purposes. In Transformer they are mounted on the conservator to read oil level and to set off an alarm when the oil level Cancel Download And Print falls below a predetermined level. It consists of following parts. a. b. c. d. e.

Gear assembly Magnetic co couple Float with arm Cam as assembly wi with me mercury sw switch Dial and pointer.

The float is hinged and swings up or down when oil level rises or falls. This rise or fall rotates the bevel gear and thus the pinion of the gear assembly. The pinion on turn rotates the driving magnet inside the conservator. The follower magnet positioned outside carries a pointer and a cam. The pointer reads oil level and the cam is set to operate the mercury switch at a predetermined predetermined low level. One normally open mercury switch is provided to actuate low level alarm. The switch is adjustable to compensate error in orientation of pad. Leads of this switch are connected to the terminals.

Specifications 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Model Dial Size Weight

Operating Liquids Working temperatures Working pressure Environment Electric Switch Contact rating Switch Operation

SO-4 100 2.2

Transformer oil to IS:335 & other oils 0 to 100ºC of oil 0 to 4 Kg/Sq.cm. Suitable for indoor & outdoor use One SPST Mercury Switch 5 Amps 240 V A.C. 0.5 Amp 240 V.D.C. Normally open, closes when oil level drops to near empty condition, recovers automatically automatically on rising of oil level. SO-6 150 2.9

31

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

Silica Silica gel Breathe Breatherr

32

Training Module



Print document

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll SILICAGEL BREATHERS first need to download it.

Breathing Process Cancel Download And Print Breathing is the process wherein Transformer sucks the air inside or pushes the air  outside its body. When Transformer is loaded or unloaded, the oil temperature inside the transformer tank rises or falls. Accordingly, the air volume inside the tank changes by either sucking in or pushing out the air. This phenomenon is called “Breathing” of  the transformer.

Now, the air which is being sucked in contains either foreign impurities and / or  humidity which changes dielectric strength of oil. For proper working of Transformer, it is absolutely necessary that dielectric strength of transformer oil remains unimpaired. Hence, it is necessary that air entering into the transformer is free from moisture & foreign impurities.

Window Type Silicagel Breathers The breather is made out from Aluminium (Gravity) die cast in two parts i.e. Top shell & bottom shell and a gel compartment is made out from Tin plate which is known as removable inner container. The inner gel container can be withdrawn by unscrewing the wing-nuts removing the top shell or bottom shell portion of the breather in case of  two piece model. A sight windows windows have been provided to observe / inspect the condition condition of Slicagel Slicagel & Oil level. An oil seal made out of aluminium sheet is fitted in the base of the breather to prevent diffusion of moisture into silicagel when no breathing is taking place.

Clear view type Silicagel Breather Is based on DIN standa standard rd 42567. 42567. Visibil Visibility ity is excellen excellent, t, because because the entire entire compartment is is transparent. The change in colour of gel in in any part of the mass is clearly visible, even from a distance as against very poor visibility in window type design. The entire oil cup is also transparent. transparent. Hence, change in the level of oil as well as as any sedimentation in oil is clearly visible as against invisibility in window type

Available range From 0.125 Kg to 15 Kg capacity Sn Silicagel Content Transformer rating

Suitable for transformer   33

Training Module

Print document Scribd, you'll (iIn n order Kgs) to print this document (infrom KVA ) first need to download it.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

0.125 0.250 0.500 Cancel 1.000 1.500 3.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 15.000

200 300 Download 5And 00 Print 2000 5000 7000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000



holding oil (in litres) 300 450 750 1400 3000 7500 15000 21000 27000 32000 47000

Above table is just a guide line. The gel content or the size of the breather is determined by the volume of air passing through the breather, the oil contents of the transformer and the atmospheric conditions at the place of installation. Hence the ultimate user should decide the size and gel content of the breather that would suit to him.

34

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

Sub-Assemblies

35

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

SUB ASSEMBLIES Cancel

Download And Print

Sub Assemblies are categorized as under:    

HV & LV Coils Core Assembly Core-Coil Assembly Pressed Steel Radiators & Panels MS Tanks Corrugated & Radiator type

36

Training Module

Print document

COILS

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

Coils are of two type a) High Voltage Coils b) Low Voltage Coils. Cancel



Download And Print

1.

HIGH VOLTAGE COILS. H.V. Coils are one one of the components components of finished finished transformers. transformers. High voltage voltage coils are made on automatic automatic layer layer setting winding machines. A solid cylindrical cylindrical former of predetermined diameter and length is being used as base over  which the coil is made. Generally round insulated wire of either copper or  aluminium is used as basic raw-material. raw-material . The coils are made in no. of layers. The starting and finishing leads of each coils are are terminated terminated on either either side of  the coil. These leads are properly properly sleeved and locked locked at no.of points.

2

LOW VOLTAGE COILS: L.V. Coils are also one the components of transformer. The procedure of  making low voltage voltage coil is is generally generally same same as described above, except that the shape of the basic raw-material is rectangular.

Disc Winding in process

Finished Disc winded coil

CORE ASSEMBLY 1.

Core is one of the components of finished transformer. Core assembly is done manually.

37

Training Module

2.

3.

4.

Print document



In order to is print this document from Scribd, you'll Silicon Steel and is Cold Rolled Grain Oriented The basic raw-material in the form of thin cut to size as per design. Generally three different firstsheets, need to download it. shapes of core laminations are used in one assembly. Notching is performed to increase the magnetic path. The laminations are put through annealing process. Cancel Download And Print These laminations are assembled in such a manner that there is no air gap between the joints of two consecutive sheets.

The entire assembly is done on a frame commonly known as core channel These frames are used as a clamping support of the core assembly. Hooks are provided on the core frame for easy movement movement of core assembly. The entire assembly assembly is tightened tightened by corebolt.

Core Assembly of Distribution Transformer

Core Assembly in process of Power Transformer

CORE - COIL COIL ASSEMBL ASSEMBLY: Y: The components produced in the coil winding and core assembly stage are taken into Core-Coil assembly Stage.

1.

The Core assembly is vertically placed with the foot plate touching the ground. The top yoke of of the core is is removed and is kept in a safe place. place. The limbs of the core are tightly wrapped with cotton cotton tape and then varnished. varnished.

2.

Cylinder made out of insulating insulating press board / pressphan pressphan paper is wrapped on all the three limbs. Low voltage coil is placed on the insulated core limbs.

38

Training Module

Print document



order to print this document and from Scribd, you'll Insulating blockInof specified thickness number are placed both at the top and bottom of first L.V.need Coil. to download it.

3.

Cylinder made out of corrugated paper or plain cylinder with oil ducts are Print provided over LV Coil.Cancel HV CoilsDownload are placedAnd over the cylinder. Gap between each section of HV coils including top and bottom clearances clearances is maintained with with the help of oil ducts; as per the design/drawings. design/drawings.

4.

The Top Yoke is refilled. refilled. Top core frame including including core bolts and tie rods are are fixed in position.

5.

Primary and secondary windings are connected as per the requirements. requirements . Phase barrier between between HV Phases are placed as per requirement. Connections Connections to the tapping Switch (if required) are made. Finally, the entire component is placed in the Oven for removal of moisture content. After drying the component is ready for tanking.

Distribution Transformer Core Coil Assembly

Power Transformer Core Coil Assembly

TANKS Best quality MS Sheets, Press Steel Radiators and Corrugated Panels are procured from indigenous and foreign sources. These radiators and panels are welded with the tanks fabricated in-house. In case of Power Transformers Radiators provided are of  detachable form due to large in size and ease of shipment.

39

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

Tank Fabrication in proCancel ces s

Download And CorPrint rugate d Tank

40

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

Tap Changer

41

Training Module

Print document

OLTC

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.



On Load tapchangers marketed by us are tested as per IS 8468-1977 Amendment 1-1980. On Load Tapchanger (OLTC) (OLTC) are also suitable for off circuit furnace duty application. application. It comprising Cancel Download And Print of driving mechanism and high speed selector selector switch. Optional equipments equipments include Remote Tapchanger Control Cubicle (RTCC) with indicating apparatus, fitted with devices to prevent malfunctioning. Designed for unidirectional power flow but can be used for bidirectional power  flow under certain combinations combinations of current rating and step voltage.

The tap changer is designed for operation at current upto 300 amperes. The Selector Switch which is capable of making and breaking load current in addition to selecting tapping, is housed in an oil filled container container and separated from the transformer oil by by an oil-tight cast epoxy resin Terminal Board. At one end of the container a separate chamber houses the motor and driving mechanism. A weather proof door provides access to the operating mechanism and a suitably positioned window allows easy reading of t he tap position indicator.

Available Range Sn

Rated Voltage

Max. Steps

Max. Rated Current Amps

Oil Content

Nos.

Max. Step Voltage Vo l t s

KV 1 2 3 4 5 6

11 11 33 33 33 33

8 4 8 16 20 16

600 220 1200/750 1200/750 1200/750 1200/850

300 100 125/300 100/300 125/300 100/300

440 300 440 780 780 380

7 8 9 10 11

33 33 66 66 66

9 16 16 16 20

1200/850 1000/750 1200/750 1200/750 1200/750

100/300 300/500 125/300 125/300 125/300

380 1200 1200 850 850

Tappings

Ltrs

Flange Dimension

SC withstand

mm

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Coarse/ fine plusminus Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear

K Amps for   2 Sec. 840 x 832 3.5 1035x990 2.0 840 x 832 3.5 1043x1035 3.5 1043x1035 3.5 1066x830 3.5

1066x830 1499x1207 1499x1207 1072x1110 1072x1110

3.5 5.0 3.5 3.5 3.5

OFF CIRCUIT TAP CHANGER Off Circuit Tap changers are used for adjusting the voltage of oil immersed transformers under  de-energised condition by adding or cutting out turns of primary or secondary windings.

Construction

42

Training Module



Print document

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll Tap changing is done byfirst rotating andownload insulating need to it. driving shaft. Bridgings are made between two terminal stud contacts either by snap action of self centering spring loaded ring or by sliding palm fixed with centre drive shaft. The centre shaft is operated by means of an externally mounted hand wheel on a double sealed stuffing box having spring loaded positioner with tap Cancel Download And Print position indicator. Indicator mechanically shows the tap number of which the tap changer is operating. Provision is made for pad locking in any tap position. Between first and last position stoppers are provided to avoid bridiging across range.

Material of construction Sn. 1. 2.

Parts Centre driving shaft Phase Board

3.

Terminal Stud

4.

Bridiging Ring

5.

Tie rod insulating tube & spacers Spring Stuffing Box Handle Supporting Structure

6. 7. 8. 9.

Available Range KV 11

AMPS 30 30 30 30 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 100 100 100

Material FRP pultruded rod Phenolic laminated paper   base sheet High co conductivity Ha Hard Copper OR Free machining Brass Hard Co Copper (M (Medium) Oxygen free OR Free machining Brass Tube Phenolic laminated paper  tube & FRP tube Spring Steel CI or CS CS or Aluminium CS

POSITION 5 7 9 11 5 7 9 5 7 9 11 5 7 5

Specification Epoxy based Gr. P3 of IS:2036 IS:613 IS:319 Conductivity to BS 1977 C 103 IS:319 Gr. P3 Epoxy Based IS:4454 Part I Gr. II

Gr. Fe 540 W -HT IS:961

TY P E SB SB TR TR SB SB SB TR TR TR TR SB SB TR

HANDLE T T T W T T T W W W W W W W

43

Training Module KV

22

22/11

33/11 33



Print document AM S to printP OSdocument ITION from Scribd, TY P E InPorder this you'll 1first 00 need to download 7 it. TR 100 9 TR 100 11 TR 150 5Download And Print TR Cancel 150 9 TR 250 5 TR 250 7 TR 250 9 TR 500 5 TR 500 9 TR

HANDLE W W W W W W W W W W

30 30 30 30 30 60 60 60 60 60 100 100 100 150 150 150 250 250 250 30 30 30 30 30 60 60 60 60 60 100 100 30

5 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 7 9 5 7 9 5 7 9 5 7 9 5 7 5 7 9 5 7 7 7 9 5 7 7

SB SB TR TR TR SB SB TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR SB SB TR TR TR SB SB TR TR TR TR TR TR

T T T T T T T W W W W W W W W W W W W T T W W W T T W W W W W W

30 30 30 60 60 60 60 100

5 7 9 5 7 9 11 5

TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR

T T T W W W W W

44

Training Module KV

SB TR



Print document AM S to printP OSdocument ITION from Scribd, TY P E InPorder this you'll 1first 00 need to download 7 it. TR 100 9 TR 150 5 TR 150 7Download And Print TR Cancel 150 9 TR 400 5 TR

: Side Base Construction : Tie Rod Construction

T W

HANDLE W W W W W W

: ‘T’ handle : W heel Handle

45

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

Temperature Indicator

46

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll TEMPERATURE INDICATOR (Dial Type) first need to download it.

Measuring System When heated, heated, volumetric volumetric expansion of liquid will will be proportional to the rise in Cancel Download And Print temperature. A sensing bulb, a measuring bellows and a small bore capillary tube connecting the two from the measuring system which is filled with liquid. W hen the bulb is exposed to a rise in temperature, the liquid inside the measuring system expand proportionately causing corresponding volumetric changes in the bellows. Since one end of the bellows is anchored it will move linearly in proportion to the measured temperature.

World Class Product Ergonomically designed 270º part circular scale Complete temperature and head compensation for bellows & capillary line No periodic site adjustment Upto four electrically isolated heavy duty control switches Winding temperature indication by thermal image device Remote transmission for electrical repeater  Switch & circuit testing facility from outside the case. All circuits to ground tested at 2500 volts A.C. 50 Hz for 60s Maximum temperature indicating pointer  Ventilated weather proof case (Protective class IP 55 of IEC 529)          

47

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll SPECIFICATIONS first need to download it.

1.

Dial

140 mm diameter with 270º part circular scale marked boldly for rapid reading. Cancel Download And Print 2. Standard Ranges 0-120ºC, 20 20-240ºC, 30 30-150ºC, 00-150ºC 3. Accuracy of indication ±1.0% f.s.d 4. Control Switches Upto 4 numbers, el electrically is isolated no normally open S.P.S.T. dry electrode mercury and glass switches. 5. Switch Rating 5 Amps continuous at 250 Volts A.C. or D.C. overload rating of 10 Amps in A.C. circuit only for short duration such as motor starting. Switches are independently adjustable for  making and breaking contacts at pre-set temperatures. 6. Capillary Standard Lengths 5m, 6m, 10m and 12m stainless steel armour sheathed 7. Bulb Type F or Type M 8. Case Case Fini Finish sh Stov Stove e enam enamel eled ed hamm hammer erst ston one e deep deep blue blue outside and all white inside. 9. Case Mounting Projection mounting with back straps. Weather   proof case (protective class IP 55 of IEC 529) is suitable for outdoor service. However a canopy type weather shield will improve visibility under  tropical conditions. 10. Capillary Entry Bottom or Top of case – vertical 11. Electrical Entry Bottom of ca case – vertical through 2 holes (19 mm or 26 mm) 12. Maximum Pointer Resettable fr from ou outside by by me means of of a screwdriver is fitted to the instrument window. window. A special damping device ensures accuracy of  readings even under vibration conditions. 13. Switch Testing A switch testing knob is fitted on the instrument lid to facilitate checking of the switch settings from outside, without removing the instrument lid. 14. 14. Ele Electri ctrica call Conne nnectio ction n Are Are ma made to to th the ter termi min nal block locks s ins insid ide e the the instrument case. Approved insulating materials are used and all circuits to ground tested at 2500 Volts A.C. 50 Hz for 60 seconds. A wiring diagram is fixed inside the instrument case. Temperature Indicators with dials of 60º segmental scale & 240º part circular scale is also available.

48

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

Transformer Oil

49

Training Module

Print document



order to print this document from Scribd, you'll TRANSFORMERInOIL first need to download it.

Transformer oil is a petroleum petroleum base mineral mineral oil used extensively extensively in power and distribution electrical equipments such as transformers, switchgears, capacitors and Download And Printwinding to core, winding to allied equipments. It provides Cancel insulation between windings, tank and acts as a coolant to take away the heat generated by power losses and also acts as an arc quenching medium.

Quality Quality of transformer oil marketed by us has to undergo tests and checks conforming to IS-335 of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) and also international standards: Oxidation stability, gas absorption, chemical deterioration, break down voltage, resistivity, dielectric dissipation factor etc. Physical characteristics tests are also conducted in a routine manner. We offer following distinct advantages:1.

High Volume Resistivity at 27ºC & 90ºC High insulation resistance between transformer windings or higher megger  value.

2.

Very low dielectric dissipation factor Reduces temperature rise during service, because of lower electrical losses.

3.

Highly refined oil Reduces aromatic content and sulphur content.

4.

Low Viscosity Improves cooling

5.

Higher initial interfacial tension Smoother functioning of oil with lesser maintenance due to low deterioration. deterioration.

6.

Low S.K. value Optimum Refining

50

Training Module



Print document

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll Technical Characteristics Characteristics first need to download it. 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 10. 11.

12. 12.

13. 14. 15.

16.

Appearance

:

Clear, transparent and free from suspended matter or sediment. 3 Density at 29.5º C (Max) 0.8Print 9 g/cm Cancel Download:And Kinematic Visco sity at 27ºC (Max) : 27 cst Interfacial tension at (Closed) (Min) : 0.04 N/m Flash point Pen sky-Marten (Close d) (Min) : 140ºC Pour Point (Max) : -6ºC Neutralisation V alue (Total Acidity) (Max) : 0.03 mg KO H/gm Corrosive Sup lh lhus : Nonon-Corros rosive (in terms of Classification of copper strip) Elec Electr tric ic Stre Streng ngth th (Min (Min)) a) New untreated o il : 3 0 KV b) After treatment : 60 KV Diel Dielec ectr tric ic Dissi issipa pati tion on fact factor or (ta (tan n del delta ta)) at at 90ºC 90ºC (Max (Max)) : 0.00 0.002 2 Specific Specific Resist Resistance ance (Resis (Resistivi tivity) ty) 12 a) at 90ºC (Min) : 35 x 10 ohm cm b) at 27ºC (Min) : 1500 x 10 ohm cm Oxid Oxidat atio ion n Stab Stabil ilit ity y a) Neutralisation value after Oxi dation (Max) : 0.40 mg KO H/gm b) Total Sludge after oxidation (Max) : 0.10 by weight Presence of Oxid ation inhibitor : Absent W ater Content (Ma x) : 5 0 PP M Tests Tests on on Sampl Sample e aged aged for for 96 hours hours as per ASTM Open Beaker method with Copper catalyst A) Dielectric di ssipation factor at 90º C (Max) : 0.2 B) Specific Resistance (Resistivity) Ohm-cm (Min) 12 a. at 90ºC : 0. 0.20 x 10 12 a. at 27ºC : 2.5 x 10 C) Neutralisation Value mg KO H/gm (Max) : 0.05 D) Sludge b y n-hept ane (Max) : 0.05 S.K. Value % (Typical) : 8

51

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

Repairing Distribution Transformers

52

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'llTRANSFORMERS PROCEDURE FOR REPAIRING DISTRIBUTION first need to download it.

The procedure forAndrepairing Cancel Download Print transformers is divided into three main stages. These are (1) pre-repair stage (2) repair stage & (3) post repair stage. All these stages are detailed below: I.

1.

Pre-repair Stage The pre-repair stage is further broken down into sub stages, each sub stage being enumerated as follows: Pre Prelim liminar inary y Ins Inspect ection ion (Sit (Site e / De Depot pot)

If required by the client then the damaged transformer is examined at the installation site or at the client's cli ent's depot by the firm's representative representative in presence of  the client's representative (normally the substation in-charge or the Depot manager). All observations observations are are recorded recorded on a pre-formatted table in the preliminary preliminary inspection report (format enclosed). Photographs of the transformer in a) installed i.e., undisturbed undisturbed state, state, b) opened state i.e., after de-tanking de-tanking the transformer must be snapped. Care should be taken to snap all necessary views of the transformer in both the states. The transformer is checked for the following: i) State of the main tank ii) State of the conservator vessel iii) State of the Radiators iv) iv) Stat State e of of Bush Bushin ings gs and and Fit Fitti ting ngs s (viz. (viz. Arci Arcing ng Horn Horn etc etc.) .) v) State of of th the De Dehydrating Br Breather  vi) State of Windings vii) State of the Core viii) State of the Transformer Oil ix) ix) Stat State e of of the the Valv Valves es (viz (viz.. PRV PRV,, Dra Drain in Valv Valves es etc. etc.)) x) Missing parts, if an any. A site / preliminary inspection report is prepared and signed by the firm's representative representative and counter signed by the client's representative. If undertaking the repair of the transformer is expected by both the concerned parties to be economical then suitable transportation of the same to the repair  works is arranged. 53

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll Note : At the time ofneed receiving the damaged damage d transformer the repair firm's first to download it.

representative must ensure that the state of transformer is clearly indicated on the receipt slip i.e., all the missing and damaged items must be clearly mentioned. Cancel Download And Print 2. Lifting:

The damaged transformers are lifted from the client's depot and brought to our works. 3. Unloading: The transformer are unloaded at the unloading bay by the loading / unloading personnel. -2-

4. Offer for Joint Inspection: The client client is intimated intimated of the transformer arrival. arrival. inspection is finalised.

Date and time of joint joint

5. Joint inspection: All observations made must be recorded on a pre-formatted table in the inspection report. (format enclosed) i)

On the the arrival arrival of the Inspector/s deputed by the client the transformer /s is / are brought inside the shed to the ear marked inspection area.

ii)

If sealed, the seals are broken broken in the presence presence of the inspector. inspector.

Transformer Tank & Conservator Conservator Vessel iii) If present, present, drain drain oil from from the transform transformer er tank and and conservato conservatorr vessel vessel into a separate marked drum. Visually inspect the conservator vessel for cracks / damages. Remove the vessel. iv) Check transformer transformer tank for leakages leakages / damages, damages, especially the radiator fins / tubes. Check ifif there are any parts missing. missing. Also check the the pressure relief  relief  valve. v)

Transformer Oil Check the dielectric strength of the oil drained from the transformer tank. Make note of its its colour and any adour arising arising from it. Also Also check for any foreign material. Bushing & Accessories 54

Training Module



Print document

In order to print document Scribd, you'll ed or broken. Remove vi) Check the condition cond ition of bushings bthis ushings i.e.,from whether whethe r cracked crack Remove them. Note their specification. specification . it. first need to download

vii) Check the condition of terminal rods whether it is "pitted" or damaged. And Print Remove them. NoteCancel down theirDownload specifications. viii) Dehydrating Breather 

Check the silica gel in breather assembly. Note its colour and quantity. Also check oil in the oil cup. Note its colour c olour and quantity. quantity. ix) Openi Opening ng the transf transform ormer  er  Open the transformer lid and raise the transformer core-coil assembly. Wait for some time to allow excess oil to drip into the tank. Now place the assembly on to a oil tray. x) Meta etallic llic Pie Pieces Check if there are any metallic pieces on the yoke or else where.

-3xi) xi) Tap Tap Chan Change ger  r  Check the condition of the tap changer contacts and connections. Check whether its functioning is proper or not. In most cases the tap changer is found damaged beyond salvage and has to be replaced. The connections & windigns xii) Check whether the terminal leads and lugs are broken or burnt. xiii) Check if the inter coil connections, connections, delta connections connections and its neutral neutral connections are loose, broken or burnt. Check whether the windings appear  burnt. Subsequent to visual examination of the core-coil assembly continuity and ratio tests should be performed on all windings to locate the fault and its nature. (if necessary the inter coil connection may be cut) xiv) Remove the yoke. Take out the windings windings and if necessary re-perform re-perform the continuity test to positively identify the fault. (If in the windings) xv) xv) The The Core Core

55

Training Module



Print document

In order to of print thiscore document from itScribd, you'll scratched, melted, has Check the condition the whether is pitted, any hot spots, an d has any foreign foreig deposits. The diameter, crossfirstand need to download it. n material deposits. sectional Area, window window height and limb size of the core must be recorded. recorded.

Download And Print xvi) Conductor size size andCancel current density density

The conductor size of both LV and HV windings must be measured and recorded. The current density as per observed sizes be also calculated and recorded. It should be checked whether this current density is in conformity with the magnitude stipulated. In case of irregularity it must be recorded and the inspector appraised of the same. xvii)Weighing The terminal rods and the windings must be weighed and their weights recorded. These must also be tagged and authenticated by the inspector. Note : In case any warranty / guarantee on the repaired transformer is required by the client and if any of the winding is found damaged during the  joint / preliminary inspection then all the windings have to be replaced. xviii)Joint xviii)Joint Inspection Report The inspection report presenting all the observations must be counter  signed by both the inspector and the repair firm's representative.

-46. Preparation for repair  i) List of works : For each damaged transformer under consideration consideration,, a list of  works to be carried out for its repair is prepared. prepared. ii)

Estimate for repair work 56

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

In consonance with the list of works, an estimate of repair cost be made. Cancel Download And Print (format enclosed) iii) Economic viability

In context to economic limitations, l imitations, if  any, imposed by the client and in reference to the guide lines, if any, laid down by the client the economic viability in taking up the repair of  the trans transfor former mer be worke worked d out. out. iv) Submis Submissio sion n of of Esti Estimat mate e The estimate is sent to the client for approval. v) Appr Approv oval al of Esti Estima mate te The next phase is to be taken up only upon receipt of approved estimate / work order placed by the client for repair of specific damaged transformers. If, for any reason, the client disapproves disapproves the estimate then the cost of to and fro transport of the transformer transformer must be realised from the client. vi) Design If the repair work is found cost effective and the repair work entails major  overhauling then electrical design is made by the design engineers keeping in mind the required C.D, core diameters, core cross-sectional area, window height, limb size, total copper weight, maximum flux density, rating, vector  group, voltage class, no load losses and the load losses. vii) Material procurement The design department submits the bill of materials along with the electrical design to the WM (Works Manager). The WM informs the store officer of the material requirements if the material is unavailable or short the store officer  accordingly advises the WM. If necessary, the WM then indents the purchase of the requisite material. The purchase manager procures the material and places it with the store.

57

Training Module



Print document

order to print thismaterial documentinvites from Scribd, The store onIn receipt of the the you'll QC manager to inspect the same. Only first subsequent to the it. QC manager's approval can the store accept need to download and issue the material. Cancel Download And Print viii) viii) Work Orders Orders Meanwhile in reference to each list of works and corresponding design the WM prepares and issues the work orders to various departmental heads.

-5ix) Requisition of material

On the basis of work orders issued to them, the departmental heads requisition the necessary materials from the store. II. The Repair Stage The scope of repair works essentially depends on the technical conditio c ondition n of  the transformer and the nature of its failure. The transformer repair may be sub divided into two types. (a) minor : This entails tightening of  connections or replacement of one or more individual components excluding the windings and the core. (b) major : This involves the replacement of winding and 58

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

insulation, re-insulation of core laminations etc. Cancel Download And Print All minor repairs are carried out without necessitating redesign or major material procurement. The repair stage (major) or the actual /  physical repair process is comprised of  a number of steps, each entailing the contribution of one or more departments. These steps along with the pivotal department and its role are enumerated as follows: 1) Preparation of winding formers This is done by the maintenance department. The maintenance maintenance department is also responsible for the upkeep of all machines, sub s ub-station, -station, and various other equipment. equipment. 2) Preparation of the windings 59

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

i) The LV Winding Deptt.: This department prepares the LV Cancel Download And Print winding as per the work order issued to them. It should be noted that the work orders are specific i.e., they relate to a particular design. This work is carried out adhering to certain work instructions, which are general in nature, but pertain to the department. ii) The HV winding department This department prepares the HV winding as per the work order issued to them. They also have their own work instructions. 3) Insulation The insulation cutting department is responsible responsible for cutting cutting and and providin providing g the insulation material required by various departments. This is done as per work orders issued iss ued to them. 60

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

Note : Stage inspection Cancel Download And Print Quite often the client requires to inspect the prepared windings. Thus it becomes necessary to invite the client for stage inspection of the prepared windings. The clients representative visits the works and inspects the windings for conductor size, CD and weight. These are recorded rec orded on the stage inspection report, which is counter signed by both the inspector and the firm's representative. On the written approval of the inspector, and if not already done the estimate of cost of  repair is filed with the clients for approval. Only after the receipt of the clients concurrence or in strong anticipation of the same, the next step is taken up.

61

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

4) Preparation of the core The core assembly department cleans, varnishes and reassembles the core laminations as per the work orders issued to them. 5) Core-Coil Assembly The coil assembly department with inputs from the winding, insulation cuttings and the core assembly department assembles the windings windings on the core, placing the requisite insulation material at the specified places. It also makes the necessary delta, neutral and inter coil connections. It brings out terminal leads and solders / brazes the connection lugs on them. It also assembles and connects the tap changers. This all is done as per the work orders issued to them. 62

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

On completion of the core coil Cancel Download And Print assembly the departmental head invites the testing engineer to perform the ratio and the resistance tests on the completed assemblies. If the tests are in conformity with specifications the assemblies are put in the drying ovens. 6) Drying of Transformer The core-coil assembly in the drying oven are periodically checked for insulation resistance values with a suitable megger by personnel of the tank-up department. Only when the stipulated megger values (about (about 1500 Mohms) have been attained do the tank up people take these assemblies out out for tan tanki king ng up up.. 7) Tank cleaning & Leakage testing 63

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

The tank cleaning department thoroughlyCancel cleans and checks the Download And Print transformer tanks & the conservator conservator vessel for any leakages. le akages. If any lekages are found they are plugged with welding by the maintenance people. 8) Painting of transformer tank & Conservator Vessel The painting department paints the transformer tank and the t he conservator vessel as per the work order issued to them. 9) Tank-up The tank-up department mounts the transformers into the cleaned and painted tanks as per work orders issued to them. The transformer tank is topped up with oil of dielectric strength of breakdown value 60 KV at 2.5 mm electrode gap. The 64

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

transformer oil should also be free of  any contaminants. Cancel Download And Print Note : In all cases of transformer repair the old transformer oil is to be replaced with new transformer oil. 10) Transformer Oil Treatment The oil treatment Plant Operator Operator should ensure that high quality transformer oil (Clear and BDO 60 KV at 2.5 mm gap) is available at all times for topping up the transformers. 11) Quality Control in the repair stage The QC department is responsible for maintaining a strict vigil on all in process, regularly sampling and inspecting at each inprocess stage the quality of work and material. Thus, ensuring snag free end product. 12) Testing of transformers 65

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

After tank up the repaired transformers are lined up in the Cancel Download And Print testing area. The testing tes ting engineer carries out on them all routine and any other tests specified by the client. Any anomalies found are referred to the responsible department for correction. After error correction, the transformers are re-tested. Only after the testing engineer, QC manager & the works manager are satisfied with the results the transformers are to be moved out by the loading loading / unloadin unloading g personnel to the ear marked storage bay.

III.Post Repair Stage 1. Intimation to the client On completion of the repairs the client is intimated and invited to t o carry out 66

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

the final inspection of the transformers. Cancel Download And Print

2. Final Inspection The client's representative shall examine and conduct tests on the transformers to satisfy himself of their worthiness. If any minor anomalies are noticed, they are put right. The final inspection report is prepared and counter signed by both the client's representative and the firm's representative. (normally the testing engineer) 3. Pre-despatch inspection & Despatch On receipt of the schedule of despatch from the client for the repaired transformers they are subjected to a pre-despatch check by the QC department. Any irregularity is corrected and only thereafter the 67

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

transformers are loaded on to the carrier. Cancel Download And Print 4. Invoicing As per the approved estimate the invoice for repairs carried out is duly prepared including applicable taxes and duties and presented to the client for realisation. Note : In case of doubt or difficulty of  any nature the WM / Testing Engineer / QC Manager / Finance Finance Manager / Purchase Manager / Sales Manager shall approach the Manager (Engineering) / Chief Engineer and seek his directions.

68

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

LIST OF RAW MATERIALS

1. Winding & Connection Wires a) LV Winding Wire (DPC Copper) b) HV Winding Wire (SE Copper) c) Terminal Lead Wire (MPC Copper) d) Copper Flat e) Copper Foil 2. Insulation a) Kraft Paper b) Pressboard c) Pre-compressed Pressboard d) Cotton Tape e) Empire Sleeve f) Glass Sleeve g) Bakelite Flat h) SRBP Tube i) Permali Wood 69

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

 j) Haldi Wood k) Press Paper Cancel Download And Print l) Crepe Paper m) Webbing Tape 3. Transformer Oil

4. Tapping Switch ( Of relevant tap nos. & specifications ) 5. Adhesives a) Synthetic Gum b) PVA Emulsion 6. Connection Lugs 7. Solder Wire a) Sn:Pb=70:30 b) Sn:Pb=60:40 8. Brazing Rod 9. Welding Electrode 70

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

10.

Bolt, Nuts and Washers Cancel Download And Print

11. Porcelain Bushings, Accessories and Fittings 12.

Rubberised Cork Sheet

13.

Shellac Gasket Sealing Compound Compound

14.

Talc Powder

15.

Borax

16.

Soldering Flux

17.

Dehydrating Breather

18.

Pressure Relief Valve

19.

Silica Gel

20.

Oil Temperature Indicator 71

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

21.

WindingCancel Temperature Indicator Download And Print

22. 22. Valv Valves es a) Wheel Valve b) Flange Valve 23. Radiat Radiators ors a) Elliptical Tube b) Pressed Steel c) Corrugated Panel 24. Oil Level Level Gauge Gauge 25. Air Release Release Plug and and Socket 26. Cable Cable Glands Glands 27. Paints Paints and Varnishe Varnishess a) Insulating Varnish b) Red Oxide Primer c) Paints of various colours d) Thinner 72

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

e) EC Thinner Cancel

Download And Print

28. Asbestos Asbestos Sheet (Red Jointing Jointing Sheet) Sheet) 29.Lock

73

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

LIST OF ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT & MACHINERY Cancel Download And Print WINDING DEPARTMENT: HT Winding Machine

Motorised 3 H.P. 3 Phase “V” Belt Drive with Automatic Layer Setter, Mechanical Clutches & Turn counter, Spool Stand with brakes. Foot speed control. LT Winding Machine

Motorised 3 H.P. 3 Phase “V” Belt Drive with Mechanical Clutches & Turn counter, Spool Stand & Foot speed control.

TURN COUNTER Direct digital display of number of turns, complete with detachable “Yoke Assembly” and sunmica working table. Range: 0-2200 Turns Accuracy: ±0.1%, ±1 Turn Power : 230 V. AC + 10%, 50 Hz. COIL ASSEMBLY DEPARTMENT : Gas Welding Set PAPER COVERING DEPTT.: Vertical Strip Covering Machine

Motorised Vertical type Single head TPC Strip Covering Machine with Reduction Gear  and Friction Clutch. Complete with electrical and standard accessories. Vertical Wire Covering Machine

Motorised 2 HP Vertical type Tripple head DPC W ire Covering Machine. Machine. Complete with electrical and standard accessories. Vertical Wire Covering Machine Motorised Vertical type Double head TPC Wire Covering Machine. Complete with electrical and standard accessories.

Paper Paper Slitting Machine Machine

20 inch. Capacity. Complete with electrical and standard accessories. Butt Welding Machine for Strips 25 KVA

f or Wire Wir e

8 KVA

for thin wire 1.5 KVA

74

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll INSULATION DEPARTMENT : first need to download it. 4' Power Sharing Machine 3' Triddle Sharing Machine

Cancel

Download And Print

10 Tonne Power Press

Geared, Heavy Duty fitted with Gear Guard. 3 Phase Electric motor with Prestige push button type starter “V” Belt set & fitting with automatic lubrication system. Portable Jigsaw

Motorised, single phase power input 580 W. Hand Operated Operated Small Circle Cuttin g Machine Spacer Deburring Deburring Machine

Motorised with complete electrical and standard accessories. MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT

Lathe Machine 6'

Motorised fitted with quick change Norton type Gear Box, having Hardened & ground Bed slideways, spindle, Tail Stock Quill, Ground spliced shaft in Gear box complete with steady guide. Traveling guide face plate and driving guide with reversing switch with Dog Chuck and Single slot, self centering chuck, 3 H.P. 3 phase Electric motor "V" Belts & Fittings. Shaper 2'

Two feet stroke length. With W ith electrical motor and standard accessories.

Bench Grinder (8”) With electrical motor and standard accessories.

75

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll Radial Drill Machine 1" first need to download it.

Motorised 1 H.P. 3 Phase ‘V’ Belt Drive with Starter. Capacity 40 mm Cancel Download And Print Pillar Drill Machine (3/4”) With Gears and motorised.

Arc Welding Set

3 Phase, 440 Volts oil filled with welding holder and welding cable. Machine having Tapping for 75 Amp. 100 Amp. 150 Amp. 200, 250, 300 & 350 Amp. Gas Welding Set

For Brazing and Soldering. Complete with Torch, nozzles, trolley tr olley and hose. Threading Machine (Capacity: 25 mm diameter) Motorised 1 H.P. 3 Phase motor with Reversing switch, Mechanical clutch, “V” Belt and multi speed pulley and die head chaser in mm size/inch size. Circular Saw Motorised

For steel cutting.

Vices Vices - Size Size 3 Size 2 M.S. Forged Body, Slid Hand Operated. Portable Hand Drill Capacity 12.5 mm. Portable Hand Drill Capacity 6mm. Portable Hand Grinder Capacity 4”.

76

Training Module

Print document

Portable Angle Grinder

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

Capacity 100 mm 180 mm



PAINTING AND AND TANK TESTING DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT Cancel Download: And Print Air Compressor with 2 nos. Spray Gun Capacity 3 H.P 1 H.P. Air Pressure Pressure Gauge Gauge 0 - 30 Size 75 mm Dia MATERIAL HANDLING : 5 Tonne Electric Hoist with Gantry and End Carriage

Hydraulic Pallet Truck (2.5 T) TANK UP DEPARTMENT : Portable Air Blower

Portable Hot Air Blower Hydraulic Lugs Crimping Machine with set of dies Manual Lugs Crimping Machine

TRANSFORMER OIL DEPARTMENT : Oil Storage Tank Capacity 5000 KL Oil Filtering Machine (Capacity - 250 litres/hour litres/hour Output) With a pair of Hoses 10 mtrs. And vacuum pump. Electrically heated with thermostat controls. Heater consumption 21.6 Kw and 1 H.P., 3 phase motor for circulating transformer oil Suction Pump

1 H.P 2 H.P. Complete with motor, hose and clamps.

Vacuum Pump 1 HP, 3 Phase, 415 Volt. Capacity 650 mm of Hg. 77

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it.

OTHERS : Canceland Control Download And Print Heating Chamber with Elements Panel Dimensions : 8’ x 8’ x 8’

Weighing Scale (Electronic) 1 Tonne 300 Kg. 50 Kg. GENERATORS : Capacity 125 KVA

Capacity 30 KVA Capacity 10 KVA

78

Training Module

Print document



LIST OF ESSENTIAL HAND TOOLS FOR REPAIR OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll

Sl.No 1.

first need to download it.

Item 'D' SPANNERS

Cancel

Size 1/4” x 5/16” 5/1Download 6” x 3/8” And Print 3/8” x 1/2” 5/8” x 3/4” 3/4” x 1” 1” x 1 1/4” 1/2” x 5/8” 1 1/2" x 1 1/4" 18 x 19 mm 10 x 11 mm 16 x 17 mm 19 x 22 mm 30 x 32 mm 27 x 24 mm

Quantity 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 3 Nos. 6 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 3 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos.

2.

RING SPANNERS

1/4” x 5/16” 5/16” x 3/8” 3/8” x 1/2” 1/2” x 5/8” 5/8” x 3/4” 3/4” x 1” 10 x 11 mm 16 x 17 mm 19 x 22 mm 30 x 32 mm 27 x 24 mm

2 Nos. 2 Nos. 2 Nos. 2 Nos. 2 Nos. 2 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos.

3.

BOX SPANNERS

1/4” x 5/16” 5/16” x 3/8” 3/8” x 1/2” 1/2” x 5/8” 5/8” x 3/4” 3/4” x 1” 10 x 11 mm 16 x 17 mm 19 x 22 mm 30 x 32 mm 27 x 24 mm

4 Nos. 6 Nos. 6 Nos. 6 Nos. 12 Nos. 8 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos.

4.

SLIDE WRENCH

Small size Medium size Big size

4 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos.

5.

PIPE WRENCH

14” 18” 24”

2 Nos. 2 Nos. 2 Nos.

79

Training Module Sl.No 6.

Item HAMMER Boll Type

Print document In order to print thisSdocument from Scribd, you'll ize 250it.Gms. first need to download



Quantity 6 Nos. 6 Nos. 4 Nos.

7.

PLIER

500 Gms. 1 Kg. Download And Print 8”

8.

NOSE PLIER

6”

12 Nos.

9.

CUTTER PLIER

6”

6 Nos.

10

MICRO METER SCREW 0 to 25 mm GAUGE (Manual Reading)

2 Nos.

11 (a)

VERNIER CALLIPER

0 to 300 mm

4 Nos.

11 (b)

VERNIER CALLIPER

0 to 200 mm

4 Nos.

12.

I.D. CALLIPERS

10" 12" 18"

6 Nos. 6 Nos. 4 Nos.

13.

O.D. CALLIPERS

10" 12" 18"

6 Nos. 6 Nos. 4 Nos.

14.

KNIFE

12”

12 Nos.

RIGHT ANGLE

4” 6"

2 Nos. 2 Nos.

12”

2 Nos.

Cancel

15.

6 Nos.

(Tri square)

16.

TAPE SCALE

3 Mtr.

6 Nos.

17.

STEEL SCALE

1 Ft. 2 Ft. 3 Ft.

6 Nos. 6 Nos. 4 Nos.

18.

SCREW DRIVER

4” 6” 12”

6 Nos. 6 Nos. 6 Nos.

19.

HAND HACKSAW 12” HAND HACKSAW BLADE 1/2"x12"

4 Nos. 4 Nos. 80

Training Module

Print document



Sl.No

In order to print thisSdocument from Scribd, you'll Item ize (HIGH SPEED)first need to download it.

Quantity

20 (a)

SLING ROPE

3/8” Thick And Print 1/2Download ” Thick 5/8” Thick 3/4” Thick

2 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos.

20 (b)

JUTE ROPE

1 1/2" Thick

20 Mtrs.

21.

SLING HOOK & U CLAMP

3/8” 1/2” 5/8” 3/4” 1” 1 1/4”

6 Nos. 6 Nos. 6 Nos. 6 Nos. 4 Nos. 4 Nos.

22.

SCISSORS

12” (10 No.)

12 Nos.

23.

LEATHER MALLET

50 mm 75 mm

6 Nos. 4 Nos.

24.

STRIP BENDER & TWISTER

According to the Strip 6 Nos. size

25.

FIBRE SETTER

6 Nos.

26.

CENTRE PUNCH

2 Nos.

27.

CUTTING TOOLS V Tool Left Tool Right Tool Cobalt Tool

2 Sets each

28.

CHISEL

6 Nos.

29.

OIL CAN

200 Ml.

10 Nos.

30.

DIVIDER

Small size Big size

3 Nos. 3 Nos.

31.

LATHE MACHINE MARKING BLOCK

32.

“C” CLAMP

Cancel

2 Nos.

18” 10” 15” 4”

2 Nos. 2 Nos. 2 Nos. 6 Nos. 81

Training Module

Print document In order to print thisSdocument from Scribd, you'll ize first need to download it.

Sl.No

Item

33.

DRILL STRAIGHT SHANK Cancel



Quantity

3/16” 1/4” And Print 5/1Download 6” 3/8”

6 Nos. 12 Nos. 12 Nos. 6 Nos.

7/16” 1/2” 9/16” 11/16” 5/8” 3/4” 1” 11/4” 1 1/2” 2”

12 Nos. 12 Nos. 12 Nos. 12 Nos. 12 Nos. 12 Nos. 6 Nos. 6 Nos. 6 Nos. 4 Nos.

34.

DRILL TAPER SHANK

35.

TAPER SOCKET

36.

FILES

37.

NAIL FILE

38.

BLADE

12 Pack Packet et

39.

COTTON

2 Kg.

40.

FELT PAD

10 Nos.

41.

POWER BLADE

42.

HAND HACKSAW BLADE

50 Nos.

43.

STRIP CUTTER

2 Nos.

44.

CHASER SET

10"

2 Sets

Flat file Round file Half Round

6 Nos. 6 Nos. 6 Nos.

Flat Round Half Round

2 Nos. 2 Nos. 2 Nos.

HACKSAW

50 Nos.

3/8” 1/2” 5/8” 3/4”

2 Set 2 Set 2 Set 2 Set 82

Training Module

Print document In order to print thisSdocument from Scribd, you'll ize 1” it. first need to download



Sl.No

Item

45.

CRIMPING TOOLS Cancel WITH DIE

46.

HAND DIE (In Inch) WITH 1/4" ONE HANDLE AND TAP 5/16" SET 3/8" 1/2" 5/8" 3/4" 1 1/4" 1 1/2" 1 3/4" 2"

3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos.

47.

HAND DIE ( In mm) WITH 6 mm ONE HANDLE AND TAP 8 mm SET 12 mm 16 mm 20 mm 25 mm 30 mm 42 mm 48 mm

3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos. 3 Nos.

48.

METAL TRAYS

4 Nos.

35 Download Sqr. mm And Print 400 Sqr. mm

Quantity 2 Set

2 Set

83

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll LIST OF INSTRUMENTS & EQUIPMENT FOR first need to download it. ELECTRICAL TESTING OF DAMAGED / REPAIRED TRANSFORMERS Cancel Download And Print

1.

MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE a) KELVIN BRIDE Measuring Range - 0.2 micro ohm to 11 ohm ohm Accuracy ±0.05% micro or  ±1 slide wire divn, which is greater rated current: Upto10 Amp. D.C. with light spot Galvanometer  D.C. Power source of 6 V. 10 Amp. OVERALL DIMENSION: Length 430 mm, width 280 mm, height 165 mm, galvanometer Length 280 mm, width 180 mm, Height 140 mm b) WHEAT STONE BRIDGE Measuring Range - 1 milli ohm ohm to 11.11 11.11 mega ohms. ohms. Measuring Measuring Accuracy: Accuracy: within with null detector detector Galvanometer conductor  conductor  ±0.075%. Accuracy of series arm = ±0.05% with clamp and 3 D.C. cell of 1.5V. each OVERALL DIMENSION: Length 370 mm, width 260 mm, height 155 mm.

2.

POLARITY CHECK & MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE RATIO TURN RATIO METER Measuring Range - 100-1000 10-100 1-10 Accuracy -0.1% Null balancing Type Mains operated with Polarity checking switch

3.

MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES AND IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE a) VOLTMETER Measuring Range - 0-150/300/600 V. Accuracy ±0.5% Portable Precision grade Moving Iron Low Powerfactor (0.2) A.C. Voltmeter in wooden case provided with Knife edge pointer antiparallex mirror scale. b) AMMETER Measuring Range 0-1/5 Amp. Accuracy ±0.5% Portable Precision Moving Iron Low power factor (0.2) A.C. Ammeter in wooden case provided with knife edge pointer  antiparallex mirror scale c) WATTMETER Portable low low power factor factor low wattage analogue wattmeter (0.2 L.P.F) single phase phase moving coil built in transducer in wooden case provided with knife edge pointer  antiparallex mirror scale. Current coil 2.5/5A Potential Coil - 600 V 84

Training Module Accuracy ±0.5%

Print document



In order to print this0-300 document from Scribd, you'll Measuring Scale Watts first need to download it.

Download And Print d) CURRENT TRANSFORMER Cancel Ratio: 10-15-30-50-100/5A 10-15-30-50- 100/5A Rated Burden 15 VA Accuracy Class 0.2 Frequency 50 C/s Voltage Class 660 V Effectively earthed system Portable current Transformer in Teak Wood case e) DIMMERSTAT (VARIAC) Continuo Continuously usly variabl variable e voltage voltage auto transform transformer er indoor indoor oil cooled cooled constructi construction, on, motorised with single phase supply portable type suitable to work on 3 phase 50 C/s A.C. Supply with base channel channel & four wheels. Input: 415 Volts, 3 Phase, 50 C/s A.C Output: 0-470 Volts, 3 Phase, 50 C/s A.C Capacity: 200 Amp. f) AUTO TRANSFORMER Capacity: 200 KVA, 3 Phase oil cooled and having 2 Nos. Taps of 800 & 1200 Volts, input voltage 400 Volts with base channel & four wheels g) POWER CAPACITORS Capacity : 100 KVAR Rated Voltage : 440 V. AC 50 C/s, 3 Phase with internal delta connection h)

FREQUENCY METER Range 0-70 Hz. i)

STEP-UP TRANSFORMER Capacity 100 KVA, Ratio 220 / 3000 volts with 2 Nos. tapping (150 & 300) in HV Side

4.

MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE INSULATION TESTER (MEGGER) Voltage:2500 V. Insulation Range: 0-5000 meg. ohms Hand generator and metal body

5.

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF TRANSFORMER OIL (BREAK DOWN VOLTAGE TEST OF TRANSFORMER OIL) OIL TESTING SET Motorised, and switch controlled raise or lower the voltage at rate of 2 KV/second (approx.) Input: 240 V, 50 C/s, Single phase Output: 0-100 KV 96 mm 2 moving iron meter marked marked in KV with with memory memory effect. Corona free free acrylic type test cell with electrodes, stirring facility, epoxy Treated oil cooled Transformer housed in fibre glass tank, HV Chamber and Zero start inter locking, A fast acting D.C. relay provided to 85

Training Module

Print document



In order to print document from Scribd, you'll protect the unit 2.4 mm/2.5 mm “GO”this “NO GO” gauge for gap adjusting, Table mounting type with fibre glass tank H.V. Transformer and metallic box for control panel. firstfor need to download it.

HEAT RUN TEST

6.

Cancel

Download And Print

a) Stop Watch b) Thermometer 0-120 oC (Stem Type)

measurement of losses shall be reused here. c) All equipment used for measurement INDUCED OVER VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST (DOUBLE FREQUENCY DOUBLE VOLTAGE TEST)

7.

a) SLIPRING INDUCTION MOTOR 3 Phase, 25 H.P. Slipring motor as generator and frequency changer  b) Squirrel Cage Induction Motor 3 Phase, 10 H.P Induction motor for primemover, auto Star Delta Starter  c) VOLTMETER Moving Iron A.C. Voltmeter Voltmeter of 1.5 1.5 class Accuracy Measuring Measuring Range Range 0 - 1200 V. d) AMMETER Moving Iron A.C. Ammeter of  ±1.5 Class Accuracy, Measuring Range 0-80 A. e) FREQUENCY METER Accuracy class: 1.0 Measuring Range: 0-150 Hz.

f) DIMMERSTAT (VARIAC) Capacity 28 A, 3 Phase 50 Hz. 0-470 V, output g)

STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

Range : 110V / 1100 V

MEASUREMENT OF UNBALANCED CURRENT

8. a)

MILLI AMP. METER Range 0-500 MA b) TONG TESTER Measuring Range 600 volts, 500 Amp. 1000 ohms

86

Training Module



Print document

In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll SEPARATE SOURCEfirst VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST (HIGH VOLTAGE TEST) need to download it.

9.

TRANSFORMER a) HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER Cancel Input Download Single phase oil cooled transformer: Voltage And 220Print Volts, Output Voltage: 0-40-80 KV, KVA Rating: 15 b) VOLTMETER Moving iron A.C. P.T. operated voltmeter accuracy Ratio: 40-80 KV/220 V.

±

1.5%, Range: 0-40/80 KV, P.T.

c) AMMETER Moving Iron A.C. Ammeter  Accuracy ±0.5% Measuring Range: 0-20 A. d) DIMMERSTAT Continuously variable voltage auto-transformer, indoor oil cooled, construction motorised with single phase supply portable type suitable to work on single phase 50 C/s A.C. supply with base channel and four wheels Input: 240 Volts, single phase 50 C/s A.C. Capacity: 60 Amp. / 28 A 10.

SEPARATE SOURCE VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST(LOW VOLTAGE TEST) HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER Single phase oil cooled Transformer  Input voltage: 220 Volts, Output Voltage: 0-4 KV

11.

DIGITAL POWER METER WITH HARMONIC ANALYSIS Voltage rating 600 Volts and Current rating 20 Amps.

87

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

Sales & Marketing

88

Training Module

SALES &

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to TRANSFORMERS download it. MARKETING

TENDER / ENQUIRY ENQUIRY IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION Cancel

Download And Print

Generally tenders are floated by power utilities all over the world. Feasibility of such tenders are studied and thereafter quoted. Some utilities require prior registration which involves involves factory factory inspection. Registration of the Company Company as Quality Product  Manufacturer and Supplier  with end users, consultants, Turnkey project executors, service organizations, organizations, Government/Private Government/Private Bodies etc. wherever wherever applicable applicable needs to be done. Information Informati on regarding product requirements are collected through personal contacts, Newspapers, Newspapers, Magazine, Professional Journal or by any other means. The techno-commercial techno-commercial team team gets involved involved and the needs of the various potential potential customers is assessed for technical requirements. requirements. The collected technical data is compared with company's manufacturing range to identify that the requirement requirement falls within company's production range.

TENDER PARTICIPATITION & QUOTATIONS: All inquiries for supply of product product are received directly directly from end users or or from other  sources. Tenders/ Inquiries are scrutinized against the standard Tender Review format. The salient features of the tender enquiries are listed and discussed with the concerned departments. If any discrepa discrepancie ncies s are noticed, noticed, confirmati confirmations ons and / or clarifica clarification tions s are sought from from the customer. customer. The cost-sheet cost-sheet is prepared based on material cost estimated. Commercial terms & Technical Particulars describing describing product product specifications are made. Tenders are then prepared and submitted, clearly highlighting highlighting any deviations considered. All Technical and Commercial terms including prices are necessary and acceptable, to get maximum advantage.

negotiated, wherever 

Successful Successfu l Tenders/Purchase Tenders/Pur chase Orders(P/O) Orders(P/ O) are once again reviewed against the Tender / Contract Contract Review Form before final final acceptance. After acceptance acceptance of clients order, P/Os are converted to order confirmation and released to the Design department for the preparation of drawings and the Bill of  Material (B.O.M.) Amendment desired by the Purchaser: Technical and commercial implications are studied. For technically possible amendments financial/commercial concessions are asked. Proper negotiations are conducted prior to taking decision on acceptance or rejection of amendment. amendment. Copy of accepted amendment amendment with necessary comments is issued to the concerned departments department s for necessary implementation. implementati on. 89

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll Amendment required by the Company: first need to download it.

The details of required amendment with full justification and reasoning is conveyed to the Purchaser. The conditions of Contract affecting due to amendmen amendmentt Cancel of Download And are re-negotiated. After receipt amendment, amendmen t, Print a copy is issued to the concerned Departments for necessary implementation. implementati on.

90

Training Module

Print document



In order to print this document from Scribd, you'll first need to download it. Cancel

Download And Print

THANKS

SANJEEV KADIAN

Mob. 9812415555

91