2. KG KG]X ]XAM AMT@ T@@K @KÐG ÐG.. 8. 0. =. 4. 3.
^XKG@K ^XKG@K^ ^BEDP @BXB@]DXÌP]K@BP @BXB@]DXÌ P]K@BP MDE PKP]DLB PKP] DLB 2-=-=-8. SDG]BJBP SDG] BJBP D KG@AGSDGKDG]D KG@ AGSDGKDG]DP P DG CBPD CBPD AC ACDGPKS DGPKSB B [ MDCDGP MDCDGPKS KSB. B. XAEDP MD EAP JTFBMAX JTFBMAXDP DP DG DE PKP PKP]DLB ]DLB MD MD JTDFA JTDFA 2-=-=-8. @BXB@]DXÌP]K@BP @BXB@]DXÌ P]K@BP MD EAP EAP JTFBMAXD JTFBMAXDPP ^BXB ^BXB DP]D PKP] PKP]DLB DLB MD JTDFA. B@@KAGD B@@ KAGDPP @AG @AGJTG JTG]]BP DG MDCDG MDCDGPB. PB.
6. ?. ;. 2>. 22.
B@@KAGD B@@KAGDP PP@AGJTG @AGJTG] ]BP SBXK BXKBG]D BG]DP ACDGPKS ACDG PKSBP. BP.DG B]BRTD. SBXKB BXKBG]D G]DPP MDCDG MDCDGPKS PKSBP. BP. MDPBXXAEEA MDPBXXAEE A ]Â@]K@A ]Â@]K@A MDE PKP]DLB PKP]DLB 2-=-=-8 [ PTP SBXKBG]DP. SBXKBG]DP. DJDX@K@KAP ^XÂ@]K@AP ^BXB ^BXB DE MDPBXXAEEA MDPBXXAEEA MDE PKP]DLB 2-=-=-8.
@ubgma dlpdzblas b trbhbjbr `ag ug dqukpa mdhdlas debharbr ug kgcarld mdtbeebma md eas jufbmards `ag eas qud vblas b trbhbjbr trbhbjbr,, par supudsta `aga`kdgma sus `brb`tdrìstk `brb`tdrìstk`bs `bs cìsk`bs, të`gk`bs, tâ`tk`bs y psìquk`bs, y b pbrtkr md boì, bpravd`obr de lâxkla md deeas. ^dra pbrb deea mdhdlas debharbr de skstdlb md judfa y sus vbrkbgtds md b`udrma `ag ebs `brb`tdrìstk`bs md gudstras guds tras jufbma jufbmards. rds. Dg de cúthae b`tube oby pa`as dgtrdgbmards qud tdgfbg de prkvkedfka md pamdr sded``kagbr b eas jufbmards kmðgdas pbrb de skstdlb qud lâs ed fustd, par dsa ds klpartbgtd sbhdr ea qud gd gd`d sktb tbla las pbrb pbr `bmb `b mbeaug uga a bmdcr eas ea sdmk mkcd cdrd gtds ds skst sk stdl dlbs bs`kag qud qu dbepa pamdl mdlas asuës mdsbr mds brra raee br. .bmd: ^ar`dsk tama ta ma ea smk mk`o `oa absd sdòb òbea ugb ug crbs bsd mde md erdgt Dgtr Dg trdg dgbm bmar ar Gb`k Gb agbe part pa rtuf ufuë s Sì Sì`t `tar areebr Crbm Cr d: ―`ubgma vay b ug dqukpa, ea pr prkkldr dra a qud ld pe peb bgtda ds ga rds dsttbr patdg`kbe be dqukpa y, b pb pbrrtkr md boì, trbt btbr br md bpa bpart rtbr br bs bspd` pd`ta tass pasktkvas“, ds dstb tb car arlb lb md pd pdgs gsbr br eb dg dg`u `udg dgtr tra a kg kgtd tdek ekfd fdg gtd y lu luyy eð eðfk fk``b. Dg de tr trbh bhbj bja a qu qudd bq bquì uì md mdsb sbrr rrae aeea ea kg kgtd tdg gta dxp xpag agdr dr `a `ag g `e `ebr brkm kmbm bm ea qu qudd ta tama ma dg dgtr trdg dgbm bmar ar md mdhd hdrì rìb b md ob`dr `ubgma dvbeúb b sus jufbmards y `aga`d pdrcd`tbldgtd eas pugtas `ebvd `ala sag: jufbmards md eas qud mkspagdlas, `euh be qud pdrtdgd`dlas, `alpdtk`kðg dg eb qud pbrtk`kpblas y ds dstk tkeea md ju judf dfa a qu qudd b lk ld fu fusstb, `ag tama de deeea md mdsb sbrr rra aee eea a ds dsttd sks ksttdl dlb b md ju juddfa (d (dee 22-==-==-8) 8)..
De skstdlb 2-=-=-8, rdprdsdgtb uga md eas skstdlbs lâs utkekzbmas mdgtra dg de cúthae lamdrga, dg de sd hus`b ug pdrcd`ta dqukekhrka mdcdgsb-btbqud. Pu tbebgtd lâs acdgskva a mdcdgskva vdgmrâ mdtdrlkgbma par ebs `brb`tdrìstk`bs md sus jufbmards a par ebs mkstkgtbs vbrkbgtds qud sd pudmdg rdbekzbr mdgtra mde skstdlb. @ag pa`bs vbrkb`kagds sd bmbptb b tambs ebs sktub`kagds tâ`tk`bs qud sd pudmdg mbr dg ug pbrtkma md `alpdtk`kðg. `alpdtk`kðg. EBP ^XKG@K^BEDP @BXB@]DXÌP]K@BP: b) Ttkek Ttkekzbgm zbgma a dstd skstdlb skstdlb md judfa sd lbgtkdgd lbgtkdgd supdrkarkm supdrkarkmbm bm gulërk`b gulërk`b dg eb zag zagbb mdcdgskvb mdcdgskvb prapkb prapkb y dg eb zagb mde `dgtra `dgtra mde `blpa, mkspagkdgma md dspb`kas ekhrds dg eb zagb md ckgbekzb`kðg, qud pudmd sdr bpravd`obmb par jufbmards md ebs eìgdbs bgtdrkards. h) Dg dstd skstdlb skstdlb eb ldz`eb ldz`eb md cug`kagds cug`kagds ds luy luy crd`udgtd crd`udgtd murbgtd murbgtd de mdsbrraeea mdsbrraeea mde judfa. judfa. Ebs eìgdbs tkdgmdg b dgtrdldz` dgtrdldz`ebrsd, ebrsd, md boì eas `agmk`kagbl `agmk`kagblkdgtas kdgtas dxkfkheds: -^EDGB ^BX]K@K^B@KÐG DG DE JTDFA. -BE]DXGBG@KB -BE ]DXGBG@KB MD CTG@KAGDP [ EÌGDBP. EÌGDBP. -BL^EKAP @AGA@KLKDG]AP ]Ë@GK@A-]Â@]K@AP. -HTDGB @AGMK@KÐG CÌPK@B. -@B^B@KMBM ^BXB B@]TBX DG ]AMBP EBP EÌGDBP KG]DX^XD]BGMA MKCDXDG]DP XAEDP`) Dstd Dst d skstdl skstdlbb pdrlktd pdrlktd ugb ugb hudgb hudgb a`upb a`upb`kð `kðg g rb`kag rb`kagbe be mde tdrr tdrrdga dga md md judfa judfa dg pask`k pask`kagd agdss mde `dgt `dgtra ra mde mde `blpa `blpa y mdcdg mdcdgsb, sb, ekhdrbgma md `kdrtbs tbrdbs tbrdbs mdcdgskvbs b eas mdebgtdras. m) Pd mkspagdg mkspagdg md hudgas hudgas bpayas bpayas ebtdrbeds ebtdrbeds ea qud prapar`kagb prapar`kagb eb ap`kðg md jufbr tbgta tbgta par ebs hbgmbs `ala par de `dgtra. `dgtra. d) Ds md luy klud. klpartbgtd partbgtd tdgdr prdpbrbmas prdpbrbmas jufbmards mde `dgtra mde `blpa pbrb sulbrsd sulbrsd be btbqud btbqud y qud sd kg`arpardg kg`arpardg pbrb pbrb ckgbekzbr ebs jufbmbs btbq btbqud. c) ]blhk blhkëg ëg ds gd`dsbr gd`dsbrka ka eb kg`arp kg`arparb` arb`kðg kðg be btbqu btbqud, d, md eas mdc mdcdgsbs dgsbs ebtdr ebtdrbeds beds a md befu befuga ga md eas eas mdcdgsbs mdcdgsbs `dg `dgtrbed trbeds, s, uga md deeas deeas `bmb vdz. f) Ds dlkgdgtdldgt dlkgdgtdldgtd d mdcdgskva mdcdgskva `ubgma ds `aea`bma dg prapkb prapkb lktbm md md `blpa `blpa (dg rdpekdfud kgtdgskva) kgtdgskva)..
Mdgtra mde judfa `aed`tkva acdgskva, ebs vdgtbjbs d kg`agvdgkdgtds qud vbg b kg`kmkr dg de judfa `aed`tkva sag ebs skfukdgtds:
SDG]BJBP
KG@AGSDGKDG]DP
-Bpayas ebtdrbeds y mkbfagbeds dg btbqud ea qud pdrlktd btbquds btbquds tbgta par eb hbgmb `ala par de `dgtra.
-Cbvard`d eb lavkekmbm y eb klpravksb`kðg. -Frbg dxkfdg`kb cìsk`b md befugas jufbmards (mdebgtdras, ebtdrbeds d kgtdrkards).
-@ag kg`arparb`kðg md ebtdrbeds sd hus`b supdrkarkmbm gulërk`b dg de `dgtra mde `blpa y `ag deea de `agtrae mde judfa. -Cbvard`d eb prafrdskðg dg de judfa (blpektum, pracugmkmbm y ceukmdz dg de judfa). judfa). -Eb `agsdrvb`kðg mde hbeðg dg eb arfbgkzb`kðg mde judfa ob`d qud de dqukpa husqud su armdg armdg . Bgtd deea , gudstras jufbmards b`uluebrâg ldgas `bgsbg`ka cìsk`a y ldgtbe qud de rkvbe.
-Gd`dskmbm jufbmardsmde dspd`ìck`as. -Mkstrkhu`kðgmdkrrb`kagbe tdrrdga md judfa (`dmdlas ldmka `blpa).
^amdlas dxpagdr ugb sdrkds md vdgtbjbs d kg`agvdgkdgtds kg`agvdgkdgtds qud gas dg`agtrbr dg`agtrbrdlas dlas b eb oarb md bpek`br dstd skstdlb, sd dxpagd b `agtkgub`kðg:
SDG]BJBP -Pd `agskfud frbg sdfurkmbm mdcdgskvb par supdrkarkmbm gulërk`b y `kdrrd md pbskeeas (ebtdrbeds y `dgtrbeds `dgtrbeds). ). -Dvktb sktub`kagds cbvarbheds cbvarbheds md tkra y rdlbtd mde apagdgtd. -Mdgskmbm md jufbmards. -^amdr md rd`updrb`kðg md hbeagds dg gudstrb prapkb lktbm md `blpa. -Xdmu``kðg md dspb`kas y zagbs md `rdb`kðg mde rkvbe.
KG@AGSDGKDG]DP -Mkck`uetbm pbrb `artbr jufbmbs jufbmbs dg su arkfdg. arkfdg. -Mkstrkhu`kðg krrb`kagbe mde tdrrdga md judfa, yb qud sd a`upb pdrcd`tbldgtd ldmka `blpa mdjbgma de atra ldmka pbrb pbrb de `agtrbrka, `agtrbrka, `ag de `agskfukdgtdd mdsfbstd cìsk`a `agskfukdgt cìsk`a md befugas befugas jufbmards. -Gd`dskmbm md jufbmards dspd`ìck`as mdpdgmkdgma md `ðla qudrblas jufbr (`dgtra`blpkstbs, mdebgtdras, kgtdrkards, dt`.)
PKP]DLB MD JTDFA 2-=-=-8
^AX M.E.M. KG.M.
[email protected].
[email protected]. M.E.K.
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[email protected].
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[email protected].
B.M.
KG.K. B.K.
MDCKGK@KÐG MDE XAE MD EAP JTFBMAXDP ^AX]DXA MDCDGPB EB]DXBE MDXD@OA MDCDGPB EB]DXBE KZRTKDXMA @DG]XA@BL^KP]B @DG]XBE MDXD@OA MDCDGPB @DG]XBE KZRTKDXMA MDCDGPB @DG]XBE MDXD@OA KG]DXKAX MDXD@OA @DG]XA@BL^KP]B @DG]XBE KZRTKDXMA B]B@BG]D MDXD@OA KG]DXKAX KZRTKDXMA B]B@BG]D KZRTKDXMA
- @ala `ubekmbmds cìsk`bs sd pudmd fdgdrbekzbr qud mdhd tdgdr ugb hudgb dstbturb, (lâs md 2,?> ldtras.). Cudrzb prapar`kagbmb b su beturb y cudrzb dxpeaskvb qud ed pdrlktb rdbekzbr tama tkpa md klpueskagds vdrtk`beds y oarkzagtbeds. Tgb dx`dedgtd bfkekmbm y `aarmkgb`kðg pbrb pamdr rdbekzbr tama tkpa md vaetdrdtbs, fkras, dt`. Tgb frbg `bpb`kmbm md rdb``kðg par ebs klprdvkskhe klprdvkskheds ds trbyd`tarkbs mde hbeðg y ugb hudgb vdea`kmbm, yb qud b vd`ds mdhd sbekr md su partdrìb pbrb btbjbr eas pbsds dg pracugmkmbm pracugmkmbm mde dqukpa bmvdrsbrka. bmvdrsbrka. - Mdhd tdgdr ugbs hudgbs obhkekmbmds të`gk`bs qud ed pdrlktbg rdbekzbr ug judfa dck`bz. Dg mdcdgsb mdhd malkgbr tama tkpa md hea`bjds (betas, ldmkas, hbjas y `ag dstkrbmbs) pbrb mdtdgdr eas `dgtras y eas tkras b partdrìb md eas jufbmards bmvdrsbrkas. bmvdrsbrkas. Mdhd malkgbr eas mdsvìas y mdspdjds `ag pkds y lbgas. Mdhd sbekr `ag md`kskðg y vbedgtìb dg ebs sktub`kagds qud sd ed prdsdgtdg md uga `agt `agtrb rb uga. uga. Dg btbqud mdhd lbgdjbr hkdg tbgta ebs lbgas `ala eas mas pkds pkds pbrb pamdr rdbekzbr mdspdjds bmd`ubmas bmd`ubmas y pbsds `artas, ldmkas y ebrfas `ag prd`kskðg. -]blhkëg mdhd tdgdr eb `bpb`kmbm y sbhdr kgtdrprdtbr ebs mkcdrdgtds sktub`kagds md judfa pbrb mkrkfkr bmd`ubmbldgtd eas lavklkdgtas `ahdrturb md sus `alpbòdras. mdhd dstbr luy btdgtatbr pbrb lavdrsdde`ag de dqukpa y sbekr md su prapkb ârdbmd mdlbr`bjd pdgbetk,yjufbgma `ala ug mdcdgsb ekhrd skBmdlâs cudrb gd`dsbrka, gd`dsbrka , pbrb kgtdr`dp kgtdr`dptbr a mdspdjbr hbeðg. ]blhkëg mdhd `aea`br ebs hbrrdrbs hbrrdrbs y sktubr b sus `alpbòdras `alpbòdras dg ebs jufbmbs b hbeðg hbeðg pbrbma (sbquds md dsqukgb dsqukgb y cbetbs mkrd`tbs mkrd`tbs d kgmkrd`tbs.
-Dg de bspd`ta cìsk`a mdhd tdgdr cudrzb lus`uebr pbrb pamdr eu`obr dg de ârdb `agtrb su btb`bgtd mkrd`ta . ]blhkëg mdhd pasddr ug ðptkla `blhka md rktla y ug hudg gkvde md rdskstdg`kb yb qud tkdgd ugb blpekb zagb qud `uhrkr, dcd`tubgma kg`arparb`kagds be btbqud par ebs hbgmbs b vdea`kmbm dedvbm dedvbmbb y dg a`bskagds a`bskagds pudmd tdgdr gd`dskmbm md rd`updrbr eb pask`kðg râpkmbldgtd. -Dg de bspd`ta të`gk`a cugmbldgtbeldgtd mdhd malkgbr ebs skfukdgtds b``kagds acdgskvbs: de `agtrae arkdgtbma, eb `agmu``kðg, eas pbsds `artas, ldmkas y ebrfas pbrb pamdr rdbekzbr `ag dck`b`kb eas `dgtras dg `brrdrb y eas `blhkas md arkdgtb`kðg mde hbeðg. ]blh blhkë këg g md mdhdg hdg td tdgd gdrr ug gkv gkvde de b` b`dpt dptbhe bhed d dg de jud judfa fa bë bërd rda a y mal malkg kgbr br eb ebss b`` b``kag kagds ds të të`gk `gk`b `bss mdcdgskvbs md bgtk`kpb`kðg d kgtdr`dptb`kðg, eb tdlparkzb`kðg, de mdspdjd, eb dgtrbmb y eb `brfb.
-Dg de bspd`ta cìsk`a mdhd tdgdr hudgb `bpb`kmbm md dedvb`kðg pbrb kgtdrvdgkr eas `dgtras b mvdrsbrkas. bmvdrsbrkas dstbr matbma mddck`bzldgtd cudrzb cìsk`b,dg `ubekmbm klpartbgtd dg . Mdhd dgcrdgtblkdgtas dgcrdgtblkd gtas 2 `agtrb 2 y dg eb `aea`b`kðg dg de ârdb. Atrb `ubekmbm mdtdrlkgbgtd ds eb vdea`kmbm qud gd`dsktb pbrb bgtk`kpbrsd a prdskagbr be bmvdrsbrka pbrb rd`updrbr de hbeðg. -Dg de bspd`ta të`gk`a y tdgkdgma tdgkdgma dg `udgtb eb pask`kðg `dgtrbmb `dgtrbmb qud a`upb mdhd sbhdr jufbr `ag blhas pkds, ug cúthae câ`ke y sklped. Bmdlâs mdhd malkgbr ebs skfukdgtd skfukdgtdss b``kagds: eas `agtraeds arkdgtbmas, de judfa bërda tbgta dg mdcdgsb `ala dg btbqud, eas pbsds (`artas, ldmkas y ebrfas), ebrfas), eb bgtk`kpb`kðg d kgtdr`dptb`kðg, kgtdr`dpt b`kðg, eb tdlparkzb`kðg, eas mdspdjds, ebs dgtrbmbs, ebs `brfbs y mdhd tdgdr hudg malkgka md ebs sktub`kagds md 2 `agtrb 2 pbrb pamdr `agtrbrr `agtrbrrdstbr dstbr b eas mdebgtdra mdebgtdrass bmvdrsbrkas. ]blhkë ]blhkëg g mdhd sbhdr b eas `agmd y skg hbeðg y rdbekzbr `ahdrturb b sus `alpbòdras md bey ebma.Dstb mdsd `dgtrbeds, `dgtrbeds , bmdlâs mdlbr`br dgtdgmdrsd dgtdgmdr sd bmvdrsbrkas mdsmd de pugta vkstb pdrsagbe, mdhdg tdgdr `brb`tdrìstk`bs `brb`tdr ìstk`bs të`gk`bs cìsk`bs `agpbrdjb ebs qud `alpdgdtrdg rd`ìpra`bldgtd. rd`ìpra`bldgtd. Tga mdhd sdr cudrtd cìsk`bldgtd, malkgbmar mde judfa bërda, de atra tblhkëg malkgbmar mde judfa bërda y râpkma, y blhas mdhdg tdgdr tdgdr ugb gatbhed pdrsagbekmbm. pdrsagbekmbm.
-Dg de bs -Dg bspd pd`t `ta a cì cìsk sk`a `a md mdhd hdg g td tdgd gdrr ug ugbb hu hudg dgbb `bpb`k `bp b`kmbm mbm md klp klpues ueskðg kðg (md (mdtd tdgt gtd) d) pbr pbrbb pam pamdr dr mksputbr `ag `kdrtb fbrbgtìb md ëxkta eas hbeagds bërdas. Mdhdg tdgdr tbgta dg mdcdgsb `ala dg btbq bt bqud ud,, rd rdbe bekz kzbg bgma ma rd rdpe pekd kdfu fuds ds b eb eì eìgd gdbb md mdcd md cdgsb gsbs, s, hbs hbs`ue `ueb`k b`kagd agdss ob` ob`kb kb blh blhbs bs hbg hbgmbs mbs d kg`arparb`kagds be btbqud. ]blhkë blhkëg g mdhd mdhdg g tdgd tdgdrr hudg hudgas as gkv gkvdeds deds md cudr cudrzb zb pbrb pamdr vdg`dr dg eas tb`eds y `agcragtb`kagds `ag de bmv mvd drsbr brka ka.. -D -Dg g de bs bspd pd`t `ta a të` ë`gk gk``a cugmbldgtbeldgtd mdhdg malkgbr ebs skfukdgtds b``kagds: eas `agtraeds arkdgtbmas, de judfa bërda dg mdcdgsb y dg btbqud, eb `agmu``kðg mde hbeðg, eas pbsds `artas, ldmkas y ebrfas (dg pracugmkmbm y ob`kb ebs hbgmbs), eb bgtk`kpb`kðg d kgtdr`dptb`kðg pbrb cbvard`dr eb rd`updrb`kðg mde hbeðg, eb tdlparkzb`kðg, ebs dgtrbmbs, ebs `brfbs y de tkra b partdrìb mdsmd ldmkb y ebrfb mkstbg`kb. mkstbg`kb. -Mbma qud sag jufbmards qud ta`bg ug dedvbma gúldra md hbeagds ds klpartbgtd qud sdpbg kgtdrprdtbr bmd`ubmbldgtd ebs cbsds mde judfa (mdcdgsb, btbqud y trbgsk`kagds), qud sdbg kgtdekfdgtds kgtdekfdgtds y tdgfbg ugb hudgb vkskðg mde judfa pbrb pamdr byumbr y rd`updrbr de hbeðg dg mdcdgsb y mkstrkhukr de judfa md btbqud bmd`ubmbldgtd.
-Dg de bspd`ta cìsk`a mdhdg tdgdr ugb hudgb rdskstdg`kb bdrðhk`b, yb qud tkdgdg ugb frbg zagb md `b zagb `blp lpa a pb pbrrb md mdccdg dgmd mdrr y bt btb` b`br br.. Bmdlâs Bmd lâs mdh mdhdg dg tdg tdgdr dr ugb hud hudgb gb `bp `bpb`k b`kmb mbm m pbrb `blhkbr de rktla md `brrdrb y rdbekzbr b`dedr b`d edrb`k b`kagd agdss md lbg lbgdr drbb `ag `agtkg tkgub. ub. ^ar ea tbgta, eb patdg`kb bdrðhk`b y eb rdskstdg`kb b eb vdea ea``km kmbm bm,, ug ugkkmbs b eb md mdsstr trd dzb sa sag g eb ebss prkg`k prk g`kpbe pbeds ds `ub `ubekm ekmbmd bmdss qud mdh mdhdg dg tdg tdgdr dr eas jufbmards md dstb pask`kðg. jufbmards - Dg de bsp bspd`t d`ta a të` të`gk` gk`a a cug cugmbld mbldgt gtbel beldg dgtd td mdhdg mdh dg mal malkgb kgbrr eb skf skfukd ukdgt gtds ds b`` b``kag kagds: ds: eas `agtraeds arkdgtbmas, eas pbsds `artas, ldmkas y ebrfas (pbrdmds, `dgtras be ârdb y `blhkas arkdgtb`kðg) y bmdlâs mdhdg sdr oâhkeds dg de rdfbtd. ]blhkëg mdhdg md malkgbr ebs b``kagds tâ`tk`bs mdcdgskvbs md bgtk`kpb`kðg d kgtdr`dptb`kðg, eb tdlparkzb`kðg, eb dgtrbmb y eb `brfb yb qud dg lu`obs sktub`kagds mdhdg rdpedfbr d kgtdfrbrsd pedgbldgtd dg eb eìgdb mdcdgskvb.
-Mdsmd de pugta md vkstb cìsk`a, pudmd sdr ug ðptkla mdebgt mde bgtdra dra sk sd tkd tkdgd gd ug cìs cìsk`a k`a klpartbgt klpartbgtd d (be (beta ta y cudrtd), bsì `ala sk ds hrdvkeìgda y pasdd ugb frbg `bpb`kmbm md sprkgt. Dg dstd skstdlb md judfa, eb eìgdb md btbqud pudmd dstbr `alpudstb par mas mdebgtdras betas y cudrtds a par mas mdebgtdras mde tkpa hrdvkeìgda y râpkmas. Dg `ubequkdr `bsa dsta ds ugb kgmk`b`kðg fdgdrb fdg drbe. e. Ea lâs klpartbgt klpartbgtd d ds qud ebs `ubekmbmds `ubekmbmds md eas mas mdebgtdras sd `alhkgdg y `alpedldgtdg. Ebs `brb`tdrìstk`bs `brb`tdrìs tk`bs qud tdgfbg eas mdebgtdras kgceudg`kbrâg md lbgdrbbe eb dgtrdgbmar tâ`tk`b acdgskvb mde dqukpa, ea qudbefugb `arrdspagmd prdmkspagdr md par mk`ob tâ`tk`b acdgskvb md carlb qud mdstbqudg ebs prapkbs `ubekmbmds md eas jufbmards. -Mdhdg tdgdr ugb hudgb të`gk`b kgmkvkmube, malkgbgma eas `agtraeds arkdgtbmas, eb `agmu``kðg râpkmb, ebs ckgtbs, eas rdfbtds, de judfa bërda y de tkra b partdrìb mdsmd `ubequkdr pask`kðg, âgfuea y mkstbg`kb. Bmdlâs tambs ebs b``kagds ldg`kagbmbs dg de pârrbca bgtdrkar mdhdg rdbekzbrebs hbja ugb cudrtd apask`kðg. -]blhkëg -] blhkëg mdhdg sbhdr pratdfdr de hbeðg pbrb pdrlktkr be b e dqukpa sbekr md pask`kagds mdcdgskvbs mdcdgskvbs d kg`arpar kg`arparbrsd brsd be btbqud. Mdhdg malkgbr de judfa dg `arta, rdbekzbgma tama tkpa md pbrdmds y trkbgfueb`kagds, mdlbr`brsd hkdg b eas dspb`kas, tdgdr ug ―hudg sdgtkma mde fae“ y sdr apartugkstb.
Mdebgtdras Pag eas prkldras dg mdcdgmdr `ag de ckg md: -Bpamdrbrsd mde hbeðg. -]dl -]dlpar parkz kzbr br mdcd mdcdgsk gskvb vbld ldgt gtd d pbrb pbrb cb`ke cb`kekt ktbr br de rdpekdfud mde rdsta md eìgdbs mde dqukpa. -Xdbe -Xd bekz kzbr br prdssk prdsskgf gf sahrd sahrd eb eìgdb eìgdb mdcd mdcdgsk gskvb vb dg zagb a sktub`kagds prdmdtdrlkgbmbs. -@ag su prdsskgf mdhdrâg dvktbr qud de bmvdrsbrka `bgbek`d su judfa md btbqud par de `dgtra, trbtbgma md arkdgtbrea ob`kb ebs hbgmbs, par magmd sd ob`d lâs câ`ke su rd`updrb`kðg. -Eas mas mdebgtdras mdhdrâg hbs`uebr sdfúg eb arkdgtb`kðg mde hbeðg y uga md deeas klpkmd eb sbekmb par hbgmb y de atra sd mdspebzb ob`kb de `dgtra pbrb trbtbr md kgtdr`dptbr ug paskhed pbsd ob`kb btrâs. -X -Xdp dpek ekdf dfud uds, s, vkfk vkfkeb ebg` g`kb kbss mdc mdcdgsk dgskvb vbs, s, bpay bpayas as acdgskvas be `dgtra mde `blpa (mupek`b`kðg mde lbr`bjd).
@dgtra`blpkstbs Dgtrbg dg b``kðg ugb vdz qud obg skma rdhbsbmas eas mdeb md ebgt gtdr dras as.. Hâs Hâsk` k`bl bldg dgtd td su suss cu cug` g`ka kagd gdss sa sag g ebs ebs skfukdgtds: -Xdbekzbr prdsskgf a tdlparkzb`kðg mdcdgskvb, sdfúg kgstru``kagds a tkpa md lbr`bjd. -Pag md`kskvas b eb oarb md lbgtdgdr de dqukekhrka y eb dstru`turbb mdcdgskv dstru`tur mdcdgskvbb mde dqukpa. -Eb a`upb`kðg rb`kagbe mde tdrrdga eb rdbekzbrâg sdfúg eb pask`kðg pask`kðg qud bmapt bmaptdg dg eas mdebg mdebgtdr tdras as (mdeb (mdebgtd gtdra ra `dgtra, dxtrdla, dt`.). Dg a`bskagds mdhdrâg rdpedfbr obstb eb prapkb eìgdb mdcd md cdgs gskv kvbb y a`up a`upbr br eas eas dspb dspb`k `kas as qu qud d sd pu pudm dmbg bg pramu`kr,, be obhdr skma mdspebzbmas eas mdcdgsbs dg su pramu`kr ebhar md lbr`bjd sahrd eas mdebgtdr mdebgtdras as bmvdrsbrkas. -^brb sdr dck`b`ds y `agskstdgtds dg eb rd`updrb`kðg mde hbeð beðg, eas eas la lavvkl klkd kdg gtas `aed aed`tkv `tkvas as md mdh hdg rdbekzb rdb ekzbreas reas md lbgd lbgdrb rb skg`r skg`ragkzb agkzbmb mb (hbs` (hbs`ueb`k ueb`kagds agds ob`kb ebs hbgmbs, prdsskgf, rdpekdfuds, dt`.).
Mdcdgsbs Kgtdrvkdgdg mkrd`tbldgtd mkrd`tbldgtd ugb vdz supdrbmb eb eìgdb md `dgtra`blpkstbs. -B -Byum yumbg bg b eb eìg eìgdb db md `dg `dgtra tra`bl `blpks pkstbs tbs rdbek rdbekzbg zbgma ma prdsskgf dg mdtdrlkgbmbs `kr`ugs `kr`ugstbg`kbs. tbg`kbs. -Mdh -Mdhdg dg lb lbgt gtdg dgdr dr eb arkd arkdgt gtb` b`kð kðg g `arr `arrd` d`tb tb dg eas eas lbr`bjds. -Mdhdg `ahdrturbs be rdsta md `alpbòdras md eìgdb y brdbekzbr eb md `dgtra`blpkstbs (lbr`bjd zagbe). -@alhkgbrâg eb tdlparkzb`kðg y eb bgtk`kpb`kðg. -Mbrâg lbyar kgtdgskmbm mdcdgskvb dg cug`kðg md eb praxklkmbm mde hbeðg b eb partdrìb. -Mdhdg -Md hdg dst dstbr br pdr pdrcd` cd`tbl tbldg dgtd td skg skg`ra `ragkz gkzbma bmass dg eas lavk la vklk lkdg dgta tass md `b `blh lhka kass md lb lbr` r`bj bjd, d, `ahd `ahdrt rtur urb, b, hbs`ueb`kagds, sbekmbs dxpeaskvbs pbrb mdjbr dg cudrb md judfa b eas bmvdrsbrkas, rdpekd rdpekdfuds, fuds, dt`. -Mdgtra mde ârdb prapkb ga mdhdrâg `alpek`brsd y b vd`ds ug mdspdjd ds lâs dck`bz qud kgtdgtbr jufbr de hbeðg `ag rkdsfa md përmkmb mde lksla y pdekfra dg su partdrìb.
^artdra
-Mdhd pask`kagbrsd y `aea`brsd bmd`ubmbldgtd sdfúg de tkpa md rdpekdfud. -Mdhd arfbgkzbr ebs hbrrdrbs mdcdgskvbs y ebs pask`kagds md sus `alpbòdras dg ebs jufbmbs b hbeðg pbrbma. -Mdhd rdbekzbr hkdg eas pbsds y mdspdjds `ag eas pkds. -Mdhd sbhdr lbgmbr y mkrkfkr b su eìgdb mdcdgskvb. -Mdhd lastrbr `agstbgtdldgtd ugb frbg `ag`dgtrb`kðg y sdfurkmbm.
^artdra B^A[A BG]D ^XDPKÐG MDE DRTK^A XKSBE
-Ds ug jufbmar luy klpartbgtd dg de kgk`ka md ebs jufbmbs md btbqud y md `agtrbbtbqud. `agtrbbtbqud. -Mdhd bpaybr b eas mdcdgsbs qud sd dg`udgtrdg prdskagbmas par de bmvdrsbrka y bsdfurbr eb pasdskðg mde hbeðg. -]blhkëg mdhd bmdebgtbr su `aea`b`kðg `ubgma de dqukpa sd dg`udgtrd dg pask`kðg bvbgzbmb pbrb rdmu`kr mkstbg`kb `ag su eìgdb mdcdgskv mdcdgskvbb y tdgdr lâs paskhkekmbmds pbrb kgtdr`dptbr eas paskheds pbsds dg pracugmkmbm mde dqukpa bmvdrsbrka.
Mdcdgsbs -De btbqud sd kgk`kb mdsmd eb prapkb mdcdgsb. Tgb vdz rd`updrbma de hbeðg eas mdcdgsbs ebtdrbeds mdspebzbrâg ebs hbgmbs mbr blpektum be btbqud dg su sd kgk`ka y mdhdrâgob`kb pbsbrsd de hbeðgpbrb `ag sdfurkmbm. -Ds klpart klpartbg bgtd td td tdgdr gdr mas mas juf jufbma bmard rds, s, be ldgas ldgas `ag `bpb`k `bpb`kmbm mbm acdgs acdgskv kvb. b. De mdcdg mdcdgsb sb ebtdrb ebtdrbee `ubgm `ubgma a tkdgd tkdgd dsp dspb`k b`ka a par mdebg mdebgtd td mdhdrâ kg`arparbrsd `ag vdea`kmbm, betdrgbgma sus sbekmbs `ag de mdcdgsb ebtdrbe mde atra ebma, md tbe lama qud b trbvës md eb `agmu``kðg mde hbeðg sd `rdd supdrkarkmbm gulërk`b dg de `dgtra mde `blpa. ]blhkëg blhkëg mdhd rdbe rdbekzbr kzbr mdslbrquds mdslbrquds md ruptu rupturb rb y `brr `brrdrb drbss pbrb rdbekzbr râpkmas `agtrbbtbquds, a`upbr dspb`kas, `rdbr supdrkarkmbm y mbr lâs paskhkekmbmds md `agtkgukmbm y md ëxkta be btbqud. Eas `dgtrbeds tblhkëg sd pudmdg kg`arparbr be btbqud pdra md lbgdrb lâs dsparâmk`b y hus`bgma eb sarprdsb. -Mdhdg rdbekzbr eas apartugas mdsmaheblkdgtas pbrb lbgtdgdr de dqukekhrka mde dqukpa. -]blhkëg ds klpartbgtd tdgdr ug jufbmar be ldgas `ag `bpb`kmbm pbrb rdbekzbr pbsds ebrfas y prd`ksas. -Be kgk`kbr de judfa dg zagb mdcdgskvb mdhdrâg mbr blpektum be judfa y rdbekzbr rdbekzbr bpayas pbrb ugb ugb `arrd`tb mkstrkhu`kðg mkstrkhu`kðg mde judfa. -Mdhdrâg dvktbrsd eas pbsds oarkzagtbeds, yb qud ugb përmkmb mde hbeðg a`bskagbrìb ugb apartugkmbm `ebrb md fae. -Dg ebs jufbmbs b hbeðg pbrbma (sbquds md dsqukgb, cbetbs, dt`.) sdrâ klpartbgtd judfa bërda.su pbrtk`kpb`kðg skdlprd qud sdbg malkgbmards mde
@dgtra`blpkstbs -Pag md`kskvas dg eb a`upb`kðg, mkstrkhu`kðg y arfbgkzb`kðg mde judfa. -Dqukekhrka y pracugmkmbm dg btbqud, kg kg`a `arp rpar arbb`k `kðg ðg md mas mas md de deea eass dg b``k b``kag agds ds acdgskvbs. Mdhdg bpravd`obr eas dspb`kas ekhrds `rdb `rdbma mass par par eas eas mdeb mdebgt gtdr dras as d kg`a kg`arp rpar arbr brsd sd b pask`kagds md rdlbtd. -Eas `dgtra`blpkstbs ebtdrbeds, par sus rdspd`tkvbs hbgmbs, mdhdg rdbekzbr dg lu`obs a`bskagds jufbmbs md dxtrdla y ckgbekzbr jufbmbs md btbq btbqud ud dg `dgt `dgtra rass pbsb pbsbma mas. s. Deea Deeass `a `ag g su pask`kðg btbqud mdelbr`brâg dqukpa. eb blpektum dg de judfa md -Eas `dgtr -Eas `dgtra`b a`blpk lpkst stbs bs sag eas dg`br dg`brfb fbmas mas md lbr`br de rktla md judfa y de trâgskta mde lksla. -Dspd`kbekzb`kðg dg tkras b partdrìb mdsmd edjas. -Mdh -M dhdg dg rdbek dbekzb zbrr eas eas md mdsm smah aheb eblk lkd dgtas gtas b eas eas mdcdgsbs qud sd kg`arparbg be btbqud.
Mdebgtdras -Lav Lavkekmbm, obhkekmbm y vdea`kmbm pbrb mdsdqukekhrbr eb mdcdgsb bmvdrsbrkb. Eb lavkekmbm md eas mdebgtdras y `ala `agsd`udg`kb eb `rdb`kðg md dspb`kas ds md frbg klpartbg`kb dg dstd skstdlb md judfa, pbrb qud sd pudmbg pudmbg kg`arp kg`arpar arbr br eas eas `alpb `alpbòd òdras ras mdsmd mdsmd btrâs (`dgtra`blpkstbs y mdcdgsbs), paskhkektbgma b su vdz blpektum md btbqud. -Mdhdg rdbekzbr mkbfagbeds `agstbgtds y `ru`ds dgtrd deeas, `ag y skg hbeðg. ]blhkëg ob`kb eas prapkas `dgtra`blpkstbs pbrb bpaybreds y b eb vdz `rdbr dspb`kas ekhrds. -^racugmkmbm y bgtk`kpb`kðg acdgskvb. -[ dg fdgdrbe, `ala dg tamas eas skstdlbs md judfa, eas mdebgt mdebgtdras dras mdhdg sdr oâhkeds `ag de hbeðg, vdea`ds y hudgas dg eb ckgbekzb`kðg md ebs jufbmbss md btb jufbmb btbqud qud `ag eas pkd pkdss y `ag eb `b `bhdzb. hdzb.
Sbrkbgtds tâ`tk`bs
2-0-(2) 2-0-(2)-=-=-8 8 : Bmd Bmdebgt ebgtbla blass eb pask`k pask`kðg ðg md ug mdc mdcdgs dgsbb pbr pbrbb sktubrea dgtrd ebs eìgdbs mde `dgtra mde `blpa y eb eìgdb md mdcdgsbs. ^udmd sdr tbgta md eb pbrtd `dgtrbe md eb mdcdgsb `ala mde ebtdrbe. Buldgt Bul dgtbla blass bsì eb `bpb `bpb`km `kmbm bm acd acdgsk gskvb vb mde dqu dqukpa kpa `rdbg `rdbgma ma supdrkarkmbm gulërk`b dg de `dgtra mde `blpa a dg ebs hbgmbs y bsì mkspagdr ug ldjar `agtrae mde judfa md btbqud.
2-=2-=-0 0-( -(2) 2)-8 -8:: Dg ds dsttd `bs `bsa bmde bmdebg bgttblas blas b ug uga a md ea eass `dgtra`blpkstbs dgtrd eas mdebgtdras y eas `dgtra`blpkstbs. @ag deea buldgtblas eb `bpb`kmbm acdgskvb mde dqukpa, mdsmd dstb pask`kðg bpaybrâ b eas mdebgtdras y pbrtk`kpbrâ lâs dg de btbqud eedfbgma kg`eusa b ckgbekzbr eb jufbmb. ]blhkëg pamdlas bmdebgtbr b ug kgtdrkar `agvkrtkëgmasd dg ug cbesa dxtrdla.
De `d `dgt gtrra md mdee `bl blpa pa ds ug ugbb zag agbb vk vktb tbee pb pbrrb de mdsbrraeea mde judfa, y par ea tbgta rdqukdrd md eas jufbmards `ag rd`ursas të`gk`as y tâ`tk`as qud pdrlkt pdr lktbg bg juf jufbr br `ag pa` pa`as as ta taqud qudss y qud acr acrdz dz`bg `bg lu`obDsvdea`kmbm be judfa judfamagmd murbgtd ebs b``kagds md pbsd. ugb zagb md de hbeðg mdhd vaebr y sbekr luy râpkma md eas pkds md eas cuthaekstbs, hus`bgma sklpek`kmbm y cb`kektbgma eb `agstru``kðg mde judfa acdgskva mde dqukpa. De malkgka mde `dgtra mde `blpa v b sdr dsdg`kbe pbrb de mdsbrraeea mde judfa, ug sdfugma bspd`ta qud vblas b mdstb`br ds qud de malkgka md eb zagb md `rdb`kðg sd vb b ldmkr b trbvës mde bgâeksks md eas faeds ahtdgkmas, md ebs a`bskagds `rdbmbs, md eb pracugmkmb pracugmkmbm, m, mde judfa pdgdtrbgtd pdgdtrbgtd y md ebs kgt kgtdrvd drvdg`kag g`kagds ds crd crd`udg `udgtds tds mde part partdra dra rkvb rkvbe. e. Dg mdckgktkvb, lastrbr qud de malkgka mde judfa skg tdgdr prac pr acug ugmk mkmb mbm m sd sdrì rìbb de dj djdl dlpe pea a md ug dq dquk ukpa pa sk skg g brfuldgtass gk `bekmbm dg de btbqud debharbma. brfuldgta LDMKBG]D DE PKFTKDG]D LAMDEA MD ZAGBP HKDG MDCKGKMB MDCK GKMBPP PD LAMD LAMDEBXÂ EBXÂ GTDP GTDP]XA ]XA MDP MDPBXX BXXAEEA AEEA ]Â@]K@A MDG]XA MDE PKP]DLB 2-=-=-8.
Sbrkbgtds tâ`tk`bs
2-=-(2)-0-8: 2-=-(2 )-0-8: @agskstd @agskstd dg rdtr rdtrbsbr bsbr uga md eas `dgtra`blpkstbs `dgtra`blpkstbs `dgtrbeds, `ala ekhrd par mdebgtd md eb mdcdgsb, su cug`kðg sdrâ eb md cartbe cartbed`d d`drr de sks skstd tdlb lb mdc mdcdgs dgskv kva a be `rdbr `rdbr sup supdrk drkarkm arkmbm bm gulë gulërk rk`b `b dg eb za zagb gb,, rdbek dbekzzbr `ahd `ahdrt rtur urbb b eb eìgd eìgdbb md `dgtra `dg tra`bl `blpks pkstbs tbs a hkdg hkdg rdbekz rdbekzbr br befúg befúg lbr lbr`bj `bjd d `ag `ag`r `rdta dta a vkfk vkfkebg ebg`k `kbb sahr sahrd d ug `d `dgt gtra ra`bl `blpks pkstb tb ac acdg dgsk skva va md mdee dqu dqukpa kpa bmvdrsbrka.
2-=-=-(2)-2: Dg dstd `bsa rdtrbsblas b uga md eas mdebgtdras dgtrd eb eìgdb md btbqud y `dgtra`blpkstbs, `uya ahjdtkva sdrâ de md tbpbr ebs kg`arparb`kagds acdgskvbs md ug mdcdgsb bmvdrsbrka a lbr`br be arfbgkzbmar mde dqukpa bmvdrsbrka, ahekfbgma md dstb carlb b ug `dgtrbe b kgk`kbr de judfa md btbqud.
B `agtkgu `agtkgub`kðg b`kðg vblas b `ags `agstrukr trukr de mdsbrraeea md gudstra skstdlb b`armd `ag eas su sup pud udsstas cu cuth tha aeks ksttbs qud tdg dgm mrì rìb blas y `ag guds dstr trb b km kmdb db md judfa, par supudsta qud ga pamdlas lbr`br `ala ug úgk`a lamdea md judfa de `ube mdpdgmb md gudstra skstdlb 2-=-=-8, sk ga qud klpebgtblas dstd mdsbrraeea b lama md djdlpea pbrb ahsdrvbr `ðla trbtbrìblas dstd bspd`ta qud ed mb sdgtkma be skstdlb md judfa ds`afkma. ^rapagdl dla as ldmkbgtd mas dsqudlbs tamas eas cugmbldg dgttas tâ`tk`as qud tdgmrdlas qud klpebgtbr dg gudstra dqukpa, rdpkta qud dsta sd rdb rd bek ekzzbrâ ugb vd vdzz vk vkst sta a y bgbek ekzzbma b eas ju juf fbmar ards ds qud mks ksp pag agdl dla as, qud ―dqukpa kpa kmd kmdbe“ be“ pbrb de dg dstd supudsta gas pdrlktklas tdgdr de ―dqu mdsb md sbrr rrae aeea ea md mdee lk lksl sla. a.
^AP K@KAGBLKG K@KAGBLKGD D ]A BSBGZBMA BSBGZBMA
^ X D P D G @ K B K G] G ] D G P K SB SB
^ A P K @ K A GB GB LK LK D G ]A ]A X D ^ E K D F TD KG KG ]D ]D G P K S A
SB X KB G]D MD CD GP KS KSB B 2-= 2-=--==-22-2 2
SBXKBG]DP ACDGPKSBP 2-0-(2)-=-8 / 2-=-0-(2)-8
MDPMAHEBLKDG]AP
MB M D E D G E B P TH K MB EB]DXBE
MDPMAHEBLKDG]AP
D G EB E B P B E K MB M B M D E @ D G ]X ]X B E
8
@ubgta lâs `dr`b md gudstrb partdrìb lbs prd`kskðg sd gd`dsktbrâ dg de pbsd, dgtrd eas `dgtrbeds dvktbrdlas pbsds luy ebrfas, dvktbrdlas pbsds oarkzagtbeds y `ag rd`arrkma ebrfa, tblhkëg dvktbrdlas pbsds betas y skdlprd ta`brdlas dvktbrdlas ta`brdlas hkdg de hbeðg pbrb qud de tkdlpa dg de qud de lksla dstë skg mudòa sdb de ldgar paskhed. Ttkekzbrdlas pbsds md ldmkb mkstbg`kb, rbsas, hkdg ta`bmas, `dr`bgas be pkd mde rd`dptar y dvktbgma pbsds oarkzagtbeds. ^brb deea utkekzbrdlas de kgtdrkar mde pkd a de dlpdkgd kgtdrkar y sd rd`alkdgmb qud de pbsbmar obfb skdlprd ug bpaya par mdtrâs y dg mkrd``kðg be pbsd. Dg de `b `bsa sa mde mde pa part rtdr dra a kg kgtd tdgt gtbr brdl dlas as `a `agt gtkg kgub ubrr `a `ag g eb pa pasd sdsk skðg ðg md mdee hbeð hbeðg g sk ës ëstd td ga ds dstâ tâ prdskagbma par bmvdrsbrkas par ea tbgta dvktbrâ pbsds cragtbeds `ag sus `dgtrbeds sbeva dg sktub`kagds luy `ebrbs, bmdlâs de partdra mdhd pbsbr `ag sdfurkmbm ob`kb ebs hbgmbs. B `agtkgub`kðg pbsblas b mdsbrraeebr mkstkgtbs sbekmbs:
P B E K M B @ AG B ^ A[ A MD M D E ^ AX ]D X A
=
0
8
2
P B E K M B @ AG D E E B] D X B E
MDPLBXRTD MD B^A[A [ ^BPD
^BPD @AG DE KG]DXKAX
MDPLBXRTD MD XT^]TXB
@AG]XAE OB@KB MDG]XA [ ^BPD LDMKA
^BPD MD @BXB BG]D ^XDPKÐG
MDPLBXRTD OB@KB HBGMB
@AG]XAE AXKDG]BMA [ ^BPD @AG DE KG]DXKAX
@AG]XAE AXKDG]BMA [ ^BPD B HBGMB
Mdspuës md vdr ugas djdlpeas md `ðla sbemrdlas mdsmd btrâs vblas b `agtkgubr `ag eas lavklkdgtas md bpayas y mdslbrquds mdpdgmkdgma magmd sd dg`udgtrd de hbeðg y dg quë cbsd mde btbqud.
Dg dstb b``kðg vdlas be `dgtrbe kgk`kbgma eb jufbmb `ag de ebtdrbe gº 8, dg dsd laldgta de `dgtra`blpkstb gº = rdbekzb ug bpaya ebtdrbe y par mdtrâs mde ebtdrbe, de `dgtra`blpkstb gº ? rdbekzb ug mdslbrqud mdslbrqud dg ru rupt ptur urbb y dg mk mkbf bfag agbe be pa parr mde debg bgtd td md mdee at atra ra,, ea eass mas `dgtra `dg tra`bl `blpk pkstbs stbs dxt dxtdrk drkard ardss qud sag lâs acd acdgsk gskvas vas rd rdbekz bekzbrâ brâg g lavklkdgta md bpaya pbrb ug pastdrkar mdslbrqud dg rupturb.
Dg dstb b``kðg de hbeðg ea tkdgd de ebtdrbe kzqukdrma dg cbsd md kgk`kb kgk `kb`kð `kðg g mde btb btbqud qud,, de `dg `dgtra tra`bl `blpks pkstb tb gº =, rdb rdbekz ekzbb ug bpay bp aya a eb ebtd tdrrbe y ug pa pa`a `a par mdt dtrrâs mde hb hbeð eðg g, de `dgtra`blpkstb `dgtrbe lâs acdgskva gº ? rdbekzb mdslbrqud dg rupturb dg mkbfagbe, de gºrdbekzb 6 `dgtra`blpkstb eb hbgmb `agtrbrkb b eb jufbmb ugb rupturb dxtdrkar ob`kb demd ârdb rkvbe, de dxtdrkar gº 2> prkldra sd b`dr`b dg bpaya be ebtdrbe gº 0 sdf sdfukm ukma a md ug ugbb ru ruptu pturb rb par hbg hbgmb mb pbrb hu hus`b s`brr eb dspbemb mde ebtdrbe bmvdrsbrka.
Md gudva dg dstb sktub`kðg de ebtdrbe mdrd`oa gº 8 kgk`kb eb sbekmb par su hbgmb, dg dstd `bsa de `dgtra`blpkstb md gº= rdbekzbrâ ug bpaya ebtdrbe, de `dgtra`blpkstb lâs acdgskva gº ? mdslbrqud dg rupturb par mdgtra y dg mkbfagbe ob`kb de hbeðg, de `dgtra`blpkstb dxtdrkar gº 6 rdbekz rdb ekzbb ug bpa bpaya ya pr prdvk dvka a be mds mdslbr lbrqu qudd md ru ruptu pturb rb kgtdgtbgma brrbstrbr be ebtdrbe qud ea lbr`b `rdbgma ug dspb`k dsp b`ka a pbr pbrbb de mde mdebgt bgtdra dra gº ;, de `dg `dgtra tra`bl `blpkst pkstbb dxtdrkar ebma apudsta mkbfagbemde ob`kb de ârdb rkvbe.gº 2> rdbekzb ugb rupturb dg rkvbe.
Atrb sbekmb mde ebtdrbe dgvkbgma de hbeðg be mdebgtdra gº ;, eas `dgtra`blpkstbs 22 y 6 rdbekzbg rupturb dgtrbgma dg ârdb rkvbe y dg mkbfagbe, de jufbmar gº = bpayb par mdtr md trâs âs be gº ; pb pbrb rb ug pa pask skhe hedd pb pbsd sd md `b `brb rb,, de `dg `d gtr tra` a`bl blpk pkst stbb gº ? bp bpay aybb md ca carrlb eb ebtd tdrb rbee be `dgtra`blpkstb gº =.
Dg dstb cbsd mde btbqud de hbeðg ea pasdd de gº 3, tdgkdgma ëstd trds ap`kagds md pbsd, (2) pbsd sahrd mdslbr mds lbrqud qud md ru ruptu pturb rb mde `dg `dgtra tra`bl `blpk pkstb stb gº ? par mdtrâs mde atra `dgtra`blpkstb dxtdrkar gº 2>, (8) (8 ) pbsd be mdslbrqud mde mdebgtdra, (0) pbsd be bpaya ebtdrbe mde `dgt `d gtra ra`bl `blpk pkst stbb dx dxtdr tdrka karr gº 6, ga sa sag g eb ebss úg úgk` k`bs bs ap`ka ap` kagds gds qud tdg tdgmrâ mrâ de juf jufbma bmarr gº = pdr pdra a `ag eas lavklkdgtas md sus `alpbòdras md eb lkslb eìgdb sag
2
saeu`kagds paskheds md btbqud mde dqukpa.y qud hus`bg prafrdsbr dg de judfa
8
0
Dg dstb sktub`kðg de hbeðg ea tkd kdg gd de `dgtra`blpkstb dxtdrkar gº 6, rd`khd de bpaya par mdtrâs mde `dgtra`blpkstb md gº = y de bpaya ebtdrbe mde atra `dgtra`blp `dgtra`blpkstb kstb `dgtrbe y lâs acdgskva gº ?, bmdlâs de `dgtra`blpkstb dxtdr dx tdrkar kar mde ebm ebma a apu apuds dsta ta gº 2> rdb rdbekzb ekzb ug mds mdslbr lbrqud qud md rup ruptur turbb dgtrbgma dgtrbgma dg de ârdb rkvbe.
8
2
Md gudva de dxtdrkar gº 6 tkdgd de hbeðg dg su pamdr rdbekzbgma ugb `agmu``kðg mde lksla ob`kb mdgtra qud `ag eb kg`arparb`kðg mde ebtdrbe gº 8 obrâg ug 8x2 `agtrb ` agtrb de ebt ebtdrb drbee bmv bmvdrs drsbrk brka, a, ëst ëstdd pbs pbsbrâ brâ de hb hbeðg eðg sahrd eb rupturb mde gº 8 y obrâ ug mdslbrqud md rupturb dg mkbfagbe mkbfa gbe ob`k ob`kbb partd partdrìb rìb bmvdr bmvdrsbrkb sbrkb.. De `dgtr `dgtra`blpk a`blpkstb stb md `agtdg`kðg gº = ob`d ug bpaya par mdtrâs mde gº 6, de `dgtra`blpkstb gº ? rdbekzb ug bpaya ebtdrbe hus`bgma pask`kagds md rd`ob`d md eb jufbmb, de `dgtra`blpkstb dxtdrkar gº 2> dgtrb dg mkbfagbe be ârdb rkvbe.
Dg ds dstb tb cb cbsd sd ds pr prkl klar armk mkbe be ju jufb fbrr `a `ag g vd vdea ea`k `kmb mbm m y hus`bgma hus`b gma skdlprd eb ckgbek ckgbekzb`kð zb`kðg, g, de mdeb mdebgtdra gtdra gº 22 tkdgd de hbeðg md dspbembs b partdrìb bmvdrsbrkb, ëstd rd`khd de bpaya mde `dgtra`blpkstb acdgskva gº ? qud rd`khd de hbeðg, dgvìb sahrd de mdslbrqud md rupturb mde `dgtra`blpkstb gº 2> qud hus`b eb eìgdb md cagma, de `dgtra`blpkstb md `agtdg`kðg sd sktúb dg bpaya par de `dgtra, `dgtr a, de `dgtr `dgtra`blp a`blpkstb kstb dxtdr dxtdrkar kar mde ebma apudsta rdbekzb ug mdslbrqud md rupturb dgtrbgma dg de ârdb rkvbe.
Dg dstb a`bskðg de `dgtra`blpkstb acdgskva gº ? tkdgd de hbeðg y ds prdskagbma par de mdcdgsar gº 0, ëstd rdbekzbrâ ugb pbrdm `ag de mdebgtdra gº 22 hus`bgma eb dspbemb mde bmvdrsbrka y dgtrbgma dg de ârdb rkvbe pbrb ckgbekzbr `ag tkra a ug pbsd be atra at ra mdebgtdra, de jufbmar md `agtdg`kðg gº = bpayb par mdtrâs lkdgtrbs qud de `dgtra`blpkstb dxtdrkar gº 2> rdbekzb ug bpaya par mdtrâs, de `dgtra`blpkstb dxtdrkar gº 6 mde ebma apudsta dgtrb dg rupturb be sdfugma pbea hus`bgma ug paskhed pbsd mde `dgtra`blpkstb gº ?, ds ugb jufbmb magmd sd ed mb hbstbgtd klpartbg`kb b eb eedfbmb md eb sdfugmb eìgdb b pask`kagds md rdlbtd.
^BXDM
Judfa md pbrdmds =x=+= AHJD]KSA: ^brdm sklped Gº MD JTFBMAXDP: 28. a `ag mds`brfb. LB]DXKBE: 28 pdtas, trds judfas md `aeards, = `agas y ? hbeagds. KG@KMKX: lavkekm lavkekmbm bm `agstbgtd `agstbgtd md eas `alamkgds `bmb uga dg de ebma qud a`upbg, bsì `ala mde dqukpa pasddmar mde hbeðg. Dg eb vdea`kmbm dg de judfa, b eb oarb md rdbekzbr btbqud, pbrbb dvktbr de prdsskgf pbr prdsskgf mde bmvdrsbr bmvdrsbrka. ka. Dg eb arfb arfbgkzb gkzb`kðg `kðg mdcdgskvb pbrb rdbekzbr de prdsskgf dg de eufbr bmd`ubma bgtd eb lbgkckdstb supdrkarkmbm gulërk`b mdcdgskvb.
DSK]BX:
de dx`dskva dx`dskva judfa kgmkvkmube. kgmkvkmube. Eb `agmu``kðg `agmu``kðg
supdrceub.
MDP@XK^@KÐG:
Dg ug `ubmr `ubmrbbma md 84x84 84x84 l. bpraxklbmbldgtd, judfbg ug =x=+= `alamkgds qud bpaybrâg be dqukpa qud pasdb de hbeðg. Dstas `alamkgds ga pamrâg dgtrbr mdgtra mde `ubmrbma, pdra sk lavdrsd dgtrd `aga y `aga qud
SBXKBG]D:
-AHEKFBX B BE]DXGBX BLHAP ]K^AP MD ^BXDMDP. -^XD@KPBX B EAP @ALAMKGDP RTD MDHDG XDBEKZBX EB ^BXDM @AG EB ^KDXGB LDGAP OÂHKE. -EKLK]BX -EKLK] BX DE GÚLDXA MD FAE^DAP B EAP JTFBMAXDP JTFBMAXDP MD MDG]XA.
a`upbg. Eb tbrdb `agskstd dg lbgtdgdr eb pasdskðg mde hbeðg y rdbekzbr pbrdmds sklpeds y `ag mds`brfb `ag eas `alamkgds qud saea mkspagmrâg md ug taqud. Eas `alamkgds ga pamrâg jufbr dgtrd deeas, eb pbrdm sklped sd pugtubrâ `ag ug pugta y eb pbrdm `ag mds`brfb vbemrâ mas. Be eedfbr b ugb mdtdrlkgbmb pugtub`kðg a tkdlpa dstbhed`kma dstbhed`kma ratbrdlas ratbrdlas b eas `alamkg `alamkgds ds pbsbgma ug dqukpa b rdbekzbr dstb cug`kðg.
De `ubrtdta 3x=+2 AHJD]KSA: @agmu`tb22. md eb mdcdgsb zagbe dg eìgdb oarkzagtbe. Gº MD JTFBMAXDP: LB]DXKBE: 22 pdtas, trds judfas md `aeards, 3 `agas y 2> hbeagds. KG@KMKX: `ubgma de dqukpa dstë dg kgcdrkarkmbm gulërk`b mdhdrâ hus`br de bpaya mde partdr partdra. a. Hbs`ueb Hbs`ueb`kagd `kagdss mdcdgsk mdcdgskvbs vbs dg cug`kðg md eb pask`kðg mde hbeðg. Mdspuës md arfbgkzbrsd mdcdgskvbldgtd, mdcdgskvbl dgtd, rdbekzbr prdsskgf pbrb rd`updrbr de hbeðg.
DSK]BX: ga lbgtdgdr eb eìgdb oarkzagtbe pbrb mdcdgmdr eas btbquds mde dqukpa bmvdrsb bmvdrsbrka. rka. @bdr `agst `agstbgtdld bgtdldgtd gtd dg cudrb md judfa. Bksebr be partdra, tbgta dg b``kagds acdgskvbs `ala mdcdgskvbs.
SBXKBG]D: -BÒBMKX B EB EÌGDB MDCDGPKSB TG JTFBMAX^BXB RTD JTDFTD ^AX MDEBG]D MD DEEB. -BÒBMKX -EKLK]BX EAP ]ARTDP BE DRTK^A DG PT^DXKAXKMBM GTLËXK@B.
MDP@XK^@KÐG:
Dg eb lktbm lktbm mde `blpa `blpa judfbg judfbg = mdcd md cdgsb gsbss y 2 pa partd rtdra ra `a `agtr gtrbb 3 btb btb`b `bgtd gtds. s. De dq dqukp ukpa a dg kgcdrkarkmbm gulërk`b mdhd pratdfdr eb partdrìb rdfebldgtbrkb d kgtdgtbr `agtrbbtb`br a btb`br, `ag eb byumb mde partdra, b ebs partdrìbs carlbmbs `ag eas `agas b eb beturb mde ldmka `blpa `ubgma tdgfb eb pdeatb dg su pamdr. De dqukpa dg supdrk supdrkarkmbm arkmbm btb`brâ eb partd partdrìb rìb rdfebldgtbrkb rdfebldgtbrkb (magmd dstâ sktubma de partdra), y mdcdgmdrâ ebs trds partdrìbs carlbmbs carlbm bs par eas `agas.
Dgtrbmb ekhrd 3x3+8 AHJD]KSA: Judfa par2=. ebs hbgmbs y mdsmaheblkdgtas. Gº MD JTFBMAXDP: LB]DXKBE: 2= pdtas, trds judfas md `aeards, 8 partdrìbs lðvkeds, = `agas y 2> hbeagds. KG@KMKX: dcd`tubr de mdsmaheblkdgta par eb hbgmb dg zagb md ckgbekzb`kðg tdrlkgbgma `ag rbpkmdz y prd`kskðg eb jufbmb.
DSK]BX:
ckg ckgbek bekzbr zbr ugb juf jufbm bmbb skg obhdr obhdr rd rdbek bekzbm zbma a ug
mdsmaheblkdgta.
MDP@XK^@KÐG: Pd jufbrâ ug pbrtkma rdfebldgtbrka md
SBXKBG]D: -XDBEKZBX MAP MDPMAHEBLKDG]AP (TGA ^AX @BMB HBGMB), BG]DP MD CKGBEKZBX DE B]BRTD.
3x3+8 partdras, dg de tdrrdga sd eklktbrâg ebs hbgmbs qud b su vdz dstbrâ dst brâg g mkv mkvkmk kmkmbs mbs par `ag `agas as dg trd trdss zag zagbs. bs. (kgk (kgk`ka `ka,, `rd `rdb`k b`kðg ðg y ckgbekzb`kðg) md eas rdspd`tkvas dqukpas. De dqukpa dg pasdskðg mde hbeðg mdhd tdgdr `ala `ala lìgkla ug jufbmar dg ugb md ebs hbgmbs pbrbb bpa pbr bpaybr ybrsd sd `ag ëe b trb trbvës vës md ug pbs pbsd d d kgl kgldmk dmkbtb btbldg ldgtd td mdspebzbrsd beeì, tbe `ala kgmk`b de mkhuja. De jufbmar qud rd`khd dg hbgmb vaevdrâ b pbsbr b atra sbemrâ `agmu`kdgma hbeðg pbrb pb rb mdjbr mdjbr eb hbgmb hbgm b be `alpbòdra `alpbòdra `alpb òdraa qud ed pbsð de hbeðg hbeðgdey eedfbrâ pbrb ob`dr de mdsmaheblkdgta. Dstb b``kðg sd mdhd ob`dr dg zagbs md kgk`ka a `agstru``kðg md `bmb dqukpa `ubgma sd dstë dg pasdskðg mde hbeðg, pdra gug`b dg eb md ckgbekzb`kðg. Dg eb zagb md ckgbekzb`kðg ckgbek zb`kðg sk sd rd`khd de hbeðg sd mdhdrâ `dgtrbr `dgtrbr dg ldgas md 4 sdfugmass pbrb ckgbekzbr sdfugma ckgbekzbr `ag rbpk rbpkmdz, mdz, de bmvdr bmvdrsbrka sbrka ga pudmd pudmdg g dgtrbr dg deeb pbrbrah br de hbeðg.
6x6+2+2 AHJD]KSA: @agsdrvb`kðg Gº MD JTFBMAXDP: 2?. mde hbeðg y `blhkas md arkdgtb`kðg. LB]DXKBE: 2? pdtas, trds judfas md `aeards, 2? `agas y 2> hbeagds. KG@KMKX: dg de `ubmrbma `ubmrbma mde `dgtra `dgtra mde `blpa, obhrâ obhrâ lavkekmbm `agstbgtd pbrb mbr saeu`kagds be pasddmar mde hbeðg y par pbrtd md eas mdcdgsards mdcdgsards arfbg arfbgkzb`kð kzb`kðg g mdcdg mdcdgskvb skvb pbrb rdbekz rdb ekzbr br prd prdssk sskgf. gf. Djd Djd`u` `u`kðg kðg `ar `arrd` rd`tb tb dg eas `blh `blhkas kas md arkdg ark dgtb` tb`kðg kðg y la lavkl vklkdg kdgta ta md mds mdslbr lbrqu quds ds md eas ma mass mdebgtdras qud dgtrbg be rdlbtd.
DSK]BX:
pbs pbskvkm kvkmbm bm mdc mdcdgs dgskvb kvb bgt bgtd d eb kgc kgcdrk drkark arkmbm mbm gulërk` gulër k`bb dg de ju judfa dfa md pa pasd sdsk skðg. ðg. De lav lavklk klkdgt dgta a ga ds`beagbma md eas mdebgtdras qud dgtrbg be rdlbtd.
MDP@XK^@KÐG: SBXKBG]D: -XDBEKZBX MAP MDPMAHEBLKDG]AP (TGA ^AX @BMB HBGMB), BG]DP MD CKGBEKZBX DE B]BRTD.
Dg ug `ubmrb `ubmrbma ma md 0>x0> 0>x0> l., bpraxklbmbldgtd, sktubmas dg de `dgtra mde `blpa sd rdbekzb ugb pasdskðg md =x=+2 `alamìg. @ubgma ug dqukpa eafrd trds pbsds `agsd`utkvas `agsd`utkvas `ala lìgkla, rdbekzbrâ rdbekzbrâ ug `blhka md arkdgtb`kðg b uga md eas mas `alpbòdras mde lksla `aear, qud dstâg sktubmas dg ebs hbgmbs, pbrb qud `agmuz`b de hbeðg obst ob stbb eb eìgdb eìgdb md ca cagma gma y rd rdbe bek` k`dg dg ug `d `dgt gtra ra b sus mas `alpbòd `alp bòdras ras,, qud skt sktubma ubmass dg eb cra cragtb gtbee mde ârd ârdb, b, prd prdvka vka lavklkdgta md `ru`d, rdlbtbr b fae. De jufbmar mde dqukpa `agtrbrka be qud rdbekzð de dgvìa b hbgmb rdbekzbrâ cug`kagds md mdcdgsb bgtd rdlbtd md eas mas mdebgtdras.
-@ -@AE AEDD@@ @@KÐ KÐG G EAP PK PKP] P]DL DLBP BP MD JT JTDF DFA A (P (PKP KP]D ]DLB LB 2. 2.=. =.=. =.8) 8) md Ju Jubg bg Ld Ldr` r`ëë @d @drv rvdr drb b Dm. Vbg Vbg`due `duedg dg -B^TG -B^ TG]D ]DPP BP BPKF KFGB GB]T ]TXB XB ]Â@ Â@]K ]K@B @B GK GKSD SDEE 0, @u @urs rsa a Gb Gb`k `kag agbe be md Dg Dgtr trdg dgbma bmarr md cú cútha thae. e. -PKP -P KP]D ]DLB LBPP MD JT JTDDFA md Be Beccag agsa sa Crb rbke kedd Fb Fbr` r`ìb ìb y Cdr drgb gbgm gma a Bf Bfum uma a -B@@KAGDP ]Â@]K@BP
ACDGPKSBP MDE CÚ]HAE [ PT DG]XDGBLKDG]A md Becagsa Crbked y
Cdrgb Cd rgbgma gma Bfu Bfuma. ma. -B@@KAGDP ]Â@]K@BP MDCDGPKSBP MDE CÚ]HAE [ PT DG]XDGBLKDG]A md Becagsa Crbked y Cdrgb Cd rgbgma gma Bfu Bfuma. ma. -wdh: CÚ]HAE-] CÚ]HAE-]Â@]K@A. Â@]K@A.@AL @AL -^ia`ab`o.heaf
