^l`vnrs`ofo @ltnrlfh`glfk on Kf T`gaf Cfhuktfo on Nouhfh`øl
]nofegeêf Jgltnssgr`1 ]gst ]g stuk ukfo fogs gs en enln lnrf rfkn knss y fpgrtfh`glns fk s`stnjf nouhft`vg. _rfdfag c`l on erfog prnsnltfog pgr1
Nknlf Tgorêeunz Dkflqun.
_`tukfh`øl1
Erfog Jfnstrg on Nouhfh`øl @lcflt`k
Kêlnf on `lvnst`efh`øl1
Nstfog on kf Hunst`øl
O`rnhtgr/f1
Agsà Frenl`s Tgorêeunz ]. H`uofo1 Hørogdf, 86 on Nlnrg on 4=68 C`rjfog pgr1
HF_NEGTÊF _NXF^TG16.6.? _ngrêfs nouhftvfs
_rfdfa _rf dfag g on C`l on Erfo Erfog g Jf Jfe`s e`stnr tnr`g `g nl nl Nouhf Nouhfh`ø h`øl l @lcflt @lcflt`k`k
Nknlf Nknlf Tgor Tgorêeu êeunz nz Dkfl Dkflqun qun
FETFONH@J@NL_GX
Vu`nrg ferfonhnr f j` cfj`k`f, tgog nk fpgyg rnh`d`og f kf bgrf on rnfk`zfr nstn trfdfag, nl nspnh`fk f ]fdkg qun bf nstfog fpgyælogjn nl tgog jgjnltg. _fjd`àl f kf nshunkf Jgltnssgr` on Jfor`o pgr cfh`k`tfr j` kfdgr y pglnr f j` o`spgs`h`øl tgog hufltg bn lnhns`tfog. P sgdrn tgog, f Frenl`s, qun fonjæs on snr ul nxhnknltn o`rnhtgr on trfdfag, su ulf erfl hfk`ofo hgjg pnrsglf, ns on juhbg æl`jg y fyuof pfrf kknefr f dunl punrtg.
TNX^JNL Xn prnsnltf ul nstuo`g nxpkgrftgr`g sgdrn kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr`, hgl nk gdant`vg on hglghnr kfs hfrfhtnrêst`hfs on nstf pnofegeêf y quà fpgrtf fk jno`g nouhft`vg. ]frf nkkg, sn bf bnhbg ulf rnv`s`øl on kgs pkfltnfj`nltgs tnør`hgs prgpunstgs pgr Jfrêf Jgltnssgr`, hgjg hrnfogrf on o`hbg jàtgog y on gtrgs futgrns qun tfjd`àl bfl `lvnst`efog sgdrn nstf ærnf. ]frf ]f rf hg hgjp jpkn kntf tfrr nstf nstf `l `lvn vnst st`e `efh fh`ø `øl, l, fonj fonjæs æs on kf rnv` rnv`s` s`øl øl tnør tnør`h `hf, f, sn bf nxpkgrfog tfjd`àl kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr` nl dfsn f gdsnrvfh`glns kknvfofs f hfdg nl ulf nshunkf qun trfdfaf hgl o`hbf jntgogkgeêf, nltrnv`stfs tfltg f oghnltns hgjg f ulf cfj`k`f huyg b`ag fs`stn f o`hbf nshunkf, tgog nkkg pfrf fbgl fb glof ofrr on ulf ulf cg cgrj rjf f pr præh æht`h t`hf f nl kf nouh nouhfh fh`ø `øl l Jglt Jgltns nssg sgr` r` sn hg hglh lhku kuyn yn vfkgrflog nstf prgpunstf y su v`enlh`f fhtufk. fhtufk. Onshr`ptgrns1 pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr`, Jgltnssgr`, rgk onk jfnstrg, lunvf v`s`øl onk l`ög.
Hgltnl`og
6. @L_TGO^HH@ØL..................................................................................................6 - GDAN_@SGX............................................................................................................8
4. JFTHG _NØT@HG TNCNTNLH@FK......................................................................? -KF -KF ]N ]NOF OFEG EGEÊ EÊF F JGL JGL_N _NXX XXGT GT@@ P X^ X^X X] ]KF KFL_ L_NF NFJ@ J@NL NL_G _GX X C^LO C^ LOFJ FJN NL_FK L_FKNX NX................................................................................ .......................................................................................... ................ ......? ?
FL_NHNONL_NX ON KF KF ]NOFEGEÊF JGL_NXXGT@.....................> JFT@F JF T@F JGL_NX JGL_NXXGT XGT@1 @1 ^L LGJ LGJDT DTN N HGL HGL TN] TN]NTH NTH^X@ ^X@ØL ØL ]NOFEØE@HF......................................................................................5
NK L^NSG HGLHN]_G ON L@ÖG......................................................0
O@XH@] O@X H@]K@L K@LF F DFX DFXFOF FOF N NL L KF K@ K@DNT DNT_FO _FO P H HGL GLHN] HN]_G _G ON @LON @LON]N ]NLO LONL NLH@F H@F........................................................... .................................................................... .................. ...........6= ..6=
KF OGHNL_N JGL_NXXGT@ G E^ÊF................................... E^ÊF............................ .............. ............. ........66 ..66
FJD@NL_N ]TN]FTFOG..................................................................64 ]TN]FTFOG..................................................................64
KF JNL_N FDXGTDNL_N................................................................6>
]NT@GOGX XNLX@DKNX....................................................................63
JF_NT@FKNX JGL_NXXGT@............................................................60
KF S@OF ]TÆH_@HF G NO^HFH@ØL
[email protected]
JF_NT@FKNX XNLXGT@FKNX ]FTF N NO^HFT O^HFT KGX XNL_@OGX. ................................................................................................... 4=
JF_NT@FKNX FHFOÀJ@HGX ]FTF KF KNH_^TF, NXHT@_^TF P JF JF_N _NJÆ JÆ_@ _@HF HFX.........................................................................48 X.........................................................................48
8. SFKGTFH@ØL ON KF ]NOFEGEÊF
[email protected]
]T@JNTGX H^NX_@GLFJ@NL_GX.......................... H^NX_@GLFJ@NL_GX................................. ............. ............. .............. ........42 .42
TNS@X@GL ON KFX @LSNX_@EFH@GLNX FH_^FKNX XGDTN KF ]NOFEGEÊF JGL_NXXGT@...............................................................84
NX_FLH@F NL ^LF NXH^NKF
[email protected] JGL_NXXGT@..................................... 83
>. HGLHK^X@GLNX...............................................................................................??
]TG ]TGX] X]NH NH_@ _@SF SF
?3
3. D@DK@GETFC@F...................................................................................................?5 - FLNRG FLNRG @1 NX_FLH@F NL ^LF NXH^NKF NXH^NKF JGL_NXXG JGL_NXXGT@. T@. TNE@X_TG N N @L_N @L_NT] T]TN TN_F _FH@ H@ØL ØL.............................................................................................. ..............................................................................................>= >= - FLNRG FLNRG @@1 NL_TNS@X_F F ^LF OGHNL_N OGHNL_N G E^ÊF JGL_NXXGT@...... JGL_NXXGT@.......... ......>3 ..>3 - FLNRG FLNRG @@@1 NL_TNS@X_F F ^LF CFJ@K@F............................................ CFJ@K@F..................................................... ..........3= .3=
6. @L_TGO @L_TGO^HH ^HH@ØL @ØL.. Nk pr`lh`pfk jgt`vg qun jn bf kknvfog f nshgenr nstn tnjf pfrtn on j` prgp`f nxpnr`nlh`f. Nk s`stnjf nouhft`vg qun hglgzhg y nl nk qun jn bn cgrjfog, fogknhn on juhbfs hgsfs pnrg nltrn kfs jæs erfvns nl j` gp`l`øl bf s`og kf cfktf on jgt`vfh`øl y cgrjfh`øl pgr pfrtn onk prgcnsgrfog, y pgr gtrg kfog kf pghf ftnlh`øl pnrsglfk`zfof qun nstgs oghnltns prgpgrh`glfdfl fk fkujlfog, hgl kf hglsnhunltn onsjgt`vfh`øl qun nstg fhfrrnfdf f kgs j`sjgs. Huflog onshudrê qun nx`stêfl o`cnrnltns cgrjfs on bfhnr hgsfs, `lofeuà ul pghg nl nk tnjf bfstf qun onshudrê f c`lfkns onk s`ekg R@R lfh`ø nl Hb`frfvnkkn (@tfk`f) ulf juanr, qun prgpusg fkeg hgl kg qun jn snltê tgtfkjnltn `onlt`c`hfof1 Jfrêf Jgltnssgr` y su pnofegeêf h`nltêc`hf. Kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr`, prgpusg hfjd`gs rfo`hfkns nl hglhnph`glns y prgpunstfs, oflog ulf fktnrlft`vf nl nk hfjpg on kf nouhfh`øl qun prntnloêfl supnrfr h`nrtfs præht`hfs nouhft`vfs qun lg nrfl tgog kg rnhgjnlofdkns qun ondnrêfl snr. F oêf on bgy, kf prgcnsgrf sgy yg y hfof oêf jn nlcrnltg f ul fukf on l`ögs hgl ul cuturg pgr onkfltn. ]gr j` nxpnr`nlh`f fltnr`gr, sgy hglsh`nltn on kf `jpgrtflh`f y hglsnhunlh`fs qun tnloræ pfrf sus v`ofs kg qun yg bfef bgy nl j` trfdfag, pgr kg qun lg qu`n qu `nrg rg on onaf afrr pfsf pfsfrr kf gp gpgr grtu tul` l`of ofo o on fpgr fpgrtf tfrr fk fkeg eg lunv lunvg, g, o` o`cn cnrn rnlt ltn n f kg nstfdknh`og y jfygr`tfr`g, hgl nk c`l ñkt`jg on hgkfdgrfr nl cgrjfr h`uofoflgs k`drns, futølgjgs , `lonpnlo`nltns y hgl hfpfh`ofo on o`r`e`r sus prgp`fs v`ofs, on gr`nltfrkfs, on tgjfr onh`s`glns `ltnk`enltns y pgonr kknefr f dunl punrtg nl tgog kg qun sn prgpglefl snr nl kf v`of. Nl kf sgh`nofo fhtufk nl qun lgs nlhgltrfjgs, hfdn rnsfktfr kf `jpgrtflh`f qun kf nshunkf bf foqu`r`og, tfltg nl kf v`of on lunstrgs l`ögs, hgjg nl kf v`of on kgs fouktgs, kgs hufkns nlhunltrfl nl kf nshunkf ul fpgyg y ulf hfof vnz jfygr hgkfdgrfh`øl nl kf tfrnf on v`tfk `jpgrtflh`f hgjg ns nk hu`ofog y nouhfh`øl on sus b`ags. Vu`z Vu `zæs æs nl gt gtrg rg jg jgjn jnlt ltg g on luns lunstr trf f b` b`st stgr gr`f `f,, lg snrê snrêf f tfl tfl `j `jpg pgrt rtfl fltn tn pkfltnfrlgs nk pfpnk on kf nouhfh`øl nl kf v`of on lunstrgs l`ögs yf qun nl gtrg t`njpg, nk pfpnk on kf j`sjf nrf pghg s`el`c`hft`vg nl kf v`of on kgs 6
jnlgrns y nl fkeulgs hfsgs `lhkusg `lnx`stnltn. ]nrg nl kf fhtufk`ofo, kgs l`ögs y l`öfs, fhhnonl f kf nshunkf hfof vnz hgl jnlgr nofo, nl jfygr lñjnrg y t`njpg pgr kg qun kf `lckunlh`f qun rnh`dnl nl kgs hnltrgs snræ on v`tfk `jpgrtflh`f yf qun snræl kgs cuturgs j`njdrgs on kf sgh`nofo y snræl nkkgs kgs qun tgjnl nk t`jøl on kf j`sjf, pfrf kg hufk, lnhns`tfræl ulfs dfsns qun njp`nzfl f enstfrsn nl nstn t`njpg on su l`önz. Onlt On ltrg rg on kg fquê fquê nx nxpu puns nstg tg,, kkne kknefj fjgs gs fk pult pultg g on hg hgls ls`o `onr nrfr fr ·q ·quà uà sn snræ ræ lnhnsfr`g y højg bfrnjgs pfrf kknvfr f kgs l`ögs pgr nstn hfj`lg qun kns hglvnrt`ræ nl kgs bgjdrns y juanrns hfpfhns on tgjfr kf rnspglsfd`k`ofo, on snr h`uofoflgs on lunstrf sgh`nofo, on snr pfrt`h`pfltns fht`vgs nl nkkf, sgk`k`of sg ofr` r`g, g, rn rnsp spnt ntug ugssgs gs.. Ns fq fquê uê nl ns nstf tf kf kfdg dgr, r, og oglo lon n au aune nef f ul pf pfpn pnkk culofjnltfk kf c`eurf onk jfnstrg. Nsn ñkt`jg pultg ns nl nk qun qu`nrg hnltrfrjn, puns ns fbê oglon nltrfl kfs jntgogkgeêfs pnofeøe`hfs y tgofs kfs bnrrfj`nltfs qun nx`stnl fhtufkjnltn f lunstrg snrv`h`g pfrf hglsneu`r prgpgrh`glfr ulf nlsnöflzf on hfk`ofo. ]gr tgog nstg, nl j` gp`l`øl lg pgonjgs pfsfr pgr fktg nk knefog qun yf tnlnjgs f l`vnk pnofeøe`hg, nk hufk lgs bfl onafog kgs qun yf fltns bfl flofog pgr nk hfj`lg qun lgs prgpglnjgs lgsgtrgs flofr fbgrf. Nltrn Nlt rn nkk nkkgs, gs, nstæ nstæ nk jàt jàtgog gog pnofeø pnofeøe`h e`hg g h`n h`nltê ltêc`h c`hg g qu qun n prg prgpgl pgln n kf ogh oghtgr tgrf f Jgltnssgr`, pgr nk hufk jn bn onhfltfog yf qun nl j` gp`l`øl, su s`stnjf pnofeø pno feøe`h e`hg, g, rgj rgjpn pn hgl tgo tgogs gs kgs jgk jgkons ons trf trfo`h o`h`gl `glfkn fknss prg prgpgl pgl`nl `nlog og ulf fktn fktnrl rlft ft`v `vf f on hglt hgltrf rfst stfo fof f nc nc`h `hfh fh`f `f qun qun nstæ nstæ fv fvfk fkfo fof f pg pgrr kg kgss rnsu rnsuktf ktfog ogss gdtnl`ogs f kg kfreg onk t`njpg nl kgs l`ögs qun bfl s`og nouhfogs nl nstn s`stnjf nouhft`vg qun nkkf prgpusg.
- GDA GDAN_@ N_@SGX SGX..
Tnfk`zfr ul nstuo`g on lfturfknzf nxpkgrftgr`f sgdrn kf pnofegeêf Jgltns Jgl tnssgr sgr`,`, kg hufk hufk `jpk`h `jpk`hf f kf rnv rnv`s` `s`øl øl on sus pkfltn pkfltnfj` fj`nlt nltgs gs tnør`hgs y on kgs fkhflhns nl kfs `lvnst`efh`glns rnfk`zfofs sgdrn nstf pnofegeêf. Xn hgjpkntf hgl ulf nstflh`f nl ulf `lst`tuh`øl nouhft`vf Jgltnssgr` pfrf ulf v`s`øl præht`hf y fpk`hfof on kf j`sjf j`s jf,, hgl hgl nk pr prgp gpøs øs`tg `tg on nx nxtr trfn fnrr hg hglh lhku kus` s`gl glns ns sg sgdr drn n su suss fpgrtfh`glns f kf nouhfh`øl.
On fquê sn onr`vfl ulf snr`n on gdant`vgs nspnhêc`hgs1
@l @lvn vnst st`e `efr fr y flfk flfk`z `zfr fr kg kgss pu pult ltgs gs rnkn rnknvf vflt ltns ns on kf pn pnof ofeg egeê eêf f h`nltêc`hf pkfltnfof pgr kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` y kfs fpgrtfh`glns bnhbfs pgr gtrgs futgrns rnknvfltns.
Tnv`sf Tnv `sfrr kfs `lvnst `lvnst`ef `efh`g h`glns lns rnf rnfk`z k`zfof fofss sg sgdrn drn kgs fkhflh fkhflhns ns y k`j`tfh`glns on kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr`.
Tnfk`zfr ulf nstflh`f nl ulf `lst`tuh`øl nouhft`vf Jgltnssgr` pfrf ulf v`s`øl præht`hf y fpk`hfof on kf j`sjf, hgl nk prgpøs`tg on nxtrfnr hglhkus`glns sgdrn sus fpgrtfh`glns f kf nouhfh`øl.
Hglghnr f trfvàs on nltrnv`stfs f kfs cfj`k`fs on kf nshunkf quà cfhtgrns kf bfl kknvfog f nshgkfr`zfr f su b`ag/f nl ulf nshunkf Jgltnssgr`.
4. JFTHG _NØ _NØT@HG T@HG TNCNT TNCNTNLH@ NLH@FK. FK. Nl ftnlh`øl f kgs gdant`vgs pkfltnfogs pfrf nk trfdfag, nl nstf snhh`øl sn vf f trftfr kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr` y sus pkfltnfj`nltgs culofjnltfkns. Nl su onsfrrgkkg sn prgculo`zfræ nl kf v`of on Jfrêf Jgltnssgr` y nl nk s`stnjf pnof pn ofeø eøe` e`hg hg qun qun nkkf nkkf hr hrnø nø.. ]f ]frf rf nkkg nkkg,, sn rnv` rnv`sf sfræ ræ kf d` d`ge gerf rfcê cêf f on Jf Jfrê rêf f Jgltns Jgl tnssgr sgr`,`, hg hgls` ls`onr onrflo flog g nk hg hgltn ltnxtg xtg sgh`f sgh`fkk og oglon lon sn ons onsnlv nlvgkv gkv`ø `ø y kgs fltnhnonltns qun `lckunlh`frgl su trfdfag. ]rgs`eun hgl ulf vfkgrfh`øl on nstf pnofegeêf pfrf kg hufk sn flfk`zfræl kgs pr`jnrgs hunst`glfj`nltgs qun rnh`d`ø o`hbg s`stnjf y sn rnv`sfræl `lvnst`efh`glns fhtufkns qun sn gdtnlefl trfs ulf dñsqunof nxbfust`vf nl o`cnrnltns jno`gs. _gog nkkg, sn vnræ hgjpknjnltfog hgl ulf nstflh`f nl ul hnltrg Jgltnssgr`, on kg hufk tfjd`àl sn bfræ ulf vfkgrfh`øl y sn nxtrfnræl kfs hglhkus`glns gdtnl`ofs.
-KF ]NOFEGEÊF C^LOFJNL_FKNX.
JGL_NXXGT@
P
X^X
]KFL_NFJ@NL_GX
HGL_NR_G ON KF ]NOFEGEÊF JGL_NXXGT@1 KF NXH^NKF L^NSF. ]frf bfdkfr on Jfrêf Jgltnssgr`, sn flfk`zfræ nk hgltnxtg sgh`fk, nhgløj`hg y hukturfk nl nk qun sn onsfrrgkkf su pnlsfj`nltg, kg hufk lgs ofræ ulf v`s`øl jæs fonhufof onk j`sjg. Kf v`of on Jfrêf Jgltnssgr` nstæ nljfrhfof nl nk `l`h`g on kf sneulof rnvgkuh`øl `loustr`fk jgjnltg ontnrj`lfog pgr kgs fvflhns tnhlgkøe`hgs qun sn prgouhnl nl kf `loustr`f, prgk`cnrfl kfs njprnsfs jflucfhturnrfs, ns nk t`njpg on nxpfls`øl on kfs pr`jnrfs kfs erflons hgrpgrfh`glns `loustr`fkns qun qu n pghg pghg f pg pghg hg foqu foqu`n `nrn rnl l nxpf nxpfls ls`ø `øl l `l `ltn tnrl rlfh fh`g `glf lfk.k. Nl nk ju julo log g bf bfyy hgltrf hgl trfstn stnss j`n j`nltr ltrfs fs Nst Nstfog fogss ^l ^l`og `ogss jf jfl`c l`c`ns `nstf tf hrn hrnh`j h`j`nl `nltg, tg, nxp nxpfls fls`øl `øl y prgernsg Nurgpf nstæ nl ontr`jnltg (_r`kkf, 4==6) Nl nk pkflg nouhft`vg, onson jno`fogs onk s`ekg R@R, sn v`nln cgrtfknh`nlog kf nouhfh`øl pñdk`hf, fusp`h`fof pgr nk nstfog, hgl kg hufk sn fsneurf nk hgltrgk on kf nlsnöflzf.
Jfrê Jf rêf f Jg Jglt ltns nssg sgr` r` ns pf pfrtn rtn on kg qun qun nl kf fhtu fhtufk fk`o `ofo fo hg hglg lghn hnjg jgss hg hgjg jg ‛Nshunkf Lunvf‚ g ‛Nshunkf Fht`vf‚ qun supglêf ul prgculog hfjd`g tfltg f l`vnk præht`hg hgjg tnør`hg nl kfs nshunkfs onk jgjnltg (Xflhb`orfl D. y Dnrrêg, 4=6=). Nstn jgv`j`nltg, fonjæs t`nln ulf cunrtn dfsn h`nltêc`hf nl vfr`fs vnrt`nltns, jào`hf, sgh`gkøe`hf y ps`hgkøe`hf, qun trftf hgl prgp`nofo Jfrêf Jgltnssgr` ofof su fjpk`f cgrjfh`øl prgcns`glfk. Nltrn kgs pkfltnfj`nltgs qun prgpgln kf Nshunkf Lunvf, nstæ nk 4=6=) kg hufk ss`el`c`hf `el`c`hf qun n nkk l`ög ns pf`oghnltr`sjg (Xflhb`orfl D. y Dnrrêg, 4=6=) nk hnltrg on tgof fht`v`ofo nouhft`vf, ns ul snr fht`vg y hfpfz on fprnlonr pgr sê j`sjg. _gog nstg hfjd`f tfjd`àl nk pfpnk onk prgcnsgr qun nrf nk hnltrg bfstf nk jgjnltg. Nk pfpnk onk prgcnsgr, tgjf ul lunvg snlt`og nl kf Nshunkf Lunvf, onaflog on snr nk hnltrg onk prghnsg on nlsnöflzf-fprnlo`zfan, pfrf pfsfr f snr ul cfh`k`tfogr on o`hbg prghnsg oglon nk l`ög pfsf f snr nk prgtfegl`stf, pultg `jpgrtfltn pgr kf rnknvflh`f qun t`nln pfrf kf nouhfh`øl on kgs l`ögs. Nl rnsujnl, pgonjgs onh`r, qun kf Nshunkf Lunvf ns ul jgv`j`nltg g ul hglaultg hgla ultg on nxpn nxpnr`nlh r`nlh`fs `fs nouhft`vfs nouhft`vfs qun sn o`nrgl nl nk s`ekg pfsf pfsfog, og, qun fpgr fp grtf tfrg rgl l ul hf hfjd jd`g `g rf rfo` o`hf hfkk nl nk s` s`st stnj njf f no nouh uhft ft`v `vg g og oglo lon n bf bfst stf f ns nsn n jgjnltg, nk fprnlo`zfan nrf nltnlo`og hgjg kf k f fhujukfh`øl on hglgh`j`nltg y nl kf suprnjfhêf onk prgcnsgr qu`nl qun f trfvàs on su grftgr`f trflsj`tn kgs hglgh`j`nltgs (Xflhb`orfl D. y Dnrrêg, 4=6=). Hgjg pfrtn on tgog nstn jgv`j`nltg qun prntnlon hfjd`fr prgculofjnltn nk s`stnjf nouhft`vg onk jgjnltg, nlhgltrfjgs f Jfrêf Jgltnssgr`, hgl ulf prgpunstf qun, fulqun onltrg on nstn jfrhg t`nln sus prgp`fs pfrt`hukfr`ofons qun jæs fonkfltn vfjgs f flfk`zfr.
FL_NHNONL_NX ON KF ]NOFEGEÊF JGL_NXXGT@ Kf Nshunkf Lunvf, y pgr tfltg Jfrêf Jgltnssgr`, sn vn `lckunlh`fof pgr nk pnlsfj`nltg y gdrf on futgrns kg hufk sn vf f s`ltnt`zfr nl nk s`eu`nltn huforg1
F^_GT
@LCK^NLH @F
Onc`nlon nk vfkgr prgp`g on kf `lcflh`f, nl kg qun hg`lh`on hgl Jg Jgl ltnss tnssg gr` qun fpg pgrt rtf f onltrg ltrg on su s`s `stn tnjf jf pnofeøe`hg pnofeøe `hg ulf lunvf hglhnph`ø hglhnph`øl l onk l`ög, jæs fkkæ on kf
Aufl
v`s`øl onk jgjnltg nl nk qun àstn nrf v`stg hgjg ul ‛fouktg nl j`l`fturf‚.
Afhgdg Tgussnfu (6564-
Hglhnph Hgl hnph`øl `øl on `lo` `lo`v`ou v`oufk`s fk`sjg1 jg1 sn rnc` rnc`nrn nrn fk snlt snlt`og `og on futglgjêf n `lonpnlonlh`f qun bf on cgjnltfrsn nl nk
6552)
nouhflog pfrf qun kgern nk nanrh`h`g on sus rnhursgs pnrsglfkns
Nlr`qun
Ns rnprnsnltfltn on kf `onf on kf `ltu`h`øl hgjg jno`g on kf nouhfh`øl y rnhgen kf lgh`øl on nouhfh`øl snlsgr`fk,
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pkfltnfj`nltg nsnlh`fk nl Jgltnssgr` (Dnrlfro`l` & Xgtg,
(65?3-6245)
602?)
Onshudr`ogr onk vfkgr pnofeøe`hg onk auneg `lcflt`k y nk hr hrnf nfog ogrr on onkk lg lgjd jdrn rn y kf `onf `onf on kgs kgs i` i`lo lonr nref efro ronl nl g afro`lns on `lcflh`f. `lcflh`f.
Hkfrg fltnhnonltn on kf pnofege pnofegeêf êf Jgltnssgr`flf, fpgrtf kf `onf on qun kf nouh uhfh fh``øl ondn fofptf ptfrsn rsn f kf lfturfknzf onk l`ög, jfltnl`nlog su k`dnrtfo.
nouhft`vf hnltrfof nl nk usg on jftnr`fkns o`oæht`hg on
Cr`nor`hb
cgrjfs purfs dfsfofs nl kgs j`lnrfkns
Crgndnk (6524-6245)
Nstuo`ø kf dgtæl`hf y kgs j`lnrfkns n `onø ulf prgpunstf
@lvnltø tfjd`àl nk aueuntn nouhft`vg qun sn prnsnltø nl kf cgrjf on sn`s ‛oglns‚ g rnefkgs gcrnh`ogs fk l`ög hgjg jftnr`fk pfrf sus aunegs.
Xu c`kgsgcêf on fjgr f kgs l`ögs y on trfdfag f trfvàs onk auneg y nk jftnr`fk qun prgpgln hgl nk qun sn punon trfdfafr k`drnjnltn y hgl fcæl kño`hg-o`oæht`hg ns ulf on kfs erflons `lckunlh`fs qun rnh`dn kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr`.
Huforg on nkfdgrfh`øl prgp`f f pfrt`r on _r`kkf (4==6) y Fktfrnags (4==5) Fonjæs on kg nxpunstg nxpunstg nl nk huforg, nl kgs trfdfags trfdfags on Jgltnssgr` ons onstfhf tfhf kf
`lckunlh`f on kgs jào`hgs crflhnsns,
Anfl Jfrh Efspfro @tfr y Noufrog
Xàeu`l, qun pgr su rnknvflh`f, prnh`sfl ul kuefr o`cnrnltn, yf qun hgjg nkkf rnhg rnhglg lghn hn nl su gd gdrf rf ‛_ ‛_bn bn Jglt Jgltns nssg sgry ry Jn Jntb tbgo go‚, ‚, às àstg tgss `l `lcku ckunl nlh` h`fr frgl gl,, nk hgj`nlzg on su trfdfag nouhft`vg hgl l`ögs onc`h`nltns, yf qun nkkgs nrfl nj`lnlh`fs nl nsn jgjnltg nl nk ærnf nouhft`vf on kgs l`ögs onc`h`nltns. Fk rnspnhtg, Jgltnssgr` o`hn sgdrn sus hgj`nlzgs1 Jntnl`og eu`à nkkgsfo pgr nkdkns k`drg onnr`nlh Xàeu`l nklog tnsgrg hgl hgltnl `og pfrf nl kfs foj`rf j`rfdkn s nxp nxpnr` nlh`fs `fs yontfjd`àl @tf @tfro, ro, yut`k`hn s`e s`eu`n u`nlog kfs `lo`hfh`glns on fjdgs, b`hn cfdr`hfr fdulofltn jftnr`fk o`oæht`hg….yg j`sjf gdtuvn on su fpk`hfh`øl sgrprnlonltns rnsuktfogs. ourfltn o`nz fögs pusn nl præht`hf, rncknx`glflog ontnl`ofjnltn sgdrn nkkf, kf gdrf on on nstgs ogs bgjdrns foj`rfdkns, qun sn bfdêfl hglsferfog f pgstnr`ofo onaflog f kf bujfl`ofo kfs prundfs jæs cnhulofs on su buj`kon bnrgêsjg. (Jgltnssgr` J. , 4==8, pæes. 66>,663) Huflog Jgltnssgr` culoø nl 60=5 kf ]r`jf Hfsf on` Dfjd`l` nl Tgjf, sn fpgyø nl kgs trfdfags on @tfro y Xàeu`l, s`l njdfreg, lg kgs fpk`hfrêf fk p`n on kf kntrf s`lg qun jæs d`nl sn `lsp`rf nl sus pkfltnfj`nltgs pfrf `ltnrprntfr fk l`ög. Kg qun pfrnhnl fpgrtfr nstgs futgrns ns ul hfjd`g on pnrspnht`vf, ulf jfln jf lnrf rf o`st o`st`l `ltf tf on fp fprn rnh` h`fr fr kf kfss pgs` pgs`d` d`k`o k`ofo fons ns onk onk l` l`ög ög pf pfrf rf fp fprn rnlo lonr nr y supnrfrsn. Nkkgs ofl fpgrtns pfrf sustnltfr nk lunvg pf`oghnltr`sjg qun vf f onsfrrgkkfr hgl sus fpgrtfh`glns Jfrêf Jgltnssgr` y snrêfl lnhnsfr`fs fkeulfs jgo`c`hfh`glns yf qun nl nstn hfsg sn nstfdf trfdfaflog hgl l`ögs lgrjfkns, pgr kg qun kgs pgstukfogs c`kgsøc`hgs y kfs tàhl`hfs hgrrnspglo`nltns cunrgl rnv`sfofs f kf bgrf on tnlnrkfs nl hunltf pfrf kf nouhfh`øl nl kf Hfsf on` Dfjd`l`. Bfstf fquê bnjgs bfdkfog onk hgltnxtg sgh`fk nl nk qun sn nlhunltrf kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` y kfs `lckunlh`fs qun tuvg nl kf enstfh`øl on su jàtgog. Fbgrf prghnon bfdkfr on kf futgrf y fk bfhnrkg, ns tfjd`àl bfdkfr on su jàtgog, pgrqun f su onsfrrgkkg ono`hø su v`of.
JFT@F JGL_NXXGT@1 ^L LGJDTN HGL TN]NTH^X@ØL ]NOFEØE@HF. Jfrêf Jgltnssgr`, Lfhn nl Hb`frfvfkkn (@tfk`f) nk 86 on Fegstg on 625= nl jno`g on ulf cfj`k`f hglsnrvfogrf, qun f pnsfr on nkkg, tnlêf ulf v`s`øl
fvflzfof f su t`njpg y sê qun fhnptfdf ulf h`nrtf nouhfh`øl nl kfs juanrns, pgr kg qun lg tuvg erfl prgdknjf hgl su cfj`k`f huflog hgjnlzø f nstuo`fr jno`h`l jno `h`lf f nl kf ^l`vn ^l`vnrs` rs`ofo ofo on Tgj Tgjf, f, erfouæ erfouælo logsn gsn nl 62 6203, 03, y s`n s`nlog log kf pr`jnrf juanr nl erfoufrsn nl jno`h`lf nl @tfk`f (_r`kkf, 4==6)._rfs nstg, hgj`nlzf su trfdfag hgjg fs`stnltn nl ulf hkêl`hf ps`qu`ætr`hf oglon nltrf nl hgltfhtg hgl kgs trfdfags on kgs jào`hgs crflhnsns @tfro y Xàeu`l qun sgl kfs nj`lnl nj` lnlh`f h`fss onk jgj jgjnlt nltg g nl hu huflt fltg g f trftfj trftfj`nl `nltg tg y nou nouhfh hfh`øl `øl hg hgl l l`ö l`ögs gs ‛flgrjfkns‚, `lhkusg tnrj`lf pgr trfouh`r kgs trfdfags on nkkgs fk `tfk`flg. Nl 60=5, t`nln kf gpgrtul`ofo nl Tgjf on trfdfafr nl kg qun snrêf su pr`jnrf Hfsf On` Dfjd`l`. Ns fquê oglon rfo`hf su pr`jnrf nxpnr`nlh`f on trfdfag hgl l`ögs lgrjfkns y hgj`nlzf f ofr cgrjf f sus `onfs qun fhfdfræl oflog f kuz ul jàtg jàtgog og no nouh uhft ft`v `vg g lu lunv nvg g qun qun jæ jæss qun qun ul jà jàtg tgog og ns ul s` s`st stnj njf f on nouhfh`øl qun prntnlon kknefr jæs fkkæ onk s`jpkn fpgrtn on hglgh`j`nltg. Nl 60=0, `jpfrtn nk pr`jnr hursg on euêfs Jgltnssgr` oglon prgpgln ul lunvg pfpnk pfrf nk oghnltn nl nk qun pfsf f snr euêf y cfh`k`tfogr onk prghnsg on fprnlo`zfan oglon nk prgtfegl`stf ns nk l`ög. Fk fhfdfr nstn hursg, nshr`d`ø su pr`jnrr k`drg ‛Nk Jàtgo pr`jn Jàtgog g on kf ]nofegeêf ]nofegeêf H`nltêc H`nltêc`hf‚, `hf‚, oglon nxpk`hf hgl ontfk ontfkkn kn su jàtgog y kf c`kgsgcêf qun sudyfhêf nl àk, aultg hgl nk onsfrrgkkg on kgs jftnr`fkns y kgs rnhursgs on qun o`spglêf. Nk jàt jàtgog gog Jgltns Jgltnssgr sgr`` on nls nlsnöf nöflz lzf, f, fkh fkhflz flzf f erf erfl l o`c o`cus` us`øl øl ond ond`og `og f sus lujnrgsgs nshr`tgs, pfrt`h`pfh`øl nl hglernsgs h`nltêc`hgs rnkfh`glfogs hgl kf nouhfh`øl on kf `lcflh`f y f sus lujnrgsgs v`fans hgl kgs qun prntnlon ofr f hglghnr su jàtgog nl gtrgs pfêsns. Fsê nl 6068, su jàtgog ns hglgh`og pr`jnrg y nl pfêsns on bfdkf `leknsf y bgkflonsf y kuneg nl nk rnstg on Nurgpf, Fjàr`hf y Fs`f. (Jgltnssgr` J. , 4==8) _rfs tnls`glns hgl nk ràe`jnl on Jussgk`l`, Jgltnssgr` sn vn gdk`efof f sfk`r on @tfk`f y sn o`r`en f Nspföf oglon nl 6088 kknef f Dfrhnkglf y hrnf kf Hfsf on kgs L`ögs y nk Kfdgrftgr`g on ]nofegeêf. Hftfkuöf fhge`ø f Jgltnssgr` hgl erfl `ltnràs y pnofegegs hgjg Aufl ]fkfu Snrf sn hglv`nrtn nl erfl `jpuksgr onk jàtgog nl Hftfkuöf y trfouhn fk nspfögk kfs pr`jnrfs gdrfs on Jgltnssgr`.
Nl 6083 fk nstfkkfr kf Eunrrf h`v`k nspfögkf, sn jfrhbø f Bgkflof y nl 60?3 sn nstfdknhn nl Lggrow`ai, oglon nshr`dn sus ñkt`jfs gdrfs. Nsn j`sjg fög, v`faf f kf `lo`f oglon pudk`hf nl Jforfa kf jnltn fdsgrdnltn pfrf onspuàs rnernsfr f Bgkflof oglon cfkknh`ø nl 60>4. (Jgltnssgr` J. , 4==8)
NK L^NSG HGLHN]_G ON L@ÖG. ]frf Jgltnssgr` kf `lcflh`f ns ulf ntfpf hgl s`el`c`hfog prgp`g, ns onh`r, nk l`ög l` ög lg ns ul fo fouk uktg tg nl j` j`l` l`ft ftur urf f l` ul su suan antg tg pf pfs` s`vg vg s` s`lg lg qu qun n t`nl t`nln n lnhns`ofons n `ltnrnsns prgp`gs, ns ul snr qun aunef, nxpnr`jnltf y sn fofptf fk jno`g cês`hg y sgh`fk qun kn rgonf. X` fbgefjgs sus `ltnrnsns y lnhns`ofons onson ul s`stnjf rêe`og qun gpr`jn tgog kg qun nk l`ög ns, kn gdk`efrnjgs f rnlo rnlo`r `rsn sn,, bu bulo lo`rs `rsn n y rn rns` s`el elfr frsn sn f kg nstf nstfdk dknh nh`o `og, g, s` s`l l qu qun n lu lulh lhf f pu puno nof f onsfrrgkkfrsn f sê j`sjg. Nl pfkfdrfs on Jgltnssgr`1 Nk l`ög ul s`njprn bf s`og hgls`onrfog hgjg ulfksnr s`l vfkgr sgh`fk, snr nxtrfsgh`fk, nl ulf pfkfdrf, hufkoàd`k bfy,`lñt`k qun ynlsnöfrkn tgog, `lc`ktrflog nl àk onson kf vnrofo fk hfræhtnr, sgjnt`àlogkn f ulf o`sh`pk`lf prnv`f, tfltg nl nk bgefr hgjg nl kf nshunkf(…) Lfo`n bfstf fbgrf bf hgls`onrfog fk l`ög nl su prgp`g vfkgr hgjg ulf erfl frt`stf, ul trfdfafogr `lcft`efdkn, punstg qun t`nln qun `r hglstruynlog pgr sê y on sê j`sjg nk jæs lgdkn y dnkkg no`c`h`g nltrn tgofs kfs gdrfs on kf lfturfknzf1 nk onk bgjdrn fouktg (…) Kf nouhfh`øl ondn dfsfrsn sgdrn kfs knyns h`nltêc`hfs, ulf on kfs hufkns, kf nsnlh`fk, hgkghf nl pr`jnr tàrj`lg nk rnspntg f kf pnrsglfk`ofo onk l`ög. Hgls`onrælogkn hgjg nk tnsgrg jæs sferfog on kf bujfl`ofo. (Jgltnssgr` (Jgltnssgr` J. , 4==8, pæe. 84) Jgltnssgr` prgpgln ul hfjd`g rfo`hfk nl kf v`s`øl onk l`ög. Nk l`ög lg bf on j`rfrsn hgjg ul fouktg nl pnqunög, hgls`onrf qun1 Nk l`ög ns kf pfrtn jæs `jpgrtfltn on kf v`of onk fouktg. Ns nk hglstruhtgr onk fouktg (….) tghfr fk l`ög ns tghfr nk pultg jæs snls`dkn on ul tgog qun t`nln sus rfêhns hgl nk pfsfog jæs rnjgtg y qun sn o`r`en bfh`f nk `lc`l`tg pgrvnl`r (Jgltnssgr` J. , 4==8, pæe. 84) ]gr nsg, pfrf nkkf, kg jæs `jpgrtfltn ns cfvgrnhnr ourfltn kf `lcflh`f kf futgnouhfh`øl g fht`v`ofo prgp`f nl nk l`ög, pfrf kknefr f hglstru`r nk fouktg qun ondn snr.
Nl nk tnjf onk l`ög Jgltnssgr` tfjd`àl bfdkf on kf `jpgrtflh`f on lg gcrnhnr fk l`ög l`leulf fyuof `lñt`k, ns onh`r, lg bfefjgs pgr nk l`ög tgog fqunkkg qun àk punof bfhnr pgr sê j`sjg, punstg qun nstg ns fkeg qun ont`nln su onsfrrgkkg. Xgdrn nstn pultg bfdkfrnjgs jæs onkfltn on cgrjf jæs ontnl`of.
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@LON]NLONLH@F. Nk hglhnptg on o`sh`pk`lf onltrg onk jàtgog Jgltnssgr` ns o`st`ltg fk qun sn usf bfd`tufkjnltn. Kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` pfrtn on qun kf o`sh`pk`lf ns fht`vf (Jgltnssgr` J. , 4==8) kg qun `jpk`hf qun nk `lo`v`oug ns nk qun o`spgln on sê j`sjg, qu`nl jfrhf su prgp`f kêlnf on fhtufh`øl y pgr kg tfltg ns ounög on su hglouhtf. ]nrg kf o`sh`pk`lf fht`vf, ondn tnlnr ul kêj`tn1 nk `ltnràs hgknht`vg. (Jgltnssgr` J. , 4==8) , kg qun s`el`c`hf qun ondnjgs, puns `jpno`r fk l`ög tgog fqunkkg qun punof gcnlonr g pnrauo`hfr f kgs gtrgs, g ul hgjpgrtfj`nltg `lfonhufog. Nl tgog kg rnkfh`glfog hgl kf o`sh`pk`lf, hgls`onrø qun nk pfpnk on kf jfnstrf ns culofjnltfk, pgrqun snræ nkkf kf rnspglsfdkn on dushfr kf cgrjf jæs fonhufof pfrf nanrhnrkf, onltrg onk jfrhg on rnspntg f kf k`dnrtfo onk l`ög. Nl pfkfdrfs on Jgltnssgr`1 ]frf hglouh`r fk l`ög nl nstn t`pg on o`sh`pk`lf, ulg on kgs fspnhtgs rnknvfltns ns prnpfrfr y nltrnlfr f kfs jfnstrfs nl kf gdsnrvfh`øl h`nltêc`hf, nl ulf lunvf fht`tuo pfs`vf crnltn f kf fht`tuo fht`vf qun bfl vnl`og nanrh`nlog bfstf nk jgjnltg. Xn trftf on nlsnöfrkfs f o`shnrl`r nltrn fhtgs qun ondnl `jpno`r y fhtgs qun s`jpknjnltn ondnl gdsnrvfr. Kf jfnstrf lnhns`tf ulf tàhl`hf nspnh`fk pfrf hglouh`r fk l`ög f ulf o`sh`pk`lf on nstf lfturfknzf, o`sh`pk`lf qun kn fhgjpföfræ pfrf tgof kf v`of (…) fsê nk l`ög sn fhgstujdrf f ulf o`sh`pk`lf qun lg sn k`j`tf f jfl`cnstfrsn nl nk fjd`nltn on kf nshunkf, (Jgltnssgr` J. , 4==8, pæe. 6?5). Ns ulf kfdgr on nltrnlfj`nltg qun tfjd`àl supgln rnlulh`fr f juhbg on kg qun yf kknvf nstfdknh`og prnv`fjnltn nl su jnltn fk bfdnr s`og nltrnlfofs nl gtrf jntgogkgeêf o`st`ltf f Jgltnssgr`.
]frf nouhfr fk l`ög onltrg on kf o`sh`pk`lf fht`vf, kf prgcnsgrf nltrnlfof, ondn tnlnr hkfrg qun nk pultg on pfrt`of, kf lgh`øl qun kn l`ög ondn foqu fo qu`r `r`r `r pr pr`j `jnr nrfj fjnl nltn tn snræ snræ kf on onkk d` d`nl nl y nk jf jfk.k. Nk trfd trfdfa fag g on kf nouhfogrf nstæ nl `jpno`r qun nk l`ög sn hglculof, hgjg suhnon nl kf flt`euf cgrjf on o`sh`pk`lf, nk d`nl hgl kf `ljgv`k`ofo y nk jfk hgl kf fht`v`ofo, pgrqun lunstrg gdantg ns on o`sh`pk`lfr pfrf kf fht`v`ofo, pfrf nk trfdfag, pfrf nk d`nl, lg pfrf kf `ljgv`k`ofo, pfrf kf pfs`v`ofo, pfrf kf gdno`nlh`f. (Jgltnssgr` 4==8, pæe. 6>6) ^lf on kfs pr`jnrfs hgsfs qun Jgltnssgr` gdsnrvø nl kf Hfsf on` Dfjd`l`, cun nk `ltnràs on kgs l`ögs pgr fkhflzfr kf `lonpnlonlh`f onk fouktg nl sus tfrnfs kg hufk lg ns tfltg lg onpnlonr on fkeu`nl hgjg kknefr f snr futølgjg y nc`h`nltn nl su rnkfh`øl hgl kgs onjæs qun kn rgonfl. X` nk fouktg nanrhn ulf `lckunlh`f sgdrn nk l`ög oglon kg sgdrnprgtnaf, oglon lg rnhglgzhf su futglgjêf, kknefræ ul jgjnltg nl qun nk l`ög rnlulh`n f sus hfpfh hfp fh`of `ofons ons pgr pgrqun qun nk fo foukt uktg g kfs nstæ nstæ sust` sust`tuy tuynlo nlog g y lg pnr pnrj`t j`tn n fk l`ög l`ög nshgenr hgl k`dnrtfo su hfj`lg y tgjfr sus prgp`fs onh`s`glns hgl kf qun bnjgs `ltnrcnr`og nl su fht`v`ofo nspgltælnf y kg bnjgs flukfog. Fk rnspnhtg Jgltnssgr` onhêf qun tgof fyuof `lñt`k qun prgpgrh`glfjgs fk l`ög ns ul gdstæhukg fk onsfrrgkkg on kfs cunrzfs lfturfkns (Jgltnssgr` J. , 6024) Ofog qun bf qunofog jfl`c`nstf kf `jpgrtflh`f on kf kfdgr oghnltn, pfsfjgs f vnrkf nl nk s`eu`nltn pultg hgl jfygr prgculo`ofo, hgl nk c`l c` l on qun pgofjgs fjpk`fr kf v`s`øl qun tnlêf Jgltnssgr` nl hufltg f kf kfdgr on kfs oghnltns g euêfs.
KF OGHNL_N JGL_NXXGT@ G E^ÊF Kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` hgls`onrf lnhnsfr`g qun nk prgcnsgr euên fk l`ög s`l pnrj`t`r qun àstn s`nltf su prnsnlh`f nl nxhnsg on cgrjf qun supglef ul gdstæhukg nltrn nk l`ög y s` nxpnr`nlh`f. (Jgltnssgr` J. , 4==8) Nk rgk onk fouktg t`nln juhbg qun vnr hgl kf prnpfrfh`øl onk j`sjg y hgl fkeg juhbg jæs `jpgrtfltn, kf fht`tuo, kg qun ns hfpfz on snr y on ofr pfrf kg hufk ondnræ nstfr fk snrv`h`g onk l`ög, nl hglt`lug fprnlo`zfan y onsfrrgkkg pnrsglfk. Nk fouktg ondn snr ulf pnrsglf njpæt`hf hgl kgs snlt`j`nltgs on kgs l`ögs, f kf vnz qun ondn sfdnr pglnr kêj`tns c`rjns y hkfrgs.
Ondn On dn snr snr ul gdsn gdsnrv rvfo fogr gr nltr nltrnl nlfo fog, g, ns on onh` h`r, r, sf sfdn dnrr qu quà à fs fspn pnht htgs gs on kf hglouhtf onk l`ög gdsnrvfr, højg rne`strfr o`hbgs hgjpgrtfj`nltgs, y sfdnr `lcnr`r kgs oftgs lnhnsfr`gs onk fkujlg rnkft`vgs f su onsfrrgkkg. Nl hufltg fk rgk qun onsnjpnöf, sfdnr qun jæs qun p`nzf hnltrfk onk prghnsg on nlsnöflzf- fprnlo`zfan, su kfdgr nstæ jæs nl ul sneulog pkflg, cfh`k`tflog y fyuoflog fk l`ög f onsfrrgkkfr su pgtnlh`fk bujflg. Nstf kfdgr, nstæ jæs nlhfj`lfof fk o`snög onk fukf, f nkfdgrfr kf nstruhturf onk oêf, sn trftf pgr tfltg, on sneu`r f hfof ulg on kgs l`ögs y faustfr kfs nstrftne`fs, on jgog qun onl rnspunstf f kgs `ltnrnsns y lnhns`ofons on hfof ulg on kgs l`ögs on cgrjf `lo`v`oufk. Xn trftf on eu`fr fk l`ög, on ofrkn f hglghnr nk fjd`nltn s`l `ltnrcnr`r nl kf s`tufh`øl on fprnlo`zfan jæs fkkæ on kg lnhnsfr`g. Ondn qunofr hkfrg pgr tfltg, qun nk prghnsg on fprnlo`zfan nl sê, pnrtnlnhn fk l`ög. Gtrg fspnhtg rnknvfltn y qun vf on kf jflg nl Jgltnssgr` hgl kf kfdgr on kgs oghnltns, ns kf hunst`øl onk fjd`nltn nk hufk qunof nl jflgs on kf jfnstrf qun ondnræ fonhufrkg nl tgog jgjnltg f kfs lnhns`ofons qun vf ontnhtflog nl kgs l`ögs. ]fsfjgs f hglt`lufh`øl f hgls`onrfr nstn fjd`nltn.
FJD@NL_N ]TN]FTFOG. Hgl nstn tàrj`lg, lgs rncnr`jgs f ul fjd`nltn grefl`zfog y o`snöfog hgl nk c`l on qun nk l`ög nl k`dnrtfo onsfrrgkkn su futg fprnlo`zfan. Kfs hfrfhtnrêst`hfs on nstn fjd`nltn sn dfsfl nl kgs pr`lh`p`gs on s`jpk`h`ofo, dnkkkknz dn nzf f y gron gronl. l. Xgl Xgl nspf nspfh` h`gs gs ku kuj` j`lg lgsg sgss y hæ hæk`o k`ogs gs kn pn pnrj rj`tn `tnl l fk l` l`ög ög onsfrrgkkfrsn s`l kf lnhns`ofo on ulf supnrv`s`øl hglstfltn on ul fouktg. Nkkf rnhfkhf nl su k`drg nk jàtgog on kf pnofegeêf h`nltêc`hf fpk`hfog (4==8) kf `jpg `j pgrt rtfl flh` h`f f on onkk fjd` fjd`nl nltn tn pfrf pfrf kg kger erfr fr kg kgss rnsu rnsuktf ktfog ogss qu qun n gd gdsn snrv rvø. ø. Hg Hgjg jg lgvnofo pfrf nstn jgjnltg on kf nouhfh`øl, b`zg cfdr`hfr pgr hfrp`ltnrgs s` s`kkkkfs fs y jnsf jnsfss fhgr fhgron onss hgl hgl nk tf tfjf jfög ög on kg kgss l` l`ög ögss y c`c`lf lfkj kjnl nltn tn,, o` o`sn snöø öø nshunkfs nltnrfs onk tfjfög fprgx`jfog on kgs l`ögs tgog nkkg dfsfog nl nk
rnhglgh`j`nltg on kf crustrfh`øl qun nxpnr`jnltf nk l`ög nl ul julog f tfjfög onk fouktg. _fjd`àl nstuo`ø højg sn jgvêfl kgs l`ögs pgr nk fukf k`drnjnltn y nl dfsn f nstg ns tgss jgv` jgv`j` j`nl nltg tgs, s, gr gref efl` l`zø zø nk jgd` jgd`k`k`fr fr`g `g y nk ærnf ærnf on fh fht`v t`v`o `ofo fo,, fs fsêê pg pgr r nanjpkg, hgls`onrflog qun f kgs l`ögs kns eustfdf snltfrsn nl nk sunkg, hgjprø pnqunöfs fkcgjdrfs pfrf onc`l`r nk ærnf on trfdfag y prgltg kgs l`ögs fprnlo`nrgl f hfj`lfr fkrnonogr on nkkfs. Kgs jftnr`fkns sgl grefl`zfogs nl nstn fjd`nltn on jflnrf s`stnjæt`hf y nl snhunlh`f on o`c`huktfo (Xnko`le, 4==2) y nstæl hgkghfogs on cgrjf gronlfof nl nstfltns on cgrjf qun kgs l`ögs punofl fhhnonr s`l prgdknjf f nkkgs. Nkkf gdsnrvø qun kgs l`ögs o`scrutfdfl juhbg trfynlog y kknvflog su trfdfag onson y bfstf kgs nstfltns, tnl`nlog hu`ofog on lg trgpnzfr hgl lfof g onrrfjfr lfof. Nl nstn fjd`nltn, kgs l`ögs sgl k`drns pfrf nxpkgrfr kgs jftnr`fkns on su prgp`f nknhh`øl y fdsgrdnl kg qun àstgs kn fpgrtfl. ^lf vnz qun bnjgs hgls`onrfog kgs fspnhtgs fltnr`grns, pfsfrà f flfk`zfr ogs on kfs fpgrtfh`glns jæs s`el`c`hft`vfs onltrg on kf c`kgsgcêf Jgltnssgr`, qun frrgafl kuz f kf v`s`øl qun kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` tnlêf fhnrhf on kgs prghnsgs hgel`t`vgs y jfourft`vgs qun sn onsfrrgkkfl nl nk l`ög. Bfdkg on kf jnltn fdsgrdnltn y on kgs pnr`gogs snls`dkns.
KF JNL_N FDXGTDNL_N P KGX ]NT@GOGX XNLX@DKNX. Kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` onsfrrgkkø ulf lunvf c`kgsgcêf on kf nouhfh`øl dfsfof nl su `ltu`t`vf gdsnrvfh`øl on kgs l`ögs. Nkkf onhêf qun1 Kf `lcflh`f lg nrf jnrfjnltn ulf ntfpf pgr kf qun pfsfr on hfj`lg f kf ntfpf fouktf. ]frf nkkf, nk fouktg onpnloêf onk l`ög tfltg hgjg nk l`ög onk fouktg y onhêf qun nk l`ög nrf hgjg ulf erfl erfh`f nxtnrlf qun nltrf nl kf cfj`k`f y nanrhn ulf `lckunlh`f cgrjft`vf sgdrn nk julog onk fouktg (K`kkfro ]. , 6055, pæe. 48)
]frf kknefr f kf futghglstruhh`øl onk l`ög kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` kkneø f kf hglhkus`øl on qun àstn ondêf pgsnnr onltrg on sê, onson fltns on lfhnr, ul pftrøl pfrf onsnlvgkvnrsn psêqu`hfjnltn. F nstn pftrøl psêqu`hg nkkf kg kkfjf
njdr`øl nsp`r`tufk. (Jgltnssgr` J. , 6023) Nstn njdr`øl nsp`r`tufk, ns ul pkfl
prnontnrj`lfog pfrf onsfrrgkkfrsn qun lg ns v`s`dkn nl nk jgjnltg on lfhnr y qun sn rnvnkf ñl`hfjnltn jno`fltn nk prghnsg on onsfrrgkkg. ]frf qun nstg ghurrf, sn bfl on ofr ogs hglo`h`glns qun sneñl Jgltnssgr Jgltnssgr`` sgl1
^lf rnkfh`øl `ltnerfk hgl su jno`g 1 Nstf rnkfh`øl `jpk`hf tfltg f kfs hgsfs hgjg hg jg f kfs kfs pn pnrs rsgl glfs fs qu qun n sn nl nlhu hunl nltr trfl fl hgl hgl àk àk.. Xø Xøkg kg f trfv trfvàs às on ns nstf tf `ltnrfhh`øl punon kknefr f ulf hgjprnls`øl on sê j`sjg y on kgs kêj`tns on su ul`vnrsg, y hgjg hglsnhunlh`f, kgerfr ulf `ltnerfh`øl on su pnrsglfk`ofo.
Nk l`ö l`ög g rn rnqu` qu`nrn nrn k`dnrt k`dnrtfo fo1 X` t`nln nl su `ltnr`gr kf hkfvn on su prgp`f pnrsglfk`ofo y ns rne`og pgr sus prgp`fs knyns on onsfrrgkkg, nstæ nl pgsns`øl on tgofs kfs pgtnlh`fk`ofons pfrf onsfrrgkkfrsn, qun søkg pgoræl sure`r nl ul hgltnxtg k`dnrtfo (K`kkfro ]. , 6055). X` hufkqu`nrf on nstfs ogs hglo`h`glns lg ns sft`scnhbf, kf v`of psêqu`hf onk l`ög lg kgerfræ su onsfrrgkkg pgtnlh`fk y su pnrsglfk`ofo qunofræ ftrgc`fof. On sus gdsnrvfh`glns Jgltnssgr` tfjd`àl hglhkuyn qun nk l`ög pgsnn ulf `ltnlsf jgt`vfh`øl bfh`f su prgp`f futghglstruhh`øl. Lfhn hgl kf ps`hgkgeêf on kf hglqu`stf onk julog (Jgltnssgr` J. , 6024) . Xu sfkuo njgh`glfk y cês`hf onpnlonræ præht`hfjnltn on nsn nscunrzg pfrf hglvnrt`rsn nl sê j`sjg. Jgltnssgr` fc`rjf pgr tfltg qun nk l`ög t`nln ul pftrøl psêqu`hg `ltnr`gr qun kn euêf bfh`f kf jfournz. ]nrg nstn pftrøl ns ulf tnlonlh`f `ltnrlf qun pgsnn nk l`ög y qun ondn onsfrrgkkfr, pgr kg tfltg nk l`ög ondn nlhgltrfr sus prgp`gs pgon pg onrn rnss pf pfrf rf rn rnfh fhh` h`gl glfr fr fl fltn tn kf v`of v`of.. ]f ]frf rf ns nstf tf kf kfdg dgrr sn kn bf bfl l of ofog og snls`d snls `d`k` `k`of ofon onss hr hrnf nft`t`vf vfss ns nspn pnh` h`fk fkns ns pf pfrf rf fyuo fyuofr frkn kn nl ns nsf f o` o`cê cêh` h`kk tfrn tfrnf. f. (Jgltnssgr` J. , 6023) O`hbfs snls`d`k`ofons kn pnrj`tnl nshgenr on su jno`g fjd`nltn fqunkkg qun ns fonhufog y lnhnsfr`g pfrf su hrnh`j`nltg. Nstfs snls`d`k`ofons g fyuofs trfls`tgr`fs, nx`stnl sgkfjnltn nl kf l`önz y jæs fkkæ on kgs sn`s fögs lg sn vnl nl kgs l`ögs l` on nstf cgrjf l` hgl kf `ltnls`ofo. Kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` kfs hgls`onrfdf hgjg kf prundf on qun nk onsfrrgkkg psêqu`hg on ul pnqunög lg t`nln kuefr pgr hfsufk`ofo, s`lg pgr ul ons`el`g. (K`kkfro ]. , 6055). Nkkf `onlt`c`hø ogs on nsfs fyuofs `ltnrlfs nl nk onsfrrgkkg onk l`ög1 Kgs pnr`gogs snls`dkns y kf jnltn fdsgrdnltn.
KF JNL_N FDXGTDNL_N ]frf Jgltnssgr`, kgs l`ögs sn nouhfl f sê j`sjgs. Nkkf bfdkf on kf jnltn fdsgrdnltn on kgs l`ögs y kf onc`ln fsê1 Nk l`ög fdsgrdn nk hglgh`j`nltg o`rnhtfjnltn nl su v`of psêqu`hf, s`jpknjnltn hglt`luflog hgl su v`of y pgln nk nanjpkg on kf knleuf lft`vf, qun nk l`ög vf foqu`r`nlog j`nltrfs vf v`v`nlog (6023). ]frf Jgltnssgr`, nl nk onsfrrgkkg on kf jnltn fdsgrdnltn nx`stnl ntfpfs lg hglsh`nltns y hglsh`nltns qun sn onsfrrgkkfræl nl kf s`eu`nltn tfdkf. HFTFH_NTÊX_@HFX N_F]F X
On kgs hnrg bfstf kgs sn`s fögs nlhgltrfjgs ogs ntfpfs o`cnrnlh`fofs X G Ö F
Onson nk lfh`j`nltg bfstf kgs trns fögs fprgx`jfofjnltn, kf jnltn
8 F =
fdsgrdnltn lg hglsh`nltn snknhh`glf `jprns`glns snlsgr`fkns ut`k`zfofs pfrf vnr, gknr, g`r, tghfr oneustfr. Nk l`ög k`tnrfkjnltn fdsgrdn tgog. Nk l`ög junstrf ul t`pg on jnltfk`ofo f kf hufk nk fouktg t`nln o`cêh`k fhhnsg, ns onh`r, sgdrn kf hufk fpnlfs punon nanrhnr ulf `lckunlh`f o`rnhtf, on bnhbg lg nx`stnl nshunkfs pfrf nstgs l`ögs. (Jgltnssgr` J. , 6023) Kf jnl jnltn tn nl nst nstf f ntf ntfpf pf hgl hglsh` sh`nl nltn tn onk onk l`ög l`ög fdsgr fdsgrdn dn `jprn `jprns`g s`gln lnss snlsgr`fknss onk hgltnxtg y onsfrrgkk snlsgr`fkn onsfrrgkkf f kgs snlt`ogs fñl jæs. Kgs l`ögs sgl snknht`vgs nl nk bnhbg on qun jnagrfl kg qun yf hglghnl fsê pgr nanjpkg, pgonjgs onh`r qun kgs l`ögs on kf ntfpf lg hglsh`nltn, = f 8 fprgx`jfofjnltn, vnl y fdsgrdnl ulf efjf on hgkgrns s`l o`st`leu`rkgs s`l njdfreg f pfrt`r on kgs 8 fögs nl fonkfltn, hgj`nlzfl f onsfrrgkkfr kf bfd`k`ofo on o`st`leu`rkgs, fsgh`frkgs y onerfofr hgkgrns. Nk l`ög njp`nzf f snr pfrt`hukfrjnltn `lckunlh`fdkn. Nstn pnr`gog sn hfrfhtnr`zf pgr kfs erflons trflscgrjfh`glns qun sn suhnonl nl nk `lo`v`oug. ]frf hglvnlhnrsn on nstg, dfstf pnlsfr nl kf o`cnrnlh`f qun nx`stn nltrn nk rnh`àl lfh`og y nk l`ög on sn`s fögs. (Jgltnssgr` J. , 6023, pæe. 8?)
Huforg on nkfdgrfh`øl prgp`f f pfrt`r on Jgltnssgr` (6023)
]gr tfltg y rnsuj`nlog, pgonjgs onh`r qun kf jnltn onk l`ög nstæ fd`nrtf f nxpnr`nlh`fs, æv`of on sfdnr y qun nl sus pr`jnrgs fögs fdsgrdnræ tgog kg qun gdsnrvn g nxpnr`jnltn. Jgltnssgr` hrnêf c`nkjnltn qun kgs l`ögs bfdêfl lfh`og pfrf fprnlonr y qun fprnlonl pgrqun sgl snrns qun p`nlsfl. Kg qun fprnlonl onpnlonræ nl erfl jflnrf on kfs gpgrtul`ofons qun sn kns dr`lonl nl huflog f jftnr`fkns y fk qunbfhnr onk prgcnsgr.
]NT@GOGX XNLX@DKNX. Kgs pnrêgogs snls`dkns sgl dkgquns on t`njpg nl kf v`of on ul l`ög, nl qun kgs qun nk l`ög nstæ fdsgrtg fltn ulf hfrfhtnrêst`hf on su jno`g fjd`nltn, hgl nxhkus`øl on tgofs kfs onjæs. Nl nk l`ög, fpfrnhn ul `ltnlsg `ltnràs pgr tnlnr hgltfhtg hgl su julog. Ns nk fjgr f su jno`g fjd`nltn kg qun kn gdk`ef f nsn hgltfhtg, pnrg nltnlo`nlog nsn fjgr hgjg ul onsng `ltnknhtufk y nsp`r`tufk (Jgltnssgr` J. , 6023). Kf gpgrt gpgrtul` ul`ofo ofo on onsfrr onsfrrgkk gkkfrs frsn n nl sus pnr pnrêgo êgogs gs snl snls`d s`dkns kns,, lg ond ondn n snr `jpno`of puns s` sn p`nron kf gpgrtul`ofo on onsfrrgkkg, nk l`ög vnræ fcnhtfof lneft`vfjnltn su snls`d`k`ofo nspnh`fk y su onsng on rnkfh`øl hgl nsf ærnf, kg qun tnloræ ul ncnhtg pnrturdfogr sgdrn su onsfrrgkkg y jfournz psêqu`hf. F trfvàs on kfs gdsnrvfh`glns rnfk`zfofs f kgs l`ögs nl kf Hfsf On` Dfjd`l`, ontnrj`lø kgs s`eu`nltns pnrêgogs snls`dkns nl kf v`of onk l`ög ]NT@GOGX XNLX@DKNX
HFTFH_NTÊX_@H FX Fpfr`h`øl11 ourfltn nk pr`jnr fög on v`of y hglt`lñf nl nk sneulog. -Fpfr`h`øl fpfr`h`øl1 Nk l`ög rnqu`nrn qun nk fjd`nltn snf -Aust`c`hfh`øl on su fpfr`h`øl1
LNHNX@O
prnh`sg y ontnrj`lfog, puns søkg nl ul fjd`nltn qun hujpkf nsfs
FO ON
hfrf hfrfht htnr nrês êst`t`hf hfs, s, nk pg pgor oræ æ hk hkfs fs`c`c`h `hfr fr sus sus pn pnrh rhnp nph` h`gl glns ns y hgjg hgjg
GTONL
hglsnhunlh`f, cgrjfr ulf nstruhturf jnltfk `ltnrlf lnhnsfr`f pfrf hgjprnlonr su julog y rnkfh`glfrsn onltrg onk j`sjg. fjd`nltn1 Nk l`ög hfptf kf rnkfh`øl on kgs gdantgs. Lg -]nrhnph`øl onk fjd`nltn1
ns ulf s`jpkn `onlt`c`hfh`øl on gdantgs hfof ulg nl su kuefr, sn trftf on qun nk l`ög hfp hfptf nk fjd`n d`nltn hgj gjg g ul tgo tgog hgl hgl pfrtn frtnss `ltnronpnlo`nltns. -·Højg jfl`c`nstf nk l`ög su lnhns`ofo on gronl7 Nstæ fknern huflog tgog nstæ nl su kuefr fhgstujdrfog, prgtnstf huflog lg kg nstæl y huflog lg kg nstæl y àk punon pglnrkfs nl su kuefr, kg bfhn -Aust`c`hfh`øl on su fpfr`h`øl1 Fpfrnhn fpfr`h`øl1 Fpfrnhn hgjg ul onsng on nxpkgrfr nk jno`g fjd`nltn hgl kf knleuf y kfs jflgs. F trfvàs onk snlt`og onk tfhtg y onk eustg, nk l`ög fdsgrdn kfs hufk`ofons on kgs gdantgs nl su jno`g fjd`nltn y trftfræ on fhtufr sgdrn nkkgs. -Hgl Hglsnhu snhunlh nlh`fs `fs on su fpf fpfr`h` r`h`øl1 øl1 F trfvàs on tgof nstf fht`v`ofo snlsgr`fk y jgtgrf, sn vfl onsfrrgkkflog kfs nstruhturfs lnurgkøe`hfs pf pfrf rf nk kn knle leuf ufan an.. (K (K`k`kkf kfro ro ]. , 6055 6055)) Fs Fsêê Jg Jglt ltns nssg sgr` r` kkkkne neø ø f kf hglhkus`øl on qun kf knleuf qun nk bgjdrn usf pfrf bfdkfr y kfs jflgs qun usf pfrf trfdfafr nstæl êlt`jfjnltn rnkfh`glfofs hgl kf NK ^XG ON KFX JFLGX P KF KNLE^F.
`ltnk`enlh`f. `ltnk`enl h`f. F nkkfs sn rncnrêf hgjg kgs `lstrujnltgs on kf `ltnk`enlh`f onk bgjdrn (K`kkfro ]. , 6055) -Tns Tnspnh pnhtg tg fk knle knleufan ufan11 Nk l`ög ondn nstfr ourfltn nstn pnrêgog snls`dkn nxpunstg fk knleufan y f ontnrj`lfogs sgl`ogs pfrf qun àstn sn onsfrrgkkn pgrqun s` lg, jæs tfron lg kg bfræ hgjg ghurr`ø nl nk hfsg onk ‛l`ög sfkvfan on Fvnyrgl‚( @tfro). (K`kkfro ]. , 6055) _fjd`àl ns nsnlh`fk nk tnlnr gdantgs pfrf nxpkgrfr qun kn fyuofræl f onsfrrgkkfrr sus nstruhturfs lnurgkøe`hfs pfrf nk knleufan. onsfrrgkkf Nk fouktg ondn hgls`onrfr nl nstn pultg kgs kêj`tns qun kn pglef fk l`ög nltnlo`nlog qun àstn t`nln kf lnhns`ofo on tghfr, prgdfr, nth y qun ns pgr jno`g on nstf fht`v`ofo qun nkkgs vfl hglstruynlog kfs hg hggr gro` o`lf lfh` h`gl glns ns ln lnhn hnsf sfr` r`fs fs g prn prn rnqu rnqu`s `s`t`tgs gs lnhn lnhnsf sfr` r`gs gs pfrf pfrf `r foqu`r`nlog prgerns`vfjnltn jgv`j`nltgs jæs grefl`zfogs
NK ONXFTTGK KG ONK HFJ@LFT.
Fpfr`h`øl11 kf fpfr`h`øl on nstn pnr`gog snls`dkn ns nk qun nk fouktg -Fpfr`h`øl `onlt`c`hf jæs cæh`kjnltn. ]frf kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr`, nstn pnr`gog nrf hgjg ul sneulog
lfh`j`nltg onk l`ög puns sn trflscgrjfdf on ul snr onsvfk`og f ul snr fht`vg. (K`kkfro ]. , 6055) -Lgvnofo11 kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` gdsnrvø nl nstn pnrêgog qun f kgs -Lgvnofo l`ögs nl nstf ntfpf kns nlhfltf rnfk`zfr hfj`lftfs juy kfrefs. Nkkf kg freujnltfdf o`h`nlog qun kf cgrjf on hfj`lfr onk l`ög nrf o`cnrnltn f kf onk fouktg qun kg bfhêf hglstfltnjnltn y bfh`f ulf jntf. ]frf nkkf nk l`ög pnqunög hfj`lf pfrf hglstru`r su snr, pnrg kg bfhn knltfjnltn, fñl lg t`nln ul pfsg rêtj`hg l` hglkknvfl sus pfsgs ulf jntf. Jgltnssgr` lgs o`hn tfjd`àl qun pfrf qun nk fouktg punof snrkn ñt`k fk l`ög, ondn rnlulh`fr f su prgp`g r`tjg y f su prgp`g gdant`vg (K`kkfro ]. , 6055) Nstf gdsnrvfh`øl y su nxpk`hfh` nxpk`hfh`øl øl lg tuv`nrgl dunlf fhge`of nltrn kgs fouktgs on su àpghf. Hfrfhtnrêst`hfs11 Nk hufrtg pnr`gog snls`dkn `jpk`hf ul `ltnlsg `ltnràs -Hfrfhtnrêst`hfs pgr gdantgs o`j`lutgs. Nk l`ög, punon qunofr cfsh`lfog fltn o`j`lutgs CFXH@LFH@ ØL ]GT KGX GDAN_GX O@J@L^_GX
`lsnhtgs pgr nanjpkg qun fpnlfs sgl v`s`dkns pfrf nk gag bujflg. Ns hgjg s` kf lfturfknzf rnsnrvfrf ul pnr`gog nspnh`fk pfrf nxpkgrfr y fprnh`fr sus j`stnr`gs, qun jæs tfron nk fouktg ftfrnfog pfsfræ pgr fktg. -Hfrfhtnrêst`hfs Hfrfhtnrêst`hfs11 Nk qu`ltg pnr`gog sn jfl`c`nstf nl ul `ltnlsg `ltnràs pgr kgs fspnhtgs sgh`fkns on kf v`of. Xuren nk `ltnràs onk l`ög pgr kgs onrnhbgs on kgs onjæs y hgjprnlonr nstn bnhbg. _fjd`àl nltrf
@L_NT
onltrg on sus `ltnrnsns nk nstfdknhnr ulf hgjul`ofo hgl nkkgs, nk
ÀX
trftfr on fprnlonr dunlgs jgofkns y on snrv`r f gtrgs hgjg f sê
XGH@
j`sjg.
FK
Nk `ltnrà `ltnràss sg sgh`f h`fkk sn jf jfl`c l`c`ns `nstf tf nl ul pr` pr`lh` lh`p`g p`g nl ulf ulf fht`v fht`v`o `ofo fo gdsnrvfogrf y ns kuneg jæs tfron qun sn hglv`nrtn nl ul onsng on tnlnr hgltfhtg fht`vg hgl kgs onjæs.
Huforg on nkfdgrfh`øl prgp`f, dfsfog nl1 Dfrlfofs (4=64) y K`kkfro (6055) Nk cnløjnlg on kf jnltn fdsgrdnltn, nxpk`hf kf hfk`ofo y nk prghnsg nspnh`fk jno`fltn nk hufk nk l`ög sn ud`hf y hgls`eun nk hglgh`j`nltg.
JF_NT@FKNX JGL_NXXGT@ Nk jàtgog Jgltnssgr` sn onsfrrgkkf nl ul fjd`nltn prnpfrfog oglon nk l`ög pgoræ onsfrrgkkfr trns ærnfs dæs`hfs on hglgh`j`nltg1
Kf v`of præht`hf g nouhfh`øl jgtr`z.
Jftnr`fkns snlsgr`fkns pfrf nouhfr kgs snlt`ogs.
Jftnr`fkns fhfoàj`hgs pfrf kf knhturf, nshr`turf y jftnjæt`hfs.
KF S@OF ]TÆH_@HF G NO^HFH@ØL JG_T@Q. Jgltnssgr` prgpgln fquê ulf snr`n on fht`v`ofons jgtr`hns dæs`hfs y o`fr`fs, hgjg hfj`lfr hgrrnhtfjnltn, sfkuofr, kknvfr gdantgs on ul kuefr f gtrg tfkns hgjg dflonafs, s`kkfs, fht`v`ofons on futg hu`ofog. Hgl nstn t`pg on fht`v`ofons on v`of præht`hf Jgltnssgr` nlsnöf1
Nk hu`ofog pnrsglfk. (Kgs l`ögs sn kfvfl kfs jflgs, k`jp`fl zfpftgs, nth)
Nk hu`ofog onk nltgrlg. (K`jp`fr nk pgkvg, dfrrnr nk sunkg, k`jp`fr kgs pkftgs, nth.
Tnkfh`glns sgh`fkns. (kgs l`ögs rnh`dnl hkfsns on jgofkns y hgrtnsêf). Flæk`s`s y hgltrgk onk jgv`j`nltg. jgv`j`nltg. (kgs l`ögs rnfk`zfl jgv`j`nltgs jgv`j`nltgs hgjg dfkflhngs, hfj`lfr dfkflhnælogsn, nth)
Nk onsfrrgkkg on nstf ærnf ns onshr`tg hgl tgog kuag on ontfkkns nl su k`drg nk ‛Jàtgog on kf pnofegeêf h`nltêc`hf fpk`hfog f kf `lcflh`f‚, pudk`hfog nl 60=0 y fquê nxpk`hf kfs fht`v`ofons qun sn ofdfl nl kf Hfsf on` Dfjd`l`. Kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` nxpk`hf højg sn vfl f o`str`du`r kfs bgrfs qun vfl f pfsfr kgs l`ögs nl kf nshunkf. ]frf nkkf kf nstflh`f ondn snr kfref. Lgs o`hn qun kf nstflh`f kfref ns lnhnsfr`f s` sn qu`nrn nanrhnr ulf fhh`øl o`rnhtf y nc`hfz sgdrn nk onsfrrgkkg on kgs l`ögs. (Jgltnssgr` J. , 4==8) nk bgrfr`g qun nkkf prgpgln ns 1 `lernsg f kfs 0 y sfk`of f kfs 63. Nk oêf nl kf Hfsf on` Dfjd`l` hgj`nlzf hgl ulf sns`øl on b`e`nln, pnrsglfk, kuneg kgs l`ögs pfsfræl f `lspnhh`glfr kf hkfsn, hgl nk gdant`vg on jfltnlnrkf k`jp`f y gronlfof y nl nstfs fht`v`ofons on kf v`of o`fr`f, hgkfdgrfl tgogs1 crnefr, dfrrnr, k`jp`fr pgkvg.
_fjd`àl ulf vnz rnfk`zfog nstn trfdfag nl nstf ærnf sn `lhkuyn gtrf fht`v`ofo nl kf qun kgs l`ögs ondnl ghupfr hfof ulg su punstg. Kuneg kgs fkujlgs ondnl ghupfr hfof ulg su punstg (….) sn kns bfhn hgjprn hgj prnlon lonrr qun kf pgs`h` pgs`h`øl øl lgrjf lgrjfkk ns nstfr nstfr hfo hfof f ulg nl su s`t`g , s`knlh`gsgs , hgl nk hunrpg onrnhbg, kgs p`ns aultgs, kf hfdnzf knvfltfof y kgs drfzgs hnrhf onk hunrpg1 y qun nstf dnkkf pgs`h`øl ns kg qun sn kkfj kkfjf f ‛hgj ‛hgjpg pgst stur urf‚ f‚(…. (….)) Àstn Àstn ns nk pult pultg g on pf pfrt rt`o `of f y on onsp spuà uàss sn prghnon f kf nlsnöflzf k`drn. Kf jfnstrf lg bfræ jæs gdsnrvfh`glns f kgs l`ögs qun sn junvfl on su s`t`g, tnl`nlog søkg nk hu`ofog on rnpr rnprnl nlon onrk rkns ns nl nk hf hfsg sg on qun qun prgj prgjun unvf vfl l fk fkeñ eñl l onsg onsgro ronl nl.. (Jgltnssgr` J. , 4==8, pæe. 654) JF_NT@FKNX XNLXGT@FKNX ]FTF NO^HFT KGX XNL_@OGX. Kgs jftnr`fkns snlsgr`fkns nl Jgltnssgr` nstæl o`snöfogs pfrf nltrnlfr kgs snlt`ogs y cgjnltfr nk fprnlo`zfan f trfvàs on nkkgs. Nltrn kgs jftnr`fkns snlsgr`fkns nlhgltrfjgs kgs s`eu`nltns1
JF_NT@FK
_GTTN TGXF
ONXHT@]H@ØL
C^LH@ØL V^N H^J]KN
Xn trftf on o`nz hudgs on jfonrf
Kgs Kgs l`ögs l`ögs punon punonl l hgl hglstr stru` u`r r
on s`j`kfr tnxturf y on hgkgr rgsf. .
ulf ulf tgr tgrrn rn hgl hgl nst nstn n jft jftnr nr`f `fkk
Nk jfygr on tgogs t`nln 6=
trfdfaflog trfdfaflo g hgl nkkg kf d
hnltêjntrgs hñd`hgs y hfof ulg on
DFTTFX TGAFX
kgs s`eu`nltns ul hj jnlgr. Fquê sn kn gcrnhn fk l`ög o`nz
Kgs l`ögs aunefl hgl nkkfs y
dfrrfs rgafs s`j`kfrns nl tnxturf y
f
tfjf tfjfög ög pn pnrg rg qu qun n o`c` c`n nrnl rnl nl
o`shr o`shr`j `j`lf `lfh`ø h`øl l v`s v`suf ufkk on kf
kfreurf. Kfs dfrrfs vfl onson ulf
kfreurf.
kf
vnz
trfdfafl
kf
jno`of on 6= hj bfstf 6 jntrg. Xn trftf on ? dkgquns `lo`v`oufkns
Kgs l`ögs ondnl nlhfafr
on jfonrf qun t`nln feuanrgs on
h`k`lorgs
o` o`st st`l `ltg tgss tfjf tfjfög ögs. s. ^l dkgq dkgqun un
feuanrg fonhufog pfrf nkkg.
H@K@LOT
t`nln qun vnr hgl kf fkturf, gtrg
Hgl
GX
hgl kf flhburf y gtrgs ogs hgl kf
prntnlon
rnkfh`øl
o`shr`j`lfh`øl o`shr`j`lf h`øl v`sufk onk
DKGV^N ON
y
nstf
nlhgltrf trfr
nk
fht`v`ofo
sn
trfdfafr
kf
nltrn fjdfs vfr`fdkns Xgl afrrfs gpfhfs s`j`kfrns y hgl
tfjfög. Hgl nstf fht`v`ofo sn prntnlon
AFTTF X GKCF_@S FX
ulf
tfpfonrf
jfnstrg
nxtrfêdkn.
`ltrg trgouhn
nl
Nk
jnagrfr
nkkfs
o`cnrnltns sustflh`fs qun nk l`ög
kf o`shr`j`lfh`øl
gkcft`vf on kgs l`ögs.
lg punon vnr pfrf qun nstn kuneg njpfrnan afrrfs nl culh`øl on su gkgr.
_FDKFX ]NXFOFX
_FDKFX ON HGKGT
Xgl ulfs tfdkfs qun v`sufkjnltn sgl `eufkns pnrg o`c`nrnl nl pnsg.
Kgs l`ögs ondnl hkfs`c`hfrkfs nl df dfsn sn fk pn pnsg sg pf pfrf rf hgl hgl
Kfs bfy hgl trns pnsgs o`cnrnltns1
nkkgs
k`enrf, jno`f y pnsfof.
o`shr`j`lfh`øl o`shr`j`lf h`øl onk
Xn
pnsg. Kgs l`ögs
trftf
on
hglaultgs
trfdfafl
kf
kf
`o `oàl àlt`t`hg hgss on trgz trgzgs gs on jf jfon onrf rf
o`shr`j`lfh`øl onk hgkgr y kf
pnqunögs
nouhfh`øl on kgs snlt`ogs
usfogs
y
rnhtfleukfrns
hrgjæt`hgs
pfrf
njpfrnafr nk tglfk`ofons.
HFAF ON XGL@OGX
ogs
trfdfafr
hgkgr
g
kfs
.Og .Ogs hgl glaaultgs tgs `o `oà àlt` t`hg hgss on h` h`k`k`lo lorg rgss kkkknl nlgs gs on jf jftn tnr` r`fk fkns ns
Kgs Kgs l`ögs l`ögs ondnl ondnl njp njpfrn frnaf afr r kgs h`k`lorgs on fhunrog hgl
o` o`st` st`ltg ltgss (ef (efrdf rdflzg lzgs, s, frr frrgz gz,, sfk sfk,,
nk sgl` sgl`og og qu qun n bf bfhn hnl l y fsê
nth)
trfdfafl kf o`shr`j`lfh`øl on sgl`ogs.
HFJ]FLFX _GLFKNX
Ogss hg Og hgla laul ultg tgss on 2 hf hfjp jpfl flfs fs
Kgs l`ögs njpfrnafl kfs
`e `eufk ufkns ns nl cgr cgrjf jf y tfj tfjfög fög qun
hfjpflfs pgr nk tglg. Hgl
søkg o`c`nrnl nl tglg y hgkgr.
nstf fht`v`ofo sn prntnlon trfdfafr kf o`shr`j`lfh`øl.
HGT_NX ON _NKF
_rgzgs on tnkf o`cnrnltns nl su
Cfvgrnhnr kf o`shr`j`lf o`shr`j`lfh`øl h`øl
tnxturf. Nk l`ög
onk tfhtg. ondn
hnltrfrsn
nl
tghfrkfs kfs
pfrf
o`cnrnltns tns
snlsfh snl sfh`g `gln lnss fk tfh tfhtg tg y ulf vnz tghfofs, rnfk`zfræ kf j`sjf tfrnf, pnrg hgl kgs gags vnlofogs AFTTFX ON _NJ]NTF_^ TF
Xn kn gcrnhnl f kgs l`ögs afrrfs
Hgl nstf fht`v`ofo sn qu`nrn
jntæk`hf jntæ k`hfss hgl feu feuf f f o`cn o`cnrnltn rnltnss
trf trfdfafr afr nk snl snlt` t`o og on kf
tnjpnr tnj pnrftu fturfs rfs hg hgl l nk gda gdant` nt`vg vg on
tnjp tnjpnr nrft ftur urf f y kf bfd` bfd`k`k`of ofo o
qun njpfrnan afrrfs sgl kf j`sjf
pfrf o`cnrnlh`fr nltrn ulf y
tnjpnrfturf.
gtrf tnjpnrfturf.
Huforg on nkfdgrfh`øl prgp`f dfsfog nl Jgrr`sgl (4==>)
Hfrfhtnrêst`hfs on nstgs jftnr`fkns
Hgltrgk on nrrgrns.
Kgs jftnr`fkns nstæl o`snöfogs pfrf qun nk l`ög punof hgjprgdfr pgr sê j`sjg y s`l fyuof onk jfnstrg s` bf hgjnt`og g lg ul nrrgr, fsê pgr nanjpkg, nl kf tgrrn rgsf s` nk l`ög lg hglstruyn on cgrjf hgrrnhtf, lg pgoræ gdtnlnr kf tgrrn y sfdræ pgr s` j`sjg qun fkeg cfkkf.
F`skfj`nltg on ulf hufk`ofo hufk`ofo ñl`hf.
Kgs jftnr`fkns nstæl o`snöfogs pfrf snr nxfhtfjnltn `eufkns nl tgog, nxhnptg nl ulf ñl`hf hufk`ofo, pgr kg qun nl nk j`sjg nanjpkg on kf tgrrn, tnlnjgs tgogs kgs hudgs nxfhtfjnltn `eufkns y vfrêfl sgkg y nxhkus`vfjnltn nl nk tfjfög on kgs hudgs.
@jpk`hfh`øl fht`vf.
Kgs jftnr`fkns rnqu`nrnl ulf fht`v`ofo pgr pfrtn onk l`ög y lg tfltg on ulf fht`tuo pfs`vf on gdsnrvfh`øl. Nk l`ög t`nln qun hgenr, jfl`pukfr, jgvnr kgs k gs gdantgs s` qu`nrn kgerfr rnfk`zfr kf tfrnf hgl àx`tg.
Ftrfht`vgs.
Kgs jftnr`fkns ondnl hfptfr kf ftnlh`øl onk l`ög, on fbê sus cgrjfs y sus hgkgrns.
]rgpøs`tgs on kgs jftnr`fkns snlsgr`fkns
Cgrjfh`øl on kgs snlt`ogs.
Xn trftf on fyuofr f kgs l`ögs f qun snfl hfpfhns on hnltrfrsn nl hufk`ofons gdv`fs y pfrt`hukfrns on kfs hgsfs , fsê pgr nanjpkg hgl kfs hfjpflfs kgs l`ögs fprnlonl f hnltrfrsn nl nk tglg jus`hfk, hgl kf tgrrn rgsf nl nk tfjfög y fsê suhns`vfjnltn.
Jnagrfr kf gdsnrvfh`øl y kf o`shr`j`lfh`øl.
Hgl kgs jftnr`fkns snlsgr`fkns, kgs l`ögs pgtnlh`fl su bfd`k`ofo pfrf gdsnrvfr ontfkk ont fkkns ns y jna jnagrf grfl l su pn pnrhn rhnph` ph`øl øl on on kfs hg hgsf sfs. s.
@lhrnjnltfl kf bfd`k`ofo onk l`ög pfrf pnlsfr.
Kgs jft jftnr` nr`fkn fknss snlsg snlsgr`f r`fkns kns hglst hglstflt fltnjn njnltn ltn prg prgvgh vghfl fl fk l`ö l`ög g pf pfrf rf tgj tgjfr fr onh`s`glns nl hufltg fk hgkgr qun pnef hgl gtrg, f s` ulf p`nzf nlhfaf g lg onltrg on gtrf, pgr kg qun nk l`ög tnloræ qun onsfrrgkkfr bfd`k`ofons tfkns hgjg hkfs`c`hfr, grefl`zfr hgl nk hglsnhunltn ncnhtg pgs`t`vg qun tgog nkkg t`nln pfrf nk onsfrrgkkg onk pnlsfj`nltg onk l`ög. ]frf Jgltnssgr`, tgofs nstfs fht`v`ofons snlsgr`fkns lg sgl ul c`l nl sê j`sjfs s`lg qun sn trftfl on ulf prnpfrfh`øl pfrf nk prghnsg on nshr`turf y knhturf. (Jgrr`sgl, 4==>) Nk prgpøs`tg onk Ærnf Xnlsgr`fk ns ofrkn fk l`ög jftnr`fkns qun kn fyuofræ f feuo`zfr sus snlt`ogs, pnrj`t`àlogkn fsê nltnlonr kfs juhbfs `jprns`glns qun rnh`dn pgr jno`g on nkkgs. Nk jftnr`fk Xnlsgr`fk fyuof fk l`ög f o`st`leu`r, hftn hf tneg egr` r`zf zfrr y rn rnkf kfh` h`gl glfr fr kf lu lunv nvf f `j `jpr prns ns`ø `øl l hg hgl l kf kfss lu lunv nvfs fs `j `jpr prns ns`g `gln lnss rnh`d`ofs prnv`fjnltn. Jgltnssgr` onhêf qun nsn prghnsg ns nk pr`lh`p`g onk hglgh`j`nltg hglsh`nltn.
JF_ JF _NT@ T@FK FKNX NX FHF HFOÀ OÀJ J@HGX @HGX ]F ]FTF TF KF KNH NH_^ _^TF TF,, NX NXH HT@_^ T@_^TF TF P JF_NJÆ_@HFX.
KNH_^TF P NXHT@_^TF
Nl nstf tnrhnrf ærnf on jftnr`fkns Jgltnssgr`, kgs nanrh`h`gs sn prnsnltfl on cg cgrj rjf f qu qun n `ltr `ltrgo gouh uhn n pr pr`j `jnr nrg g kf nshr nshr`t`tur urf f y ku kune neg g kf kn knht htur urf, f, sn snræ ræ ul ulf f hglsnhunlh`f hglsnhunlh `f on kkf f j`sjf. _fltg kf knhturf hgjg kf nshr`turf, sn vfl prnsnltflog on cgrjf erfoufk, kg qun bfhn qun kgs l`ögs lg snfl hglsh`nltns on qun nstæl fprnlo`nlog f knnr y f nshr`d`r, bfstf qun on rnpnltn ul oêf, sn ofl hunltf qun nstæl knynlog y/g nshr`d`nlog. Hgjg Hg jg na nanj njpk pkgs gs on jf jftn tnr` r`fk fkns ns Jglt Jgltns nssg sgr` r` pf pfrf rf trfd trfdfa fafr fr nl ns nstf tf ærnf ærnf prgpglornjgs1
LGJDTN
O@NQ CGTJFX ENGJÀ_T@HFX P KÆ]@HNX ON HGKGTNX
ONXHT@]H@ØL
C^LH@ ØL
. Xn trftf on qun kgs l`ögs
Fyuofl f trfdfafr trfdfafr kf
nkne`ræl
hggro`lfh`øl lnhnsfr`f pfrf
ulf
cgrjf
engjàtr`hf y kuneg ul kæp`z
nshr`d`r
f su eustg y hgkgrnfræl nk `ltnr` tnr`g gr on kf cgr cgrjf qun bfyfl nkne`og. Xn nk nkfd fdgr grfl fl kf kfss kn kntrf trfss onk onk
. Hg Hgl l nstg nstg cfh` cfh`k`k`tf tfjg jgss f kgs kgs
fkcfdntg nl pfpnk on k`af y sn
l`ög l`ögss qu qun n pu puno nofl fl tghf tghfrk rkfs fs
pnefl sgdrn ulf tfrantf. Kfs
vnrkfs y g`r su sgl`og huflog nk
]F]NK ON
vghfkns nl hgkgr fzuk y kfs
prgcnsgr kfs prglulh`n.
K@AF
hglsglfltns
Xgl kntrfs `lo`v`oufkns hgl kfs
KN_TFX NL
nl
rgag-
Fkcfdntg jøv`k jøv`k
qun kgs l`ögs fprnlonl f ul`r kntrfs qun kn sgl cfj`k`frns.
Xn trftf on ul hglaultg on tfrantfs y hfof ulf on nkkfs
Kgs l`ögs fprnlonræl f rnhglghnr kfs kntrf trfs qun
`lo`hfl ulf fhh`øl. Huflog
hglt hglt`n `nln lnl l kfs kfs pfkf pfkfdr drfs fs qun qun
ON
sfkn kf tfrantf, kgs l`ögs knnl
nshuhbfl
ØTONLN
kf pf pfkf kfdr drf f y bf bfhn hnl l kg qun qun
_FTAN_FX
X
o`hn (sfktfr, flofr, hfltfr…..)
Huforg on nkfdgrfh`øl nkfdgrfh`øl prgp`f dfsfog nl Jgrr`sgl Jgrr`sgl (4==>)
JF_NJÆ_@HFX
Hgjg nanjpkg on jftnr`fkns pfrf kfs jftnjæt`hfs nlhgltrfjgs1
LGJDTN
ONXHT@]H@ØL
C^LH@ GL
Xn trf trftf on ul hgl hglau aul ltg on
Hgl
dfrrfs fzukns y rgafs qun
prntnlon fprgx`jfr fk l`ög
DFTTF
vfrêfl nl kgle`tuo onson 6= hj
fk
ON
bfstf 6 jntrg, hgl kg qun
prgpgrh`glælogkn
LÑJNT
pnrj`tn rnprnsnltfr hgltnl`ogs
jno` jn o`of ofss fonh fonhuf ufof ofss pfrf pfrf
GX
nstfs
dfrrfs
s`stnjf
sn
onh`jfk kfs
qun vfl onk 6 fk 6=.
nkkg.
Xn bfhnl kgs lñjnrgs onk 6 fk
Kgs l`ögs fprnlonræl f
6= nl pfpnk on k`af y sn pnefl
rnhglghnr kgs lñjnrgs y f
nl ulf ulf tfra tfrant ntf f pfrf pfrf qu qun n kgs kgs
`onlt`c`hfr su sgl`og huflog
l` l`ög ögss pu puno nofl fl trfd trfdfa fafr frkg kgss fk
sn prglulh`nl hfof ulg on
NL ]F]NK
`e `eufk ufk qun kfs kntrfs kntrfs,, tgh tghflo flog, g,
nkkgs.
ON K@AF
v`nlog,
LÑJNTGX
gynlog.
Fonjæs
punonl njpfrnafr kgs lñjnrgs hgl kfs dfrrfs. Ns ul jftnr`fk hglhrntg pfrf nk
Gtrf cgrjf on fprgx`jfr fk
s`s `stn tnjf jf onh` h`jf jfkk hgl nk qun
l`ög fk s`stnjf onh`jfk, f
fyuofr f kgs l`ögs f v`sufk`zfr
trfvàs
H^NL_FX
kgs lñjnrgs j`nltrfs fprnlonl
OGTFOFX.
su lg lgjd jdrn rn y f jf jfl` l`pu pukf kfrr su
on tfrnfs
jfl`pukft`vfs.
vfkgr. Xn prnsnltf nl dfrrfs on 6=, huforfogs on 6== y hudgs on 6===.
Huforg on nkfdgrfh`øl prgp`f dfsfog nl Jgrr`sgl (4==>) Hgl Hg l tg tgog og nstg nstg,, kf oght oghtgr grf f Jglt Jgltns nssg sgr` r` pusg pusg kf kfss df dfsn snss f su prgp prgpun unst stf f pnofeøe`hf, qun nrf ulf fktnrlft`vf fk jgonkg trfo`h`glfk on kf nshunkf. Fsê nkkf hgjg rnsuktfog on sus gdsnrvfh`glns prnsnltø ulf lunvf v`s`øl onk l`ög, oglon kg j`rf hgjg ul tgog `ltnerfk, y kn of ul vfkgr nl sê j`sjg y kn onshr`dn hgl ulfs hfrfhtnrêst`hfs y lnhns`ofons o`cnrnltns f kfs onk fouktg. _fjd`àl `ltrgouhn ul lunvg hglhnptg nl hufltg fk rgk onk jfnstrg. Lg bfdkf onk jfnstr jfns trg g hgjg hgjg pu pult ltg g hn hnlt ltrf rfkk onk onk pr prgh ghns nsg g no nouh uhft ft`v `vg g y trfl trflsj sj`s `sgr gr on onkk hglg hg lgh` h`j` j`nl nltg tg,, s`lg s`lg hgjg gjg ul euêf euêf on nstn nstn prgh prghns nsg g og oglo lon n nk futà futàlt lt`h `hg g prgtfegl`stf ns nk l`ög. _gog nkkg prgouhn ul hfjd`g nl nk prghnsg nouhft`vg, qun prgouhnl rnsuktfogs o`cnrnltns bfstf kgs gdtnl`ogs bfstf nsn jgjnltg. (Dfrlfofs, 4=64) Nl kf fhtufk`ofo, onstfhfjgs kgs trfdfags on K`kkfro hgjg on kgs jæs h`tfogs n `jpgrtfltns nl kg qun f julog Jgltnssgr` sn rnc`nrn. Fsê hgjg fpgrtfh`øl fhtufk onstfhfof nl rnkfh`øl fk trfdfag on kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr`, nlhgltrfjgs su gdrf kf h`nlh`f y nk enl`g oglon onstfhf on kgs onshudr`j`nltgs on kf
oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` onr`vfogs on sus gdsnrvfh`glns f kgs l`ögs. Nstfs `onfs
qun Jgltnssgr` fpultø nl su oêf sgl bgy sustnltfofs pgr kf nouhfh`øl nl ps`hgkgeêf. Kgs ghbg pr`lh`p`gs qun fquê pkfsjf K`kkfro sgl1 nl nk jgv`j`nltg y kf hgel`h`øl, kf k`drn nknhh`øl, nk `ltnràs, kf rnhgjpnlsf ns `ltnrlf, @ltnrfhh`øl sgh`fk nl nk fukf, fprnlo`zfan nl hgltnxtg, nk rgk onk jfnstrg, nk gronl nl nk fjd`nltn y nl kf jnltn. (]àrnz, 4=64)
ONXHT@]H@ ØL
]T@LH@]@GX
On kfs gdsnrvfh`glns f kgs l`ögs sn hglhkuyn qun nstgs, JGS@J@NL_
nxprnsfl sus pnlsfj`nltgs jno`fltn nk jgv`j`nltg on sus
GP
jflgs, pgr kg qun sn punon nstfdknhnr ulf rnkfh`øl nltrn kgs
HGEL@H@Ø
jgv`j`nltgs y nk onsfrrgkkg hgel`t`vg.
L
Nstn Ns tn fspn fspnht htg g ns ju juyy `jpg `jpgrt rtfl fltn tn onlt onltrg rg onk onk prgh prghns nsg g on foqu`s`h`øl on kf `lonpnlonlh`f on kgs l`ögs. Nl kf nknhh`øl K@DTN NKNHH@ØL
on kf tfrnf qun vfl f bfhnr g `lhkusg nl kf nknhh`øl on lg bfhn bfhnrr lfof lfof,, nk l` l`ög ög nstæ nstæ trfd trfdfa fafl flog og fspn fspnht htgs gs hgjg hgjg kf futglgjêf, `lonpnlonlh`f, k`dnrtfo, on kf qun bgy nl oêf fogknhnl juhbgs on lunstrgs aøvnlns. Huflog fkeg kn `ltnrnsf f ul l`ög, àstn sn qunof fdsgrtg y ns hfpfz on pfsfr kfreg rftg hgl nk gdantg on su `ltnràs, dfstf vnr højg punonl pnrjflnhnr pgr kfregs pnrêgogs on t`njpg
@L_NTÀX
v`nlog tnknv`s`øl ful s`nlog juy pnqunögs. Nl dfsn f nstf hufk`ofo qun nstæ prnsnltn nl kgs l`ögs, Jgltnssgr` hrnø jftnr` jft nr`fkn fknss hfp hfpfh fhns ns on hfp hfptfr tfr nk `ltnrà `ltnràss on kgs kgs l`ög l`ögs. s. Kf jfnstrf pgr su pfrtn, ondn snr hglsh`nltn on nstf hufk`ofo on kgs l`ögs, f kf bgrf on hrnfr nk fjd`nltn on fprnlo`zfan onk l`ög Jglt Jg ltns nssg sgr` r` gd gdsn snrv rvø ø qu qun n kgs kgs l`ög l`ögss pgoê pgoêfl fl pfsf pfsfrr kfre kfregs gs pnr`gogs on t`njpg rnp`t`nlog kf j`sjf fht`v`ofo. Nkkf kkneø f
KF TNHGJ]N
kf hglhkus`øl on qun bfdêf fkeulf rnhgjpnlsf `ltnrlf nl kf
LXF
rnfk`zfh`øl onk trfdfag, qun prgouhêf fkeñl t`pg rnhgjpnlsf g
@L_NTLF
snlt`j`nltg pgs`t`vg, pgs`t`vg, qun kn bfhêf snlt`r d`nl fk l`ög l`ög.. Kfs fukfs Jgltnssgr`, ferupf f l`ögs on o`cnrnltns nofons, kg
@L_NTFHH@ØL XGH@FK NL NK
hufk fpgrtf ulf snr`n on vnltfafs1 nv`tf kf hgjpntnlh`f nltrn
F^KF
kgs l`ögs fk snr on nofons o`cnrnltns, kgs erflons punonl
fyuofr f kgs pnqunögs kg hufk ns ulf s`tufh`øl jæs hnrhflf f kf v`of rnfk, nl kf qun lgs nlhgltrfjgs kfs nofons jnzhkfofs. Kf knhh` hh`øl jfe fe``strf strfkk nl kf qun nk jf jfn nstr strg trf trflsj sj``tn hglgh`j`nltg y kgs fkujlgs rnh`dnl kg qun o`hn pfrf kuneg F]TNLO@QFAN
rn rnpr prgo gouh uh`r `rkg kg,, on onsf sfpf pfrn rnhn hn nl Jg Jglt ltns nssg sgr` r`.. Fb Fbgr grf f nk l`ög l`ög
NL
prfht`hf ul fprnlo`zfan fht`vg, nxpnr`jnltflog, jfl`pukflog
HGL_NR_G
gdantgs, `ltnrfhtuflog hgl nk jno`g y oglon nk pfpnk onk prgcnsgr t`nln gtrf culh`øl o`cnrnltn f kf hglgh`of bfstf fbgrf. Fbgrf sn prnsnltf prnsnltf pfrf àk ul lunvg rntg g rgk rgk,, nl nk qun sn kn p`on qun fhgjpfön fk l`ög nl su fprnlo`zfan cfh`k`tflog,
TGK ONK JFNX_TG
eu eu`f `flo log, g, y nltr nltrnl nlæl ælog ogsn sn nl gd gdsn snrv rvfr fr tgog tgogss fq fqun unkkkkgs gs nknjnltgs rnknvfltns qun fyuofræl f ofrkn ulf lgh`øl jæs hkfrf on højg snr ulf euêf nc`hfz y ñt`k pfrf nsn l`ög qun nstf futg fprnlo`nlog. Nk gronl nl nk fukf Jgltnssgr` nstæ prnsnltn pgr tgog nk fukf.
GTONL NL NK
Kgs jftnr`fkns sn o`str`duynl pgr ærnfs y nstæl hgkghfogs
FJD@NL_N P NL
tfjd`àl nl dfsn f su hgjpkna`ofo. F kgs l`ögs sn kns nlsnöf
KF JNL_N
f rnspntfr nstn gronl hgl kg sn nstæ hgltr`duynlog f qun `ltnr`gr`hnl nk gronl y kg `lhgrpgrnl f su hgjpgrtfj`nltg.
Huforg on nkfdgrfh`øl prgp`f dfsfog nl ]àrnz (4=64) ]gonjgs onh`r qun nl Jgltnssgr`, hglhnptgs culofjnltfkns qun bf gdsnrvfog y onc`l`og nltrn kgs qun nstæl kf futgrrneukfh`øl, kf k`dnrtfo, kf futgnvfkufh`øl onk trfdfag qun rnfk`zfl, nstæl pgtnlh`fogs pgr nk lunvg rgk qun prgpgln pfrf nk jfnstrg , kfs lunvfs hglo`h`glns onk fjd`nltn nl nk fukf (qun eufrofræl ul nqu`k`dr`g nltrn nk gronl prntnlo`og pnrg s`l kknefr f snr ul kuefr rêe`og qun hgfrtn g k`j`tn kf k`dnrtfo on kgs fkujlgs) y kgs jftnr`fkns qun nlhunltrf nl o`hbg fjd`nltn nk nstuo`fltn.
8. SFKGTFH@ØL ON KF ]NOFEGEÊF JGL_NXXGT@. JGL_NXXGT@. ^lf prgpunstf nouhft`vf tfl fjpk`f trfynhtgr`f bf tnl`og f kg kfreg on su onsfrr ons frrgkk gkkg g o`v o`vnrs nrsgs gs pf pfrt`o rt`ofr` fr`gs gs y ont ontrfh rfhtgr tgrns. ns. Nl sus `l` `l`h`g h`gss ons onstfh tfhf f qun Jgltnssgr` hrnø ulf lunvf prgpunstf, o`cnrnltn nl su hglhnph`øl y jàtgog f kg qun sn rnfk`zfdf nl su jgjnltg. _rflshurr`ogs hfs` 6== fögs, kf s`tufh`øl
lg vfrê vfrêf, f, hg hglt lt`l `lñf ñf hgjg hgjg ulf ulf pr prgp gpun unst stf f no nouh uhft ft`v `vf f hg hgl l hf hfrf rfht htnr nrês êst`t`hf hfss o`cnrnlh`fofs. ]frf vfkgrfrkf nl nstn fpfrtfog sn o`v`on nl ogs snhh`glns1 bfhn hn rn rncn cnrn rnlh lh`f `f f kg kgss kg kger ergs gs `l `l`h `h`f `fkn knss y ]r`jnrgs hunst`glfj`nltgs1 Xn bf hunst`glfj`nltgs qun sn pkfltnfrgl, bfstf c`lfkns onk s`ekg RR
X`tufh`øl X`tuf h`øl fhtufk fhtufk1 Xn tr trft ftfl fl `l `lvn vnst st`e `efh fh`g `gln lnss fh fhtu tufk fkns ns qu qun n sn bf pg pgo` o`og og rnhg rnhgp` p`kf kfrr rnkf rnkft`v t`vfs fs f kf no nouh uhfh fh`ø `øl l Jg Jglt ltns nssg sgr` r` y sn rnpg rnpgrt rtfl fl kfs pr`j pr`jnr nrfs fs rnv`s`glns onk ærnf.
]T@JNTGX H^NX_@GLFJ@NL_G H^NX_@GLFJ@NL_GX X Bfyy qun Bf qun rnhg rnhglg lghn hnrr qun qun nk s` s`st stnj njf f no nouh uhft ft`v `vg g prgp prgpun unst stg g pg pgrr kf oght oghtgr grf f Jgltnssgr`, sn nxtnlo`ø ræp`ofjnltn y tuvg ulf nltus`fstf fhge`of nl tgogs kgs r`lhglns onk julog. Hgjg nkkf j`sjf hgjnltf1 ‛lg bfy ulg sgkg on kgs erflons hglt`lnltns nl nk qun lg sn bfyfl o`str`du`og nshunkfs‚ (Jgltnssgr` J. , 4==8, pæe. 60). Kf pr`jnrf v`s`tf qun kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` b`zg nl NN^^ cun nl 6064. Fkkê cun fhge`of pgr pnrsglfk`ofons `kustrns on kf àpghf hgjg pgr nanjpkg _bgjfs No`sgl, kf snögrf Erfbfj Dnkk y fkeulgs jæs qun fdr`nrgl sus punrtfs f nkkf y f su jàtgog fhge`àlogkgs hgl erfl nltus`fsjg. (K`kkfro, 6055). X`l njdfreg, fk `eufk qun v`v`ø nstn ræp`og y nltus`fstf rnh`d`j`nltg, prgltg hgjnlzfrgl f sure`r ulf kkuv`f on hrêt`hfs on kgs prgcns`glfkns nl nk hfjpg on kf nouhfh`øl. Hgjg junstrf onstfhfl kfs rnfk`zfofs pgr U`kk`fj I`kpftr`hi, ul pnofegeg on erfl prnst`e`g pfrf nsn nltglhns y qun fk `eufk qun Jfrêf Jgltnssgr` bfdêf rnfk`zfog `jpgrtfltns fpgrtns f kf nouhfh`øl. Nk prnst`e`g on nstn futgr nl kgs jno`gs fhfoàj`hgs cun ul cfhtgr ontnrj`lfltn pfrf qun su hunst`glfj`nltg fk trfdfag on Jgltnssgr` nlhgltrfsn nhg nl kf hgjul`ofo h`nltêc`hf lgrtnfjnr`hflf. Kf hrêt`hf qun b`zg I`kpftr`hi, hgltr`duyø f o`sgkvnr nk nltus`fsjg hgl qun sn fhge`ø nl NN^^ nk jàtgog Jgltnssgr`, pnrg pgr gtrf pfrtn, nstfs hrêt`hfs, g ærnfs nl onsfhunrog qun nsdgzf, sgl kfs qun fpgrtfrgl pfrf qun nk jàtgog sn puo`nrf `r pnrcnhh`glflog. (K`kkfro ]. , 6055)
I`kpfttr`hi rnhge`ø nstf hrêt`hf nl ul k`drg qun pudk`hø nl 606? kkfjfog ‛_bn Jgltnssgry Xystnj Nxfj`lftno‚ y kfs sustnltf nl kfs pudk`hfh`glns on kf futgrf, culofjnltfkjnltn nl nk k`drg ‛_bn Jgltnssgry Jntbgo‚, nl ul v`fan qun b`zg f Tgjf pfrf hglghnr on hnrhf y kfs nshunkfs Jgltnssgr` y c`lfkjnltn hglhkuyø su hgl ulf nltrnv`stf pr`vfof hgl kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr`. On tgog nkkg sfhø kfs s`eu`nltns hglhkus`glns1
Hgls`onr Hgls `onrfdf fdf flt`hufog flt`hufogss kgs pkfltnfj`n pkfltnfj`nltgs ltgs onk jàtgo jàtgog1 g1 ]frf onh`r nstg, I`kpftr`hi fhnptf hgjg h`nrtf kf `onf on Jgltnssgr` rnspnhtg f kf dglofo onk l`ög y qun sn punon onsfrrgkkfr f trfvàs on kf nouhfh`øl nl k`dnrtfo jno`fltn nxpnr` nxp nr`nlh nlh`fs `fs snl snlsgr sgr`fk `fkns, ns, pnr pnrg g hgls` hgls`on onrfd rfdf f tgo tgog g nkk nkkg g on ondêf dêf snr rnv rnv`sf `sfog og y fhtufk`zfog f kf kuz on lunvgs hglhnptgs qun bfdêfl sure`og nl nk hfjpg on kf nouhfh`øl, freujnltø qun nstfs nrfl `onfs yf prnsnltn ns kgs futgrns hkæs`hgs onk s`ekg R@R. Hgls`o Hgl s`onrf nrfdf df flt`hu flt`hufog fog nk jàtgo jàtgog g pgr kf cunrtn cunrtn `lc `lckun kunlh` lh`f f qun kkn kknvfd vfdf f on Xàeu`l, huyf gdrf pudk`hfof nl 62?3 y f kf qun kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` sn fc fcn nrrf rrfdf, yf nst stf fdf supn upnrf rfof of.. Tn Tnsp spnh nhtg tg fk hu hunr nrpg pg ogh ghtr tr`l `lfk fk on kg kgss pkfl pkfltn tnfj fj`n `nlt ltgs gs on Jglt Jgltns nssg sgr` r` fprn fprnh` h`f f qu qun n ns nstf tf pg pgs` s`h` h`øl øl nrf nrf prgp prgp`f `f on jno`fogs onk s`ekg R@R, o`stfltn on kgs fvflhns on `l`h`gs onk s`ekg RR huflog I`kpftr`hi nser`jn su hrêt`hf (K`kkfro ]. , 6055).
hrêt`hf f kf culofjn culofjnltf ltf nl qun Hrêt`hf f kf v`of sgh`fk onk erupg nshgkfr . Nstf hrêt`h kf v`of sgh`fk nl kf nshunkf Jgltnssgr`, lg prgpgrh`glf s`tufh`glns pfrf ulf hggpnrfh`øl sgh`fk, on fhunrog f K`kfro ]. Nk l`ög Jgltnssgr`, trfdfaf, hfof ulg hgl kf tfrnf qun bf nkne`og nl ul rnkft`vg f`skfj`nltg, j`rælogkg tfk vnz sus vnh`lgs jæs hnrhflgs (…) fprnlon nl ulf cgrjf `lo`v`oufk`stf f rnspntfr kgs onrnhbgs on sus vnh`lgs (…) fprnlon f hglc`fr nl sê j`sjg jno`fltn ulf k`drn nknhh`øl nl ul rnkft`vg f`skfj`nltg on kf o`rnhtgrf (…) ns fsê hkfrfjnltn nv`onltn qun nl kf nshunkf Jgltnssgr`, nk l`ög t`nln r`nlofs `lus`tfofjnltn sunktfs (6055, pæe. 8>). Nl hgltrfstn, I`kpftr`hi prgpgln qun nk fjd`nltn ondêf hglo`h`glfrsn lg pfrf nsn trfdfag `lo`v`oufk`stf s`lg pfrf qun prgvghfsn kf ul`øl on l`ögs nl erupgs jæs g jnlgs erflons, oglon pgorêfl onsfbgefr sus `jpuksgs v`tfkns.
Hrêt`hf rnspnhtg fk pkfl on nstuo`gs. I`kpftr`hi fprnh`f qun kgs jftnr`fkns o`oæht`hgs on kfs nshunkfs Jgltnssgr` nrfl `lfonhufogs tfltg pgr su nshfsf vfr`nofo hgjg pgrqun su gdant`vg lg nrf suc`c`h` su h`nl nltn tnjn jnlt ltn n sgh` sgh`fk fk.. _f _fjd jd`à `àl l nl nlhg hglt ltrf rfdf df qu qun n ns nstg tgss jf jftn tnr` r`fk fkns ns lg nst`jukfdfl suc`h`nltnjnltn kf `jfe`lfh`øl on kgs l`ögs. Nl hufltg fk hglhnptg on futgnouhfh`øl nl Jgltnssgr`, I`kpftr`hi tfjd`àl hrnn nl kf futgnouhfh`øl, fulqun onltrg onk jàtgog kg vnêf jæs hgjg ul onsng on kf oghtgrf qun hgjg ulf rnfk`ofo. ]frf àk nk fjd`nltn qun nkkf prgpgrh`glfdf hgl kgs jftnr`fkns o`oæht`hgs nrf juy frt`c`h`fk y knaflg on kfs s`tufh`glns rnfkns on kf v`of j`sjf. ]gr tfltg, prgpgln qun kf nshunkf ondn gcrnhnr hglo`h`glns qun sn fhnrqunl jæs f kf v`of lgrjfk. Nstf ns kf s`tufh`øl qun àk hgls`onrf qun pglorêf fk l`ög nl s`tufh`øl on ofr ulf sgkuh`øl f kgs prgdknjfs lfturfkns on kf v`of, pfrf àk nstg ns futgnouhfh`øl. Nl nstn pultg hr`t`hfdf pfrt`hukfrjnltn kgs jftnr`fkns snlsgr`fkns y kf ut`k`ofo on kgs j`sjgs (K`kkfro ]. , 6055). I`kpftr`hi onsnhbø nk nltrnlfj`nltg on kgs snlt`ogs. ]frf àk, nk fprnlo`zfan on hglhnptgs tfkns hgjg ournzf, hfkgr, pnsg, nth. sn nlhunltrf nl kf nxpnr`nlh`f lgrjfkjnltn r`hf on kf v`of onk l`ög, y gtrfs nxpnr`nlh`fs snlsgr`fkns qun lg nstæl nl o`hbg nltgrlg, snræ pgrqun lg sgl lnhnsfr`gs. ]frf I`kpftr`hi, kf jnagr jflnrf pgs`dkn on pkfltnfr nk fprnlo`zfan snlsgr`fk, ns f trfvà trfvàss on kf nx nxpn pnr`n r`nlh lh`f `f sn snls lsgr gr`f `fkk `l `lh` h`on onlt ltfk fk,, nk au aune neg g fo fonh nhuf ufof ofjn jnlt ltn n o`r`e`og, hgl aueuntns nkne`ogs fhnrtfofjnltn (K`kkfro ]. , 6055). C`lfkjnltn, tnrj`lø su nxfjnl onk s`stnjf Jgltnssgr` hgl ul flæk`s`s sgdrn sus jftnr`fkns fhfoàj`hgs, nspnhêc`hfjnltn kf nshr`turf, knhturf y fr`tjàt`hf. Pf on pfrt`of hgls`onrø `llnhnsfr`g snltfr kf dfsn on o`hbfs fht`v`ofons onson kgs trns huftrg fögs, pgr kg qun lg v`ø kf `jpgrtflh`f on prgculo`zfr nl højg prnsnltfrkfs f kgs l`ögs on nstfs nofons. Hgl rnspnhtg f kgs fpfrftgs jftnjæt`hgs I`kpftr`hi hgls`onrf nk trfdfag pfrnhêf dunlg pnrg tfjpghg nrf lgtfdkn l` jnagrfdf nl lfof kg qun yf bfdêf. _nrj`lf o`h`nlog on kgs jftnr`fkns qun nrf dunlg jfltnlnrkgs cunrf on kf nshunkf `lcflt`k pgrqun hnltrf kf ftnlh`øl onk l`ög o`stfltn on gtrgs fspnhtgs `jpgrtfltns on kf nouhfh`øl. I`kpftr`hi tfjd`àl bfdkf onk usg prnjfturg on kgs k gs
k`drgs. Hunst`glf su njpkng sgst`nln qun `ltrgouhnl nl kf v`of on kgs l`ögs s`tufh`glns frt`c`h`fkns, tfrnfs nxtrföfs pfrf kf lfturfknzf `lcflt`k. Hgl rnspnhtg f kgs nanrh`h`gs on kf v`of præht`hf, I`kpftr`hi kgs hgls`onrø on cgrjf pgs`t`vf, puns v`g nl nkkgs ulf ut`k`ofo `ljno`ftf y qun sft`scfhêfl f su vnz ulf nx`enlh`f sgh`fk qun tfjd`àl hgls`onrfdf rnfk n `ljno`ftf (prnpfrfr fk`jnltgs pfrf kf hgj`of, hu`ofr onk jno`g fjd`nltn, nth.) _gofs nstfs hrêt`hfs cunrgl kfs qun prgvghfrgl qun ourfltn hfs` hufrnltf fögs, nl NN^^, lg sn bfdkfrf jæs on Jgltnssgr` bfstf qun ulgs h`lhg fögs onspuàs on su junrtn, vgkv`nrf f rnsure`r erfh`fs f Lflhy Tfjdushb. ]nrg ]nr g ·q ·quà uà ghurr`ø ghurr`ø pfr pfrf f qun qun sn rnh rnhgls gls`on `onrfr rfrf f kf hgltr`d hgltr`duh uh`øl `øl on onkk s`s s`stnj tnjf f Jgltnssgr`7 Dæs`hfjnltn ogs cfhtgrns cunrgl kgs qun prgvghfrgl nstn bnhbg. On fhunrog fk flæk`s`s on K`kkfro (4==>), pgr ul kfog, f c`lfkns on kgs h`lhunltf, kf sgh`nofo lgrtnfjnr`hflf bfdêf qunofog onsnlhfltfof pgr kgs rnsuktfogs fhfoàj`hgs qun qu n sn bfdêf fdêfl l kg kger erfo fog g nl nk t`nj t`njp pg nl qun qun nstuv tuv`n `nrg rgl l nl dgef kfs jntgogkgeêfs on Onwny y sn nlhgltrfrgl s`tufh`glns hgjg pgr nanjpkg ul fktg pgrhnltfan on l`ögs qun sgkg knêf f ul l`vnk ruo`jnltfr`g trfs 64 fögs on nshgkfr`zfh`øl (K`kkfro ]. , 6055) junstrf on qun fkeg nstfdf cfkkflog. Nstg aultg hgl qun kf sgh`nofo lgrtnfjnr`hflf bfdêf hrnh`og y tfjd`àl nk `ltnràs pgr hursfr ulf hfrrnrf ul`vnrs`tfr`f, supusg ul o`spfrg nk lñjnrg on fkujlgs qun prntnloêfl `lernsfr nl nshunkfs y ul`vnrs`ofons on hfk`ofo onk pfês. Hgjg hglsnhunlh`f onk onsnlhfltg y hgl nk `ltnràs on kgs pforns hnltrfog nl nk s`stnjf nouhft`vg, K`kkfro (6055) rnc`nrn nk `jpgrtfltn fpgrtn nl nstf o`cus`øl, qun tuvg Lflhy Tfjdushb, ulf jforn lgrtnfjnr`hflf qun nl ulg on sus v`fa v`fans ns pg pgrr Nurg Nurgpf pf,, sn `ltn `ltnrn rnsø sø pg pgrr nk s`st s`stnj njf f Jg Jglt ltns nssg sgr` r` nl nk qu qun n sn nspn ns pnh` h`fk fk`z `zø ø y hg hgjn jnlz lzø ø ul ulf f kf kfdg dgrr on prgj prgjgh gh`ø `øl l on onkk j`sj j`sjg g nl NN^^ NN^^ nlhgltrflog ulgs pforns dfstfltn rnhnpt`vgs f kfs lunvfs `onfs y nlcgquns on kf nouhfh`øl. Gtrg cfhtgr `jpgrtfltn qun `lckuyø nl nstn hfjd`g qun `jpk`hfdf kf fhnptfh`øl onk s`stnjf Jgltnssgr` nl kf oàhfof on kgs >= lgs o`hn K`kkfro (6055). cun kf nvgkuh`øl erfoufk qun sn bfdêf ofog nl kf nstruhturf hglhnptufk on kf hukturf lgrtn lg rtnfj fjnr nr`h `hfl flf f pfrt` pfrt`hu hukf kfrj rjnl nltn tn nl kf ps ps`h `hgk gkge geêf êf y kf no nouh uhfh fh`ø `øl. l. _f _flt ltg g ps`høkgegs hgjg c`s`økgegs hglc`rjfdfl hgl sus lunvgs onshudr`j`nltgs nl kgs
kfdgrftgr`gs, kfs tngrêfs y præht`hfs qun kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` nxpusg nl su s`stnjf nouhft`vg. @lhkusg sn hglc`rjø kg qun nkkf j`sjf hgls`onrø nl su jgjn jg jnlt ltg, g, qu qun n sn snrê rêf f f tr trfv fvàs às on kf h` h`nl nlh` h`f f hgjg hgjg sn snr` r`fl fl rnhg rnhglg lgh` h`of ofss kf kfss lnhns`ofons on kgs l`ögs.
TNS@X@GL
ON
KFX
@LSNX_@EFH@GLNX
FH_^FKNX
XGDTN
KF
]NOFEGEÊF JGL_NXXGT@. Fhtufkjnltn, nx`stnl pghgs nstuo`gs pudk`hfogs pudk`hfogs sgdrn kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr` qun kf nstuo`nl on cgrjf s`stnjæt`hf y hgl nk r`egr rnqunr`og on c`fd`k`ofo y vfk`onz. ]frf nk prnsnltn trfdfag sn b`zg ulf dñsqunof nl kfs dfsns on oftgs Ndshgbgst, Eggekn Fhfoàj`hg, O`fklnt y _ns`s nl Tno, nl tgofs nkkfs sn nlhunltrfl jñkt`pkns rncnrnlh`fs fk jàtgog Jgltnssgr`, pnrg juy pghfs sn rnc`nrnl f `lvnst`efh`glns s`stnjæt`hfs sgdrn kgs fkhflhns g k`j`tfh`glns on nstf pnofegeêf. Nstg hglhunrof hgl kg qun pkfltnf K`kkfro (4==>) nl su nstuo`g onk ærnf onk ærnf og oglo lon n rn rnc`c`nr nrn n qun qun bfy bfy pg pghf hf `l `lvn vnst st`e `efh fh`ø `øl l s` s`st stnj njæt æt`h `hf f sg sgdr drn n kf `lh`on `lh `onlh` lh`f f onk jàtgog jàtgog Jglt Jgltnss nssgr` gr` nl nk rnlo`j rnlo`j`nl `nltg tg fhfo fhfoàj` àj`hg hg y gtr gtrgs gs fspnhtgs on kf cgrjfh`øl on kgs nouhflogs. _fjd`àl snöfkf nl ulf rnh`nltn pudk pu dk`h `hfh fh`ø `øl l qun qun ‛k ‛kf f `l `lvn vnst st`e `efh fh`ø `øl l sgdr sgdrn n kg kgss fk fkhf hflh lhns ns on kf jntg jntgog ogkg kgeê eêf f Jgltnssgr` ns k`j`tfof y sus rnsuktfogs sgl `lhgls`stnltns‚ (4=64, pæe. 850). Nltrn Nlt rn kgs trf trfdf dfags ags o`spgl o`spgl`dk `dkns ns qun flfk`z flfk`zfl fl kgs fkh fkhflh flhns ns on kf pno pnofeg fegeêf eêf Jgltnssgr` rnsfktfl nl pr`jnr kuefr kgs on K`kkfro (4==>9 4==3 y 4=64), pgr snr on kgs jæs h`tfogs n `jpgrtfltns onltrg onk ærnf. ]frf ofr hunltf on kfs k`j`tfh`glns on kfs `lvnst`efh`glns K`kkfro nxpgln qun fk `ltnltfr nstuo`fr kf nshunkf Jgltnssgr`, sn pkfltnfl prgdknjfs jntgogkøe`hgs rnkfh`glfogs hgl kf nkfdgrfh`øl on o`snögs on `lvnst`efh`øl fonhufogs qun pnrj`tfl vfkgrfr y hgjpfrfr nshunkfs Jgltnssgr` nltrn sê. ^lf rfzøl on nstf o`c`huktfo sneñl freu freuj jnl nltf tf K`kf `kfro (4 (4= ==>9 4= 4==3 =3 y 4=64 64)) rns rns`o `on n nl kf vfr` vfr`fh fh``øl on kf `jpknjnltfh`øl on kf jntgogkgeêf nl kfs o`cnrnltns nshunkfs. X`j`kfr prgdknjf sn fprnh`f fk hgjpfrfr kfs nshunkfs Jgltnssgr` y hgl gtrfs nshunkfs on gtrg t`pg yf snfl trfo`h`glfkns g on gtrfs jntgogkgeêfs fktnrlft`vfs puns sgl juy o`cnrnltns.
Nl gtrfs pfkfdrfs sn nstfrêfl hgjpfrflog hnltrgs hufk`tft`vfjnltn o`st`ltgs, y kf o`c`huktfo nstr`df nl ·Højg hgltrfstfjgs nsfs o`cnrnlh`fs7·Højg nkfdgrfr o`snögs hgl c`fd`k`ofo y vfk`onz huflog yf pfrt`jgs on vfr`fdkns o`cnrnltns7 Nstf ns ulf on kfs rfzglns pgr kfs qun nx`stn pghf hgltrfstfh`øl njpêr`hf fk rnspnhtg. Lg gdstfltn nstf o`c`huktfo, bfy futgrns qun bfl `ltnltfog trfdfafr nl kf `lvnst`efh`øl sgdrn kf nouhfh`øl Jgltnssgr` y pfrf nkkg, s`nlog hglsh`nltns on nstfs k`j`tfh`glns, bfl `ltnltfog bfhnr nstuo`gs hgl vfk`onz y c`fd`k`ofo rnqunr`ofs, erfh`fs fk hgltrgk on vfr`fdkns y gtrgs fspnhtgs qun vfjgs f onstfhfr, f hglt`lufh`øl sn rnc`nrn ul nstuo`g qun K`kfro hgls`onrf fonhufog pfrf vfkgrfr kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr` y kuneg sn hgls`onrfræl ogs rnv`s`glns onk ærnf qun fdfrhfl on 6003 f 4==0. Nk trfdfag nl hunst`øl on t`tukf Kgs fögs `l`h`fkns1 nvfkuflog kf nouhfh`øl Jgltnsgr` nvfkuft`le Jgltnssgr` nouhft`gl (K`kkfro & Nksn Vunst, 4==3). Gdant`vg1 on nvfkufr nk `jpfhtg sgh`fk y fhfoàj`hg on kf nouhfh`øl Jgltnssgr` ^d`hfh ^d` hfh`øl `øl11 Kf nshunk nshunkf f Jgl Jgltns tnssgr sgr`` qun bn bnjgs jgs nst nstuo` uo`fog fog nst nstæ æ ud ud`hf `hfof of nl J`kwfuinn, U`shgls`l NN^^, y cun rnhglgh`of pgr kf gc`h`lf on NN.^^. on kf Fsgh`fh`øl Jgltnssgr` @ltnrlfh`glfk (FJ@ / NN.^^.) pgr su dunlf fpk`hfh`øl on kgs pr`lh`p`gs Jgltnssgr`. ]rgdknjf jntgogkøe`hg1 f kf bgrf on kf nknhh`øl on kf junstrf. Kgs pforns, qun sgl ulf vfr`fdkn `jpgrtfltn f hgltrgkfr onltrg on kgs nstuo`gs on sus b`ags. Fk nstuo`fr kf nshunkf Jgltnssgr` lgs nlhgltrfjgs hgl qun yf kf junstrf on nltrfof nstf snsefof puns tgogs kgs pforns sgl pforns qun qu`nrnl ulf nshunkf Jgltnssgr` y nstg supgln yf ul t`pg on pforn o`cnrnltn f kgs pforns on gtrfs nshunkfs. K`kkfro prgpgln pfrf hgltrgkfr kf vfr`fdkn pforns, snknhh`glfr f pforns qun qu`nrnl nshunkf Jgltnssgr` y t`nlnl f sus b`ags onltrg on kfs nshunkfs pgrqun bfl pgo`og fhhnonr f nkkfs y pforns qun qunrêfl Jgltnssgr`, pnrg qun sus b`ags nstæl nl gtrfs nshunkfs pnrg lg bfl pgo`og fhhnonr f nshun nsh unkfs kfs Jgltns Jgltnssgr sgr`,`, hgl kg qun kf vfr`fd vfr`fdkn kn `jpgrt `jpgrtflt fltês` ês`jf jf pfo pforns rns qun qunof of hgltrgkfof.
Sfr`fd Sfr `fdkns kns qun sn vfl f jno`r1 jno`r1 onsfrr onsfrrgkk gkkg g hg hgel` el`t`v t`vg, g, fhf fhfoàj oàj`hg `hg y sgh sgh`fk `fk y bfd`k`ofons on hglouhtf. ·Højg sn j`o`nrgl kfs vfr`fdkns7 Hgl nk tnst on Uggohgi-Agblsgl Uggohgi-Agbls gl w @@@ y kf prundf on kf Cfksf Hrnnlh`f. Tnsu Tn suktktfo fogs gs11 Xn nl nlhu hunl nltr trf f qun qun kg kgss l`ög l`ögss on kf nshu nshunk nkf f Jglt Jgltns nssg sgr` r` sg sgl l supnr`grns nl kfs vfr`fdkns nstuo`fofs, hglhkuyn qun kf nshunkf Jgltnssgr` cgjnltf kfs bfd`k`ofons sgh`fkns, fhfoàj`hfs y hgel`t`vfs jæs qun gtrg t`pg on nshunkfs. Nstn trfdfag sn rnc`nrn pgr sus hfrfhtnrêst`hfs, ul o`snög nxpnr`jnltfk qun fsp` fs p`rf rf hg hglt ltrg rgkf kfrr kf kfss vf vfr`f r`fdk dkns ns qun qun pnrj pnrj`tf `tfl l `l `lcn cnr` r`rr rnsu rnsuktktfo fogs gs f pf pfrt rt`r `r on fspnhtgs on kf nouhfh`øl Jgltnssgr`. F hglt`lufh`øl sn flfk`zfl ogs fjpk`fs rnv`s`glns, pfrf hgjpkntfr ulf v`s`øl jæs fjpk`f on kf s`tufh`øl fhtufk. Hgrrnspglonl f Dfedy (4==5) y Dfedy y Aglns (4=6=) Kf pr`jnrf fdfrhf nk kfpsg 6003 4==3 y kf sneulof hudrn nltrn 4==3 y 4==0. Nl kf snknhh`øl, kgs futgrns sgkg `lhkuynrgl frtêhukgs on rnv`stfs nspnh`fk`zfofs f l`vnk julo`fk qun lg cunsnl pudk`hfh`glns `lst`tuh`glfkns on fkeñl grefl`sjg on hnltrgs Jgltnssgr`. ]frf nk prnsnltn trfdfag `ltnrnsfl culofjnltfkjnltn fqunkkfs qun rnc`nrnl nk fkhflhn on kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr` hgjg rnsuktfog on `lvnst`efh`glns. Kfp
Frtêhukgs nlhgltrfogs/rnv`sfogs
sg on kf rnv`s`ø l
60034==3 (l:>? frtêhukg s)
s n k f r n l n e s g t h n p s F
Kf jfygrêf on kgs frthukgs hnrhf onk 4=% sneñl kgs fugrns sn nlcghfl f fspnhgs b`sør`hgs, v`of y onsfrrgkkg onk jàgog Grg fspnhg nk usgs nrfpàuhg on kfs fhv`ofons onk jàgog Jglnssgr` nl pnrsglfs hgl onjnlh`f. Xgkg nlhunlrfl ogs frthukgs oglon sn `lvnseun nk fkhflhn on kf pnofegeêf Jglnssgr`
Sfkgrns rns y hgl hglv`vn v`vnlh` lh`f1 f1 rnnrnl ul nsuo`g s Sfkg g h kgle`uo`lfk (rns fögs) on463 fukfs y on ` c ê l`ögs nlrn 0 y 64 fögs oglon sn bf kgerfog h n fprnh` h`fr fr kf rnkf rnkfh`ø h`øl l nlr nlrnn hk`j hk`jff on fukf fukf p fprn s n eu`fog pgr nk pr`lh`p`g on aush`f n `eufkofo s g y n y nk onsfrrgkkg on fhuons onjghræhfs t h rnspnhg fk `lo`v`oufk`sjg y vfkgrns nlrn n p kgs nsuo`flns. s F
Onsfrrgkkg on hgjpnnlh`fs1 Xn `lvnseø nk
ncnhg on jfnr`fkns o`oæhhgs Jglnssgr` nl hgjpfrfh`øl hgl jfnr`fkns r rfo fo`h `h`g `gl lfkns fkns nl nk onsfrr sfrrg gkk kkg g on kf jgr`h`ofo lf nl l`ögs nl nofo prnnshgkfr, ourfln nk kfpsg on sn`s jnsns. Xn nlhunlrf qun kgs l`ögs qun uk`zfrgl kgs jfnr` jfnr`fkn fknss Jgln Jglnssg ssgr` r` onsfrr onsfrrgkk gkkfl fl kf jgr`h`ofo lf nl jfygr l`vnk nl hglrfsn hgl nk erupg hglrgk. Kfp sg
Flenkk, F.S. (6002). ]rfhh`le onjghrfhy f shbggk1 F qufk`fvn flfkys`s gc fl nknjnlfry hkfss hgulh`k. _bngry flo Tnsnfrhb `l Xgh`fk Nouhftgl, 43(4),
6?0‘ 654. Tukn, F. H., & Xnwfr, T. F. (4==4). Nnhs gc prfhhfk k`cn jfnr`fks gl i`lonrefrnlnrs‐ ln jggr si`kks. Nfrky Hb`kobggo Nouhftgl Hb`kobggo Nouhftgl Agurlfk, 8=(6), 0‘68.
Frtêhukgs nlhgltrfogs/rnv`sfogs
on kf rnv`s`ø l s g t h s n k p f s r n F l n e
4==54==0
Nk pg on frthukgs jflnln kf nlonlh`f on kf pr`jnrf rnv`s`øl, s`l njdfreg, @lhkuyn 4> frthukgs lunvgs y 64 frthukgs prnv`gs f 4==5 qun lg `onlhfrgl nl kf pr`jnrf rnv`s`øl. Onk hglaulg, sgkg nlhunlrfl rns frthukgs oglon sn `lvnseun nk fkhflhn on kf pnofegeêf Jglnssgr`.
Kgergs Kge rgs fhf fhfoàj oàj`hg `hgs1 s1 Xn rnfk`zø ul nsuo`g s g h ` c ê h n p s n s g t h n p s F
oglon sn hgjpfrf nk rnlo`j`nlg fhfoàj fhf oàj`hg `hg nl nouhflo nouhflogs gs on hnlrg hnlrgss on nouhfh`øl jno`f nl nk nsfog on J`kwfinn qun bfdêfl fs`sog f nshunkfs Jglnssgr` on on prnnshgkfr bfsf qu`lg on pr`jfr`f y sn hgjpfrfrgl hgl nsuo`flns qun bfdêfl fs`sog f grfs nshunkf. Kgs rnsukfogs on kf nvfkuf nvf kufh`ø h`øl l hgl prundf prundfss nsfl nsflofr ofr`zf `zfofs ofs `lo`hf qun kgs nsuo`flns prgvnl`nlns on kgs hnlrgs Jglnssgr` pulñfl jnagr nl h`nlh`f y jfnjæhfs
Ogbrjfll, I., L`sb`of, _., Efrlnr,F., K`psiy, O., & Er`jj, I. (4==5). B`eb shbggk guhgjns cgr suonls `l f pudk`h Jglnssgr` prgerfj. Agurlfk gc Tnsnfrhb `l Hb`kobggo Nouhftgl, 44(4),
4=>‘465.
Onsfrrgkkg on kf hrnftv`ofo1
Nl nsf ærnf rnpgrfl ogs nsuo`gs1 Nk pr`jnrg on ogs fö fög gs on ourfh`øl hgjpfrf nshunkfs Jglnssgr` , Crn`ln y on no nouh uhfh fh`ø `øl l hg hglv lvnl nlh` h`gl glfk fk rn rnsp spnh nhg g f kf hrnfv`ofo on kgs nouhflogs. Kgs rnsukfogs
Dnsflågl, J. & Kudfr, _. (4==5). O`nrnlhns `l bn onvnkgpjnl
`lo`hfl kgs nsuo`flns on kfs Crn`ln qun y Jglnssgr` pulñfl on nshunkfs jflnrf s`el` s`el`hf hfvf vf jnagr jnagr qun kfs rfo`h rfo`h`gl `glfkn fknss y nl nlr rnn g gof ofss kg kgss pul pulfa fans ns supn supnr` r`gr grns ns sn fkhflzfl nl kfs nshunkfs Jglnssgr`.
gc hrnfvn hgjpnnlh`ns `l hb`kornl shbggkno `l o`vnrsn knfrl`le nlv`rgljnls. Knfrl`le flo @lo`v`oufk O`nrnlhns, 62,
Nk sneul neulog og r rfd fdfa fag g sn `lvn `lvnsse efl fl kf kfss hfrfhnrêshfs fcnhvfs nl 40= nsuo`flns on nshu nshunk nkfs fsKgsJgl Jg lns nssg sgr` r` `lo`hfl y fjd` fjqun d`nl nln ns Jglnssgr`. rnsukfogs kgss nsu nsuo` o`fl fln nss on kg kgss hnl hnlrg rgss Jgl Jglns nssg sgr` r` rnpgrfl jæs fkgs pulfans nl kgs `lo`hfogrns `lo`hf ogrns sgh`gnjgh`g sgh`gnjgh`glfkns lfkns nl nsuo`g nsuo`g (jgvf (jg vfh`ø h`øl l `l `lrêl rêlsnh snhff y nxpnr` nxpnr`nlh nlh`fs `fs on uag, hfrfh fhnrêshfs hfs on nsfogs on d`nlns d`n lnsfr fr,, fkf fkf jgvfh jgvfh`øl `øl y hrnfv hrnfv`of `ofo). o). Onsfhf nl nsn rfdfag qun kgs fugrns sgl rnhglg rnh glgh`o h`ogs gs `lvns `lvnsefo efogrn grnss nl nk ærnf ærnf on hrnfv`ofo, hrnf v`ofo, nl nspnh`fk nspnh`fk Hs`isznlj Hs`isznlj`bfky `bfky`,`, J. qu`nl ns nk fugr on kf _ngrêf onk Ckuag nl hrnfv`ofo.
806‘ 800. Tfbulon, I. & Hs`isznlj`bfky`, J. (4==>). J`ookn shbggk suonls‐ jgvfgl flo qufk`y gc nxpnr`nlhn1 F hgjpfr`sgl gc Jglnssgr` flo rfo`glfk shbggk nlv`rgljnls. Fjnr`hfl Agurlfk gc Nouhftgl, 666,
8?6‘ 856.
Nkfdgrfh`øl prgp`f dfsfof nl Dfedy (4==5) y Dfedy y Aglns (4=6=) Nk k`j`tfog lñjnrg on trfdfags on `lvnst`efh`øl sgdrn kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr`, qun frrgafl nstfs rnv`s`glns, of tfjd`àl fpgyg f kf fprnh`fh`øl on K`kkfro, hufl hu flog og sn snöf öfkf kfdf df qu qun n bfy bfy ns nshf hfsn snss on ns nstu tuo` o`gs gs s` s`st stnj njæt æt`h `hgs gs sg sgdr drn n ns nstf tf pnofegeêf. Lg gdstfltn, ful hgl snr k`j`tfogs tgogs fpgrtfl nv`onlh`fs qun fvfkfl nk fkhflhn on kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr` pfrf prgjgvnr kgergs nl kgs nouhflogs. ]gr gtrf pfrtn, on hfrf fk cuturg on kf `lvnst`efh`øl onstfhfl kgs tr trfd fdfa fags gs on fu futg tgrn rnss hgj gjg g K` K`kkkkfr fro o qu qun n nstæ nstæl l fd fdgr grof oflo log g kg kgss prgd prgdkn knjf jfss jntgogkøe`hgs pfrf fc`lfr rnhursgs on `lvnst`efh`øl qun pgs`d`k`tnl nk nstuo`g hgl hg l nk on ond` d`og og r` r`eg egrr on ns nstf tf pr prgp gpun unst stf. f. Fltn Fltn ns nstn tn pf pflg lgrf rfjf jf ns pg pgs` s`dk dkn n
hgls`onrfr qun t`nln v`enlh`f y pgs`d`k`ofons on cuturg nk knefog on Jfrêf Jgltnssgr`.
NX_FLH@F NL ^LF NXH^NKF JGL_NXXGT@. -Nk hnltrg y su snknhh`øl.
Kf nstflh`f sn rnfk`zø nl kf nshunkf Jgltnssgr` Xhbggk s`tufof nl Jfor`o. Nstn hnltrg bf s`og snknhh`glfog pgr snr nk ñl`hg on kgs hflo`oftgs pgs`dkns hgl nk rnhglg rnh glgh`j h`j`nl `nltg tg on nshun nshunkf kf Jgl Jgltns tnssgr sgr`` qun gtgref gtgref kf FJ@ (_bn Fssgh`ft`gl Jgltnssgr` @ltnrlft`glfkn). @ltnrlft`glfkn). Nstf Ns tf nstflh nstflh`f `f sn bf rn rnfk fk`z `zfo fog g hgl hgl nk c`l on pgo pgonr nr hgl hglgh ghnr nr nl o` o`rn rnht htg g
kf
fht`v`ofo pnofeøe`hf onltrg on ul fukf Jgltnssgr` y flfk`zfr nk pfpnk qun nanrhn nk prgcnsgr onltrg on kf j`sjf. Xn trftf on ul hnltrg on nouhfh`øl `lcflt`k, qun hglstf on ul no`c`h`g on ogs pkfltfs oglon nl kf pfrtn on fdfag sn ud`hf ul fukf on pr`jfr`f, gtrf on `lcflt`k y kf hgh`lf y nl kf pkfltf on frr`df, ul fukf on `lcflt`k. Nk hnltrg fhgen f ?= l`ögs on 8-3 fögs y ulgs 64 on pr`jfr`f, qun sn rnpfrtnl nl kfs trns fukfs. _fjd`àl t`nln ul pft`g nl nk qun bfy ul bunrtg qun ns hu`ofog nltrn tgogs kgs l`ögs on kf nshunkf. Nl nstn hnltrg tnlnjgs sn`s jfnstrfs g euêfs nspnh`fk`zfofs. _rfdfafl nl erupgs on ogs, bfd`nlog ogs pgr fukf. ^lf on nkkfs ns kf euêf pr`lh`pfk y kf gtrf, ns nk fpgyg onk fukf, fulqun fjdfs nstæl cgrjfofs nl jntgogkgeêf Jgltnssgr` y sgl nspnh`fk`stfs.
-Nk `lernsg fk hnltrg, prghnsg y hglo`h`glns pfrf kf nstflh`f. Nk pr`jnr hgltfhtg hgl kf nshunkf, sn pgln nl jfrhbf hgl nk gdant`vg hglghnr y pgonr `ltnrhfjd`fr `jprns`glns hgl ulf oghnltn nspnh`fk`zfof nl jntgogkgeêf Jgltnssgr` qun trfdfan nl ul hnltrg on nouhfh`øl `lcflt`k yf qun nstf ns kf nspnh`fk`ofo qun hursg. ]frf nk `lernsg nl nk hnltrg sn tgjf hgltfhtg hgl o`hbf oghnltn, qun cun kf nlhfrefof on c`afr ulf h`tf, pfrf kg hufk cun lnhnsfr`g bfhnr vfr`gs faustns yf qun nk hnltrg t`nln nstfdknh`ogs ulgs oêfs pfrf v`s`tfs y tnlêf hud`nrtgs yf fkeulgs on nsgs oêfs. Huflog kkneuà, nstf jfnstrf, sn nlhfreø on nlsnöfrjn kfs `lstfkfh`glns, nxpk`hfrjn kfs lgrjfs qun ondêf hujpk`r yg pfrf rnfk`zfr kf gdsn gd snrv rvfh fh`ø `øl l onlt onltrg rg on kf kfss fukf fukfs, s, y jn fy fyuo uoø ø f cfj` cfj`k`k`fr fr`z `zfr frjn jn hg hgl l tgog tgogss fqunkkgs nknjnltgs nknjnltgs qun bfstf nsn jgjnltg sg sgkfjnltn kfjnltn hglghêf on cgrjf
tnør`hf. Nstf nxpkgrfh`øl pgr tfltg bf s`og ulf nxpkgrfh`øl on lfturfknzf hufk`tft`vf. Hgjg pultg on `ltnràs, jnlh`glfr nk hglaultg on lgrjfs qun pgsnn nk hnltrg sneu`r pfrf tgog fqunk qun vfyf f `lhgrpgrfrsn hgjg gdsnrvfogr/f onk fukf. Nltrn nstfs lgrjfs sn jnlh`glfl kfs s`eu`nltns1
Nstf Ns tfrr snl nltf tfo of nl nk ku kuef efrr qun sn jn `l `lo` o`hhø ourf urfltn ltn nk t`t`nj njpg pg on kf gdsnrvfh`øl. ( yg lg pgoêf jgvnrjn pgr kf hkfsn yf qun sn jn nxpk`hø qun nsg fktnrfrêf nk gronl on kf j`sjf )
X` jn knvfltfdf pgr fkeulf rfzøl, tnlorêf qun snr o`shrntfjnltn y hgl knlt`tuo nl kgs jgv`j`nltgs pfrf lg o`strfnr f kgs l`ögs.
Nv`tfr hglvnrsfr hgl kgs l`ögs.
Lg hglvnrsfr hgl kf nouhfogrf nl nsn jgjnltg. Oêfs onspuàs jn `lhgrpgrà f kf nshunkf nl hfk`ofo on gdsnrvfogrf. F hglt`lufh`øl sn nxpk`hfræ kg qun sn rnfk`zø nl nstf nstflh`f y kfs hglhkus`glns qun puon nxtrfnr hgjg gdsnrvfogrf nxtnrlf.
-Tnsujnl on kf nstflh`f Nl kf nshunkf Jgltnssgr` hgj`nlzf nk oêf f kfs k fs 01==. Nl kf hkfsn, rn`lf nk gronl kf k`jp`nzf y tgog nstæ k`stg y nl su s`t`g pfrf snr usfog. Kgs jftnr`fkns nl kfs nstfltnrêfs, pkftgs nl nk nshurr`ogr, tgfkkfs, afdøl, nth. Hglcgrjn kknefl kgs l`ögs nltrfl f kf hkfsn oglon sn nlhunltrfl sus jfnstrfs qun sgl kfs euêfs, tgog nkkg s`l bfhnr c`kf l` nspnrfs hgjg sn sunkn vnr nl kgs hgkne`gs trfo`h`glfkns. Ns ulf nltrfof o`cnrnltn, pgrqun nkkgs kknefl y lg bfy ul pup`trn pfrf hfof ulg oglon snltfrsn. Kf nstruhturf on kf hkfsn ns o`st`ltf f kg qun nstfjgs fhgstujdrfogs f vnr. _`nln nstfltnrêfs kknlfs on jftnr`fkns pfrf trfdfafr kfs ærnfs qun prgpgln Jgltnssgr`, jnsfs hgl s`kkfs fofptfofs fk tfjfög on kgs l`ögs, fk`jnltgs f su o`spgs`h`øl, pgr nanjpkg crutf. X` kns fpntnhn, kns `jpk`hfræ rnfk`zfr tgof ulf snr`n on fht`v`ofons hgjg hgjg hgenr kf crutf
hgl p`lzfs, nhbfrkf nl nk pkftg, onspkfzfrsn hgl nk pkftg pfrf c`lfkjnltn ulf vnz hgj`og, rnhgenr y kfvfr tgog kg usfog. Bfstf kfs 018= nstæl nltrflog l`ögs f kf hkfsn. Kf hkfsn hgj`nlzf y hfof l`ög kknvf su prgp`g r`tjg. Kfs euêfs rnfk`zfl ulf gdsnrvfh`øl hglt`luf sgdrn tgof kf hkfsn. hkfs n. Hfof l`ög l`ög,, ns futølgjg futølgjg nl kf tfrnf qun t`nln qun rnfk`zfr. Nkkgs nk`enl nl tgog jgjnltg quà tfrnf vf f rnfk`zfr y nk t`njpg qun vfl f nstfr ono`hfogs f nsf tfrnf. ^lf vnz qun onh`onl pgr sê j`sjgs kf tfrnf, nk`enl tgofs kfs bnrrfj`nltfs qun lnhns`tfl pfrf nkkg, kgs hgenl nkkgs j`sjgs y fk fhfdfr onvunkvnl tgog fk kuefr on oglon kg hge`nrgl. Kkfjf kf ftnlh`øl gdsnrvfr qun nlhgltrfjgs tfjd`àl l`ögs qun nltrfl y nk`enl lg bfhnr lfof, pgr kg qun kknefl y sn tujdfl nl ulf fkcgjdrf, sn s`nltfl nl kf dutfhf. Nl Jgltnssgr` rnspntfr nk r`tjg on hfof l`ög ns fkeg v`tfk, pgrqun hfof l`ög ns o`cnrnltn y sn pfrtn on qun hfof l`ög t`nln onltrg ul pgtnlh`fk on fprnlo`zfan qun vf f onsfrrgkkfr, pnrg hfof ulg kg bfræ f su t`njpg y f su cgrjf. ]frt`nlog on kf hglc`flzf nl nstn pr`lh`p`g, ns qun sn rnspntf s` ul l`ög nl ul jgjnltg lg qu`nrn bfhnr lfof, puns sn nspnrf qun jæs fonkfltn kg vf f bf bfhn hnrr n `ræ `ræ fo foqu qu`r `r`n `nlo log g kg kgss hglg hglgh` h`j` j`nl nltg tgss ln lnhn hnsf sfr` r`gs gs nl su jg jgjn jnlt ltg g fonhufog pfrf àk. Kfs fht`v`ofons sgl juy vfr`fofs y fdfrhfl tgofs kfs ærnfs nouhfdkns onk l`ög, lg sgkfjnltn ul ærnf fhfoàj`hf. Kf `ltnrvnlh`øl on kfs euêfs sê ns jæs hgltulonltn nl s`tufh`glns on hglck`htg nltrn kgs l`ögs, hgjg pgr nanjpkg huflog surenl pnknfs y o`shus`glns nltrn kgs l`ögs. Nl nstgs hfsgs, `ltnrv`nlnl fht`vfjnltn eu`flog f kgs l`ögs nl kf rnsg rnsgku kuh` h`øl øl onk onk hg hglc lck`k`ht htg, g, y tf tfjd jd`à `àl l sn vn ulf ulf `l `ltn tnrv rvnl nlh` h`øl øl jæ jæss cunr cunrtn tn nl s`tufh`glns oglon kgs l`ögs rgjpnl kfs lgrjfs nstfdknh`ofs nl kf hkfsn, hgjg ns nk gron gronl. l. Hu Hufl flog og kg kgss l`ög l`ögss on onaf afl l fkeg fkeg s` s`l l rnhg rnhgen enr, r, kf euêf euêf `l `ltn tnrv rv`n `nln ln rnhgroælogkn qun lg bf tnrj`lfog kf tfrnf. Nl kf nshunkf Jgltnssgr`, huflog ul l`ög `l`h`f ulf tfrnf, sn hgls`onrf hgjg ul h`hkg, nl nk qun t`nln qun snr rnspglsfdkn onson nk pr`lh`p`g (hgenr tgog kg qun lnhns`tf) nl kf rnfk`zfh`øl hgrrnhtf on kf tfrnf, y nk c`lfk (hfof hgsf f su s`t`g)
Nl ul hnltrg Jgltnssgr` sn punon vnr højg hfof l`ög sn rneukf f sê j`sjg, højg vf hfjd`flog on fht`v`ofo y f trfvàs on tfrnfs jæs hnrhflfs fk auneg qun qu n fk ju julo log g fh fhfo foàj àj`h `hg, g, vfl vfl foqu foqu`r `r`n `nlo log g bf bfd` d`k`o k`ofo fons ns qu qun n kn knss kkkknv nvfl fl f `ltnerfrsn nl fht`v`ofons nsnlh`fkns pfrf kf v`of, hgjg ns nk fdgtglfrsn kf hbfquntf, pglnr y qu`tfr zfpftgs, rnhgenr pkftgs, snrv`rsn kf hgj`of, nk feuf, nth Nl enlnrfk sn punon onh`r qun sn fprnh`f ulf nouhfh`øl jæs ekgdfk qun kf qun sn `jpfrtn f kgs l`ögs nl kfs nshunkfs trfo`h`glfkns gcrnh`nlog kf gpgrtul`ofo on onsfrrgkkfr ærnfs `jpgrtfltns on kf v`of qun kuneg jæs fonkfltn kns snræ on erfl ut`k`ofo. Hgl rnspnhtg f kf `ltnrfhh`øl, onh`r qun kfs fht`v`ofons qun kgs l`ögs punonl rnfk`zfr nl kf nshunkf, sgl pr`lh`pfkjnltn `lo`v`oufkns, pnrg tfjd`àl vnjgs `ltnrfhh`øl nl gtrfs fht`v`ofons, hgjg pgr nanjpkg, sn s`rvnl crutf y sn s`nltfl f hg hgjn jnrr ault aultgs gs.. Gtrf Gtrf cg cgrj rjf f on `ltn `ltnrf rfhh hh`ø `øl l f j` nl nltn tnlo lonr nr ns nk j` j`sj sjg g culh`glfj`nltg on kf hkfsn, puns fk `r jgv`àlogsn k`drnjnltn f trfvàs on nkkf, ondnl rnspntfr nspfh`g on kgs onjæs, nspnrfr turlgs f kf bgrf on usfr kgs jftnr`fkns, nth _fjd _f jd`à `àl l fk nstf nstfrr jnzh jnzhkf kfof ofss kf kfss nofo nofons ns,, kg kgss jf jfyg ygrn rnss fy fyuo uofl fl f kg kgss jæ jæss pnqunögs kg hufk ns pfrtn on kf `ltnrfhh`øl, tfltg kf fyuof qun sn prnstfl, hgjg nk jgonkg qun ns nk l`ög jæs jfygr pfrf nk l`ög jæs pnqunög. Nl Jgltnssgr`, sn jnzhkfl kfs nofons pgrqun sn hgls`onrf qun kgs l`ögs nstæl nl ul pnr`gog on jfournz qun lg ns jfrhfog tfltg pgr kf nofo. Nstf `onf, pfrtn on kf v`s`øl qun sn t`nln nl Jgltnssgr` on qun nk l`ög ns ul njdr`øl bujflg, qun vf pfsflog pgr o`cnrnltns pnr`gogs kgs hufkns lg nstæl tfl jfrhfogs pgr kf nofo hgjg pgr nk jgjnltg nl nk qun sn nlhunltrn nk l`ög. ]gr nstf rfzøl, fk snr ul pnrêgog, t`nln snlt`og nstfr aultgs. Fsê pgr nanjpkg, s` nl nk ærnf onk knleufan tnlnjgs ulf hgjpntnlh`f foqu`r`of f kgs 8 fögs, pnrg gtrg l`ög f kgs ?,> lg kf t`nln, fquê nstg lg ns ul prgdknjf pgrqun sn pfrtn on kf dfsn on qun kknefræ ul jgjnltg nl qun nk l`ög kg bfræ, pgr kg tfltg, lg nx`stn prns`øl pgr kf nofo, y sn rnspntf nk l`ög.
Fonjæs nl kf rnkfh`øl on kgs jfygrns hgl kgs pnqunögs fprnlonl juhbfs hgsf hg sfss tf tflt ltg g f l` l`vn vnkk fh fhfo foàj àj`h `hg g hg hgjg jg f l` l`vn vnkk sg sgh` h`fk fk pu puns ns v` v`vn vnl l nl ulf ulf hgjul`ofo. _fjd`àl prnv`nln kf hgjpfrfh`øl pgrqun s` tgogs sgl `eufkns sn hgjpfrfl pnrg fk snr on o`cnrnltns nofons lg t`nln snlt`og kf hgjpfrfh`øl.
-Hglhkus`glns on kf gdsnrvfh`øl nl kf nstflh`f1 Nl hufltg f kgs l`ögs1
Xgl nk hnltrg on kf fht`v`ofo on kf nshunkf.
Xgl futølgjgs, k`drns y hgjg tfk sn junvnl pgr kf hkfsn y rnfk`zfl kfs fht`v`ofons qun nkkgs j`sjgs nk`enl.
Erfl dfsn on rnspntg. Kgs l`ögs sgl nouhfogs fk o`r`e`rsn ulgs f gtrgs y f kf euêf g oghnltn. Fonjæs rnspntfdfl nk trfdfag on kgs gtrgs l`ögs.
Kf jfygr pfrtn onk trfdfag ns rnfk`zfog on cgrjf `lo`v`oufk, fulqun nx`stn f
pnsfr on nkkgs dfstfltn `ltnrfhh`øl sgh`fk nltrn nkkgs. Nx`stn ulf `ltnerfof lgh`øl on fyuof. Nltrn nkkgs sn fyuofl y sgdrn tgogs kgs jfygrns f kgs pnqunögs. Nstæl fhgstujdrfogs f prnghupfrsn pgr kgs onjæs.
]rnogj`lf nk gronl nl sus fht`v`ofons. Nkkgs j`sjgs fk nkne`r ulf tfrnf sn o`r`enl f hgenr tgog kg lnhnsfr`g pfrf nkkg y fk tnrj`lfr, onvgkvêfl tgog f su kuefr.
Kgs l`ögs nstæl `jpk`hfogs fht`vfjnltn nl kfs tfrnfs, lg nstæl nspnrflog f qun kfs jfnstrfs kns oà ulf knhh`øl. Ns nk futg fprnlo`zfan punstg nl
præht`hf. Lg t`nlnl j`nog huflog hgjntnl ul nrrgr. X` fkeg sn kns hfn, pgr nanjpkg, kg rnhgenl hgl erfl trflqu`k`ofo, hgjg fkeg hgjpkntfjnltn lfturfk.
Lg sn vn hgjpntnlh`f nltrn kgs l`ögs, jæs d`nl hgkfdgrfl ulgs hgl gtrgs.
_gogs nkkgs t`nlnl pfs`øl pgr nk julog lfturfk. Kns nlhfltf kfs fht`v`ofons fk f`rn k`drn, nk bunrtg, nth. y nstæl s`njprn o`spunstgs f hgkfdgrfr on cgrjf fht`vf.
Nl hufltg f kfs jfnstrfs1
Tnspntfl nl tgog jgjnltg kf k`dnrtfo on nknhh`øl on kgs on kgs l`ögs.
Kgs nshuhbfdfl jgstrflog `ltnràs pgr kgs l`ögs y bfh`nlog qun nk nltgrlg y nk hk`jf cunrfl ferfofdkns.
Nl ghfs`glns, sn o`r`eêfl f fkeñl l`ög y ofdfl ulf knhh`øl `lo`v`oufk.
Nl tgog jgjnltg nstæl gdsnrvflog hgl erfl ftnlh`øl f kgs l`ögs fulqun kfs `ltnrvnlh`glns sgl pghfs, pnrg dfstfltn fhnrtfofs.
@jpgrtflh`f onk r`tjg pnrsglfk on hfof l`ög.
_fjd`àl nx`stn ul erfl rnspntg bfh`f nk l`ög y bfh`f su fht`v`ofo. Lg sn kn `ltnrrujpn huflog nstæ hglhnltrfog nl fkeulf tfrnf.
Kfs jfnstrfs cfh`k`tfl nl tgog jgjnltg nk fprnlo`zfan, y fhgjpföfl f kgs l`ögs nl nk prghnsg, `ltnrv`l`nlog huflog ns lnhnsfr`g y onaflog bfhnr huflog tfjd`àl kg ns.
Nl hufltg fk fjd`nltn1
Nk fukf ns ul fjd`nltn ferfofdkn, fknern y nst`jukfltn pfrf kgs l`ögs.
Lg sn dfsfl nl k`drgs on tnxtg g jflufkns.
_gog nstæ juy gronlfog y hfof hgsf t`nln su s`t`g.
Nk træc`hg pgr kf hkfsn pfrnhn nstfr `ltnr`gr`zfog pgr kgs l`ögs, ns onh`r, sfdnl højg jgvnrsn pgr kf hkfsn s`l qun bfyf hfgs, fulqun tgogs nstæl nl hglt`lug jgv`j`nltg.
Nx`stnl zglfs on tfrnfs qun sn onk`j`tfl pgr ulfs fkcgjdrfs qun kgs l`ögs hgenl y pglnl nk sunkg y sgdrn nkkfs rnfk`zfl su tfrnf.
_gogs kgs l`ögs hgkfdgrfl nl jfltnlnr nk gronl puns trfs kf tfrnf, tgog kg vunkvnl f hgkghfr nl su s`t`g.
Nk oêf nshgkfr lg nstæ o`v`o`og nl jftnr`fs y bgrfr`gs c`ags on t`njpg. Kfs jfnstrfs vfl oflog knhh`glns `lo`v`oufkns g nl erupgs pnqunögs huflog kg vnl `jpgrtfltn.
-Hglhkus`glns on kf nltrnv`stf rnfk`zfof f kf oghnltn. _rfs kf nltrnv`stf f kf oghnltn g euêf Jgltnssgr`, hgl nk gdant`vg on hglghnr jnagr y nl jfygr prgculo`ofo nstf kfdgr, sfhfjgs kfs s`eu`nltns hglhkus`glns1 hglhkus`glns1 -Nl hufltg f kf cgrjfh`øl on kfs euêfs onh`r qun ns nspnhêc`hf onk s`stnjf Jgltnssgr`. Fonjæs on kf t`tukfh`øl ul`vnrs`tfr`f, hgjñl f tgog nk h`hkg on
`lcflt`k, nkkfs t`nlnl ulf cgrjfh`øl nspnhêc`hf qun hursfl pfrf pgonr trfdfafr onltrg on nstf jntgogkgeêf on kf qun sn s`nltnl prgculofjnltn hglvnlh`ofs. Nkkfs v`vnl su trfdfag, lg ns s`jpknjnltn ul bgrfr`g f hujpk`r pgr ulgs bglgrfr`gs, s`lg qun vfl jæs fkkæ nl erfog on hgjprgj`sg, `lvgkuhrælogsn on jflnrf pnrsglfk y fht`vf nl hufltg f prgpgrh`glfr jno`gs, nl nk prghnsg nouhft`vg nouh ft`vg on kgs l`ögs. Nkkfs foqu`nrnl foqu`nrnl ul hgjpr hgjprgj`sg gj`sg tfltg hgl kgs l`ögs hgjg hgl kfs cfj`k`fs on hgkfdgrfr nl o`hbg prghnsg oflog kg jnagr on nkkfs j`sjfs y flukælogsn ourfltn nk prghnsg nouhft`vg onk l`ög hgl kg qun kn onafl tgog nk kuefr f àstn pfrf qun sn punof onsfrrgkkfr nl nk fjd`nltn nl k`dnrtfo. Nlt`t`nl Nl nlon onl l pn pnrc rcnh nhtf tfjn jnlt ltn n qu qun n nk hn hnlt ltrg rg onk onk prgh prghns nsg g on
fp fprn rnlo lo`z `zfa fan n
hgrrnspglon pgr hgjpkntg fk l`ög, nk ns nk prgtfegl`stf.
-Hglhkus`glns on kf nltrnv`stf rnfk`zfof f kf cfj`k`f. _rfs _rfs kf nltr nltrnv nv`s `stf tf f ul ulf f cf cfj` j`k`k`f f hg hgl l ul l` l`ög ög nshg nshgkf kfr` r`zf zfog og nl ul hnlt hnltrg rg Jgltnssgr`, pgonjgs hglhku`r qun1 Kf cfj`k`f junstrf ul erfog on prnghupfh`øl pgr kf nouhfh`øl on su b`ag dfstfltn fktg. Nkkgs yf onson dndà bfl rnhurr`og f o`cnrnltns jno`gs pfrf tnlnr `lcgrjfh`øl y nl dfsn f nstf `lcgrjfh`øl pgonr onh`o`r huæk ns nk jnagr s`t`g pfrf nshgkfr`zfr f su b`ag. _fjd`àl onafl vnr qun hglghnl d`nl nk s`stnjf Jgltnssgr`, y nk hnltrg oglon bfl bf l ns nshg hgkf kfr`z r`zfo fog g f su b`ag b`ag.. Hg Hglg lghn hnl l f kf pnrcn pnrcnhh hh`ø `øl l lg sø søkg kg nk s` s`st stnj njf f Jgltnssgr`, s`lg tfjd`àl kfs `lstfkfh`glns onk hnltrg, fk pnrsglfk qun trfdfaf fkkê, y nstæl nl hgltfhtg o`fr`g hgl kf euêf qun kknvf f sus b`ags. _`nlnl ulf pfrt`h`pfh`øl fht`vf nl nk hnltrg, kg qun sn onr`vf on kfs fht`v`ofons nl kfs qun nstæl `lvgkuhrfogs, hgjg sgl kgs o`cnrnltns hgj`tàs on jñs`hf, on sneu sn eur` r`of ofo, o, b` b`e` e`nl nln, n, d`dk d`dk`g `gtn tnhf hf,, nt nthh y tf tfjd jd`à `àl l pf pfrt` rt`h` h`pf pfl l nl fh fht`v t`v`o `ofo fons ns pultufkns hgjg sgl kfs c`nstfs on lfv`ofo, nk bunrtg, nth.
HGLHK^X@GLNX Nk prnsnltn trfdfag pfrtn on ul prgculog onsng on ofr fpgrtns fk julog on kf nouhfh`øl pfrf kg hufk sn pkfltnø nk nstuo`g on kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr` qun pgoê pg oêf f `r nl ns nsf f o`rn o`rnhh hh`ø `øl l y sn hglh hglhrn rntø tø ul gd gdan ant`v t`vg g en enln lnrf rfk,k, on onkk hu hufk fk sn onr`vfrgl gtrgs nspnhêc`hgs, hgl kg qun sn nspnrf bfdnr pgo`og fpgrtfr ul erfl`tg on frnlf f nstn onsng `l`h`fk. Hgjg gdant`vg enlnrfk sn pkfltnø kg s`eu`nltn 1
Tnfk`zfr ul nstuo`g on lfturfknzf nxpkgrftgr`f sgdrn kf jntgogkgeêf Jgltnssgr` kg hufk `jpk`hf kf rnv`s`øl on sus pkfltnfj`nltgs tnør`hgs y on kgs fkhflhns nl kfs `lvnst`efh`glns rnfk`zfofs sgdrn nstf pnofegeêf. Xn hgjpkntf hgl ulf nstflh`f nl ulf `lst`tuh`øl nouhft`vf Jgltnssgr` pfrf ulf v`s`øl præht`hf y fpk`hfof on kf j`sjf, hgl nk prgpøs`tg on nxtrfnr hglhkus`glns sgdrn sus fpgrtfh`glns f kf nouhfh`øl. Kfs hglhkus`glns onr`vfofs on su kgerg sn fprnh`fl fk hgls`onrfr kgs gdant`vgs nspnhêc`hgs1
@lvnst @lv nst`ef `efrr y flf flfk`z k`zfr fr kgs pultgs pultgs rnk rnknv nvflt fltns ns on kf pno pnofeg fegeêf eêf h`n h`nltê ltêc`h c`hff pkfltnfof pgr kf oghtgrf Jgltnssgr` y kfs fpgrtfh`glns bnhbfs pgr gtrgs futgrns rnknvfltns. Kf rnv`s`øl d`dk`geræc`hf rnfk`zfof, bf pnrj`t`og hglghnr kgs pultgs rnknvfltns on nstf pnofegeêf y fprnh`fr qun ns ulf pnrspnht`vf hgl ul hunrpg tnør`hg hglh hg lhnp nptu tufk fk sø søk`k`og og qu qun n gr gr`n `nlt ltf f kf kfdg kfdgrr pnof pnofeø eøe` e`hf hf.. Fp Fpgr grtf tf ul ulf f lu lunv nvf f hglhnph`øl onk l`ög hgjg hnltrg onk prghnsg on fprnlo`zfan, ulfs pfutfs jntgogkøe`hfs pfrf trfdfafr hgl kgs nouhflogs, jftnr`fkns nspnhêc`hgs y prnstf ulf ftnlh`øl ftnlh`øl ns nspnh pnh`fk `fk f kf cgrjfh cgrjfh`øl `øl y fht fhtufh ufh`øl `øl on onkk ogh oghnlt nltn. n. Nlt Nltrn rn sus fpgrtfh`glns jæs onstfhfofs pgonjgs onh`r qun cun lgvnogsf nl su t`njpg y qun bfstf lunstrgs oêfs hglt`lñf su onsfrrgkkg y v`enlh`f.
Tnv`sfr kfs `lvnst`efh`glns rnfk`zfofs sgdrn kgs fkhflhns y k`j`tfh`glns on kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr`. ]frf hudr`r nstn gdant`vg sn bf `lhku`og kf vfkgrfh`øl qun b`zg I`kpftr`hi onk s`stnjf Jgltnssgr` nl NN^^, pnrg ofof kf kfref trfynhtgr`f nl nk t`njpg on kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr`, tfjd`àl sn bf bnhbg ulf rnv`s`øl sgdrn fkhflhns y k`j`tfh`glns on kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr` nl ul jgjnltg jæs fhtufk y nl enlnrfk sn nlhgltrø qun bfy juhbgs trfdfags, pnrg pghgs sgl kgs qun vfkgrfl su fkhflhn. Kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr` bf tnl`og hrêt`hfs onson kgs `l`h`gs, lg gdstfltn, kfs rnv`s`glns onk ærnf frrgafl nv`onlh`fs qun fvfkfl kf nc`hfh`f onk jàtgog nl o`cnrnltns æjd`tgs nltrn kfs qun sn punonl jnlh`glfr kf `ltnk`enlh`f, kgergs fhfoàj`hgs, onstrnzf nl jftnjæt`hfs. Fhtufkjnltn nstfjgs nl ul jgjnltg nl qun sn nstæl pkfltnflog fktnrlft`vfs pfrf sfkvfr kfs k`j`tfh`glns on kgs o`snögs on `lvnst`efh`øl pfrf trftfr on hrnfr o`snögs qun pnrj`tfl vfkgrfr hgl jæs nc`hfh`f kgs fkhflhns on kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr`.
Tnfk`zfr ulf nstflh`f nl ulf `lst`tuh`øl nouhft`vf Jgltnssgr` pfrf ulf v` v`s` s`øl øl præh præht`h t`hff y fpk` fpk`hf hfof of on kf j` j`sj sjf, f, hg hgl l nk pr prgp gpøs øs`tg `tg on nx nxtr trfn fnr r hglhkus`glns sgdrn sus fpgrtfh`glns f kf nouhfh`øl. Nstn gdant`vg sn bf hud`nrtg hgl kf rnfk`zfh`øl on ulf v`s`tf nl ul hnltrg Jgltnssgr` oglon sn jn pnrj`t`ø kf nltrfof nl hfk`ofo on gdsnrvfogrf, kg qun fpgrtø ulf v`s`øl præht`hf onk culh`glfj`nltg on ulf nshunkf Jgltnssgr` y hgl nkkgs, sn puo`nrgl nxtrfnr ulf snr`n on hglhkus`glns rnkfh`glfofs hgl kgs l`ögs, nk fjd`nltn, prgcnsgrfog y cfj`k`fs.
Hglghnr f trfvàs on nltrnv`stfs f kfs cfj`k`fs on kf nshunkf quà cfhtgrns kf bfl kknvfog f nshgkfr`zfr f su b`ag/f nl ulf nshunkf Jgltnssgr`. Hgl kf nltrnv`stf rnfk`zfof f kf cfj`k`f, sn bf pgo`og fprnh`fr nk erfog on `jpk`hfh`øl qun t`nln kf cfj`k`f nl nk s`stnjf Jgltnssgr`, tfk ns fsê qun `lhkusg kfs fht`v`ofons, kf cgrjf on prnsnltfr rnfk`ofons f sus b`ags, on auefr hgl nkkgs, on o`fkgefr, nstæ `jprnelfog on kf c`kgsgcêf Jgltnssgr`.
On kf rn rnvv`s`ø `s`øl l d` d`dk dk`g `ger eræc æc`h `hf f rn rnfk fk`z `zfo fof f y kf nx nxpn pnr` r`nl nlh` h`f f nl ulf ulf ns nshu hunk nkf f Jgltnssgr`, pgorêfjgs föfo`r hgjg hglhkus`glns qun nk s`stnjf Jgltnssgr` ns ulf prgpunstf pnofeøe`hf qun jflt`nln su v`enlh`f nl kf fhtufk`ofo. Ns ul s` s`st stnj njf f nouh nouhft ft`v `vg g oglo oglon n sn hgls hgls`o `onr nrf f vfk` vfk`gs gsg g qu qun n kg kgss l` l`ög ögss p` p`nl nlsn snl l y onshudrfl kfs hgsfs pgr sê j`sjgs nl kuefr on qun fkeu`nl sn kg nlsnön, ul s`stnjf qun kn prgpgrh`glf ulgs jftnr`fkns f kgs l`ögs pfrf qun f trfvàs on su ‛trfdfag‚ vfyfl foqu`r`nlog y nltnlo`nlog kgs pr`lh`p`gs jæs prgculogs on kf v`of y kf lfturfknzf hgl kg qun nk fprnlo`zfan sn qunof jnagr erfdfog fk snr nkkgs j`sjgs kg qun fprnlonl sgkgs. ^l s`stnjf qun hrnf snrns k`drns, hfpfhns on pnlsfr pgr sê j`sjg, on tgjfr sus prgp`fs onh`s`glns, qun lg t`nlnl j`nog f nqu`vghfrsn pgr hgls`onrfr nk nrrgr hgjg pfrtn `lhkusg on su prgp`g fprnlo`zfan, qun bfl trfdfafog on ulf jfln jf lnrf rf ns nspn pnh` h`fk fk sus sus jgof jgofkn kns, s, sus sus jgv` jgv`j`n j`nlt ltgs gs,, tglg tglg on vg vgz, z, nth, nth, y bf bfl l fprnlo`og f hgkfdgrfr hgl kgs onjæs, f o`scrutfr pgr jno`g onk trfdfag, f hglouh`rsn pgr kf v`of on ulf jflnrf k`drn, nth.
]TGX]NH_@SF On hfrf fk cuturg, sn hgls`onrf qun nstn s`stnjf ns rnfkjnltn ulf fktnrlft`vf f hgls`onrfr y nstuo`fr on ulf cgrjf jæs nxbfust`vf y prgculof nl nk julog on kf nouhfh`øl. Xn t`nln ulf fjpk`f nxpnr`nlh`f onson `l`h`gs onk s`ekg RR bfstf lunstrgs oêfs qun rnfkjnltn nk s`stnjf Jgltnssgr` culh`glf y qun ns ulf fktnrlft`vf qun punon fpgrtfr juhbg fk s`stnjf nouhft`vg nspfögk, pgr kg qun sn hgls`onrf on v` v`tf tfkk `j `jpg pgrt rtfl flh` h`f f pfrf pfrf kg kgss cu cutu turg rgss og oghn hnlt ltns ns qu qun n vf vfyf yfjg jgss hrnf hrnflo log g hg hgjg jg sgh` sg h`no nofo fo,, qun qun hg hgls ls`o `onr nrnl nl nstf nstf gp gph` h`øl øl pnof pnofeø eøe` e`hf hf on ulf ulf cgrj cgrjf f sn snr`f r`f y prgculof pgr tgogs kgs pultgs pgs`t`vgs qun punon kknefr f fpgrtfr f kgs l`ögs on nstn julog. Kf pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr`, lgs fpgrtf ulf lunvf v`s`øl, lgs s`rvn on `lsp`rfh`øl pfrf sfdnr qun kfs hgsfs sn punonl bfhnr on cgrjf o`st`ltf, qun bfy jæs fktnrlft`vfs f kg qun hglghnjgs y qun kf o`vnrs`ofo on nlcgquns ns pgs`t`vf, lgs fdrn kf jnltn bfh`f cgrjfs o`cnrnltns on fdgrofr kf nlsnöflzf , nlr`qunhn
f kf bgrf on trftfr kf o`vnrs`ofo onk fkujlfog qun tnlnjgs bgy nl oêf nl lunstrfs fukfs, prgpgrh`glflog rnspunstfs `lo`v`oufk`zfofs qun onl rnspunstf f sus lnhns`ofons ñl`hfs y pnrsglfkns, nknvflog fsê kf hfk`ofo nk s`stnjf nouh no uhft ft`v `vg g qun qun gc gcrn rnhn hnjg jgss f luns lunstrg trgss fkuj fkujlg lgss qu qun n sn snræ ræl l nk cutu cuturg rg on kf sgh`nofo.
3. D@DK@GETFC@F.
Fktfrnags, C. (4==5). Nk ]nlsfj`nltg on Tgussnfu. ^l`vnrs`ofo on Lfvfrrf Cfhuktfo on C`kgsgcêf y Kntrfs. Onpfrtfjnltg on Nouhfh`øl . Gdtnl`og on
bttp1//www.ulfv.ns/nouhfh`gl/c`kgnouhf/Tguss bttp1//www.ulfv.ns/nouh fh`gl/c`kgnouhf/Tgussnfu/pfe`lfW4.b nfu/pfe`lfW4.btjk tjk Dfedy, A. (4==5). F Tnv`nw gc tbn K`tnrfturn, 6003‘4==3. Jgltnssgr` K`cn (6), 62. Dfedy, A., & Aglns, L. (4=6=). F Tnv`nw gc tbn K`tnrfturn, 4==5‘4==0. Jgltnssgr` K`cn , 4 , 6->.
Dfrlfofs, F. A. (4=64). Højg sn onsfrrgkkf kf k`dnrtfo nl kfs fukfs Jgltnssgr` sneñl kfs ntfpfs nvgkut`vfs y hfrfhtnrêst`hfs ps`hgkøe`hfs. Tnhupnrfog nk
6>
on
66
on
4=64,
on
bttp1//www.fsgh`fh`gljgltnssgr`.lnt/hglernsgW bttp1//www.fsgh`fh`gljg ltnssgr`.lnt/hglernsgWc`kgW%4=nouW4=64 c`kgW%4=nouW4=64.poc .poc Dnrl Dn rlfr fro` o`l` l`,, F., F., & Xg Xgtg tg,, A. F. (6 (602 02?) ?).. Kf nou nouhfh hfh`øl `øl fht fhtuf ufkk nl sus cun cunltn ltns s c`kgsøc`hfs. Jfor`o1 Nulno.
K`kkkkfr K` fro, o, F. (4 (4== ==>) >).. Jgl Jgltns tnssgr sgr`1_ `1_bn bn Xh Xh`nl `nlhn hn Dnb Dnb`lo `lo tbn Enl Enl`us `us.. Lnw Pgri1 Pgri1 Gxcgro ^l`vnrs`ty ]rnss. K`kkfro, F. (4=64). ]rnshbggk Hb`kornl‐s Onvnkgpjnlt `l Hkfss`h Jgltnssgr`, Xuppknjnltno Jgltnssgr`, flo Hglvnlt`glfk ]rgerfjs. Agurlfk gc Xhbggk ]syhbgkgey , >= (8), 850-?=6.
K`kkfro, F., & Nksn Vunst, L. (4==3). _bn nfrky ynfrs1 nvfkuft`le Jgltnssgr` nouhft`gl. X`nlhn , 868 (>50>), 6208-620?. K`kkfro, ]. (6055). ^l nlcgqun jgonrlg fk jàtgog Jgltnssgr`. Jàx`hg1 O`flf. Jgltns Jgl tnssgr sgr`,`, J. (4==8) (4==8).. Nk jàtgog on kf ]nofegeêf H`nltêc`hf Fpk`hfog f kf nouhfh`øl on kf `lcflh`f. Jfor`o1 D`dk`gtnhf Lunvf X.K.
Jgltnssgr`, J. (6024). Nk l`ög nk snhrntg on kf `lcflh`f. Jàx`hg1 O`flf. Jgltnssgr`, J. (6023). Kf jnltn fdsgrdnltn. Jàx`hg1 O`flf.
Jgrr`sgl, E. X. (4==>). Nouhfh`øl @lcflt`k . Jfor`o1 ]nfrsgl Nouhfh`øl X.F. ]àrnz, N. (4=64). Jgonkg Nouhft`vg Jgltnssgr`1 Fkeulf `onfs y pr`lh`p`gs. Tnhupnrfog
nk
6>
on
nlnrg
on
4=68,
on
Fukf
Jæe`hf1
bttp1//fukfjfe`hf.wgroprnss.hgj/4=64/=0/68/jg bttp1//fukfjfe`hf.wgroprns s.hgj/4=64/=0/68/jgonkg-nouhft`vgonkg-nouhft`vg- jgltnssgr`-fkeulf-`onfs-y-pr`lh`p`gs/ Xflhb`orfl D. y Dnrrêg, A. (4=6=). ( 4=6=). B`stgr`f y pnrspnht`vf fhtufk on kf nouhfh`øl `lcflt`k. Dfrhnkglf1 Erfø.
Xnko`le, _. (4==2). _bn @ltnrlft`glfk Jgltnssgry Hgulh`k. Tnhupnrfog nk 63 on Lgv`njdrn
on
4=64,
on
bttp1//www.jgltnssgr`.gre/`jh/`lonx.pbp7gpt`gl:hgjWh bttp1//www.jgltnssgr`.gre/`jh/`lonx .pbp7gpt`gl:hgjWhgltnlt&v`nw:frt`hk gltnlt&v`nw:frt`hk n&`o:8=01jgltnssgr`-6=6-trfouhh`k-nspf&hft`o:6 n&`o:8=01jgltnssg r`-6=6-trfouhh`k-nspf&hft`o:631frt`hkns-`ltrgouh`le31frt`hkns-`ltrgouh`lejgltnssgr`-nouhft`gl&@tnj`o:?? _fvfrnkk`, E. J. (O`rnhh`øl). (4==5). Jfr`f Jgltnssgr`. ^lf v`of ono`hfof f kgs l`ögs.
Tnhupnrfog
nk
4=
on
snpt`njdrn
on
4=64,
on
bttp1//www.ygutudn.hgj/wfthb7v:qw=fDL]rT_g Y]nkêhukfZ.
_r`kkf, A. (4==6). Nk knefog pnofeøe`hg onk s`ekg RR pfrf kf nshunkf onk s`ekg RR@. Erfg.
on1
FLNRG @1 NX_FLH@F NL ^LF NXH^NKF JGL_NXXGT@. TNE@X_TG N @L_NT]TN_FH@ØL. Flæk`s`s nl nk jfrhg Kulns 43 on
Fhh`glns gdsnrvfofs
on rncnrnlh`f on kf
Lgv`njdrn on
pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr`
4=64 ^lf
vnz
cun
fhnptfof
kf
Kfs euêfs sn
junv ju nvnl nl pg pgrr nk
Nk trfdfag on kf euêfs ns
sgk`h` sgk `h`tuo tuo on nlt nltrfr rfr
fukf
nl nk fukf hgjg
gdsnrvflog
gdsnrvfogrf
kg kgss l`ö l`ögs, gs, pnrg pnrg
o`cnrnltn fk
tuvg
sus
prgcnsgr onk
kuefr
jgv`j`nltgs
j`
sgl
`lhgrpgrf `lhgrp grfh`ø h`øl l f kf fht`v`of fht`v `ofo o o`f o`fr`f r`f onk
knltgs, trflqu`kgs,
hnltrg.
bfdkfl
Nk oêf hgj`nlzf f
l`ögs hgl vgz
kfs
dfaf
hgjpkntfjnltn
f
jàtgog trfo`h`glfk yf qun nkkfs
01==
on
kf
lg
sgl
hnltrg on kf hkfsn.
f
nkkfs
kgs
vfl vfl jgv`à jgv `àlog logsn sn hfs hfs``
y
jföflf y kgs l`ögs
onspfh`g
s`l vnrsn y su
vf vfl l nl nltr trfl flog og tfk tfk y
n `ltnrv`nlnl
`ltnrvnlh`øl `ltnrvnlh`ø l lg ns
hgjg vfl kkneflog
fl`jflog
jfe`strfk
kf
s`l s`l ln lnhn hns` s`of ofo o on bfhnr
c`kf
y
on
f
cgrjf cgr jf `lo` `lo`v`ou v`oufk fk g
feufrofr feufro fr cunrf cunrf onk fukf. Nltrfl
fyuoflog fk l`ög f onc`l`rsn
o`rn o`rnht htfj fjnl nltn tn
nl su nknhh`øl
hg hgl l
sus sus pfor pforns ns bfstf kf punrtf
onk
fhgjp fhg jpföf föfogs ogs
nk fouktg qun kgs kknv kknvf f nk hu hufk fk t`nl t`nln n
nl
pnqunögs
erupgs.
f trfvàs on
fukf pgr
s` s`lg lg pultu pultufk fk y on
tfrnf y
prneultfs1
·quà qu`nrns
Kf
`ltn `ltnrv rvnl nlh` h`øl øl
on kfs euêfs sê ns jæss hglt jæ hgltul ulon onlt ltn n
ul ulfs fs pf pfkf kfdr drfs fs hg hgl l
bfhnr7
nl
kfs prgcn prgcnsgrf sgrfss qun
·højg
s`tufh`glns
nk
on
yf nstæl nl nk fukf. Kg Kgss l`ög l`ögss pf pfsf sfl l f
qu`nrns
kf hkfsn, sn sfkuofl
bfhnrkg7....
y
hgj`nlzfl
f
hglck` ck`htg nltrn kgs l`ögs, oglon
h`rh h`rhuk ukfr fr pg pgrr tgog tgog nk nspfh`g on
Bnhbgs pultufkns1
`ltnrv`nlnl
pnknf n nl ltrn trn l l``ögs qun o`shutêfl pgr qunrnr usfr ul
fht`vfjnltn eu`flog f kgs
jftnr`fk fk j`sjg t`njpg, kgs
l`ögs
l`ögs fk tnrj`lfr kf fht`v`ofo
nl kf rnsgkuh`øl onk
onafrgl kgs utnls`k`gs cunrf on su s`t`g,
kf sfkf. Nl ul
hglck`htg,
pr`jnr jgjnltg,
tfjd`àl sn vn ulf
puo`nrf ofr kf
`ltn `ltnrv rvnl nlh` h`øl øl jæ jæss
snlsfh`øl
y
cunrtn
on pàro`of on nl
t`nj t`njpg pg g on on qu qun n lg nstæ prnpfrfof kf sns`øl
s`tufh`glns ogl s`tufh`glns oglon on kgs l`ögs l`ögs rgjp rgjpnl nl kfs
onk oêf, pnrg prgltg sn punon
lgrjfs
gdsnrvfr, nkkgs
nstfdknh`ofs nl kf
j`sjgs nl ul jgjnltg
hkfsn, hgjg ns nk
Hglaultg
on
ontnrj`lfog,
fht`v`ofons
hgj`nlzfl f
rn rnfk fk``zf zfl l
trfdfafr
hgjpkntfl kfs
gronl.
qun
kg kgss
fht`v`ofons
l`ög ögs1 s1 qun
_gofs kfs fht`v`ofons nstæl
rnfk`zfl, onson kf jæs
nlhfj`lfofs
s`jpkn
hgjg
f trfdfafr nl kgs
kf
l`ögs kf k`dnrtfo,
fdgtglfrsn
hb hbfq fqun untf tf bf bfst stf f jæ jæss
kf futglgjêf,
hgjpknafs pgr nan nanjpkg jpkg
`lonpnlonlh`f,
snrv`rsn feuf nl vfsgs
k`drn nknhh`øl.
hg hgl l ul ulf f af afrr rrf f. Nk Nkkg kgss
Nl Jgltnssgr`,
vfl
rnfk`zflog
kf
kgs l`ögs ondnl
kfs fht` fht`v` v`o ofons f su r` r`tj tjg g y hu hufl flog og nkkg nkkgss
o`r`e`r su prgp`g prghnsg on
qu`nrnl.
fprnlo`zfan, nkkgs sgl kgs qun jfrhfl nk r`tjg y kf cgrjf. Kf nshunkf fhgjpföfrf fk l`ög nl nsn prghnsg y nlt`nlon
qun
s`
bfhn kf fht`v`ofo nl ul jgjnltg, tnrj`lfræ pgr bfhnrkf. Bfy ulf hglc`flzf nl nk l`ög y nl su pgtnlh`fk.
Hgl
rnspnhtg f
kf
Nstg stg onaf hk hkf frg
`ltnrfhh` `ltn rfhh`øl, øl, onh` onh`rr qun
qun
kfs fht`v`ofons qun kgs
Jgltnssgr`
l`ögss puno l`ög punonl nl rnfk rnfk`zfr `zfr
nshunkf
nl sg sgl l
prgpgrh`glf gpgrtul`ofons
kf
nshunkf,
pr`lh`pfkjnltn
kf s`
on v`of
`lo`v`oufkns,
sgh`fk y lg ns
pnrg tfjd`àl
hgjg fkeulgs
vnjg vnjgss `ltnrfh `ltnrfhh`øl h`øl nl
sn bfl
gtrfs fht`v`ofons, hgjg
nl
njpnöfog nl
pgr
hr`t`hfrkn fk
nanjpkg, sn s`rvnl
jàtgog. Nl
crutf y ssn n s`nltfl f
Jgltnssgr` pgr
hgjnr aultgs. Gtrf
tfltg
cgrjf on `ltnrfhh`øl f j` nltnlonr ns
pgonjgs
nk
onh`r qun
j`sjg
nx`stnl
culh`glfj`nltg
on
hkfsn,
fk
puns
kf
fht`v`ofonss qun fht`v`ofon lg sn `lhkuynl nl
`r jgv`àlogsn
gtrg t`pg on
k`d k`drnj rnjnl nltn tn f ttrfv rfvàs às on
nouhfh`øl y qun
nkkf,
ondnl
sgl sgl
rnspntfr nspfh`g on kgs
prgjgvnogrfs
onjæs, nspnrfr turlgs f kf b bg grf on usfr kgs jftnr`fkns, nth
_fjd`àl
fk
nstfr
jnzhkfofs kfs nofons, kgs jfygrns fyuofl f kg kgss jæ jæss pn pnqu qunö nögs gs kg hufk ns pfrtn on kf `l `ltn tnrf rfhh hh`ø `øl, l, tflt tfltg g kf
on hglouhtfs sgh`fkns.
fyuof fyuo f qun sn prn prnstf stfl, l, hgjg nk jgonkg qun ns nk l`ög jæs jfygr pfrf nk l` l`ög ög jæs pnqun pnqunög ög.. Nl
Kf
jnzhkf
on nofons ns prgp`g y hfrfhtnrêst`hg on kfs nshunkfs Jgltnssgr`. Lg ns nshunkf Jgltnssgr` s` lg bfy jnzhkf on nofons. Nl Jgltnssgr` sn
Jgltnssgr`,
sn
onc`nlon nstn
jnzh jn zhkf kfl l kf kfss nofo nofons ns
bnhbg puns sn
pgrq pgrqun un sn hg hgls ls`o `onr nrf f
hgls`onrf qun nl
qun kgs l`ögs nstæl nl
nk prghnsg nl qun
ul pnr`gog on jfournz
kgs jfygrns
qun lg ns jfrhfo rhfog g
nlsnöfl
tfltg pgr kf nofo.
kgs pnqunögs,
f
sn fprnlon juhbg y bfy tfjd`àl juhbg on sgh`fk nl nkkg. Kgs l`ögs
v`vnl
ulf rnfk`ofo nl kf nshunkf jæs hnrhflf
^lg
on
kgs
f kf v`of j`sjf
l`ögs
hgj`nlzf f auefr hgl
puns nl kf v`of
kf tgrr tgrrn n rg rgsf sf,, y hgjg hgjg
nx`stn jnzhkf on
lg kf bfhêf on cgrjf
nofons y lg lgs
hgrrnhtf sn kn hfêf y lg
nlhgltrfjgs
nrf hfpfz on hglsneu`r
kfs
tnrj`lfr
kf
o`v`s`glns
tgrrn,
huflog sn hflsø sn
têp`hfs pgr
o`r`e`ø f kgs dkgquns on
nofo on
jfonrf y vgkv`ø f
kfs nshunkfs trfo`h`glfkns.
gh ghur urr` r`rr kg j` j`sj sjg, g, lg nrf hfpfz on hglstru`r kf nshfknrf
qun
^lf
on
kfs
sn
hfrfhtnrê hfrf htnrêst`hf st`hfss on
nspnrfdf
kgs jftnr`fkns
qun hglstruynrf y qun àk bfdêf v`stg hglstru`r f gtrg gtrgss
Jglt Jg ltns nssg sgr` r` ns nk hgltrg hgl trgkk onk onk nrr nrrgr, gr,
l`ö l`ögs gs ns onh` onh`r, r, nk l`ög l`ög
jæs
lg
lnhns`tf
jfygrns.
jfnstrg
fk pfrf
fprnlonr, j`sj j`sjg g
nk jf jftn tnr` r`fk fk
kns nlsn lsnöf qun lg
Jfrtns
45 on
lgv`njdrn on 4=64
Fhh`glns gdsnrvfofs
kg
nstæl
bfh`nlog d`nl. Flæk`s`s nl nl nk nk j jffrhg on rncnrnlh`f
on kf
pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr`.
Nk
oêf
hgjnlzø
on
Nl
ulg
on
kgs
Nl Jglt Jgltnssg nssgr` r` lg
jgjn jg jnlt ltgs gs ul ulf f euêf euêf
t` t`n nln
ogs
o`g ulf knhh`øl f ulf
knhh`øl knhh `øl jfe` jfe`strfk strfk
kf
on kfs l`öfs, on cgrjf
on
`lo` lo`v` v`o oufk fk..
nshunkf
j`sjf cgrjf qun nk oêf ulg. Kgs l` l`ög ögss pf pfsf sfl l f kf
Kf
l`ö l`öf
nstfdf `ltnltflog
nshr`d`r
hfd hfd`of kf kf
trfo`h`glfk punstg qun fk hgls`onrfr
pnrg ons`stêf sneñl j`
qun
hfof
gp`l`øl
kn
kknvf nvf
su prgp prgp``g
rnsuk rns uktfd tfdf f juy o`cêh` o`cêh`k.k.
r`tjg
on
jgvnrs jgv nrsn n pgr nkk nkkf f
Jæs
fprnlo`zfan,
lg
pfrf njpnzfr hgl
nl hglvnrsfh`øl hglvnrsfh`øl hgl kf
kf fh fht`t`v` v`of ofo o hfof hfof
euêf sn hkfr`c`hø nk
ulg
suhnsg, y sn puog
hkfsn
y
hgj`nlzfl
f
nl
nk
tfron
sfdnr
jgjnltg onh`on.
qun Kfs
gdsnrvfh`glns onk oêf
kfs
rne`strfjgs onltrg
on
pgrqun
qun
kkn knvvfd fdf f
kf
l`öf
vf vfr` r`g gs
oêfs êfs
`ltnltfl `ltn ltflog og nshr nshr`d`r `d`r pgr pgr nkkf j`sjf s`l kgerfrkg, pgr kg qun kf euêf nstfdf ftnltf f qun kf fyuof cunrf sgk`h`tfof
fhh`glns
pgr
gdsnrvfofs.
gcrn gcrnhn hnrr nstf nstf knhh knhh`ø `øl l
kf
`lo`v`oufk.
l`öf,
pfrf
l`ög
t`nln snlt`og fsê, fsê,
bfhnrkg
pgr n nsg sg,, kkf f
euêf bf on nstfr ftnltf y prgp rgpgrh` rh`glfr
f
hfof hfof l`ög l`ög kg qun qun lnhns`tf
nl
nk
jgjnltg qun kg lnhns`tf.
Nstn
bnhbg jæs tfron, kg trft trftà à ul pg pghhg jæs f cglog hgl kf euêf pgr kf o`c`hu o`c`huktf ktfo o qun qun nl j` gp`l`øl nltrföf kknefr f rnfk`zfr ul trftfj`nltg `lo`v`oufk`zfog f nstn l`vnk, pnrg nkkf jn fhkfrø qun fk hglc`fr
nl nk pgtnlh`fk onk l`ög, nkkfs sfdnl qun nk l`ög
kknefræ
f gdtnlnr kgs rnsuktfogs qun sn nspnrfl, qun sgkg
ns
hunst`øl
on
t`njpg
y
pfh`nl pfh `nlh`f h`f qun qun nk l`ög kg kgern. J`àrhgkns
42
Fhh`glns gdsnrvfofs
Flæk`s`s nl nk jfrhg on
on lgv`njdrn on 4=64
rncnrnlh`f
on
kf
pnofegeêf Jgltnssgr`
Nk oêf 8 hgj`nlzf
F kf bgrf onk hgj hgjnogr nogr
Nl
nstn
bnhbg
kkn kkneø eø ulf fdu fdunk nkf f qun qun
vnjgs hgjg kf
kgs
nstfdf `lv`tfof nsn oêf
lunv lunvf f v` v`s` s`øl øl onk onk
onjæs onj æs pn pngr gr nstn nstn
f hgjnr. Xn kn pusg ul
l`ög
pkftg pkf tg nl ulf jns jnsf f on
Jgltnssgr`
ulgs l`ögs y pfrt`h`pø
oncnlo`ø
on kf fht` fht`v` v`of ofo o hgjg hgjg
(
oêf qun sn kn `lv`tf f ul fouktg
ulf jæs. Kfs euêfs
`lcf `lcflh lh`f `f))
tfjd`àl
jfl`c`nstf.
f hgjnr nl nk
nltrn ltrn kgs l`ögs f kf
euêfss y hufk euêf hufkqu` qu`nr nr
hgjn hg jnog ogrr hgl hgl kgs kgs
bgrf onk hgjnogr.
fouktg qun kknef fk
on cgrjf oêf
kf
j`sjf qun
bfy
ulf
sfkv sf kvn nof ofo. o. Ns nk
l`ögs.
sn
s`nltfl
qun
rn`v`lo`hø
kf
quno qunof f Kfs
hnltrg nl hfk`ofo on
gdsnrvfogr,
hgjg hgjg cun nk hfs hfsg g on kf fdunkf, g nk jêg
j`sjg,
onaf onaf nv`o nv`onltn nltn qun nk l`ög ns hgls`onrfog hgls`onr fog hg hgjg jg ul `eufk fk fouktg. Lg
nx`stn
ul
fpfrtfog fpfr tfog nspn nspnh`f h`fkk onltrg on kf sfkf pfrf pfrf qun qun hgjf hgjfl l kgs
prgcn rgcnsg sgrn rns, s,
hgjg ghurrn nl gtrfs nshunkfs.
FLNRG @@1 NL_TNS@X_F F ^LF OGHNL_N G E^ÊF JGL_NXXGT@ NL_TNS@X_F F ^LF OGHNL_N (E^ÊF)
·Højg hglgh`stn nk julog Jgltnssgr`7
Dunlg, yg s`njprn bn snlt`og ul prgculog fjgr pgr kgs l`ögs, y onson j` nshgkfr`zfh`øl bn v`stg qun bfdêf juy pghg fjgr y rnspntg nl kfs nshunkfs bfh`f nkkgs, pgr kg qun jæs fonkfltn, yf on fouktf vnêf qun sn prgvghfdf s`l qunrnr ul ncnhtg onvfstfogr nl sus v`ofs. ^l oêf nl nk hgkne`g oglon trfdfafdf ulf on j`s têfs nstflog nl kf d`dk`gtnhf nkkf jn o`ø ul k`drg. Nrf kf jnltn fdsgrdnltn on Jgltnssgr` y nl nsn jgjnltg qunoà cfsh`lfof y njpnhà f fdsgrdnr tgog kg qun hfêf nl j`s jflgs on julog Jgltnssgr`.
·Oølon tn cgrjfstn hgjg euêf Jgltnssgr`7
]frf bf ]frf bfhn hnrr ul ulf f nspn nspnh` h`fk fk`z `zfh fh`ø `øl l nl euêf euêf Jglt Jgltns nssg sgr` r`,, ln lnhn hns` s`tf tfss ul erfo erfog g ul`vnrs`tfr`g pr`jnrg. ]nrsglfkjnltn, v`fan f Kglorns y fkkê nstuvn bfh`nlog ul hursg `ltnls`vg on ul fög. Nk hursg tnlêf ulf pfrtn on fprnlo`zfan gdsnrvflog y gtrf pfrtn oglon præht`hfs kf tàhl`hf. J`nltrfs nstædfjgs nl kfs præht`hfs, bfdêf bfd êf jgjnlt jgjnltgs gs nl qun àrfjgs àrfjgs gds gdsnrv nrvfo fofs fs pgr nxp nxpnrt nrtgs gs qun qun nvf nvfkuf kufrêf rêfl l lunstrf fhtufh`øl pfrf vnr s` gdtnlêfjgs nk têtukg on euêf Jgltnssgr`. Hfof ogs fögs, nl kf nshunkf v`nlnl nstgs gdsnrvfogrns yf qun àstn têtukg lg ns pfrf s`njprn, s`lg qun t`nlns qun `r pfsflog nstfs nvfkufh`glns pfrf rnvfk`ofrkg. Ofof kf `jpgrtflh`f qun sneñl nk s`stnjf Jgltnssgr` t`nln nk fjd`nltn nl kf cg cgrj rjfh fh`ø `øl l on kg kgss l`ög l`ögs, s,· · lgs lgs pg pgor orêf êfss hg hgjn jnlt ltfr fr hø højg jg prnp prnpfr frfs fs tñ ns nstn tn fjd`nltn7 Dunlg nl Jgltnssgr`, nk fjd`nltn ns ul nknjnltg juy `jpgrtfltn. Lg bfy pftrglns nxfhtgs y hglhrntgs on højg sn bfhn puns hgjg Jgltnssgr` j`sjg o`ag, nk fjd`nltn bf on snr hrnfog pgr hfof ulf on kfs jfnstrfs. Hfof fjd`nltn ns ñl`hg n `rrnpnt`dkn pgrqun hfof euêf kg ns y t`nln su prgp`f cgrjf on fhtufr y on nltnlonr pfrf cfh`k`tfr nk prgernsg on kgs l`ögs.
·Højg prnsnltfs nk jftnr`fk f kgs l`ögs7
Kf prnsnltfh`øl ns on cgrjf `lo`v`oufk. Fquê tfjd`àl hfof euêf kg bfhn on ulf cgrjf pnrsglfk.on lgrjfk, yg bfeg ulf onjgstrfh`øl v`sufk pfrf qun vnfl højg culh`glf y kuneg kn gcrnzhg nk jftnr`fk pfrf qun prundnl nkkgs. Fk pr`lh`p`g kgs l`ögs lg sfdnl y bfy qun nlsnöfrkns oølon y højg eufrofr nk jftnr`fk.
·Vuà ghurrn s` ul l`ög lg trfdfaf kgs jftnr`fkns hgrrnspglo`nltns f ul ærnf hurr`hukfr7
Dunlg, lgsgtrgs hglc`fjgs nl nk l`ög. X` lg kf tghfl , nspnrfjgs f qun qu`nrf tghfrkg, pgrqun hglc`fjgs nl qun ns hunst`øl on t`njpg qun kg bfef y s` lg kg bfhn ns pgrqun lg nstf prnpfrfog.
·Vuà ns y højg rnkknlfs kf bgaf on hgltrgk7
Dunlg, nstf bgaf sn pkfltnf nl dfsn f kg qun hfof l`ög vf lnhns`tflog. ]gr nanjpkg lgsgtrgs sfdnjgs qun kf o`shr`j`lfh`øl onk tfjfög sn of fltns qun kf o`shr`j`lfh`øl onk pnsg y nstg qunof fsê pkfl`c`hfog. ]nrg s` lgtfs qun kf `lqu`ntuo onk l`ög vf pgr gtrg kfog, kg flgtfs y hfjd`fs kf o`rnhh`øl
·Højg nvfkuæ`s f kgs l`ögs nl nk julog Jgltnssgr`7
Dunlg, nl rnfk`ofo fquê lg nx`stn kf nvfkufh`øl. Xn bfhn ulf rnv`s`øl hgl kgs pforns f l`vnk on jgtr`h`ofo, nk ærnf sgh`fk, njgh`glfk, sn tghfl tgofs kfs ærnfs onk onsfrrgkkg onk l`ög. Ns ulf nvfkufh`øl ekgdfk`zfogrf y søkg huflog tnrj`lfl kgs 3 fögs, y vfl f gtrg hgkn, sn bfhn ul rnpgrtn on kg qun nk l`ög bf kgerfog. ]gr nanjpkg1 sn o`hn qun nk l`ög ns sgh`fdkn, qun fyuof f kgs onjæs, rnspglon fk fouktg huflog sn kn p`on fkeg, hglghn kgs pfêsns on Nurgpf, nth
Lg sn of ulf hfk`c`hfh`øl lujàr`hf, pgrqun nl nk julog Jgltnssgr` pnlsfjgs qun s` nk l`ög lg sfdn fkeg, nl hufkqu`nr jgjnltg on kf v`of kg punon fprnlonr.
·Vuà rnkfh`øl bfy nltrn nk hnltrg y kfs cfj`k`fs7
Dunlg nkkgs hgkfdgrfl on cgrjf fht`vf. _gogs aultgs cgrjfjgs ulf erfl cfj`k`f y nkkgs bfl hrnfog ul hgj`tà on jñs`hf, gtrg on sneur`ofo n b`e`nln, nk on fpgyg f kf d`dk`gtnhf, fkeulgs oêfs sn kns pnrj`tn nltrfr y hgjnl fquê hgl lgsg lg sgtr trf fs y kg kgss l`ö `ög gs, hgkf kfd dgr grfl fl fht` fht`vvfj fjn nltn ltn nl nk jf jfl ltnl tnl`j `j`n `nl ltg y hglsnrvfh`øl onk hnltrg. Bfy bgrfr`gs oglon punonl vnl`r f gdsnrvfr, sn punonl fpultfr f tgjfr hfcà hgl kf o`rnhtgrf. _gogs lgs snlt`jgs pfrtn on ul prgynhtg nl nk qun kgs erflons prgtfegl`stfs sgl sus b`ags.
Nl tu gp`l`øl, ·hglghnl kgs pforns kf jntgogkgeêf Jgltnssgr`7
Xê. Kf jfyg jfygrêf rêf on kgs pforns hglghnl hglghnl nk s`st s`stnjf njf Jgltnss Jgltnssgr` gr` y kg nk`enl sgdrn tgog pgrqun kns kkfjf juhbg kf ftnlh`øl kf futgo`sh`pk`lf, nk jgv`j`nltg k`drn, onsfrrgkkfr kf hfpfh`ofo on onh`o`r, nk qun pgtnlh`f kf nxpkgrfh`øl pnrg on cgrjf gronlfof, y tfjd`àl kf `ltnrfhh`øl sgh`fk qun bfy nltrn kgs l`ögs on cgrjf nspgltælnf y lfturfk.
·_nlà` ·_nl à`ss hglg hglgh` h`j` j`nl nltg tg on hø højg jg rn rnfh fhh` h`gl glfl fl kg kgss l` l`ög ögss on vu vuns nstr trf f nshu ns hunk nkf f qun qun sn `lhg `lhgrp rpgr grfl fl nl pr pr`j `jfr fr`f `f f ul hn hnlt ltrg rg qu qun n lg ns Jgltnssgr`7
Dunlg lunstrgs l`ögs kknvfl dfsn søk`of sgh`fk y fhfoàj`hf. Hglc`fjgs nl nkkgs. X` vfl f ul hnltrg oglon sn kns rnstr`len juhbg f kg qun o`hn kf jfnstrf qu`zæs sn fdurrfl ul pghg, pnrg hgl kg v`v`og, p`nlsg qun t`nlnl rnhursgs pfrf fcrgltfrkg
·Vuà hrnns qun ns kg jæs `jpgrtfltn qun ulf nshunkf Jgltnssgr` kns punon gcrnhnr f sus fkujlgs7
Dunlg Dun lg,, nl Jgl Jgltns tnssgr sgr`` lg lgss hn hnltr ltrfjg fjgss nl prg prgpgr pgrh`g h`glf lfrkn rknss f kgs l`ögs l`ögs ulf nouhfh`øl pfrf kf v`of. Lg sn trftf on kknlfr su hfdnzf sgkg on hglgh`j`nltgs tnør`hgs y fhfoàj`hgs s`lg qun nkkgs foqu`nrfl kfs bfd`k`ofons qun kuneg vfl f lnhns`tfr pfrf nlcrnltfrsn nl kf v`of f tgog t`pg on hunst`glns.
FLNRG @@@1 NL_TNS@X_F F ^LF CFJ@K@F NL_TNS@X_F F KGX ]FOTNX1
·Hglghêf`s kfs nshunkfs Jgltnssgr` fltns on tnlnr b`ags7
·Højg kfs hglgh`stn`s7
Lg
Dunlg, huflog kkneø nk jgjnltg on kknvfr f kf eufronrêf f lunstrg b`ag, njpnzfjgs f hglghnr hnltrgs y v`jgs qun hfs` tgogs nkkgs hg`lh`oêfl nl qun kgs l`ögs nstfdf fkkê hgjg fpfrhfogs. Ftnlo`ogs cês`hfjnltn, pnrg lg sn kn ft`nlon nl l`leñl gtrg fspnhtg jæs, fsê qun onh`o`jgs j`rfr gtrfs gph`glns y dushfjgs pgr `ltnrlnt f vnr quà jæs gph`glns bfdêf y fsê cun hgjg nltrfjgs nl hgltfhtg hgl nstf nshunkf.
·]gr quà onh`o`stn`s nshgkfr`zfr f vunstrg b`ag/f nl nstf nshunkf, quà lgtfstn`s on o`cnrnltn7
Dunlg, gcrnhn hgjg yf bn o`hbg fkeg jæs. Lunstrg l`ög `df f nstfr cês`hfjnltn ftnlo`og y fonjæs sn lgs gcrnh`ø ulf prgpunstf hgbnrnltn y hgl snlt`og fhnrhf on kf nlsnöflzf qun `df f rnh`d`r y hgjg kf `df f rnh`d`r. Nl kf v`s`tf pr`jnrf qun b`h`jgs fk hnltrg, v`jgs qun kg qun lgs onhêfl culh`glfdf pgrqun nstfdf culh`glflog nl kgs l`ögs yf nstfdf fkkê nl kf nshunkf. Lgs o`g hglc`flzf kf o`rnhtgrf qun trflsj`têf hglc`flzf y sneur`ofo nl nk pkfl, y kgs l`ögs qun sgl nk nanjpkg on qun culh`glf.
·_`nlns gtrg/s b`ag/f qun bfyfl `og f gtrg t`pg on nshunkf g fj`egs on tu b`ag qun vfyfl f gtrf nshunkf7
Lunstrgs sgdr`lgs vfl f ulf nshunkf lgrjfk
·Gdsnrvfs fkeulf o`cnrnlh`f7·]gorêfs nlujnrfr fkeulfs7
Bfy juhbfs o`cnrnlh`fs, nl hufltg f k`drgs on tnxtg, qun fquê lg tnlnjgs, nl hufltg f kfs tfrnfs nl hufltg f kgs nxæjnlns, nl nk hgjpgrtfj`nltg on kgs l`ögs, nl kf `l`h`ft`vf n `lhkusg jn ftrnvnrêf f onh`r nl hufltg fk j`nog.
]gorêfs hgjnltfrjn fkeg jæs sgdrn nk tnjf on kgs k`drgs on tnxtg7 Nl j` gp`l`øl kgs k`drgs on tnxtg, sgl juy vfkgrfogs pgr kgs pforns.
Dunlg hrng qun nstæl sgdrnvfkgrfogs pgr onshglgh`j`nltg. Nl kf nshunkf sn lgs bf nxpk`hfog højg fprnlonl kgs l`ögs nl k`dnrtfo y højg fprnlonl hglhn hgl hnptg ptgss fds fdstrf trfhtg htgss on cgrjf cgrjf nx nxpnr pnr`jn `jnltf ltfkk nl hgl hgltfh tfhtg tg hgl s`t s`tuf ufh`g h`glns lns prgp`h`fofs pgr nk fjd`nltn, fsê qun s` yf fprnlon on nstf cgrjf pfrf quà ul k`drg on tnxtg qun fonjæs ns k`j`tfltn7
·Vuà gp`læ`s sgdrn kf nvfkufh`øl nl Jgltnssgr`7 Fquê tfjd`àl bfy o`cnrnlh`fs f kg qun sgknjgs nstfr fhgstujdrfogs. Nl kf nshu ns hunk nkf f Jg Jglt ltns nssg sgr` r` lg bfy bfy nxæj nxæjnl nlns ns l` nv nvfk fkuf ufh` h`gl glns ns on onkk t`pg t`pg on gtrf gtrfss nshunkfs. _nlnjgs ulf rnul`øl fk tr`jnstrn hgl kf jfnstrf y nkkf sfhf fkkê su hufonrlg on hkfsn qun ns oglon f o`fr`g fpultf nk prgernsg on kgs l`ögs y hgjnltfjgs nstg nl kf rnul`øl. Nl j` gp`l`øl nstf cgrjf ns jæs pgs`t`vf pfrf lunstrg b`ag pgrqun lg t`nln qun pfsfr pgr kf fls`nofo on ulf s`tufh`øl on nxfjnl l` t`nln qun onjgstrfrkn lfof f lfo`n. Fonjæs hgjg vnjgs vnjgs qun rnfkjnltn prgern prgernsf, sf, nstfjgs hgltnltgs. hgltnltgs.
·Vuà ondnrns kknvf pfrf hfsf7 Anananan-………kgs ondnrns qun kknvf pfrf hfsf sgl supnr o`vnrt`ogs y pgonjgs hgkfdgrfr nl cfj`k`f, s`l lnhns`ofo on qun bfyf tnls`øl pgr rnsuktfrkns o`cêh`kns, pnsfogs g fdurr`ogs. ]gr nanjpkg, kf snjflf pfsfof kgs ondnrns cunrgl nkne`r nltrn `r fk zgg nl cfj`k`f, `r f vnr ul pfrt`og on cutdgk, `r f ul hglh`nrtg on jñs`hf hkæs`hf g vnr ulf gdrf on tnftrg y kuneg bfdkfr ul rftg sgdrn kf nxpnr`nlh`f…. Kf hkfsn t`nln ulf d`dk`gtnhf y kgs k`drgs t`nlnl su s`t`g y su `jpgrtflh`f, pnrg kf fht`v`ofo onk l`ög ns jæs fjpk`f y lg e`rf fkrnonogr on ul k`drg on tnxtg.
·Hrnns qun tu b`ag nstæ fprnlo`nlog nl kf nshunkf7
Juhbg. Ns ul fprnlo`zfan jæs fjpk`g qun nl hufkqu`nr gtrg s`t`g, fprnlon f l`vnk fhfoàj`hg y fprnlon pfrf kf v`of j`sjf hgsf qun gtrfs nshunkfs lg ofl
·_n `jpk`hfs nl pfrt`h`pfr nl kf nshunkf on tu b`ag7 X` ·Vuà bfhns7 Dunlg puns nstfjgs hgkfdgrflog nl kf c`nstf on lfv`ofo onk hgkn, bnjgs bnhb bn hbg g ul jnrh jnrhfo fo`kk `kkg g on hgsf hgsfss pf pfrf rf vnlo vnlonr nr pf pfrf rf rnhg rnhgen enrr o` o`ln lnrg rg pf pfrf rf kf fjpk`fh`øl on kf d`dk`gtnhf…..
·Hglghns f tgogs kgs fouktgs qun fhgjpföfl f tu b`ag nl nk oêf f oêf nl kf nshunkf g søkg fk tutgr7 F tgog nk julog. Nstg ns hgjg ulf erfl cfj`k`f. Xgl kfs prgcns, pnrg tfjd`àl lunstrfs fj`efs y kfs fj`efs on lunstrgs b`ags y v`vnl pfrf fyuofrlgs nl kf o`cê o`cêh` h`kk tf tfrn rnf f on hg hglo louh uh`r `r f luns lunstr trgs gs b`ag b`agss pg pgrr ns nstn tn ju julo log g on ul ulf f cgrj cgrjf f jfrfv`kkgsf y hgl juhbfs efrfltêfs on àx`tg.
