Trabajo (Frenos y Embragues)

 

NJY@ÑL N@ EAQPJKAY

NJY@ÑL N@ YJY^@EAY N@ DS@KLY Z @ECSAOP@Y

J] Y@E

PKJT@SYJNAN WLK^JDJIJA CLFJTASJAKA DAIPF^AN N@ JKO@KJ@SJA E@IÁKJIA

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JKNJI@ 1. NJY@ÑL N@ YJY^@EAY N@ DS@KLY Z @ECSAOP@Y…………………… @ECSAOP@Y……………………….9 ….9 1.1 JK^SLNPIIÅLK………… JK^SLNPIIÅLK……………………………………… …………………………………...……… ……...……… …………9 1.3 ILKYJN@SAIJLK@Y N@ @Y^Á^JIA……………………………………… @Y^Á^JIA………………………………………….. ….. 9 1.9 ILKYJN@SAIJLK@Y N@ @K@SOÅA………………… @K@SOÅA……………………………………………. ………………………….0 0 1.> @ECSAOP@Y Z DS@KLY ILK XAWA^AY JK^@SJLS@Y……………………4 JK^@SJLS@Y……………………4 1.0 @ECSAOP@Y Z DS@KLY N@ ^AECLS ILK XAWA^AY @]^@SJLS@Y…..: 1.4 @ECSAOP@Y Z DS@KLY N@ IJK^A L CAKNA……………………………...13 CAKNA……………………………...13 1.? @ECSAOP@Y IÙKJILY N@ AIIJÙK A]JAF……………………………… A]JAF…………………………………1> …1> 1.?.1 @ecraou` ku`vl8 njstrjcuijùk n` pr`sjlk`s ukjdlre`………………………1> 1.?.3 @ecraou` usanl8 us anl8 n`soast` ukjdlre`…………………………………………10 1.= @ECSAOP@ N@ NJYIL N@ AIIJÙK A]JAF…………………………………..14 1.=.1 @ecraou` ku`vl8 njstrjcuijùk ukjdlre`…………………………………...….1? ukjdlre`…………………………………...….1? 1.=.3 @ecraou` usanl8 us anl8 n`soast` ukjdlre`…………………………………………1= 1.: @F@TAIJÙK N@ FA ^@EW@SA^PSA…………………… ^@EW@SA^PSA…………………………………………..1: ……………………..1: 1.17 EA^@SJAF@Y N@ DSJIIJÙK…………………………………………… DSJIIJÙK…………………………………………….…….1: .…….1: 1.11 @H@SIJIJLY N@ DS@KLY Z @ECSAOP@Y…………………………………37 @ECSAOP@Y…………………………………37 1.13 @H@EWFLY N@ DS@KLY Z @ECSAOP@Y…………………………………...33 @ECSAOP@Y…………………………………...33 ILKIFPYJÙK CJCFJLOSADÅA

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 NJY@ÑL N@ YJY^@EAY N@ DS@KLY Z @ECSAOP@Y 1.1 JK^SLNPIIJÙK Ylk `f`e`ktls r`faijlkanls r`faijlkanls ilk `f elvje elvjej`ktl j`ktl n` rltaij rltaijùk8 ùk8 traksejtj traksejtjrr l acslrc` acslrc`r  r  `k`roåa e`iákjia n` rltaijùk. @k `f ele`ktl n`f `ecraou` nls easas qu` `sták ojraknl a njstjktas v`flijnan`s s` jkt`ktak ff`var a fa ejsea v`flijnan (`k `f iasl n`f dr`kl uka n` `ffas tj`k` v`flijnan i`rl). Y` prlnui` uk n`sfjzaej`ktl r`fatjvl, may rlzaej`ktl ilk o`k`raijùk n` iaflr ` jkir`e`ktl n` t`ep`ratura (T`r djoura sjouj`kt`).

@f akáfjsjs n` dukijlkaej`ktl jkifuy` `f `stunjl n` fa du`rza `h`rijna, n`f par n` rlzaej`ktl, n` fa `k`roåa p`rnjna y n`f aue`ktl n` fa t`ep`ratura. @f par n` rlzaej`ktl n`p`kn` n`8   ‸ Fa ddu u`rza ` `hh`ri rijjna. ‸ @f il`d il`dji jij` j`kt kt` ` n` rl rlza zaej ej`k `ktl tl.. ‸ Fa o o`l `le` e`tr tråa åa n n` ` fa fass su sup` p`rd rdji jij` j`s. s. @f eêtlnl n` akáfjsjs n` tlnls fls tjpls n` `ecraou`s y dr`kls n` drjiijùk `s8 a. Yuplk` Yuplk`rr fa njst njstrjcuij rjcuijùk ùk n` pr`sj pr`sjlk`s lk`s slcr slcr` ` fas sup sup`rdjij `rdjij`s `s n` drj drjiijùk. iijùk. c. N` N`t` t`re rejk jkar ar fa r`fa r`faij ijùk ùk `ktr `ktr` ` fa pr`s pr`sjù jùk k eá eáxj xjea ea y fa pr`s pr`sjù jùk k `k uk puktl puktl iuafquj`ra. i. Ap Apfjfjia iarr fa fass `i `iuai uaijl jlk`s k`s n` `q `quj ujfjfjcrj crjl l `stá `státjtjil il pa para ra n` n`t` t`re rejk jkar ar fa du`rz du`rza a aituakt`, `f par n` tlrsjùk y fas r`aiijlk`s `k aplyls. 1.3 ILKYJN@SAIJLK@Y N@ @Y^Á^JIA Y`a fa zapata n` fa djoura artjiufana `k uk puktl djhl C, n` ilrta flkojtun. Fa du`rza D pr`sjlka `f eat`rjaf n` drjiijùk, iuya ár`a `s A, slcr` uka sup`rdjij` pfaka qu` `stá `k elvjej`ktl2 d `s `f il`djij`kt` n` drjiijùk.

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Yjouj`knl fls pasls akt`s `kukijanls para `f akáfjsjs a, c y i8 a. ilel fa zzapata apata `s iilrta lrta supl suplk`els k`els uk uka a pr`sjù pr`sjùk k ukjdlre ukjdlre`e`kt `e`kt` ` njstrj njstrjcujna cujna slcr` fa sup`rdjij` n` drjiijùk. c. ffaea ffaeaknl knl K a fa du du`rza `rza klre klreaf af af pfa pfakl kl `k elvje elvjej`ktl j`ktl,, t`kj` t`kj`knl knl `k iu` iu`kta kta fa mjpùt`sjs qu` s` ma m`iml `k a, s` iafiufa fa pr`sjùk eáxjea y fa pr`sjùk `k uk puktl iuafquj`ra (qu` `k `st` iasl iljkijn`k)8

i. par para a `f iáfiufl iáfiu fl n` fa du`r du`rza za K s` pfa pfakt` kt`a a `f `qujf `qujfjcr jcrjl jl n` fls `f` `f`e`k e`ktls tls n`f dr`kl (v`r djoura).

@k fa artjiufaijùk8 Z plr taktl,

∑ E  5∓ Kc + Dc + dKa 57

 D 5

7

 pA ( c∓ da ) c

@sta `iuaijùk r`faijlka D y p, amlra cj`k sj c5d.a `ktlki`s D57. Y` prlnui` uk d`kùe`kl n` autlt autltracanl racanl n`f dr`kl. Wlr fl o`k`raf kl jkt`r`sa `st` `d`itl y s` su`f` ilo`r d'57,?0 a 7,= n`f vaflr n` d "autltracakt`". >

 

Wu`n`k maffars` taecjêk fas r`aiijlk`s `k fa artjiufaijùk8

 Akafjzaknl `st` iasl s` pu`n`k mai`r nls ile`ktarjls8 ‸

‸

r`sp`itl af usl n`f eat`rjaf n` drjiijùk8   p `s ilkstakt`, fu`ol sj s` quj`r` mai`r uk aprlv`imaej`ktl eáxjel n`f eat`rjaf n` drjiijùk s` iafiufará para qu` p5peax. sj c5d.a, s` prlnui` dr`kanl aukqu` fa du`rza D57, s` macfa n` autltracanl.

1.9 ILKYJN@SAIJLK@Y N@ @K@SOÅA Iuaknl s` n`tj`k`k fls `f`e`ktls rltatlrjls n` uka eáqujka ilk uk dr`kl, êst` n`c` acslrc`r fa `k`roåa ijkêtjia n` rltaijùk (iaflr). N` jouaf dlrea nurakt` uk n`sfjzaej`ktl `f `ecraou` acslrc` `k`roåa (iaflr). Fa iapaijnan n` uk `ecraou` (l dr`kl) `stá fjejtana plr8   ‸ ‸

iarait`råstjias n`f eat`rjaf drjiijùk. iapaijnan n` njsjpaijùk n` n` iaflr2 sj `f iaflr s` o`k`ra eás rápjnl n` fl qu` s` njsjpa (N`fta ^`ep`ratura).

Wara t`k`r uka jn`a n` fl qu` sui`n` `k uk `ecraou` l dr`kl, ilksjn`r`els uk eln`fl eat`eátjil8 ^ `s `f ele`ktl apfjianl plr `f `ecraou` qu` s` suplk` ilkstakt`, fls `h`s slk råojnls, ϊ1 y ϊ3 slk fas v`flijnan`s jkjijaf`s (T`r djoura).

Jkt`oraknl fas nls `iuaijlk`s akt`rjlr`s8

Fa v`flijnan r`fatjva8 0

 

N` fa `iuaijùk akt`rjlr s` pu`n` n`nuijr `f tj`epl t1 para `f qu` s` prlnui` fa jouafnan n` v`flijnan`s8

Wu`n` maffars` taecjêk fa plt`kija qu` s` `stá njsjpaknl `k dukijùk n` t8  

@sta plt`kija `s para t57 (hustl `k `fiafiufar ele`ktl `k `f qu` s`njsjpana8 prlnui` `f `ecraouanl). Fa eáxjea `xpr`sjùk akt`rjlr p`rejt` fa `k`roåa tltaf

N`f akáfjsjs n` fa `iuaijùk akt`rjlr s` n`nui` dáijfe`kt` qu` fa `k`roåa tltaf njsjpana, @, `s jkn`p`knj`kt` n`f ele`ktl l par n` t`ksjùk n`f `ecraou` y prlplrijlkaf af iuanranl n` fa njd`r`kija n` v`flijnan`s. 1.> @ECSAOP@Y Z DS@KLY ILK XAWA^AY JK^@SJLS@Y @k `st` iasl s` pr`t`kn` `stunjar `f dr`kl n` fa djoura n`sirjta a ilktjkuaijùk, sjouj`knl fls ejsels pasls qu` `k `f apartanl akt`rjlr. a. Xapat Xapata a faroa8 fa njstrjcuijùk n` fas du`rzas klreaf`s kl pu`n` suplk`rs`

ilkstakt`. Y` mai` fa mjpùt`sjs n` qu` fa pr`sjùk p `k uk puktl n`djkjnl plr  í `s prlplrijlkaf a fa aftura slcr` `f puktl n` fa artjiufaijùk. c. n` fa mjpùt`sjs a) s` n`nui` plr taktl qu` fa pr`sjùk p, `k uk puktl

iuafqu iua fquj`ra j`ra n`dj kjnl l plr eáxjea, pa,n`djkjn n`djkjnl plr ,a8s` pu`n` r`faijlkar ilk `f puktl n` pr`sjùk 4

 

Fa pr`sjùk pr`sjùk eáx eáxjea jea s` prl prlnuij nuijrá rá a5:7 a5:7¸¸ (`k iasl n` qu` `f eat`rjaf n` drjiijùk ff`ou` masta `st` puktl) y fa pr`sjùk `s i`rl para  57. Pk cu`k njs`ñl n` zapata plr taktl ilki`ktraråa eás eat`rjaf n` drjiijùk nlkn` may eás pr`sjùk, y fl lejtjråa `k `f tafùk ( 57).

i. sj`knl c `f akiml n` fa zapata, s` n`t`rejkará fa du`rza D e`njakt` fa

ilknjijùk ∑EA57. Y` pfakt`a `f `qujfjcrjl sacj`knl qu`8

 

Ffaeaknl E d  af  af ele`ktl n` fas du`rzas n` drjiijùk, y E K af ele`ktl n` fas du`rzas klreaf`s8

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Y` iafiufak a ilktjkuaijùk E d y EK8  \ Ed (ele`ktl n` du`rzas n` drjiijùk)

Fa `iuaijùk s` jkt`orará `ktr` 1 y 3, puktls `ktr` fls qu` s` `kiu`ktra `f eat`rjaf n` drjiijùk8

  Z plr fl taktl,

 \ EK (ele`ktl n` du`rzas klreaf`s)

Z plr fl taktl,

Tlfvj`knl n` ku`vl a fa `iuaijùk `k fa qu` D s` r`faijlka ilk E K y Ed  s`  s` lcs`rva qu` `xjst` `k `st` iasl uka ilknjijùk n` D 5 7, s`råa `f iasl `k `f qu` s` naråa uk `d`itl `d`itl n` autltracanl n`f dr`kl. @k `f iasl qu` m`els `stunjanl s` prlnui` uk `d`itl autl`k`rojzakt` pu`stl qu` `f ele`ktl n` fas du`rzas n` rlzaej`ktl ayuna a fa du`rza n` dr`kanl D. Yj s` jkvj`rt` `f s`ktjnl n` fa rltaijùk n`f taeclr  =

 

s` iaecja `f s`ktjnl n` fas du`rzas n` drjiijùk y `ktlk`s s` pj`rn` `f `d`itl autl`k`rojzakt`. Wu`n` iafiufars` taecjêk `f par n` dr`kanl, ^8

Wara su plst`r plst`rjlr jlr apfjiaijù apfjiaijùk k práitj práitjia, ia, n`c` t`k`rs` `k iu`kta qu` fas `iuaijlk`s `iuaijlk`s akt`rjlr`s s` casak `k fas sjouj`kt`s mjpùt`sjs8 ‸ ‸ ‸

fa pr pr`sj `sjùk ùk `k u uk k puk puktl tl n` iilkt lktait aitl l `k fa zapa zapata ta `s prlp prlplrij lrijlkaf lkaf a fa a aftu ftura ra slcr` `f tafùk. `f `d` `d`itl itl n` ffa a ddu`rz u`rza a i`ktr i`ktrådu åduoa oa ` `ss n`spr n`spr`ija `ijacf` cf`.. s` il ilksjn ksjn`ra `ra fa fa zapa zapata ta rå råojn ojna a y s` n`spr`ij n`spr`ija a `f `d `d`it `itl l n` fa n`dlre n`dlreaij aijùk. ùk.

‸

s` ilk ilksjn sjn`ra `ra qu qu` ` `fn` il`dji il` djij`k j`kt` t` (t`ep`ratura, n` rlzae rlzaej`k j`ktl tln`soast`, `s ilkst ilkstakt akt` ` ` jkn` jkn`p`k p`knj` nj`kt` kt` n` fas ilknjijlk`s ilktaitl `ti.).

1.0 @ECSAOP@Y Z DS@KLY N@ ^AECLS ILK XAWA^AY @]^@SJLS@Y Fa kltaijùk y fas mjpùt`sjs qu` s` `epf`arák `k `st` apartanl slk fas ejseas qu` fas n`f apartanl akt`rjlr.

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^leaknl ele`ktls `k fa artjiufaijùk s` pu`n`k maffar fas sjouj`kt`s `xpr`sjlk`s para fls ele`ktls n` fas du`rzas n` rlzaej`ktl y fas du`rzas klreaf`s8

@f `qujfjcrjl n` fa zapata ( ∑EA57) prlplrijlka fa r`faijùk `ktr` `stls ele`ktls y fa du`rza slcr` fa zapata, D8

Fas r`aiijlk`s mlrjzlktaf y v`rtjiaf s` lctj`k`k maij`knl ∑D57,

Yustjtuy`knl,

Nlkn`,

Yj fa rltaijùk n`f taeclr du`s` `k s`ktjnl ilktrarjl, `xjstjråa autl`k`rojzaijùk y fa du`rza D t`knråa fa sjouj`kt` `xpr`sjùk8

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Iuaknl s` `epf`ak `f`e`ktls ilk zapatas `xt`rjlr`s ilel `ecraou`s `f `d`itl n` fa fa du`rza du`rza i`k i`ktrå tråduo duoa a `s rr`nu `nuijr ijr ffa a du du`rza `rza klreaf, klreaf, af a aue` ue`kta ktarr ϊ , ma mayy qu qu` ` aue`ktar D. Iasl `sp`ijaf a `stunjar `s iuaknl fa artjiufaijùk (l pjvlt`) `stá sjtuanl n` taf dlrea qu` `f ele`ktl n` fas du`rzas n` drjiijùk `k `st` puktl `s kufl (T`r djoura).

Y` mai` fa mjpùt`sjs n` n`soast` "ijfåknrjil", .x5ilkstakt`, `s n`ijr (v`r djoura akt`rjlr)8 Wu`stl qu` fa pr`sjùk `s prlplrijlkaf af n`soast` ranjaf, fa r`faijùk `ktr` fa pr`sjùk `k uk puktl iuafquj`ra y fa eáxjea s`rá8

Fa pr`sjùk `s eáxjea, pa, para 57. Wasaknl af akáfjsjs n` du`rzas, s` `fjo` a n` elnl qu` Ed 57. 57. Y` tlea `k `st` iasl 1538

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Wu`stl qu`,

Yustjtuy`knl, s` maffa `f vaflr n` a para `f qu` E d  `s  `s kufl8

Fas r`aiijlk`s, mlrjzlktaf Sx, y v`rtjiaf Sy, tj`k`k fas sjouj`kt`s `xpr`sjlk`s8  

@f ele`ktl n` dr`kanl (t`kj`knl `k iu`kta fa sje`tråa n` fa zapata fa n`nuiijùk `s s`kijffa), ^8

1.4 @ECSAOP@Y Z DS@KLY N@ IJK^A L CAKNA8 @st` tjpl n` dr`kls dukijlka e`njakt` uka ijkta l cakna df`xjcf` n` drjiijùk. Y` utjfjza `k `xiavanlras e`iákjias, elktaiaroas, `ti. Yu dukijlkaej`ktl pu`n` `xpfjiars` a partjr n` fa djoura n`sirjta a ilktjkuaijùk.

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N`cjnl a fa drjiijùk (y ilk `f s`ktjnl n` ojrl s`ñafanl `k fa djoura), fa du`rza n` tracahl W3 `s e`klr qu` fa du`rza `k `f puktl n` r`t`kijùk, W1. Wfakt`aknl `f `qujfjcrjl n` uk njd`r`kijaf n` ijkta, ∑D578

N` fas nls `iuaijlk`s akt`rjlr`s s` n`nui`8

Yustjtuy`knl `f vaflr n` nK `k fa `iuaijùk ` jkt`oraknl `ktr` W1 y W38

Z plr taktl fa r`faijùk `ktr` fas du`rzas `s8

Z fa `xpr`sjùk para `f par n` dr`kana, ^8

Fa pr`sjùk qu` aitøa slcr` fa ijkta, p, pu`n` n`nuijrs` n`f pu`stl qu` slcr` `f njd`r`kijaf n` flkojtun rn y akiml c aitøa uka du`rza nK8  

Z plr fl taktl,

N` fa `iuaij `iuaijùk ùk akt`rjlr s` n`nui` njr`itae`kt njr`itae`kt` ` qu` `f puktl `k `f qu` fa pr`sjù pr`sjùk k `s eáxjea `s8

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1.? @ECSAOP@Y IÙKJILY N@ AIIJÙK A]JAF8 Fls `ecraou`s s` `epf`ak para ff`var nls `h`s a fa ejsea v`flijnan n` rltaijùk2 `f `d`itl s` prlnui` plr uk par n` rlzaej`ktl ^. @f `ecraou` iùkjil `s ukl n` fls tjpls n` `ecraou` eás aktjoul, tak sùfl s` `epf`a `k apfjiaijlk`s s`kijffas, `s sjepf` y `djiaz. Pk `ecraou` s` ffaea n` aiijùk axjaf sj fls `f`e`ktls n` drjiijùk qu` `ktrak `k ilktaitl s` eu`v`k paraf`fae`kt` af `h` n` rltaijùk (T`r  Djoura).

@f ilkl pu`n` n`sfjzars` axjafe`kt`, uk r`slrt` eaktj`k` fa ilk`xjùk (l ij`rr`) n`f `ecraou`. @f `ecraou` s` n`silk` n`silk`ita ita (l acr`) e`njakt e`njakt` ` uk e`iakj e`iakjsel sel qu` ahusta `k fa rakura n` iaecjls. @f ákoufl n`f ilkl , njáe`trl y akiml, slk fls paráe`trls n` njs`ñl (vaflr`s klreaf`s para  `ktr` 17¸ y 10¸). Wara maffar uka r`faijùk `ktr` fa du`rza n` tracahl D y `f ele`ktl n` tlrsjùk traksejtjnl s` part` n`f `squ`ea n` fa djoura sjouj`kt`. Nls mjpùt`sjs slk plsjcf`s s`oøk s` ilksjn`r` `f `ecraou` ku`vl l usanl8 a. njstr njstrjcuijù jcuijùk k n` pr`sjlk`s pr`sjlk`s ukj ukjdlre` dlre` (`ecraou` (`ecraou` ku` ku`vl). vl). c. n`s n`soas oast` t` uk ukjdl jdlre` re` (`ecr (`ecraou aou` ` usan usanl). l). 1.?.1 @ecraou` ku`vl8 njstrjcuijùk n` pr`sjlk`s ukjdlre` Wartj`knl n` fa djoura q sjou`, s` pu`n` jkt`orar fa pr`sjùk `k fa sup`rdjij` n` ilktaitl para lct`k`r fa du`rza D, s` suplk` p5pe8 1>

 

N` jouaf dlrea pu`n` n`nuijrs` `f ele`ktl n` tlrsjùk traksejtjnl `k dukijùk n` pe8

1.?.3 @ecraou` usanl8 n`soast` ukjdlre` @k `sta mjpùt`sjs s` suplk` qu` `f n`soast` `k fa njr`iijùk n`f `h` n` rltaijùk `s ilkstakt` (T`r Djoura), 5ilkstakt`8

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@f n`soast` ranjaf, r, `s prlplrijlkaf af tracahl n` fas du`rzas n` rlzaej`ktl `k `st` puktl, y sj qu`r`els qu` `f n`soast` s`a ukjdlre` s` tj`k` qu` iuepfjr qu`8

Ilklijna fa njstrjcuijùk n` pr`sjlk`s s` pu`n`k iafiufar fa du`rza D y `f par  traksejtjnl, ^8

1.= @ECSAOP@Y N@ NJYIL N@ AIIJÙK A]JAF @k euimas apfjiaijlk`s fls `ecraou`s n` njsil mak n`spfazanl a fls iùkjils8 pr`s`ktak uka orak sup`rdjij` n` drjiijùk `k uk `spaijl r`nuijnl, an`eás fa sup`rdjij` njsjpanlra n` iaflr `s eás `d`itjva.

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Fls eu`ff`s m`fjiljnaf`s (Djoura akt`rjlr) lcfjoak af akjffl pr`slr a s`paras` n` fa tapa, aså `f njsil n`f `ecraou` qu`na aprjsjlkanl `ktr` fls dlrrls. @k fa djou djoura ra qu` qu` sjou sjou`, `, `f `ecr `ecrao aou` u` `stá `stá `k pl plsj sjij ijùk ùk n` kl tr trak akse sejtjtjr jr `f elvj el vjej ej`k `ktl tl (n`s` (n`s`ec ecra raoa oanl) nl),, para para `f `ffl fl `s k` k`i` i`sar sarjl jl s` s`pa parar rar n`f n`f njsi njsil l n` n`ff `ecr `e craou aou` ` `f akjff akjffl l n` pr pr`s `sjù jùk k il ilep eprje rjej` j`kn knl l fl flss eu eu`f `ff` f`ss (` (`k k uk au autl tleù eùvj vjff klreafe`kt` `stl s` r`afjza e`njakt` uk p`naf).

@k `f iáfiufl n` fa r`faijùk `xjst`kt` `ktr` fa du`rza n` tracahl, D, y `f par  tr traks aksej ejtjtjnl nl pl plrr rlzae rlzaej` j`kt ktl, l, ^, s` `epf `epf`a `ak k fa fass ej ejse seas as mjpù mjpùt` t`sj sjss qu qu` ` `k `f apartanl akt`rjlr. 1.=.1 @ecraou` ku`vl8 njstrjcuijùk ukjdlre` Ilk `f `ecraou` ku`vl suplknr`els uka njstrjcuijùk ukjdlre` n` fa pr`sjùk `k `f njsil. p5pe8

1?

 

=.1.3 @ecraou` usanl8 n`soast` ukjdlre`   Fa mjpùt`sjs n` n`soast` ukjdlre` suplk` 8

Z plr taktl,

Yustjtuy`knl `f vaflr n` D n` fa `iuaijùk, pu`n` lct`k`rs` uka `xpr`sjùk eás ilkv`kj`kt` para `f ele`ktl. Wlr ilksjouj`kt`,

 

 Dd  ( N + n ) ^ 5 >

Pk paráe`trl `k `f njs`ñl n` `ecraou`s fa r`faijùk n`par fls n` ranjls jkt`rjlr `xt`rjlr, `k fa `iuaijùk akt`rjlr s` lctj`k``s qu` `f eáxjel tlrsjùk parayuk ranjl `xt`rjlr nanl, s` lctj`k` iuaknl8

rj 5

∘

1

r ) 57 . 0 = r ( 9 7

7

Fls `ecraou`s r`af`s `epf`ak K sup`rdjij`s (`ecraou`s n` njsils eøftjpf`s) n` ilktaitl n` drjiijùk qu` traksejt`k `f par tlrsjùk `k paraf`fl, nlkn` K `s uk køe`rl par, `stê n`c` s`r t`kjnl `k iu`kta `k fas `iuaijlk`s ya `stacf`ijnas.

1=

 

1.: @F@TAIJÙK N@ FA ^@EW@SA^PSA Fa `f`vaijùk n` fa t`ep`ratura n`f ilkhuktl n` uk `ecraou` l dr`kl pu`n` `vafuars` aprlxjeanae`kt` plr fa `xpr`sjùk8

  M   Ξ^ 5 I_   Nlkn` ^5 `f`vaijùk n` fa t`ep`ratura, ¸D   I5 iaflr `sp`ijdjil, ctu/fce. ¸D2 utjfåi`s` 7.13 para `f ai`rl l `f mj`rrl duknjnl.   _5 easa n` tlnas fas pj`zas n` uk `ecraou` l dr`kl, fce Fa `iuaijùk akt`rjlr n` fa `f`vaijùk n` fa t`ep`ratura pu`n` s`r utjfjzana para `xpfjiar fl qu` sui`n` `k uk `ecraou` l dr`kl, p`rl sjk `ecarol jkt`rvj`k`k euimas varjacf`s varjacf`s qu` s`rja s`rjak k jeplsjcf`s jeplsjcf`s n` akafjza akafjzar. r. Y` r`ilej`kna r`ilej`kna `ktlki` `ktlki`ss utjfjzar fa sjouj`kt` `xpr`sjùk8 ∓ ( AP  / _I ) t 

^ j ∓ ^ a 5 ( ^ 1∓ ^ a ) ` 1.17 EA^@SJAF@Y N@ DSJIIJÙK Fas prlpj`nan`s n` uk eat`rjaf n` drjiijùk para dr`kl l `ecraou` n`c`k s`r fas sjouj`kt`s8 ‸ ‸ ‸ ‸

il il`d `dji jij` j`kt kt` ` n` ddrj rjii iijù jùk k af aftl tl y uk ukjdjdlre lre`. `. prl prlpj` pj`nan nan`s `s pli plil l n`p` n`p`knj knj`kt `kt`s `s n` il ilknj knjijl ijlk`s k`s `x `xt`r t`rkas kas (plr (plr `h `h.. mue`nan mue`nan). ). cu` cu`ka ka ilk ilknui nuitjv tjvjna jnan n têrejia têrejia y iapaij iapaijnan nan n` r` r`sjs sjstjr tjr af aftas tas t` t`ep` ep`rat ratura uras. s. afta afta rr`sjs `sjst`k t`kija ija af n`soast n`soast`, `, raya rayanl nl y ra raspa spanur nura. a.

Fa sjouj`kt` tacfa tacfa r`ilo` uka varj`nan ae aepfja pfja n` eat eat`rjaf`s `rjaf`s n` drjiijùk8

1:

 

Fa tacfa qu` s` v` a ilktj ilktjkuaijùk kuaijùk r`ilo` afoukas prlpj`nan`s prlpj`nan`s n` r`v`st r`v`stjej`k jej`ktls tls tåpjils n` dr`kls (djcras n` asc`stl qu` prlplrijlkak du`rza y iapaijnan n` r`sjstjr aftas t`ep`raturas, partåiufas n` drjiijùk y eat`rjaf`s aofutjkakt`s).

1.11 @H@SIJIJLY N@ NJY@ÑL N@ DS@KLY Z @ECSAOP@Y

@h`rijijl 1.11.18 Y` njs`ña uk `ecraou` n` njsils eøftjpf`s `k cañl n` ai`jt` @h`rijijl para traksejtjr uk par n` tlrsjùk n` =0 K.e. fas r`strjiijlk`s n` `spaijl fjejtak `f njáe`trl `xt`rjlr n`f njsil a 177ee. Fls vaflr`s n` njs`ñl para `f eat`rjaf n` drjiijùk drjiij ùk elfn`anl y fls njsils n` ai`rl qu` s` vak a usar slk d57.74 (møe`n (møe`nl) l) y Weax51>77bWa. N`t`rejk` fls vaflr`s aprlpjanls para `f njáe`trl jkt`rjlr n` fls njsils, `f køe`rl tltaf n` njsils y fa du`rza n` suh`ijùk. Ylfuijùk8 1. ^` ^`k k`els `els qu`8 qu`8

^ 5

rj 57.0= r757.0= ( 07 ee)53: ee

χ dp e n =

( N

3

∓

n 3 ) K  ↓ K 5 37

 

= ^ 

χ dp e n (  N 3∓ n 3 )

 

 K 5

( )

= =0

χ ( 7.74 ) ( 1>77777 ) ( 7.70= ) ( 7 . 1

3

3

∓ 7.70=

)

54 . 4 :

3. Ile Ilel l K n`c` n`c` s`r u uk k `kt `kt`rl `rl par, par, ss` ` `silo` `silo` K K5=. 5=. 9. @stl nar uk `e `ec craou ou` ` qu` `stá slcr cr` `njs`ñanl plr uk daitlr n` =/4.4:51.14. fas aft`rkatjvas slk8 a) ai`ptar `f slcr`njs`ñl n` 1:%, c) aue`ktar `f ranjl jkt`rjlr, i) njsejkujr `f ranjl `xt`rjlr, y n) kl iaecjar fls ranjls y r`nuijr aecas Weáx y D `k uk daitlr n` 1.1:. >. @s @sil ilo` o`el elss arc arcjtjtrar rarja jae` e`kt kt` ` fa af aft` t`rka rkatjtjva va n) n),, fa du du`rz `rza a n` su suh` h`ij ijùk ùk s` iafiufa plr fa `iuaijùk8  Dd  ( N + n ) K ↓ D 5 ^ 5 >

( ) >>=9. =9. 13 K  5>> d   (( N + n ) K  7 . 7 4 ( 7 . 1 + 7.70= ) ( = )  

> ^ 

5

 

> =0

0. Wl Wlrr uftj uftjel el s` r` r`nl nlkn kn`a `a `f vafl vaflrr n` D a uk ku kue` e`rl rl par par,, fas fas r` r`sp spu` u`st stas as djkaf`s prlpu`stas slk a) njáe`trl jkt`rjlr 5 0=ee, c) du`rza n` suh`ijùk 5>077K, y i) uk tltaf : njsils.

@h`rijijl 1.11.38 Pk dr`kl njd`r`kijaf n` cakna sjejfar af elstranl `k fa djoura, usa uk r`v`stjej`ktl t`hjnl qu` tj`k` uk vaflr n` njs`ñl n` d57.3. Fas nje`ksjlk`s slk8 c5 =7ee, r5307ee, i5 ?77ee, a5 107ee, s590ee y 53?7¸. @kilktrar a) `f par n` tlrsjùk n`f dr`kl sj fa eáxjea pr`sjùk n`f r`v`stjej`ktl `s n` 7.0Epa, c) fa du`rza ilrr`splknj`kt`, D, qu` aitøa y i) fls vaflr`s n` fa nje`ksjùk s qu` liasjlkaråak qu` `f dr`kl tuvj`ra autl`ki`rrlhaej`ktl.

31

 

Ylfuijùk8 1. N` fa `iua `iuaij ijùk ùk88

 p5

 W ↓ W 5 p rc5( 077777 ) ( 7.30 ) ( 7 . 7 = )517777 K  1 eáx cr

(Fanl apr`tanl) 3. N` fa `iua `iuaij ijùk ùk88 (Fanl dflhl) 9. N` fa `iua `iuaij ijùk ùk88

 W1  W3

5

`

dτ

 W3 5

↓

 W1 `

( 7 .3 ) ( 1 . 0 χ )

5 9=:?

 K 

^ 5( W1 ∓ W3 ) r 5( 17777∓9=:? ) ( 7 . 3 0 )51034  K 

>. Il Ilk k fa ` `iu iuai aijù jùk8 k8  D 5 ( W3 a ∓ W1 s ) / i 5 ( 9=:? ) ( 7.130 ) ∓ ( 17777 ) ( 7 . 7 9 0 ) / 7 . ? 5 990  K 

0. Ilk fa ejs ejsea ea `iuaij `iuaijùk, ùk, D57, iiuaknl uaknl Y59 Y59=:?(107 =:?(107)/1777 )/1777750=.0 750=.0ee, ee, `f dr dr`kl `kl tj`k` autl`ki`rrlhaej`ktl (para d53) sj s `s e`klr l jouaf a 0=.0ee. 1.13 @H@EWFLY N@ DS@KLY Z @ECSAOP@Y @ecraou` autleltrjz n`f tjpl n` njsil8

33

 

@ecraou` n` partåiufas eaokêtjias8

39

 

Dr`kl n` zapatas jkt`rkas `xpaksjcf`s8

3>

 

ILKIFPYJLK @k `f akáfjsjs n`f njs`ñl n` sjst`eas n` dr`kls y `ecraou`s, kls p`rejt` r`nuijr  fa drjiijùk `k fas sup`rdjij`s n` ilktaitl para njsejkujr fas p`rnjnas plr `k`roåa y n`soast`. @k ilkstrast`, fls `ecraou`s y dr`kls n`p`kn`k n` fa drjiijùk para dukijlkar, s` punl ilkstatar qu` ukl n` fls lch`tjvls prjelrnjaf`s n` njiml akáfjsjs `s eaxjejzar `f il`djij`kt` n` drjiijùk (y eakt`k`rfl ilkstakt` `k uka aepfja oaea n` ilknjijlk`s n` lp`raijùk) y af ejsel tj`epl, r`nuijr `f n`soast`.

30

 

CJCFJLOSADJA 

Hls`pm @. Ymjof`y, ‖Njs`ñ ‖Njs`ñl l `k jko`kj`råa jko`kj`råa e`iákjia―, 4 `njijlk`s, EiOrawMjff.



Slc`rt I. Huvjkaff, ‖Duknae`ktls n` Njs`ñl para Jko`kj`råa E`iákjia―, 3 `njijùk, Fjeusa.



C`rkarn H., Cl Hailcslk, Yt`v`k S., ‖@f`e`ktls n` eaqujkas―,  EiOrawMjff.



Waojka _`n8 www.floakifutim.ile

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