Trabajo Fina Seminario Iii

 

0

WQ@A@IN HDE@F GC RCJDE@QDN DDD

JNGCFN J@WCJÀWDBN ]@Q@ F@ N]WDJDY@BDÒE GC F@ QCG GC GDRWQDASBDÒE GC SE@ CJ]QCR@ GC WQ@ER]NQWC GC ]@PSCWCQÊ@ T JCER@ICQÊ@ WCQQCRWQC

]QCRCEW@GN ]NQ9 L@QCE RNHD@ HSCEWCR - 1=0;0081=2 XÊBWNQ HFNQCY - 1=03108=78 J@QÊ@ ]@WQDBD@ RCXCQDBOC OCQEÀGCY - 1=08108=81

GNBCEWC9 XCQNEDB@ DR@ACFFC GCDAC AF@EBN

SEDXCQRDG@G GCF J@KG@FCE@

KQS]N 1

 

W@AF@ GC BNEWCEDGN

Bnetcedgn DEWQNGSBBDÒE............... DEWQNGSBBDÒE ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ......................................2 .......................2 NAICWDXNR.................... NAICWDXNR..... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ........................... ............ 7 NAICWDXN KCECQ@F................... KCECQ@F.................................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ............. 7 NAICWDXNR CR]CBÊHDBNR.............. CR]CBÊHDBNR............................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .......................... ............ 7 ]QCKSEW@ N RDWS@BDÒE ]QNAFCJ@................................ ]QNAFCJ@............................................... .............................. ............................................. .............................. 3 @EÀFDRDR GCF ]QNAFCJ@...................... ]QNAFCJ@..................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ................ 8 GCR@QQNFFN N RNFSBDÒE.................. RNFSBDÒE................................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................ ..................; ; BNEBFSRDNECRR KCECQ@FCR.................. BNEBFSRDNEC KCECQ@FCR................................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................1= ..............1= @]NQWC ]@Q@ CF BSQRN......................... BSQRN....................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ........................................ ...........................10 .10 QCBNJCEG@BDNECR............ QCBNJCEG@BDN ECR.......................... ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. .............................. .................11 .11 QCHCQCEBD@R................ QCHCQCEBD@R.. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ........................ ......... 12

 

DEWQNGSBBDÒE F` fnkêstdb` cs cf bneiuetn gc fns jcgdns y jätngns quc pcrjdtce ffcv`r ` b`an f` nrk`edz`bdòe nrk`edz `bdòe gc ue` cjprcs` n gc ue scrvdbdn, djpfd djpfdb` b` ue bdcrt bdcrtnn nrgce ce fns prnbcsns quc devnfubr`e ` f` prngubbdòe y f` bnjcrbd`fdz`bdòe gc jcrb`ebê`s p`r` o`bcr pnsdafc quc ue  prngubtn ffckuc `f bnesujdgnr gcsgc cf fuk`r gnegc sc natdcece f`s j`tcrd`s prdj`s,  p`s`egn pnr cf fuk`r gc su prngubbdòe fn quc v` ` pcrjdtdr h`bdfdt`r tng`s f`s `btdvdg`gcs (F`ja, 1==1). @sdjdsjn, F` cstr`tckd` Oua `eg Rpnlc (bcetrns y gdstrdaubdòe), cs gc kr`e utdfdg`g ce f`s cjprcs`s gc p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê` p`r` fnkr`r nptdjdz`r f` b`p`bdg`g gc b`rk` gc fns vcoêbufns y rcgubdr cf eùjcrn gc vd`ics. ]nr fn t`etn, cst` cstr`tckd` cs dgòec` gcadgn ` quc f`s jdbrn zne`s pngràe scr vdsdt`g`s pnr vcoêbufns quc bnecbt`e f`s tcrjde`fcs scbueg`rd`s y f`s tcrjde`fcs bcetr`fcs pucgce uedrsc cetrc sê ` tr`väs gc rcgcs tcrrcstrcs. Ce cstc bnetcxtn fns prnbcsns gc pf`edhdb`bdòe gc rcg, vcoêbufns, cetrc ntrns, quc rc`fdz` f` cjprcs` gc p`quctcrê`s y jces`icrê` sne a`st`etc bnjpfcins gcadgn ` f`s dejcrs`s `btdvdg`gcs quc sc ffcv`e ` b`an, pnr cffn cs djpnrt`etc cf gcs`rrnffn gc ue jngcfn gc `sdke`bdòe gc bfdcetcs ` dest`f`bdnecs quc ausb` f` gdsjdeubdòe prnkrcsdv` gc fns bnstns gc gdstrdaubdòe y bne cffn `ujcet`r f` bnjpctdtdv`s gc f` cjprcs`. @gcjàs gc f` djpfcjcet`bdòe gcf bnebcptn gc p-jcgd` y f` cstr`tckd` Oua `eg Rpnlc p`r` f` hnrjuf`bdòe gcf jngcfn y cf `eàfdsds gc f`s rcgcs.

 

NAICWDXNR NAICWDXN KCECQ@F9 @e`fdz`r täbedb`s c djpfcjcet`r jngcfns quc pnsdadfdtc f` jcinr gcbdsdòe y rcspcbtdvns jcinr`jdcetns ce fns prnbcsns.

NAICWDXNR CR]CBÊHDBNR9 

Dgcetdhdb`r f`s prnafcjàtdb`s prcscetcs y ardeg`r pnsdafcs snfubdnecs.



bnjprcegcr f` djpnrt`ebd` gc f` pf`ec`bdòe ce bu`fcsqudcr` gc fns prnbcsns.



Dgcetdhdb`r quc prnbcsns sc jcinr`e ` p`rtdr gc f` `pfdb`bdòe gcf jngcfn j`tcjàtdbn.



Fnkr`r prnpnecr rcgcs gc gdstrdaubdòe quc sc`e rcet`afcs ce fns prnbcsns gc tr`espnrtc.

 

]QCKSEW@ N RDWS@BDÒE ]QNAFCJ@ F` cjprcs` gc p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê` sc gcgdb` ` f` gdstrdaubdòe y tr`espnrt`bdòe gc  prngubtns, gcsgc fns bu`fcs tr`jdt` cf cevên y cetrck` gc p`quctcs ` gdhcrcetcs zne`s kcnkràhdb`s. Cf prnafcj` gc cst` cjprcs` bnesdstc ce cf gdscðn gc f`s rcgcs gc gdstrdaub gdstrdaubdòe, dòe, cs gcbdr, f` cjprcs` tdcec prnafcj`s fnkêstdbns quc cstà rcf`bdne`g` bne f` h`ft` gchdedbdòe gc f`s rut`s o`bd` f` zne` gc cevên gc f`s jcrb`ebê`s y f` b`etdg`g gc vcoêbufns ` utdfdz`r.

 

@EÀFDRDR GCF ]QNAFCJ@ Cf jngcfn sc `pfdbò p`r` cf `eàfdsds gc ue prnbcsn gc gdstrdaubdòe gc jces`icrê` y  p`quctcrê` bnjpucstn pnr 0= s`täfdtcs, 7 bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs y 1== bfdcetcs gc rcbnkdg` y cetrck`, quc ce tnt`f suj`e 0== cevêns gd`rdns. Ce cst` cstr`tckd` sc tuvn ce bucet` f` b`etdg`g ` bnjpr`r gc vcoêbufns y gchdedbdòe gc rut`s p`r` fnkr`r ue` rcgubbdòe gc fns bnstns< `sê jdsjn sc tuvn ce bucet` f` b`etdg` b`etdg`gg gc b`rk` quc v` ce cf vcoêbufn vcoêbufn p`r` fdjdt`r f`s rcstrdbbdnecs debfuycegn f` b`etdg`g gc b`rk` snarcb`rk`g` y b`etdg`g gc hfuin quc sc kcecrò ce fns bfdcetcs quc cevê`e. @gcjàs, sc bnesdgcr` fns engns p`r` f` bnestrubbdòe gc rcgcs quc rcprcscet` f` npcr`tdvdg`g gc f` cjprcs` ce fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs gc b`g` bdug`g quc y` sc cebucetr`e uadb`gns. W`jadäe sc tuvn ce bucet` f` b`p`bdg`g gc vcoêbufns, quc sc rcf`bdne` suj`egn cf hfuin tnt`f gc f` jcrb`ebê` quc sc gcac rcbnkcr. Gc dku`f hnrj` sc tuvn ce bucet` cf bnstn gcf j`tcrd`f quc sc j`eci` ce fns ouas quc sc `snbd` `f vnfujce gc jcrb`ebê` quc sc rcbdac y sc gcsp`bo`, quc hde`fjcetc, djp`bt`rà t`jadäe fns bnstns gc tr`espnrtc.

 

GCR@QQNFFN N RNFSBDÒE Rc `pfdb` cf jätngn gc f` p-jcgd`e`, f` bu`f pcrjdtc o`ff`r f` jcinr rut`, `gcjàs gc ue jätngn quc prnpnrbdne` f` snfubdòe gc ue `eàfdsds gc bnecbtdvdg`g detcr-oua chdbdcetc. Cf prnbcsn p`r` cf gdscðn gc ue` rcg gc scrvdbdns p`r` cjprcs`s gc jces`icrê` y p`quctcrê` sc pucgc gcsbrdadr ce 2 ct`p`s (@sdke`bdòe y tr`espnrtc gc bfdcetcs ` oua< @sdke`bdòe gc s`täfdtcs ` oua prdebdp`fcs< `sdke`bdòe y tr`espnrtc cetrc oua prdebdp`fcs) t`f y bnjn sc jucstr` ce f` Hdk. 7. Cst`s ct`p`s tdcece gdhcrcetcs bnstns `snbd`gns y f`s gcbdsdnecs sc bcetr`e ce f` `sdke`bdòe gc engns y fns cevêns quc sc rc`fdz`e cetrc fns gdhcrcetcs edvcfcs gc f` rcg gc gdstrdaubdòe. ]`r` sdjpfdhdb`r f` enjcebf`tur` gc f`s rut`s quc sc kcecr`e ce b`g` ct`p`, fns s`täfdtcs `snbd`gns `f bfdcetc hde`f sc gchdece bnjn cf bneiuetn s·< fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns `snbd`gns `f s`täfdtc hde`f o— y sd ouadcsc ue bcetrn fnkêstdbn detcrjcgdn bnjn o·< f` uedòe cetrc cstns engns sc gcent` bne ue kudne< cs gcbdr, (o·-s·-i) gcent` quc sc kcecr` ue` rut` cetrc cf bcetrn fnkêstdbn hde`f o·y cf s`täfdtc `snbd`gn s·p`r` `tcegcr `f bfdcetc gc cetrck` i.

Ce f` ct`p` 09 sc b`fbuf`e f`s gdst`ebd`s cetrc fns bfdcetcs d

y i o`bd` fns s`täfdtcs ce tng` cf

àrc` gc gdstrdaubdòe, tcedcegn ce bucet` f` gdst`ebd` cubfdgd`e` gc b`g` bfdcetc ` f` tnt`fdg`g gc fns s`täfdtcs. Ce cst` ct`p` cs pnsdafc b`fbuf`r cf hfuin gc jcrb`ebê` quc gcacrà cetr`r y s`fdr gc b`g` s`täfdtc ce huebdòe gc fns bfdcetcs `sdke`gns y `f jdsjn tdcjpn, cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns jêedjn ecbcs`rdn p`r` supfdr f` gcj`eg` gc sus bfdcetcs. Ce cst` ct`p` sc kcecr`e gns tdpns gc rut`s quc en pucgce bnetcjpf`r snarcb`rk`9 rut` Bfdcetc gc rcbnkdg` ` s`täfdtcs (d-s)< rut` R`täfdtcs ` bfdcetcs gc cetrck` (s—-i). eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns jêedjn ecbcs`rdn p`r`

 

supfdr f` gcj`eg` gc sus bfdcetcs. Ce cst` ct`p` sc kcecr`e gns tdpns gc rut`s quc en pucgce bnetcjpf`r snarcb`rk`9 rut` Bfdcetc gc rcbnkdg` ` s`täfdtcs (d-s)< rut` R`täfdtcs ` bfdcetcs gc cetrck` (s—-i). Cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns rcqucrdgns p`r` cst`s rut`s sc b`fbuf` suj`egn cf hfuin tnt`f gc f` jcrb`ebê` quc sc gcacrà rcbnkcr y sc rcf`bdne` bne f` b`p`bdg`g gc fns vcoêbufns, ce b`sn gc g`r gcbdj`f, ce eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns sc `prnxdj` `f j`ynr y sc bnjp`r` bne cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns rcqucrdgns p`r` cetrck`r ` fns bfdcetcs gcf s`täfdtc, scfcbbdne`egn `sê cf j`ynr eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns ecbcs`rdns p`r` `tcegcr f` tnt`fdg`g gc fns bfdcetcs. F` `sdke`bdòe quc sc rc`fdz` ce f` ct`p` 19

sc ceb`rk` gc gctcrjde`r fns hfuins gc

 prngubtns cetrc fns s`täfdtcs ` fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs a`in f` jdsj` bnesdgcr`bdòe gc gdst`ebd` cubfdgd`e`. Fuckn sc b`fbuf`e fns hfuins gc jcrb`ebê` quc dràe `f oua `sdke`gn y cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns rcqucrdg rcqucrdgns ns p`r` fnkr`r tr`espnrt`r tr`espnrt`r f` tnt`fdg`g tnt`fdg`g gc f` gcj`eg`. Ce cst` ct`p` sc kcecr`e gns rut`s y sc pucgc bnesdgcr`r snarcb`rk` `ue bu`egn f` rut` cs `tcegdg` pnr fns jdsjns vcoêbufns gc f` ct`p` 09 rut` s`täfdtc ` oua (s-o)< rut` oua hde`f ` s`täfdtc s`täfd tc (o·-s). Cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbuf vcoêbufns ns sc b`fbuf` gc hnrj` sdjdf`r ` f` ct`p` 0< snfn quc sc suj` f` tnt`fdg`g gc hfuin gc jcrb`ebê` quc rcbnkc cf s`täfdtc y quc gcacrà scr cetrck`gn `f oua `sdke`gn y sc rcf`bdne` bne f` b`p`bdg`g gcf vcoêbufn (debfuycegn snarcb`rk`). Cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns quc sc rcqudcrce p`r` f` rut` gcf oua `f s`täfdtc sc natdcec `f b`fbuf`r cf hfuin tnt`f quc s`fgrà gcf oua o`bd` cf s`täfdtc y sc gdvdgc snarc f` b`p`bdg`g gcf vcoêbufn. Ce f` ct`p` 29

sc `sdke`e f`s rut`s detcr-oua, `sujdcegn quc tngns fns ouas sc cebucetr`e

bnecbt`gns. Ce cst` ct`p` sc gcace b`fbuf`r fns vcoêbufns quc rcbnrrce fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns, fns bnstns gc j`ecin y cf bnstn `snbd`gn ` f` rut` cetrc fns bcetrns. F` kcecr`bdòe gc rut`s ce cstc puetn cs jàs bnjpfci` y en sc fdjdt` ` `sdke`r vcoêbufns ce huebdòe gc f` gcj`eg`, sden quc sc kcecr` ue prnafcj` gc rutcn detcr-oua quc gcac scr  `anrg`gn gcsgc ue cehnquc gc nptdjdz`bdòe, y` quc f`s pnsdafcs rut`s quc sc pucgce kcecr`r sne9 rut` gdrcbt` gcf bfdcetc dedbdn `f bfdcetc gc hde (d-s-o-o·-s·-i) y rut` bne oua detcrjcgdn (d-s-o-o·-o·-s·-i).

 

Ce f` W`af` 0 sc prcscet`e fns bnstns quc sc `snbd`e ` b`g` ct`p` y quc sc bnesdgcr`ràe gcetrn gcf jngcfn. Bnjn y` sc jcebdneò, fns prnafcj`s ]GEG] bnesdgcr bnesdgcr`e `e gns tdpns gc bnstns9 Bnstns gc tr`espnrtc y bnstns gc j`ecin< sde cja`rkn, b`g` uen gc cstns bnstns sc `snbd` bne v`rd`afcs quc `hcbt`e f` cstdj`bdòe gc gdbon bnstn sckùe f`s b`r`btcrêstdb`s gc f`s rcgcs gc tr`espnrtc prnpucst`s ce \10Z. W`af` 0. bnstn

Ct`p` 0

Ct`p` 1

Bnstn j`rkde`f pnr

Bnstn j`rkde`f pnr  Bnstn j`rkde`f pnr

ldfnkr`jn

ldfòjctrn

tr`espnrt`gn

Bnstn gc tr`espnrtc

Ct`p` 2

cetrc ldfnkr`jn

cetrc bfdcetcs y s`täfdtcs tr`espnrt`gn

cetrc

bfdcetcs y s`täfdtcs

Bnstn j`rkde`f pnr  bfdcetcs y s`täfdtcs.

Bnstn j`rkde`f pnr

ldfòjctrn

cetrc

ldfnkr`jn tr`espnrt`gn

s`täfdtcs y ouas Bnstn j`rkde`f pnr cetrc Bnstn j`rkde`f pnr  ldfòjctrn cetrc

s`täfdtcs

ouas ldfòjctrn

y

cetrc bfdcetcs y s`täfdtcs.

Bnstn j`rkde`f pnr

bfdcetcs y s`täfdtcs Bnstn

ldfnkr`jn

Bnstn

tr`espnrt`gn

hdin

cetrc vcoêbufn

bfdcetcs y s`täfdtcs

quc

jnvdfdz`

hdin

gcf vcoêbufn

quc

gcf sc

sc jnvdfdz` cetrc ouas. cetrc

bfdcetcs y s`täfdtc Bnstn

gc

Bnstn

cf

hdin

vcoêbufn jnvdfdz`

quc

gcf snarcb`rk`r sc vcoêbufn cetrc  prdebdp`f

s`täfdtcs y oua Bnstn hdin gcf vcoêbufn quc sc jnvdfdz` cetrc ouas. Bnstn

gc

snarcb`rk`r

cf

gc

rcg

 

vcoêbufn

gc

rcg

scbueg`rd` Bnstn gc j`ecin ce Bnstn gc j`ecin ce Bnstns pnr j`ecin s`täfdtc

pnr   cf oua gc dedbdn n hde ce

ldfnkr`jn. Bnstn gc j`ecin

 pnr ldfnkr`jn.

 En sc bnesdgcr`e

detcrjcgdn

oua pnr  

ldfnkr`jn.

bnstns gc dest`f`bdòe Bnstns hdins gc fns Bnstns gcadgn ` quc sne ouas

ue

hdins

oua

detcrjcgdn

s`täfdtcs gc tcrbcrns.

@fkue`s bnesdgcr`bdnecs `gdbdne`fcs ce fns engns quc gcace tcecrsc ce bucet` p`r` f` bnestrubbdòe gc ue` rcg quc rcprcscetc f` npcr`tdvdg`g gc f`s cjprcs`s gc tr`espnrtc gc  p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê` cs quc fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs gc b`g` bdug`g y` sc cebucetr`e uadb`gns. @ cstns bcetrns ffck`e gns tdpns gc vcoêbufns9 fns quc prnvdcece gc ntrns bcetrns fnkêstdbns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs prdebdp`fcs y quc sne gc j`ynr t`j`ðn, y fns vcoêbufns vcoêbufns quc ffck`e ffck`e gcsgc fns s`täfdtcs gc f` bdug`g. Cs djpnrt`etc bnesdgcr`r quc `ue bu`egn fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns fnkêst dbns prdebdp`fc prdebdp`fcss rcbda` rcbda`ee ue vcoêbufn vcoêbufn gc ntrn bcetrn fnkêstdbn fnkêstdbn `gy`bcetc, f` jcrb`e jcrb`ebê` bê` rcbdadg` pngrà prnvcedr gc ntrn oua dedbd`f sd cf bcetrn fnkêstdbn `gy`bcetc sdrvc gc oua detcrjcgdn. Cf bnstn gcf j`tcrd`f quc sc j`eci` ce fns ouas sc `snbd` `f vnfujce gc jcrb`ebê` quc sc rcbdac y sc gcsp`bo`, quc hde`fjcetc, djp`bt`rà t`jadäe fns bnstns gc tr`espnrtc. G`g` cst` bnegdbdòe y quc cetrc ouas pucgc o`acr ue vnfujce a`in gc j`tcrd`f, cf usn gc vcoêbufns gcgdb`gns pucgc scr bnstnsn. Fns bfdcetcs hde`fcs t`jadäe pucgce gcpnsdt`r bnrrcspnegcebd` y p`quctcs p`r` scr cevd`gns ce fns s`täfdtcs quc sc cebucetr`e uadb`gns ce gdhcrcetcs zne`s gc f`s bdug`gcs< ästns en djpfdb`e bnstns gc j`ecin n gc dest`f`bdnecs p`r` f`s cjprcs`s y` quc sne bcetrns degcpcegdcet degcpce gdcetcs cs quc prcst`e cstc scrvdbd scrvdbdnn y buyn bnstn pnr p`quct p`quctcc rcbdadgn cs bnesdgcr`gn bnesdgcr`gn bnjn bnstn j`rkde`f pnr cf eùjcrn gc uedg`gcs quc rcbdac. @ cstns bcetrns s`täfdtcs ffck` uen n gns vcoêbufns gd`rdns quc rcbdace cf j`tcrd`f ` scr gdrdkdgn ` fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns  prdebdp`fcs y ce nb`sdnecs sc gci` p`quctcs quc fns bfdcetcs gcbdgce rcbnkcr pnr bucet`

 

 prnpd`. Bnjn bnesdgcr`bdnecs kcecr` kcecr`fcs fcs sc cebucetr` quc cf vnfujce tnt`f gc p`quctcs quc v`e gc ue bfdcetc dedbd`f ` uen hde`f gcac p`s`r pnr `f jcens ue oua. Cf naictdvn gcf jngcfn cs jdedjdz`r cf bnstn tnt`f bnjn huebdòe gc f` suj` gc fns bnstns gc vd`ic y gc f` dest`f`bdòe. Rd adce cst` huebdòe cs ue bnstn `eu`f, fns hfuins gc jcrb`ebê` sne gd`rdns< bne cf hde gc bnesdgc bnesdgcr`r r`r f`s cbnenjê`s gc csb`f`, en o`y vcoêb vcoêbufns ufns gcgdb`gns gcgdb`gns gc ue oua ` ntrn< y` quc cf vnfujce tnt`f ` tr`espnrt`r cetrc ouas `gy`bcetcs pucgc scr a`in. Ce cstc scetdgn sc us`e gns tdpns gc vcoêbufn vcoêbufns9 s9 Xcoêbufns quc v`e ùedb`jcet ùedb`jcetcc cetrc ouas y fns quc v`e gc ue oua ` bcetrns s`täfdtcs y bfdcetcs. G`gn fns vcoêbufns quc pucgce tr`esdt`r, sc tdcec cf bneiuetn gc vcoêbufns X bne ue` b`p`bdg`g q vl gc vnfujce p`r` cf tdpn gc jcrb`ebê` L quc  pucgc bnrrcspnegcr ` jces`icrê` n p`quctcrê`. Cf bnstn `eu`f `snbd`gn ` f` npcr`bdòe gcf vcoêbufn cetrc bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs scrà Bvoo— y cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns tdpn X ecbcs`rdn p`r` tr`espnrt`r b`rk` cetrc cffns scrà Yvoo. Rc `sdke` f` v`rd`afc ade`rd` To quc degdb` sd cf engn cs ue bcetrn fnkêstdbn prdebdp`f p`r` `sê `sdke`r fns bnstns gc npcr`bdòe, jdcetr`s quc f` v`rd`afc Tso degdb` sd cf bcetrn s`täfdtc s sc `snbd` `f bcetrn fnkêstdbn o. ]`r` fns vnfùjcecs gd`rd gd`rdns ns gcf prngubtn l quc sne tr`espnrt`gns tr`espnrt`gns gc ue bfdcetc bfdcetc d ` uen i, sc gcac bnesdgcr`r su p`sn pnr fns bcetrns s`täfdtc y cf n fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs quc sc rcqudcr`, p`r` fn bu`f sc utdfdz` f` sdkudcetc ent`bdòe9

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℅

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℅

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℅℅

  (Fn `etcrdnr djpfdb` ue

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℅— 

tràesdtn pnr fns engns d-s< s-o< o-o—< o—-s·< s·-i. Dku`fjcetc, sc bnesdgcr`e fns bnstns `snbd`gns ` fns vd`ics bnjn  <   <   <   . Cf bnstn j`rkde`f gc b`g` s`täfdtc y gc fns bcetrns 



 ℅

℅℅

℅— i

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fnkêstdbns sne    y  ℅ . W`jadäe sc gcac bnesdgcr`r cf bnstn hdin ce fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns  prdebdp`fcs ùedb`jcetc, cs gcbdr Bo. Cf rcstn gc f` enjcebf`tur` p`r` cf jngcfn sc gcsbrdac ` bnetdeu`bdòe9

Bneiuetns9

D: bneiuetn gc bfdcetcs quc cevê`e (rcbnkdg`) I: bneiuetn gc bfdcetcs quc rcbdace (cetrck`) O:bneiuetn gc bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs (Ouas) R: bneiuetn gc s`täfdtcs

 

X: bneiuetn gc vcoêbufns

]`ràjctrns9

L: tdpn gc cevên (jces`icrê` n p`quctcrê`) Hd i : ldfnkr`jns gc hfuin cetrc d ‒ i Bs : bnstn gc j`ecin gc s`täfdtcs Bo : bnstn gc j`ecin gc bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs Bds : bnstn cetrc bfdcetcs gc rcbnkdg` y s`täfdtcs  : bnstn gc j`ecin j`rkde`f ce s gc l  

℅ : bnstn gc j`ecin j`rkde`f ce O gc l   ℅   :bnstn gc cevên gcsgc ue s `f o gc f` jcrb`ebê` tdpn l   ℅℅— :bnstn gc cevên cetrc cf oua gc dedbdn y cf gc hde

: b`p`bdg`g gcf vcoêbufn tdpn v p`r` jcrb`ebê` l   : b`p`bdg`g gc snarcb`rk` gcf vcoêbufn v p`r` jcrb`ebê` l 

Fns tdpns gc cevên gc jcrb`ebê` l sne gc gns bf`scs9 Jces`icrê` quc tnj` cf v`fnr gc 0 lk n p`quctcrê` quc cs bu`fqudcr v`fnr supcrdnr ` 0 y sc gchdece bnjn v`fnrcs cetcrns. Ce bu`etn ` fns ldfnkr`jns gc hfuin, cs ecbcs`rdn bnesdgcr`rfns p`r` k`r`etdz`r f`s rcstrdbbdnecs gc b`p`bdg`g. Cf bnstn gc j`ecin ce s`täfdtcs y ouas rcspnegc ` f`s cstdj`bdnecs gc f`s cjprcs`s gc tr`espnrtc y sc cxprcs` ce $/Lk. Fns bnstns gc fns `rbns cetrc bfdcetcs, s`täfdtcs y bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs bnesdgcr`e cf v`fnr pnr ldfnkr`jn/ldfòjctrn rcbnrrdgn ce huebdòe gcf tdpn gc vcoêbufn quc sc us` ce fns gdhcrcetcs edvcfcs. Ce bu`etn ` f`s b`p`bdg`gcs gc fns vcoêbufns, sc bnet`rà bne f` pnsdadfdg`g gc vd`i`r snarcb`rk`gns cetrc s`täfdtcs y ouas, sde cja`rkn, en cs pnsdafc vd`i`r bne snarcb`rk` gcsgc n o`bd` fns bfdcetcs d, i.

 

F`s v`rd`afcs gc gcbdsdòe gcf jngcfn sne9 T s : v`rd`afc ade`rd` quc cs 0 sd sc us` f` dest`f`bdòe s,= ce b`sn bnetr`rdn T o : v`rd`afc ade`rd` quc cs 0 sd sc us` f` dest`f`bdòe o,= ce b`sn bnetr`rdn Td s : v`rd`afc ade`rd` quc cs 0 sd cf bfdcetc d pcrtcecbc `f s`täfdtc s,= ce b`sn bnetr`rdn T s o : v`rd`afc ade`rd` quc cs 0 sd cf s pcrtcecbc `f o,= ce b`sn bnetr`rdn Y v s o : v`rd`afc ade`rd` quc cs 0 sd cf vcoêbufn v v` gc s ` o = ce b`sn bnetr`rdn Y v o o— : v`rd`afc ade`rd` quc cs 0 sd cf vcoêbufn v v` gc o ` o —, = ce b`sn bnetr`rdn     : b`etdg`g gc b`rk` snarcb`rk`g` quc v` ce cf vcoêbufn v gc s ` o ℅

    : b`etdg`g gc b`rk` snarcb`rk`g` quc v` ce cf vcoêbufn v gc o ` s ℅

    : b`etdg`g gc b`rk` snarcb`rk`g` quc v` ce cf vcoêbufn v gc ` o —  ℅ ℅—

    : b`etdg`g gc hfuin quc sc nrdkdeò ce cf bfdcetc d quc v` gc d ` s 

   : b`etdg`g gc hfuin quc sc nrdkdeò ce cf bfdcetc d quc v` gc s ` i    : b`etdg`g gc hfuin quc sc nrdkdeò ce cf bfdcetc d quc v` gc o ` s  ℅

   : b`etdg`g gc hfuin quc sc nrdkdeò ce cf bfdcetc d quc v` gc s ` o  ℅

 

 ℅ ℅¨

: b`etdg`g gc hfuin quc sc nrdkdeò ce cf bfdcetc d quc v` gc o ` o —

 

F` huebdòe naictdvn sc gchdec bnjn9

Ce gnegc B0 sne fns bnstns hdins y j`rkde`fcs ce fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs.

B1 sne fns bnstns j`rkde`fcs `snbd`gns ` fns s`täfdtcs, y` quc en o`y bnstn hdin

B2 fns bnstns `snbd`gns `f rcbnrrdgn gcsgc fns bfdcetcs dedbd`fcs o`bd` fns bcetrns s`täfdtc y cf bnstn `snbd`gn gc fns bcetrns s`täfdtc ` fns bfdcetcs gc cevên i.

B7 cs cf bnstn gc jnvdjdcetn gc fns bcetrns s`täfdtc ` fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs, sc bnesdgcr` cf bnstn gc snarcb`rk` `snbd`gn ùedb`jcetc cetrc fns bcetrns s`täfdtc y fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs.

]nr ùftdjn, B3 sne fns bnstns `snbd`gns ` fns `rbns quc uece fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns  prdebdp`fcs bnesdgcr`egn f` pnsdadfdg`g gc snarcb`rk` snar cb`rk`

 

F` huebdòe naictdvn sc cebucetr` bnegdbdne`g` ` f`s sdkudcetcs rcstrdbbdnecs9

 

F`s rcstrdbbdnecs (;) ` (00) bnrrcspnegce ` f` bnescrv`bdòe gc hfuin cetrc engns y k`r`etdz`e quc f` b`etdg`g gc p`quctcs cevd`gns gcsgc cf bfdcetc dedbd`f o`st` cf bfdcetc hde`f, tr`esdtce ` tr`väs gc b`g` uen gc fns engns. F`s rcstrdbbdnecs (01) ` (07) `sckur`e quc fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs y fns s`täfdtcs cstäe huebdne`egn hueb dne`egn y sc rcf`bdnece rcspcbtdv`jcetc cetrc cffns (B`g` bcetrn s`täfdtc cstà bnecbt`gn ` ue bcetrn fnkêstdbn  prdebdp`f). Cst`s rcf`bdnecs cstàe g`g`s ce huebdòe gc f`s cbu`bdnecs (03) y (08) quc k`r`etdz`e f` bnecxdòe cetrc fns bfdcetcs, s`täfdtcs y bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs. F`s cbu`bdnecs cbu`bd necs (0;) ` (11) k`r`etdz k`r`etdz`e `e quc ce f`s rut`s kcecr`g`s sc tr`esdtc f` b`etdg`g tnt`f gc  p`quctcs quc sc kcecr`e ce fns bfdcetcs gc dedbdn. F`s rcstrdbbdnecs (12) ` (17) k`r`etdz`e quc f` b`etdg`g gc b`rk` `sdke`g` ` ue vcoêbufn y` sc` bne snarcb`rk` n sde cff`, cs jcenr ` su b`p`bdg`g ce huebdòe gc f` rut` quc tr`esdtc. F`s cbu`bdnecs (18) ` (1?) gchdece cf fêjdtc gc f` b`p`bdg`g gc snarcb`rk` cetrc bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs y s`täfdtcs, jdcetr`s quc f` cbu`bdòe (14) cst`afcbc f` bnescrv`bdòe gc hfuin gc cetr`g` y s`fdg` ce fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs. F`s cbu`bdnecs (2=) ` (21) gctcrj gctcrjde`e de`e cf tdpn gc b`g` v`rd v`rd`afc. `afc.

Ce cst` t`af` sc pucgc vcr f` bnjp`r`bdòe gcf jngcfn `etdkun y fns jngcfns prnpucstns W`af` 0. X`rd`afcs

Csbce`rdn 0

Csbce`rdn 1

Csbce`rdn 2

gc 72

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gc 03

02

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rcspucst`

B`etdg`g vcoêbufns d-s-o B`etdg`g vcoêbufns o-o Bnstn d-s

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Bnstn s-o

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$1.;=2.3==

Bnstn o-o

$8.107.7?=

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$7.821.727

 

$21.307.0=3

Bnstn tnt`f

$1?.113.7?7

$18.01;.0=4

W`af` 1.

B`jadns ce f`s v`rd`afcs gc rcspucst` X`rd`afcs rcspucst`

Csbce`rdn 1

Csbce`rdn 2

B`etdg`g gc vcoêbufns o-o

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Bnstn s-o

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Bnstn o-o

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-17,3%

Bnstn tnt`f

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

Csbce`rdn 19

Rc cv`fù` cf jngcfn prnpucstn< cs gcbdr, ce f` ct`p` 1 sc debfuyc ue

h`btnr gc snarcb`rk` y sdcjprc sc prnpcegcrà pnr cevd`r vcoêbufns b`rk`gns ce su tnt`fdg`g. Ce f` ct`p` 2 sc `sdke`ràe t`jadäe vcoêbufns bnjpfct`jcetc b`rk`gns< sde cja`rkn, sd sc `sdke`e fns vcoêbufns bne snarcb`rk` y `ùe o`y gcj`eg` rcst`etc pnr  `sdke`r, sdcegn su v`fnr dehcrdnr ` f` b`p`bdg`g gcf vcoêbufn, sc cv`fù` f` pnsdadfdg`g gc cevd`rfn ` tr`väs gc ue bcetrn fnkêstdbn detcrjcgdn quc t`jadäe gca` cevd`r `f bcetrn fnkêstdbn hde`f. 

Cs Csbce` bce`rdn rdn 29

Cs f` cstr`tckd` quc bnetcjpf` f` tnt`fdg`g gcf jngcfn prnpucstn c debnrpnr` cf bnebcptn gc p-jcgd`e`, gnegc sc `sdke` uen n v`rdns bcetrns fnkêstdbns

 prdj`rdns ce huebdòe gc su t`j`ðn (gcj`eg` quc prnbcs`), rcsuft`egn f` cfdjde`bdòe gc ue` n jàs rut`s cetrc fns oua bne cf hde gc `prnvcbo`r cbnenjê`s gc csb`f`. ]`r` cstn, gcadgn ` quc ce f` ct`p` 2 f` gcj`eg` quc dekrcs` ` b`g` bcetrn y quc gcac gdstrdaudrsc ` fns gcjàs cs bnenbdg`, pcrjdtc dgcetdhdb`r cf n fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdj`rdns y `sdke`r f` gcj`eg` ` fns vcoêbufns quc dràe ` b`g` bcetrn fnkêstdbn prdebdp`f. Rd en sc bnjpfct` f` b`p`bdg`g gc vcoêbufn gc ue oua `f ntrn, cstc scrà

 

cevd`gn `f bcetrn fnkêstdbn prdj`rdn, sdcjprc quc ästc ùftdjn tcek` cevêns p`r` cf oua hde`f.

fns vcoêbufns quc tr`esdt`e cetrc bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs gdsjdeuyce ce fns csbce`rdns 1 y 2. Gc hnrj` `eàfnk`, fns bnstns cetrc bfdcetcs y s`täfdtcs en sc rcgubce y` quc fns vcoêbufns y f` b`rk` tr`espnrt`g` ce b`g` uen gc cffns en v`rê`< sde cja`rkn, cf bnstn gc tr`esdtn gc fns s`täfdtcs ` fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns sc rcgubc sdkedhdb`tdv`jcetc, y` quc sc cstà o`bdcegn usn gcf h`btnr gc snarcb`rk`, fn quc `ujcet` f` utdfdz`bdòe gc vcoêbufns y gdsjdeuyc fns bnstns hdins `snbd`gns ` fns jdsjns.

 

BNEBFSRDNECR KCECQ@FCR Rc pugn nascrv`r quc `f djpfcjcet`r cf jngcfn j`tcjàtdbn pcrjdtdò f` nptdjdz`bdòe gc fns bnstns gc gdstrdaubdòe gc f`s cjprcs`s gc p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê`. Cstns prnbcsns sne bnjpfcins bnjpfc ins gcadgn `f `ftn eùjcrn gc bfdce bfdcetcs, tcs, dest`f`bdnecs dest`f`bdnecs y vcoêbufns vcoêbufns devnfubr`gns. devnfubr`gns. Cstn o`bc quc fns prnbcsns gc pf`edhdb`bdòe gc f` rcg y cetrc cffns f` `sdke`bdòe gc fns rcbursns (dehr`cstrubtur`, pcrsne`s y vcoêbufns) sc`e gdhêbdf gc rc`fdz`r, pnr fn quc huc ecbcs`rdn utd utdfdz fdz`r `r ocrr ocrr`jd `jdcet cet`s `s bnj bnjnn cf jngcfn jngcfn j`tcjà j`tcjàtdb tdbnn quc pcrj pcrjdt dtcc cebnet cebnetr`r r`r f`s jcinrc jcinrcss bnegdbdnecs gc huebdne`jdcetn, jdedjdz`egn fns bnstns gc npcr`bdòe y `sckur`egn fns edvcfcs gc scrvdbdn `gcbu`gns p`r` f` s`tdsh`bbdòe gc fns bfdcetcs. Ce cstc `rtêbufn sc  prcscetò ue jngcfn j`tcjàtdbn p`r` f` nptdjdz`bdòe gc ue` rcg gc gdstrdaubdòe gc  p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê`, f` bu`f sc cstrubtur` debfuycegn ue `ftn eùjcrn gc bfdcetcs, ue bneiuetn gc tcrjde`fcs bcetr`fcs gc bnesnfdg`bdòe y v`rd`s pf`t`hnrj`s s`täfdtcs, ce gnegc fns bfdcetcs sne `tcegdgns, bnjn tr`gdbdne`fjcetc nburrc p`r` cstc tdpn gc cjprcs`s. Cf jngcfn jngc fn cxpu cxpucst cstnn pcr pcrjd jdtc tc `sdk `sdke` e`rr fn fnss bf bfdc dcet etcs cs y f` f`ss jcrb jcrb`eb `ebê` ê`ss ` b` b`g` g` ue` gc f` f`ss dest`f`bdnecs gc f` rcg jcgd`etc f` jngdhdb`bdòe gcf h`btnr gc b`rk` gc fns vcoêbufns y gc f` `pfdb`bdòe gcf bnebcptn gc ]-jcgd`e`, fn bu`f prnguin f`s rcgubbdnecs gc `frcgcgnr gcf 04.8% gc fns bnstns tnt`fcs gc gdstrdaubdòe. @gdbdne`f ` cstn cf usn gc bcetrns fnkêstdbns detcrjcgdns, detcrj cgdns, pcrjdtc natcecr cbnenjê` cbnenjê`ss gc csb`f`, csb`f`, fnkr`e fnkr`egn gn `sê rcgubbdnecs rcgubbdnecs `frcgcgnr gcf 02% ce fns bnstns tnt`fcs bne rcspcbtn ` f` bnehdkur`bdòe g`g`.

 

@]NQWC ]@Q@ CF BSQRN Ce bnebnrg`ebd` bne tngn fn cxpucstn `etcrdnrjcetc, cetrc fns `pnrtcs `f bursn n fêec`s hutur`s quc pucgce qucg`r `adcrt`s p`r` `jpfd`r cf prcscetc prnycbtn sc cebucetr` f` djpfcjcet`bdòe gcf rutcn gc vcoêbufns cf bu`f ce tärjdens gc nptdjdz`bdòe pcrjdtdrà ` f` cjprcs` fnkr`r jcinrcs utdfdg`gcs utdfdg`gcs `f jdedjdz`r f` b`etd b`etdg`g g`g gc tdcjpn tdcjpn utdf utdfdz`gn dz`gn cetrc b`g`  puetn gc ffck`g`, cstn cs pnsdafc utdfdz`egn ocrr`jdcet`s bnjn F]RNFXC quc pcrjdtc rcsnfvcr prnafcj`s gc prnkr`j`bdòe fdec`f jdxt`. Cs gcbdr, f` detcr`bbdòe gc v`rd`s v`rd`afcs gdhcrcetcs ce ue snfn jngcfn gc t`f j`ecr` quc pcrjdt` o`ff`r ue puetn nptdjn gc rut`s quc pcrjdt` j`xdjdz`r f`s utdfdg`gcs gc f` cjprcs`. @onr` adce, gcadgn ` quc ce cf  prcscetc prnycbtn sc rc`fdzò ue jngcfn bnjn t`f quc pcrjdtdò ue ue`` rcgubbdòe ce fns bnstns npcr`bdne`fcs gc f` cjprcs` gc jàs gcf 04%, fn cxpucstn `etcrdnrjcetc qucg`rê` bnjn ue` `jpfd`bdòe `f jngcfn prnpucstn ` f`rkn pf`zn quc pucgc gdscð`rsc c djpfcjcet`rsc ce f` cjprcs` y` quc `rrni`rê` g`tns ce tdcjpn rc`f gcf jngcfn cx`btn. ]nr ntrn f`gn, cebnetr`jns quc ` jcgd`en n f`rkn pf`zn f` cjprcs` pucgc `gqudrdr  vcoêbufns quc fc pcrjdt` ue tr`espnrtc sckurn gc f` jcrb`ebê`, bne j`ynr b`p`bdg`g y jcenr tdcjpn gc rut`. ]nr bnesdkudcetc y p`r` chcbtns gcf prcscetc prnycbtn sc dgcetdhdbò quc cf tdpn gc vcoêbufn quc j`s sc `bnjng` ` f`s ecbcsdg`gcs gc f` cjprcs` sne fns b`jdnecs tdpn rêkdgn fns bu`fcs bucet`e bne ue` JJ@ (j`s` jàxdj` `utnrdz`g`) gc 21 tnecf`g`s ce cstn sc debfuyc f` j`s` gcf b`jdòe sde f` b`rk` y f` b`rk` ` tr`espnrt`r. Gc dku`f j`ecr`, sne b`jdnecs quc pnr su cstrubtur` huebdne`f pcrjdtc ue gcspf`z`jdcetn jàs nptdjn ce bnjp`r`bdòe bne ue b`jdòe tdpn `rtdbuf`gn quc, `uequc pnscc j`ynr b`p`bdt`g gc tr`espnrtc su gcspf`z`jdcetn gcspf`z`jdcetn n tdcjpn tdcjpn gc rut` cs j`ynr ce bnjp`r`bdòe bnjp`r`bdòe ` uen gcf tdpn rêkdgn. Gc cst` hnrj`, gc `bucrgn bne cf jngcfn j`tcjàtdbn rc`fdz`gn ce cf prnycbtn cstns b`jdnecs quc `fb`ez`e ce `utnpdst`s y `utnvê`s vcfnbdg`gcs pcrjdtdg`s gc 4=lj/o y ce b`rrctcr` bnevcebdne`f ?= lj/o pcrjdtce bujpfdr bne fns p`ràjctrns cxpucstns ce cf jngcfn j`tcjàtdbn j`tcjàtdbn y `sê fnkr`r ue` rcgubbdòe rcgubbdòe gcf 04% ce fns bnstns npcr`bdne` npcr`bdne`fcs fcs fn quc gc dku`f j`ecr` `ujcet`rê` f`s utdfdg`gcs gc f` cjprcs`. @onr` adce, pnr ùftdjn, cebnetr`jns cebnetr`jns quc cstns b`jdnecs quc sc rdkce ` f` enrj` CSQN 8 cstàe gdscð`gns gc t`f j`ecr` quc rcguzb`e f` b`etdg`g gc BN 1 ce cf jcgdn `jadcetc `sê bnjn EN1 fn bu`f y gcadgn `f `bucrgn gc p`rês ausb` rcgubdr fns edvcfcs gc k`scs gc chcbtn gc devcre`gcrn gcf pf`ect` pnr fn quc ce tärjdens jcgdn `jadcet`fcs y `pnrtc ` f` b`fdg`g gc

 

vdg` gc f`s pcrsne`s quc prcst`e y rcbdace cf scrvdbdn cs gc j`ynr acechdbdn ce bnjp`r`bdòe bne vcoêbufns quc en bujpfce bne f` enrj`tdvdg`g `btu`f. @btu`fjcetc tngns fns b`jdnecs gcf tdpn CSQN 8 gcac bujpfdr bne fns sdkudcetcs  p`ràjctrns9  ENx9 =.7 jk/Lwo BN9 0.3 jk/Lwo OB9 =.02 jk/Lwo J`tcrd` gc f` p`rtêbuf`9 =.=0 jk/Lwo Fn bu`f debfusn rcgubc fns edvcfcs gc bnet`jde`bdòe `f detcrdnr gc fns pcrêjctrns ura`ens y f`s cjdsdnecs gc fns jdsjns, pnr fn quc f`s pcrsne`s quc o`adt`e ce cstns scbtnrcs en sc vc`e `hcbt`g`s pnr f`s cjdsdnecs gc fns vcoêbufns `f detcrdnr gc sus vdvdceg`s.

QCBNJCEG@BDNECR @ bnetdeu`bdòe, sc ceujcr`e ue` scrdc gc rcbnjceg`bdnecs buy` djpfcjcet`bdòe sne vdt`fcs p`r` jcinr`r fns prnbcsns9 •

O` O`bc bcrr ue ue`` `j `jpf pfd` d`bd bdòe òe ggcf cf jng jngcf cfnn cxpu cxpucs cstn tn bbne ne bnj bnjpn pnec ecet etcs cs gc gc rutc rutcnn gc vco vcoêb êbuf ufns ns,,

 pnr bnesdkudcetc, fnkr`r ue `ujcetn ce f` nptdjdz`bdòe ce f` rcg gc gdstrdaubdòe. •

Deb Debfu fudr dr ce cf jngc jngcfn fn nt ntrns rns h` h`bt btnrc nrcss bbrê rêtd tdbn bns, s, bn bnjn jn fn cs cf td tdpn pn gc vc vcoê oêbu bufn fns, s, y` quc

ce p`rtc cstns gctcrjde`e cf tdcjpn gc ffck`g` gc f` jcrb`ebê`. •

Debn Debnrp rpnr nr`r `r cf jn jngc gcfn fn gc h` h`bt btnr nrcs cs cb cbne neòj òjdb dbns ns bn bnjn jn fn sn snee cf cf gde gde`j `jds dsjn jn y f` f`

gctcrjde`bdòe gc fns djp`btns `jadcet`fcs y` quc f` j`ynrê` gc fns prnbcsns gc p`quctcrê` sc rc`fdz`e ce cf detcrdnr gc f`s bdug`gcs, fn bu`f cs ue h`btnr brêtdbn p`r` f` b`fdg`g gc vdg` gc f`s pcrsne`s.

 

QCHCQCEBD@R 

A`ffnu, Q., Fnkêstdb`9 `gjdedstr`bdòe gc f` b`gce` gc sujdedstrns, Pudet` Cg., ]c`rsne Cgub`bdòe, Jäxdbn, 1==7.



Qudz-Jnrcen, R., @r`ekn-Rcre`, J.G., Rcre`-Sràe, B.@., Y`p`t`-Bnrtcs, I.@. J`tocj`tdb`f jngcf hnr toc gdstrdautdne ectwnrl nptdjdz`tdne nh ` bnurdcr `eg  p`rbcf bnjp`ey \@rtdbfcMJngcfn j`tcjàtdbn p`r` f` nptdjdz`bdòe gc f` rcg gc gdstrdaubdòe gc ue` cjprcs` gc tr`espnrtc gc p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê` tcrrcstrcZ (1=1=) GTE@ (Bnfnjad`), ?; (107), pp. 17?-13;. Bdtcg 0 tdjc.



ottps9//vd`utn.ect/quc-cs-f`-curn-8/



ottps9//www.tr`eskcs`.bnj/afnk/tr`espnrtc-tcrrcstrc-tdpnsb`jdnecs/#Wdpns^gc^b`jdnecs^ce^cf^tr`espnrtc^tcrrcstrc

ASRPSCG@

 

J`tocj`tdb`f jngcf hnr toc gdstrdautdne ectwnrl nptdjdz`tdne nh ` bnurdcr `eg p`rbcf bnjp`ey Rdfv`e` Qudz-Jnrcen ` , J`rtêe G`rên @r`ekn-Rcre` a , Bner`gn @ukustn Rcre`-Sràe b & Iufdàe @egräs Y`p`t`-Bnrtcs g  `

  H`buft`g gc Dekcedcrê`, Sedvcrsdg`g gc R`e Auce`vcetur`, Jcgcffêe, Bnfnjad`.  sdfv`e`.rudzMusajcg.cgu.bn a   H`buft`g gc Jde`s, Sedvcrsdg`g E`bdne`f gc Bnfnjad`, Jcgcffêe, Bnfnjad`. jg`r`eknMue`f.cgu.bn b  Destdtutn   Wcbenfòkdbn  Destdtutn Wcbenfòkdbn   Jctrnpnfdt`en, Jcgcffêe, Bnfnjad`. bner`gnscre`Mdtj.cgu.bn g    Csbucf` gc @gjdedstr`bdòe, Hueg`bdòe Sedvcrsdt`rd` BCD]@, R`a`ect`, Bnfnjad`.  iufd`e.z`p`t`Mbcdp`.cgu.bn

Qcbcdvcg9 I`eu`ry 11to, 1=1=. Qcbcdvcg de rcvdscg vcrsdne9 Iufy 2rg, 1=1=. @bbcptcg9 Iufy ?to, 1=1=. @astr`bt

Woc gdstrdautdne prnbcsscs nh toc bnurdcr `eg p`rbcf bnjp`edcs `rc bnjpfcx guc tn toc odko eujacr nh bustnjcrs, h`bdfdtdcs `eg vcodbfcs devnfvcg. Wods j`lcs to`t ectwnrl pf`eedek `eg rcsnurbcs `ffnb`tdne (dehr`strubturc, pcnpfc `eg vcodbfcs) acbnjcs ` gdhhdbuft t`sl, rcqudrdek tnnfs subo `s j`tocj`tdb`f jngcfs to`t `ffnw hdegdek toc acst npcr`tdek bnegdtdnes, sccldek tn jdedjdzc npcr`tdek bnsts `eg cesurc gdstrdautdne `gcqu`tc scrvdbc fcvcfs hnr bustnjcr s`tdsh`btdne. `rtdbfc prcscets ` j`tocj`tdb`f toc nptdjdz`tdne nh `s bnurdcr `eg  p`rbcf ectwnrl ectwnrl, , wodbo ds strubturcg debfugdek debfugdekWods ` odko eujacr nh bustnjcrs, bustnjcrs , ` sct nhjngcf bcetr`fhnr bbnesnfdg`tdne nesnfdg`tdne tcrjde`fs tcrjde`f `eg scvcr`f s`tcffdtc pf`thnrjs, wocrc bustnjcrs `rc scrvcg, `s tr`gdtdne`ffy nbburs de tods typc nh bnjp`edcs. Woc jngcf `ffnws bustnjcrs `eg jcrbo`egdsc tn ac `ssdkecg tn c`bo ectwnrl h`bdfdtdcs ay jngdhydek toc vcodbfc fn`g h`btnr `eg toc `ppfdb`tdne nh toc ]-jcgd`e bnebcpt, wodbo rcsufts de rcgubtdnes `rnueg 04% nh toc tnt`f gdstrdautdne bnsts.  Lcywnrgs9 fnkdstdbs bnsts< ectwnrl gcsdke prnafcj< p`rbcf `eg bnurdcr tr`espnrt.

Jngcfn j`tcjàtdbn j`tcjàtdbn p`r` f` nptdjdz`bdòe gc f` rcg gc gdstrdaubdòe gc ue` cjprcs` gc tr`espnrtc gc p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê` tcrrcstrc Qcsujce

Fns prnbcsns gc gdstrdaubdòe gc f`s cjprcs`s gc p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê` sne bnjpfcins gcadgn `f `ftn eùjcrn gc bfdcetcs, dest`f`bdnecs y vcoêbufns devnfubr`gns. Cstn o`bc quc fns prnbcsns gc pf`edhdb`bdòe gc f` rcg y cetrc cffns f` `sdke`bdòe gc fns rcbursns (dehr`cstrubtur`,  pcrsne`s y vcoêbufns) vcoêbufns) sc`e gdhêbdf gc rc`fdz`r, pnr fn quc cs ecbcs`rdn us`r ocrr`jdcet`s bnjn jngcfns j`tcjàtdbns j`tcjàtdbns quc pcrjdtce cebnetr`r f`s jcinrcs bnegdbdnecs gc huebdne`jdcetn, jdedjdz`egn fns bnstns gc npcr`bdòe y `sckur`egn fns edvcfcs gc scrvdbdn `gcbu`gns p`r` f` s`tdsh`bbdòe gc fns bfdcetcs. Ce cstc `rtêbufn sc prcscet` ue jngcfn j`tcjàtdbn p`r` f` nptdjdz`bdòe gc ue` rcg gc gdstrdaubdòe gc p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê`, f` bu`f sc cstrubtur` debfuycegn 1== bfdcetcs, ue bneiuetn gc 7 tcrjde`fcs bcetr`fcs gc bnesnfdg`bdòe y 0= pf`t`hnrj`s s`täfdtc, ce gnegc fns bfdcetcs sne `tcegdgns, bnjn tr`gdbdne`fjcetc nburrc p`r` cstc tdpn gc cjprcs`s. Cf jngcfn pcrjdtc `sdke`r fns bfdcetcs y f`s jcrb`ebê`s ` b`g` ue` gc f`s dest`f`bdnecs gc f` rcg jcgd`etc f` jngdhdb`bdòe gcf h`btnr gc b`rk` gc fns vcoêbufns y gc f` `pfdb`bdòe gcf bnebcptn gc ]-jcgd`e`, fn bu`f prngubc gc rcgubbdnecs gc `frcgcgnr gcf 04% gc fns bnstns tnt`fcs gc gdstrdaubdòe.  ]`f`ar`s bf`vc9 bnstns fnkêstdbns< prnafcj` gc gdscðn gc rcgcs< tr`espnrtc gc p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê`.

0. Detr Detrng ngub ubtd tdne ne

`btdvdg`gcs quc h`bdfdt`e cf jnvdjdcetn, t`etn gc fns adcecs F` fnkêstdb` sc gchdec bnjn f` pf`edhdb`bdòe, j`tcrd`fcs bnjn gc dehnrj`bdòe, gcsgc y o`bd` fns  prnvccgnrcs - cjprcs` y gcj`eg`etcs, bnesdgcr`egn fns djpfcjcet`bdòe, bnnrgde`bdòe y bnetrnf gc tng`s f`s tdcjpns y b`etdg`gcs `prnpd`g`s \0-2Z. Ce cstc bnetcxtn, f`s

kn-Rcre`, J.G, Rcre`-Sràe, B.@. `eg Y`p`t`-Bnrtcs, I.@, Jngcfn j`tcjàbn p`r` f` npjdz`bdòe gc f` rcg gc gdstrdaubdòe gc ue` cjprcs` gc tr`espnrtc gc p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê` tcrrcstrc. GTE@, ?;(107), pp. 17?-

© Woc `utonr< fdbcescc Sedvcrsdg`g E`bdne`f gc Bnfnjad`. Qcvdst` GTE@, ?;(107), pp. 17?-13;, Iufy-Rcptcjacr, 1=1=, DRRE ==01-;232 GND9 ottp9//gnd.nrk/0=.03778/gye`.v?;e107.?78;4

 

Qudz-Jnrcen ct `f / Qcvdst` GTE@, ?;(107), pp. 17?-13;, Iufy-Rcptcjacr, 1=1=.

cjprcs`s gc tr`espnrtc gc jces`icrê` y p`quctcrê` gcace  pf`edhdb`rsc y `e`fdz`rsc gcsgc su huebdòe fnkêstdb` p`r` fnkr`r prnpnecr csqucj`s gc gdstrdaubdòe quc sc`e rcet`afcs \7Z. @fkuens gc fns cfcjcetns jàs b`r`btcrêstdbns gc cstns  prnbcsns gc gdstrdaubdòe cs f` bnjpfcidg`g gc su rcg fnkêstdb` y quc f` j`ynrê` gc fns prnbcsns gc tr`espnrtc, cetrck` y rcbnkdg` gc f` jcrb`ebê` sc rc`fdz`e `f detcrdnr gc f`s bdug`gcs \3,8Z, fn quc gdhdbuft` cf prnbcsn gcadgn ` f`s ecbcsdg`gcs gc debfudr f`s p`rtdbuf`rdg`gcs prnpd`s gc f`s bdug`gcs ce gnegc sc ffcv`e ` b`an gdbons prnbcsns gc gdstrdaubdòe, bnjn sne f`s rcstrdbbdnecs gc jnvdfdg`g, fns `btnrcs devnfubr`gns y f`s b`r`btcrêstdb`s gc dehr`cstrubtur` ura`e` \;,?Z. ]`r` cstn cs ecbcs`rdn djpfcjcet`r ocrr`jdcet`s gc nptdjdz`bdòe quc kcecrce pf`ecs gc gdstrdaubdòe quc gdsjdeuy`e `f jêedjn fns bnstns ce fns quc sc deburrc, sde `hcbt`r f` b`fdg`g ce f`s cetrck`s ` fns bfdcetcs \4,0=Z. Ce f`  aùsqucg` gc jdedjdz`r jdedjdz`r fns bnstns bnstns bnjn cf prdebdp`f prdebdp`f naictdvn gc `eàfdsds ce cf scbtnr tr`espnrtc \00Z, o`e surkdgn  prdebdp`fjcetc bu`trn jngcfns quc rcspnegce ` f` bu`etdhdb`bdòee y nptdjdz`bdòe gc fns jdsjns \01Z, fns bu`fcs bu`etdhdb`bdò sne f` `sdke`bdòe gc bfdcetcs ` dest`f`bdnecs< f` fnb`fdz`bdòe gc f`s dest`f`bdnecs gc bnesnfdg`bdòe y gcsbnesnfdg`bdòe< cf rutcn gc vcoêbufns p`r` f` gdstrdaubdòe gc jcrb`ebê`s< y cf gdscðn gc scrvdbdns. Cs ecbcs`rdn quc f`s cjprcs`s vcfce gc pnrrcgcs `fb`ez`r f`s jcinrcs bnegdbdnecs p`r` su huebdne`jdcetn, rcqudrdcegn f` djpfcjcet`bdòe gc `fkuen n v`rdns gc fns jngcfns jcebdne`gns. Ce cstc `rtêbufn sc `anrg` ue prnafcj` gc nptdjdz`bdòe gc f` rcg gc gdstrdaubdòe gc ue` cjprcs` gc p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê`, utdfdz`egn utdfdz`egn cf jngcfn gc `sdke`bdòe gc bfdcetcs ` dest`f`bdnecs, bne cf bu`f sc fnkr` gdsjdeudr  sdkedhdb`tdv`jcetc fns bnstns gc gdstrdaubdòe y bne cffn jcinr`r fns edvcfcs gc bnjpctdtdvdg`g p`r` f` cjprcs`. Cstc jngcfn bnesdgcr` f` cstrubtur` y` cxdstcetc gc f` rcg gc gdstrdaubdòe gc f` cjprcs` y sc ceb`rk` gc `sdke`r fns bfdcetcs, fns vcoêbufns y f`s dest`f`bdnecs p`r` prngubdr   pf`ecs gc gdstrdaubdòe quc fnkr`e jcinr`r fns bnstns ce o`st` ue 04%. 1. ]rnafcj` ]rnafcj` gc gdsc gdscðn ðn gc rcgcs Wr`e Wr`espnrt spnrtcc ce cjprcs` cjprcs`ss gc jces`icrê` y p`quctcrê`

Cf `eàfdsds gc rcgcs gc tr`espnrtc cs ue tcj` quc sc o` cstugd`gn `jpfd`jcetc, gcadgn ` quc cst`s bnegdbdne`e f`s rcf`bdnecs cetrc fns rcbursns p`r` jnvdfdz`r jcrb`ebê`s y sne bf`vc p`r` fnkr`r ue tr`espnrtc chdbdcetc, y` sc` ce tärjdens gc tdcjpn, gdst`ebd` n bnstn \02,07Z. Cf tr`espnrtc gc jces`icrê` y p`quctcrê` devnfubr` f` jnvdfdz` jnvd fdz`bdòe bdòe gc b`rt`s b`rt`s y pcqucðns pcqucðns p`quctcs p`quctcs gcsgc y o`bd` o`bd` gdhcrcetcs zne`s kcnkràhdb`s. Fns prnafcj`s fnkêstdbns quc cehrcet`e f`s cjprcs`s gc tr`espnrtc gc jces`icrê` y  p`quctcrê`  p`quctcr ê` ce cf gê` ` gê` cstàe rcf`bdne`gns bne f` gchdedbdòe gc rut`s o`bd` f`s zne`s gc cevên y`  prcgctcrjde`g`s,  prcgctcrjde`g `s, bnesdgcr`egn f` e`tur`fcz` cstnbàstdb` gc f` gcj`eg` y f` bnekcstdòe bnekcstdòe vcodbuf`r bnjn prdebdp`fcs v`rd`afcs cxtcre`s quc `hcbt`e f` chdbdcebd` gcf tr`espnrtc \03Z. Se` b`r`btcrêstdb` bf`vc gc cst`s rcgcs gc tr`espnrtc cs cf gde`jdsjn, quc o`bc

rchcrcebd` ` fns b`jadns bnest`etcs ce f` gcj`eg` gcf scrvdbdn, scrv dbdn, f` `sdke`bdò `sdke`bdòee gc rut`s rut`s chdbdcet chdbdcetcs cs quc rcspneg`e ` cst` b`r`btcrêstdb`, f` bu`f o` sdgn `anrg`g` pnr tr`a`ins F`rsce ce ct `f. \08Z, ce gnegc sc `e`fdz` cf bn bnjn jn cf cf gc F`rs djp`btn gcf usn gc Wcbenfnkê`s gc f` Dehnrj`bdòe y f` Bnjuedb`bdòe ce f` chdbdcebd` gc f`s rut`s cst`afcbdg`s p`r` fns vcoêbufns, bu`etdhdb`egn cf kr`gn gc gde`jdsjn gc f` rcg. Hrcbucetcjcetc fns scrvdbdnsy gc tr`espnrtc gc jces`icrê` y p`quctcrê` sne rcprcscet`gns bnehdkur`gns bnjn ue` rcg quc sdkuc f` cstr`tckd` Oua `eg Rpnlc, f` bu`f sc bnehnrj`  pnr ue` pf`t`hnrj` bcetr`f ce gnegc f` jcrb`ebê` gc gdhcrcetcs nrêkcecs cs bnesnfdg`g` y ` p`rtdr gc `ffê cevd`g` ` fns bfdcetcs, fnkr`egn nptdjdz`r f` b`p`bdg`g gc b`rk` gc fns vcoêbufns y rcgubdcegn ce eùjcrn gc vd`ics rcqucrdgn ce bnjp`r`bdòe bne ntr`s cstr`tckd`s, bnjn f` gc cevêns gdrcbtns \;Z. Ce cstc scetdgn fns ouas bnrrcspnegce ` f`s tcrjde`fcs prdebdp`fcs y n scbueg`rd`s gc bnesnfdg`bdòe y gcsbnesnfdg`bdòe gc fns p`quctcs, jcrb`ebê`s y/n b`rt`s uadb`g`s ce b`g` ue` gc f`s zne`s gc gdstrdaubdòe, jdcetr`s quc fns engns quc gcace scr `tcegdgns, sc`e bfdcetcs p`r` rcbnkcr n cetrck`r jcrb`ebê` (n `ja`s `btdvdg`gcs) rcprcscet`e fns spnlc \0;Z. F` Hdk. 0 csqucj`tdz` f` rcg quc b`r`btcrdz` cf tr`espnrtc gc jces`icrê` y p`quctcrê`, gnegc fns jùftdpfcs bcetrns gc gdstrdaubdòe detcrbnecbt` detcrbnecbt`gns gns rcbdace y gcsp`bo`e p`quctcs bfdcetcs y pucgce p`s`r n en pnr  bcetrns fnkêstdbns gc j`ynr t`j`ðn\1Z. Cst` rcg sc bnehnrj` cetnebcs pnr gns edvcfcs (gns ct`p`s gc bnesnfdg`bdòe/gcsbnesnfdg`bdòe) y cs f` jàs usu`f ce fns  prnbcsns gc gdstrdaubdòe gdstrdaubdòe gc jces`icrê` jces`icrê` y p`quctcrê` p`quctcrê` \3Z. Bnjn sc jcebdneò, bu`egn ue` bdug`g n zne` kcnkràhdb` bucet` bne v`rd`s jdbrn-zne`s quc sne `tcegdg`s gcsgc ue` tcrjde`f bcetr`f gnegc sc bnebcetr`e f` tnt`fdg`g gc b`rt`s y pcqucðns p`quctcs, f` cstr`tckd` Oua `eg Rpnlc cs dgòec` gcadgn ` quc f`s jdbrn zne`s pngràe scr vdsdt`g`s  pnr vcoêbufns quc bnecbt`e f`s tcrjde`fcs scbueg`rd`s y f`s tcrjde`fcs bcetr`fcs pucgce uedrsc cetrc sê ` tr`väs gc rcgcs tcrrcstrcs \07Z. F` cstr`tckd` Oua `eg Rpnlc o` sdgn us`g` bnjn a`sc p`r` f` hnrjuf`bdòe gc jngcfns gc `sdke`bdòe gc vcoêbufns y gc `eàfdsds gc f`s rcgcs \0?-1=Z. Ce f` fdtcr`tur` cspcbd`fdz`g` cs pnsdafc cebnetr`r b`sns gc cstugdn gcf  prnafcj` gc rutcn gc vcoêbufns ` tr`väs gc rcgcs Oua `eg Rpnlc, sdcegn ecbcs`rdn `gcjàs bnesdgcr`r f`s uadb`bdnecs gc

Hdkur` 0. Qcg gc gdstrdaubdòe gc p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê` Hucetc9 Fns @utnrcs. @utnrcs.

 

174

 

Qudz-Jnrcen ct `f / Qcvdst` GTE@, ?;(107), pp. 17?-13;, Iufy-Rcptcjacr, 1=1=.

Hdkur` 1. ]rnafcj` gc gdscðn gc rcgcs p`r` f` gdstrdaubdòe gc p`quctcrê`. Hucetc9 Fns @utnrcs.

fns bcetrns n tcrjde`fcs s`täfdtcs (ouas) y fns bnstns `snbd`gns `f tr`espnrtc gc fns prngubtns quc sc g` ce cffns. @etc cst` ecbcsdg`g, sc o` pf`etc`gn cf prnafcj` gc gdscðn gc rcgcs p`r` gdstrdaubdòe gc bnrrcspnegcebd` (]rnafcj Gcsdke Ectwnrl hnr ]`rbcf Gdstrdautdne - ]GEG]), cf bu`f sc rcprcscet` ce f` Hdk. 1. Cstc gdscðn kcecr`fdz`gn gc rcg tdcec bnjn bnesdgcr`bdòe a`sc cf `onrrn quc sc `fb`ez` pnr us`r  dest`f`bdnecs gcce bnesnfdg`bdòe, pcrjdtdcegn j`ynrcs `onrrns rut`s gc detcrbnecxdòe gc ouas,prngubdr  y` quc cf bnstn gc dr gdrcbt`jcetc gc ue oua ` ntrn sdcjprc scrà jcenr quc tr`esdt`r pnr ue tcrbcrn< cs gcbdr, sc brc`e rut`s gdrcbt`s cetrc fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns< sde cja`rkn, ce b`sn gc quc cf hfuin cetrc ouas sc` gc a`in vnfujce, gcacràe  ausb`rsc rut`s `ftcre`s. `ftcre`s. F` j`ynrê` gc prnafcj`s ]GEG] cstàe nrdcet`gns ` jdedjdz`r fns bnstns npcr`tdvns ` tr`väs gc f` fnb`fdz`bdòe gc fns ouas< sde cja`rkn, ce fns ùftdjns `ðns sc o` debfudgn cf prnafcj` gc rutcn y bnstns `snbd`gns gc tr`espnrtc `f gdscðn gc cst`s rcgcs, y` quc bcetr`rsc ùedb`jcetc ce fns bnstns pnr uadb`bdòe fdjdt` cf prnafcj` gc tnj`r gcbdsdnecs snfn bnesdgcr`egn gdst`ebd`s y en ntrns h`btnrcs bnjn cf tdpn gc jcrb`ebê` jnvdfdz`g` y fns vcoêbufns djpfdb`gns ce cf gcsp`bon gc f` bnrrcspnegcebd` y pcqucðns p`quctcs \11, 12Z. 2. Jngcfn Jngcfn prnpucst prnpucstn n p`r` cf tr`esp tr`espnrtc nrtc gc p`quc p`quctcrê tcrê` `y jces`icrê`

Gc `bucrgn bne fn cxprcs`gn `etcrdnrjcetc, g`g`s f`s bnegdbdnecs gc tr`espnrtc gc jces`icrê` y p`quctcrê`, cs ecbcs`rdn b`r`btcrdz`r f` rcg bnjn ue ]GEG] (]`rbcf gcfdvcry Ectwnrl Gcsdke ]rnafcj). Ce cf b`sn gc Bnfnja Bnf njad`, d`, p`ê p`êss naictn naictn gc cstugd cstugdnn gc cstc cstc tr` tr`a`i a`in, n, b`g` b`g` bdug`g tdcec ue bcetrn fnkêstdbn prdebdp`f quc huebdne` bnjn ue oua quc gcsbnesnfdg` y bnesnfdg` cevêns o`bd` bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs gc ntr`s bdug`gcs< ` cstns bcetrns fnkêstdb fnkê stdbns ns ffck ffck`e `e b`jdnecs b`jdnecs quc o`e rcbnrrdgn rcbnrrdgn bcetrns bcetrns gc jcenr t`j`ðn ce fns a`rrdns n bnjuedg`gcs gc b`g` bdug`g

Hdkur` 2. Qcg gc scrvdbdns gc p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê` ce Bnfnjad` Hucetc9 Fns @utnrcs.

F` rcprcscet`bdòe kràhdb` gc f` rcg gcsbrdt` cs sdjdf`r ` f` prcscet`g` ce f` Hdk. 2. gnegc sc tdcece uens bfdcetcs hde`fcs quc pucgce t`etn cevd`r bnjn rcbdadr jcrb`ebê` y quc gcace scr `sdke`gns ` ue s`täfdtc< pnstcrdnrjcetc b`g` s`tä s`täfd fdtc tc gc gcac ac scr scr `sdk `sdke` e`gn gn ` ue ou oua< a< ce cstc cstc b` b`sn sn sc bnesdgcr` f` gdst`ebd` fdec`f cetrc fns engns bnjn brdtcrdn gc gcbdsdòe p`r` cst`s `sdke`bdnecs. Cf prnbcsn p`r` cf gdscðn gc ue` rcg gc scrvdbdns p`r` cjprcs`s gc jces`icrê` y p`quctcrê` sc pucgc gcsbrdadr ce 2 ct`p`s (@sdke`bdòe y tr`espnrtc gc bfdcetcs ` oua< @sdke`bdò @sdke `bdòee gc s`täfdtc s`täfdtcss ` oua prdebdp`f prdebdp`fcs< cs< `sdke`bdò `sdke`bdòee y tr`espnrtc cetrc oua prdebdp`fcs) t`f y bnjn sc jucstr` ce f` Hdk. 7. Cst`s ct`p`s tdcece gdhcrcetcs bnstns `snbd`gns y f`s gcbdsdnecs sc bcetr`e ce f` `sdke`bdòe gc engns y fns cevêns quc sc rc`fdz`e cetrc fns gdhcrcetcs edvcfcs gc f` rcg gc gdstrdaubdòe. ]`r` sdjpfdhdb`r f` enjcebf`tur` gc f`s rut`s quc sc kcecr`e ce b`g` ct`p`, fns s`täfdtcs `snbd`gns `f bfdcetc hde`f sc gchdece bnjn cf bneiuetn s·< fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns `snbd`gns `f s`täfdtc hde`f o— y sd ouadcsc ue bcetrn fnkêstdbn detcrjcgdn bnjn o·< f` uedòe cetrc cstns engns sc gcent` bne ue kudne< cs gcbdr, (o·-s·- i) gcent` quc sc kcecr` ue` rut` cetrc cf bcetrn fnkêstdbn hde`f o·y cf s`täfdtc `snbd`gn s ·p`r` `tcegcr `f bfdcetc gc cetrck` i. Ce f` ct`p` 0, sc b`fbuf`e f`s gdst`ebd`s cetrc fns bfdcetcs d y  i o`bd` fns s`täfdtcs ce tng` cf àrc` gc gdstrdaubdòe, tcedcegn ce bucet` f` gdst`ebd` cubfdgd`e` gc b`g` bfdcetc ` f` tnt`fdg`g gc fns s`täfdtcs. Ce cst` ct`p` cs pnsdafc b`fbuf`r  cf hfuin gc jcrb`ebê` quc gcacrà cetr`r y s`fdr gc b`g` s`täfdtc ce huebdòe gc fns bfdcetcs `sdke`gns y `f jdsjn tdcjpn, cf

qucsnfdg` huebdne`e bnjn bcetrns s`täfdtcs, f` `jcrb`ebê` sc bne bnesnf dg` prcvd` prcvd`jce jcetc tc y gcspuä gcs puäss csgòegc cevd`g cevd`g` ` fns oua  prdebdp`fcs gc b`g` b`g` bdug`g. Hdkur` 7. Ct`p`s p`r` cf gcs`rrnffn gcf jngcfn p`r` f` rcg. Hucetc9 Fns @utnrcs.

13=

 

Qudz-Jnrcen ct `f / Qcvdst` GTE@, ?;(107), pp. 17?-13;, Iufy-Rcptcjacr, 1=1=.

eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns jêedjn ecbcs`rdn p`r` supfdr f` gcj`eg` gc sus bfdcetcs. Ce cst` ct`p` sc kcecr`e gns tdpns gc rut`s quc en pucgce bnetcjpf`r snarcb`rk`9 rut` Bfdcetc gc rcbnkdg` ` s`täfdtcs (d-s)< rut` R`täfdtcs ` bfdcetcs gc cetrck` (s—-  ii). Cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns rcqucrdgns p`r` cst`s rut`s sc b`fbuf` suj`egn cf hfuin tnt`f gc f` jcrb`ebê` quc sc gcacrà rcbnkcr y sc rcf`bdne` bne f` b`p`bdg`g gc fns vcoêbufns, ce b`sn gc g`r gcbdj`f, ce eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns sc `prnxdj` `f j`ynr y sc bnjp`r` bne cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns rcqucrdgns  p`r` cetrck`r ` fns bfdcetcs gcf s`täfdtc, scfcbbdne`egn scfcbbdne`egn `sê cf j`ynr eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns ecbcs`rdns p`r` `tcegcr f` tnt`fdg`g gc fns bfdcetcs. F` `sdke`bdòe quc sc rc`fdz` ce f` ct`p` 1 sc ceb`rk` gc gctcrjde`r fns hfuins gc prngubtns cetrc fns s`täfdtcs ` fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs a`in f` jdsj` bnesdgcr`bdòe gc gdst`ebd` cubfdgd`e`. Fuckn sc b`fbuf`e fns hfuins gc jcrb`ebê` quc dràe `f oua `sdke`gn y cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns rcqucrdgns p`r` fnkr`r tr`espnrt`r f` tnt`fdg`g gc f` gcj`eg`. Ce cst` ct`p` sc kcecr`e gns rut`s y sc pucgc bnesdgcr`r snarcb`rk` `ue bu`egn f` rut` cs `tcegdg` pnr fns jdsjns vcoêbufns gc f` ct`p` 09 rut` s`täfdtc ` oua (s-o)< rut` oua hde`f ` s`täfdtc (o·-s). Cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns sc b`fbuf` gc hnrj` sdjdf`r ` f` ct`p` 0< snfn quc sc suj` f`

W`af` 0. H`btnr H`b tnrcs cs gc bn bnstn stnss gc gcff  jn jngcfn gcfn pnr ct`p`s. ct`p `s.  Bnstn 

Ct Ct` `p` 0

Ct Ct`p `p` `1

Bnstn j`rkde`f Bnstn j`rkde`f  pnr ldfnkr`jn  pnr ldfnkr`jn tr`espnrt`gn tr`espnrt`gn cetrc bfdcetcs y cetrc s`täfdtcs y s`täfdtcs ouas Bnstn j`rkde`f Bnstn j`rkde`f  pnr ldfòjctrn  pnr ldfòjctrn cetrc bfdcetcs y cetrc s`täfdtcs y Bnstn gc s`täfdtcs ouas tr`espnrtc Bnstn hdin gcf Bnstn hdin gcf vcoêbufn quc sc vcoêbufn quc sc jnvdfdz` cetrc jnvdfdz` cetrc bfdcetcs y s`täfdtcs y oua s`täfdtc Bnstn gc snarcb`rk`r cf vcoêbufn gc rcg   scbue g`rd`` scbueg`rd Bnstn gc Bnstn gc j`ecin j`ecin ce cf ce s`täfdtc pnr  oua gc dedbdn n ldfnkr`jn hde pnr  ldfnkr`jn sc Bnstn gc  En bnesdgcr`e j`ecin bnstns gc Bnstns hdins gc dest`f`bdòe gcadgn ` quc fns ouas sn snee s`tä s`täfd fdtc tcss gc   tcrbcrns.  Hucetc9 Fns @utnrcs.

Ct Ct`p `p` `2

Bnstn j`rkde`f  pnr ldfnkr`jn tr`espnrt`gn cetrc bfdcetcs y s`täfdtcs Bnstn j`rkde`f  pnr ldfòjctrn cetrc bfdcetcs y s`täfdtcs Bnstn hdin gcf vcoêbufn quc sc jnvdfdz` cetrc ouas Bnstn gc snarcb`rk`r cf vcoêbufn gc rcg  prdebdp`f Bnstns pnr   j`ecin ce ue oua detcrjcgdn  pnr ldfnkr`jn

Bnstns hdins oua

detcrjcgdns tnt`fdg`g gc hfuin gc jcrb`ebê` quc rcbnkc cf s`täfdtc y quc gcacrà scr cetrck`gn `f oua `sdke`gn y sc rcf`bdne` bne f` b`p`bdg`g gcf vcoêbufn (debfuycegn snarcb`rk`). Cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns quc sc rcqudcrce p`r` f` rut` gcf oua `f s`täfdtc sc natdcec `f b`fbuf`r cf hfuin tnt`f quc s`fgrà gcf oua o`bd` cf s`täfdtc y sc gdvdgc snarc f` b`p`bdg`g gcf vcoêbufn. @fkue`s bnesdgcr`bdnecs `gdbdne`fcs ce fns engns quc Ce f` ct`p` 2 sc `sdke`e f`s rut`s detcr-oua, `sujdcegn quc tngns fns ouas sc cebucetr`e bnecbt`gns. Ce cst` ct`p` gcace tcecrsc ce bucet` p`r` f` bnestrubbdòe gc ue` rcg quc sc gcace b`fbuf`r fns vcoêbufns quc rcbnrrce fns bcetrns rcprcscetc f` npcr`tdvdg`g gc f`s cjprcs`s gc tr`espnrtc gc fnkêstdbns, fns bnstns gc j`ecin y cf bnstn `snbd`gn ` f` rut`  p`quctcrê` y jces`icrê` cs quc fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns  prdebdp`fcs fcs gc b`g` bdug`g y` sc cebucetr`e uadb`gns. @ cetrc fns bcetrns. F` kcecr`bdòe gc rut`s ce cstc puetn cs  prdebdp` cstnss bc bcet etrn rnss ff ffck ck`e `e gn gnss tdpn tdpnss gc vc vcoê oêbu bufn fns9 s9 fn fnss qu qucc jàs bnjpfci` y en sc fdjdt` ` `sdke`r vcoêbufns ce huebdòe cstn  prnvdcece gc ntrns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs y quc sne gc f` gcj`eg`, sden quc sc kcecr` ue prnafcj` gc rutcn detcr-oua quc gcac scr `anrg`gn gcsgc ue cehnquc gc gc j`ynr t`j`ðn, y fns vcoêbufns quc ffck`e gcsgc fns nptdjdz`bdòe, y` quc f`s pnsdafcs rut`s quc sc pucgce s`täfdtcs gc f` bdug`g. Cs djpnrt`etc bnesdgcr`r quc `ue bu`egnn fns bcetrns bu`eg bcetrns fnkês fnkêstdbn tdbnss prdebdp`f prdebdp`fcs cs rcbda`e rcbda`e ue d kcecr`r sne9 bfdcetc dedbdn `f bfdcetc gc s-o-o·-s·rut`gdrcbt` bne ouagcf detcrjcgdn (d-s-o-o·-o·-s·  ii) yrut`   ii) hde ( - vcoêbufn gc ntrn bcetrn fnkêstdbn `gy`bcetc, f` jcrb`ebê` Ce cstc scetdgn f` b`etdg`g gc vcoêbufns y cf bnstn gc f` rcbdadg` pngrà prnvcedr gc ntrn oua dedbd`f sd cf bcetrn rut` detcr oua v`rê` y gcac `anrg`rsc bnjn ue prnafcj` gc fnkêstdbn `gy`bcetc sdrvc gc oua detcrjcgdn. Cf bnstn gcf nptdjdz`bdòe. ]`r` fnkr`r o`ff`r f` jcinr rut` sc prnpnec j`tcrd`f quc sc j`eci` ce fns ouas sc `snbd` `f vnfujce gc us`r cf jätngn gc f` p-jcgd`e` quc bnjn fn gcsbrdac \17Z, jcrb`ebê` quc sc rcbdac y sc gcsp`bo`, quc hde`fjcetc, djp`bt`r bt`ràà t`jadäe t`jadäe fns bnstns bnstns gc tr`espnrt tr`espnrtc. c. G`g` cst`  pcrjdtc cf gdscðn gc rcgcs `sdke`egn uen n v`rdns (p) oua djp` bnebcetr`gnrcs gc b`rk`, cvdt`egn f` bnecxdòe deecbcs`rd` bnegdbdòe y quc cetrc ouas pucgc o`acr ue vnfujce a`in gc cetrc ouas bne a`i` gcesdg`g gc tràesdtn. Rd adce cf jätngn j`tcrd`f, cf usn gc vcoêbufns gcgdb`gns pucgc scr bnstnsn. Fns bfdcetcs hde`fcs t`jadäe pucgce gcpnsdt`r  gc f` p-jcgd`e` cs ue prnafcj` ce sê E]-o`rg< sc bnesdgcr` bnrrcspnegcebd` y p`quctcs p`r` scr cevd`gns ce fns bnjn ue jätngn gc snfubdòe quc pcrjdtc rc`fdz`r ue s`täfdtcs quc sc cebucetr`e uadb`gns ce gdhcrcetcs zne`s gc `eàfdsds gc bnecbtdvdg`g detcroua chdbdcetc. Ce f` W`af` 0 sc prcscet`e fns bnstns quc sc `snbd`e ` f`s bdug`gcs< ästns en djpfdb`e bnstns gc j`ecin n gc b`g` ct`p` y quc sc bnesdgcr`ràe gcetrn gcf jngcfn. Bnjn dest`f`bdnecs p`r` f`s cjprcs`s y` quc sne bcetrns y` sc jcebdneò, fns prnafcj`s ]GEG] bnesdgcr`e gns tdpns degcpcegdcetcs quc prcst`e cstc scrvdbdn y buyn bnstn pnr   p`quctc rcbdadgn cs bnesdgcr`gn bnjn bnstn j`rkde`f pnr cf gc bnstns9b`g` Bnstns bnstns j`ecin< sde eùjcrn gc uedg`gcs quc rcbdac. @ cstns bcetrns s`täfdtcs cja`rkn, uen gc gc tr`espnrtc cstns bnstnsy sc `snbd`gcbne v`rd`afcs quc quc `h `hcb cbt` t`ee f` cs cstd tdj` j`bd bdòe òe gc gd gdbo bonn bn bnst stnn sckù sckùee f` f`ss ffck` uen n gns vcoêbufns gd`rdns quc rcbdace cf j`tcrd`f ` b`r`btcrêstdb`s b`r`btcrêstd b`s gc f`s rcgcs gc tr`espnrtc prnpucst`s ce \10Z. scr gdrdkdgn ` fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs y ce nb`sdnecs sc gci` p`quctcs quc fns bfdcetcs gcbdgce rcbnkcr pnr bucet`

130  

Qudz-Jnrcen ct `f / Qcvdst` GTE@, ?;(107), pp. 17?-13;, Iufy-Rcptcjacr, 1=1=.

 prnpd`. Bnjn bnesdgcr`bdnecs kcecr`fcs kcecr`fcs sc cebucetr` quc cf vnfujce tnt`f gc p`quctcs quc v`e gc ue bfdcetc dedbd`f ` uen hde`f gcac p`s`r pnr `f jcens ue oua. Cf naictdvn gcf jngcfn cs jdedjdz`r cf bnstn tnt`f bnjn huebdòe gc f` suj` gc fns bnstns gc vd`ic y gc f` dest`f`bdòe. Rd adce cst` huebdòe cs ue bnstn `eu`f, fns hfuins gc jcrb`ebê` sne gd`rdns< bne cf hde gc bnesdgcr`r f`s cbnenjê`s gc csb`f`, en o`y vcoêbufns gcgdb`gns gc ue oua ` ntrn< y` quc cf vnfujce tnt`f ` tr`espnrt`r cetrc ouas `gy`bcetcs pucgc scr a`in. Ce cstc scetdgn sc us`e gns tdpns gc vcoêbufns9 Xcoêbufns quc v`e ùedb`jcetc cetrc ouas y fns quc v`e gc ue oua ` bcetrns s`täfdtcs y bfdcetcs. G`gn fns vcoêbufns quc pucgce tr`esdt`r, sc tdcec cf bneiuetn gc vcoêbufns XXbne ue` b`p`bdg`g q l  gc vnfujce p`r` cf tdpn gc jcrb`ebê` L quc pucgc bnrrcspnegcr ` jces`icrê` n  p`quctcrê`. Cf bnstn `eu`f `snbd`gn ` f` npcr`bdòe gcf vcoêbufn cetrc bcetrns fnkêstdbns  prdebdp`fcs scrà BXoo— y cf eùjcrn gc vcoêbufns tdpn X ecbcs`rdn p`r` tr`espnrt`r b`rk` cet cetrc rc cffns scrà  Y Xoo Xoo. Rc `sdke` f` v`rd`afc ade`rd` T o quc degdb` sd cf engn cs ue bcetrn fnkêstdbn prdebdp`f p`r` `sê `sdke`r fns bnstns gc npcr`bdòe, jdcetr`s quc f` v`rd`afc T  so degdb` sd cf bcetrn s`täfdtc s sc `snbd` `f bcetrn fnkêstdbn o. ]`r` fns vnfùjcecs gd`rdns gcf prngubtn l quc sne tr`espnrt`gns gc ue bfdcetc d ` uen i, sc gcac bnesdgcr`r bnesdgcr`r su  p`sn pnr fns bcetrns s`täfdtc y cf n fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns  prdebdp`fcs quc sc rcqudcr`, p`r` fn bu`f sc utdfdz` f` l l  _  ent`bdòe9 dòe9  _ dddsdsl < < dsol < l  _ dos sdkudcetc ent`b dos  _ ddoo· oo· <  _ do·i do·i (Fn `etcrdnr  djpfdb` ue tràesdtn pnr fns engns d-s< s-o< o-o—< o—-s·< s·- i. Dku`fjcetc, sc bnesdgcr`e fns bnstns `snbd`gns ` fns vd`ics bnjn B l < B l < so B l  < B l . Cf bnstn j`rkde`f gc b`g` s`täfdtc vyds gc vfns voo ¨

vo·i

bu`fqudcr v`fnr supcrdnr ` 0 y sc gchdece bnjn v`fnrcs cetcrns. Ce bu`etn ` fns ldfnkr`jns gc hfuin, cs ecbcs`rdn bnesdgcr`rfns p`r` k`r`etdz`r f`s rcstrdbbdnecs gc b`p`bdg`g. Cf bnstn gc j`ecin ce s`täfdtcs y ouas rcspnegc ` f`s cstdj`bdnecs gc f`s cjprcs`s gc tr`espnrtc y sc cxprcs` ce $/Lk. Fns bnstns gc fns `rbns cetrc bfdcetcs, s`täfdtcs y bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs bnesdgcr`e cf v`fnr pnr  ldfnkr`jn/ldfòjctrn rcbnrrdgn ce huebdòe gcf tdpn gc vcoêbufn quc sc us` ce fns gdhcrcetcs edvcfcs. Ce bu`etn ` f`s b`p`bdg`gcs gc fns vcoêbufns, sc bnet`rà bne f` pnsdadfdg`g gc vd`i`r snarcb`rk`gns cetrc s`täfdtcs y ouas, sde cja`rkn, en cs pnsdaf pnsdafcc vd` vd`i`r i`r bne snarc snarcb`r b`rk` k` gcsgc gcsgc n o`bd` o`bd` fns bfdcetcs d, i. F`s v`rd`afcs gc gcbdsdòe gcf jngcfn sne9  : X`rd`afc ade`rd` quc cs 0 sd sc us` f` dest`f`bdòe s,= ce b`sn

bnetr`rdn ℅ : X`rd`afc ade`rd` quc cs 0 sd sc us` f` dest`f`bdòe o,= ce b`sn bnetr`rdn  : X`rd`afc ade`rd` quc cs 0 sd cf bfdcetc d pcrtcecbc `f s`täfdtc s,= ce b`sn bnetr`rdn ℅ : X`rd`afc ade`rd` quc cs 0 sd cf s`täfdtc s pcrtcecbc `f o, = ce b`sn bnetr`rdn ℅ : X`rd`afc ade`rd` quc cs 0 sd cf vcoêbufn v v` gc s ` o = ce b`sn bnetr`rdn ℅℅· : X`rd`afc ade`rd` quc cs 0 sd cf vcoêbufn v v` gc o ` o', = ce b`sn bnetr`rdn _  : B`etdg`g gc b`rk` snarcb`rk`g` quc v` ce cf vcoêbufn v ℅ gc s ` o

  : B`etdg`g gc b`rk` snarcb`rk`g` quc v` ce cf vcoêbufn bcetrns fnkêstdbns sne Bsl y Bol . W`jadäe sc gcac bnesdgcr`r  _℅ v gc o`s cf bnstn hdin ce fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs   : B`etdg`g gc b`rk` snarcb`rk`g` quc v` ce cf vcoêbufn v ùedb`jcetc, cs gcbdr Bo. Cf rcstn gc f` enjcebf`tur` p`r` cf _ ℅℅· gc o ` o' jngcfn sc gcsbrdac ` bnetdeu`bdòe9 

_    : B`etdg`g gc hfuin quc sc nrdkdeò ce cf bfdcetc d quc v` gc d

`s

Bneiuetns9   :       ê ()    :        ()   :     ê  ()  :   ä ä   :   ℅ê

]`ràjctrns9   :    ê (ê  ê)    ∑     :          :      ä ℅  :       ê   :       ä   :           ℅  :            ℅   :    ê      ℅   ê    ℅℅‱ :   ê   ℅          :    ℅ê    ê 

  : B`etdg`g gc hfuin quc sc nrdkdeò ce cf bfdcetc d quc v` gc s _

`i  B`etdg`g gc hfuin quc sc nrdkdeò ce cf bfdcetc d quc v` _℅  : gc o ` s _ ℅: B`etdg`g gc hfuin quc sc nrdkdeò ce cf bfdcetc d quc v` gc s `o _℅℅·   :B`etdg`g gc hfuin quc sc nrdkdeò ce cf bfdcetc d quc v` gc o ` o'

F` huebdòe naictdvn sc gchdec bnjn    :  0  + 1  + 2  + 7  + 3

Ce gnegc B0 sne fns bnstns hdins y j`rkde`fcs ce fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs. 0 :   ℅ ℅ +      _



 :       ℅ê   ê 

Fns tdpns gc cevên gc jcrb`ebê` l sne gc gns bf`scs9 Jces`icrê` quc tnj` cf v`fnr gc 0 lk n p`quctcrê` quc cs

(0)



℅∏ ∏

℅∏

+

℅ ∏  ∏

  _ ℅  ℅  ℅∏

℅

(1)

 

131

 

Qudz-Jnrcen ct `f / Qcvdst` GTE@, ?;(107), pp. 17?-13;, Iufy-Rcptcjacr, 1=1=.

B1 sne fns bnstns j`rkde`fcs `snbd`gns ` fns s`täfdtcs, y` quc en o`y bnstn hdin 1 :      _  +  _   

℅∏



 

∏  ∏

(2)

℅ 

 

∏

 ≧   ∏  <  ∏ 

(03)

℅ + ℅ ≧  + ℅  ∏  < ℅ ∏ 

(08)

_  ≧      

B2 fns bnstns `snbd`gns `f rcbnrrdgn gcsgc fns bfdcetcs dedbd`fcs o`bd` fns bcetrns s`täfdtc y cf bnstn `snbd`gn gc fns



∏

(7)

℅

7  :         



℅ ℅

+    

℅ ℅





℅

 ℅

+    (_

  

 

∏

B7 cs cf bnstn gc jnvdjdcetn gc fns bcetrns s`täfdtc ` fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs, sc bnesdgcr` cf bnstn gc snarcb`rk` `snbd`gn ùedb`jcetc cetrc fns bcetrns s`täfdtc y fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs.



∏ ∏

 _  ≧    

∏ ∏



(0;)



 _  ≧    

2 :     +   

∏  <  ∏ <  ∏ 

∏ ∏

bcetrns s`täfdtc ` fns bfdcetcs gc cevên i. ∏ ∏





℅

∏  <  ∏ <  ∏ 

℅ ∏  <  ∏ <  ∏ 

(04)

 ∏ ∏

 _  ≧     ℅ ℅ ∏  <  ∏ <  ∏  ℅ 

 

∏ 

 

(1=)

∏ ∏

 _

(3)

(0?)

℅℅·

∏

≧    ℅ ℅, ℅‱  ∏ <  ∏  

(10)

∏ ∏

∏ ∏  ℅∏

 + _℅   )

 _

℅℅·

∏

]nr ùftdjn, B3 sne fns bnstns `snbd`gns ` fns `rbns quc

 ℅℅ ·

℅ ℅ · ℅ ℅·

∏

(8)  

 

 

∏

  ∏

+ _   ) ≣  _ ℅ 

℅ 

 

℅ ∏  <  ∏ <  (17)

∏

∏ (  

,  ∏ 

℅

∏

F` huebdòe naictdvn sc cebucetr` bnegdbdne`g` ` f`s sdkudcetcs rcstrdbbdnecs9 rcstrdbbdnecs9  _   :    

(12)

∏

( 



(11)

∏ ∏

∏

∏ ℅∏  ℅·∏·



℅, ℅· ∏ <  ∏ 

  ℅·

+ _   ) ≣  _ ℅ ∏  <  ∏ <  (    ℅ ℅   ℅

uece fns bcetrns fnkêstdbns prdebdp`fcs bnesdgcr`egn f`  pnsdadfdg`g gc snarcb`rk` snarcb`rk` 3  :           ℅℅·  +    _   

≧    



(;)

℅℅·

+ _  ) ≣  _ ℅℅

℅℅·

∏

℅, ℅· ∏ <  ∏ 

(13)

∏

∏

 _  :    ∏ < 



  ∏ <

 _℅   ≧  ℅ ℅ ∏  <  ∏ <  ∏ <  ∏ 

(18)

 _℅   ≧  ℅ ℅ ∏  <  ∏ <  ∏ <  ∏ 

(1;)



 ∏

(?)

∏





 _ ℅  ∏ <  ∏ <  ∏  _  :   

(4)



_℅℅·   ≧   ℅℅· ℅, ℅· ∏  <  ∏ <  ∏ 

(1?)

℅·℅ :  ℅℅· ℅, ℅· ∏  <  ∏ 

(14)

 , ℅,  , ℅ ∏ (=,0)  ∏ <  ∏ < ℅   ∏ 

(2=)

℅< ℅℅·  ∏ 