Trabajo de Termodinamica
Short Description
investigación de termodinámica...
Description
INVESTIGACION DE TERMODINAMICA
CARRERA: INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA Y ELÉCTRICA
TÍTULO: CICLO DE POTENCIAS DE VAPOR Y COMBINADOS DOCENTE: ING. CUMPA MORALES JORGE ALUMNOS: BARRERA MAYTA RONALD CASAS AGUIRRE LUIS GARCIA TAVARA JONATHAN MACEDO LAYME FREDDY SOLIS CAÑARI EDWARD
2017
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CICLO DE POTENCIAS DE VAPOR Y COMBINADOS EJERCICIO 1 Considere una planta eléctrica de ciclo combinado de gas-vapor que tiene una producción neta de potencia de 450 MW. La relación de presiones del ciclo de turbina de gas es 14. El aire entra al compresor a 300K, y a la turbina a 1 .400 K. Los gases de combustión que salen de la turbina de gas se usan para calentar el vapor a 8MPa a 400 °C en un intercambiador de calor. Los gases de combustión salen del intercambiador de calor a 460 K. Un calentador abierto de agua de alimentación incorporado al ciclo de vapor opera a una presión de 0.6 MPa. La presión del condensador es de 20 kPa. Suponiendo que todos los procesos de compresión y expansión son isentrópicos, determine: a) la relación de flujos másicos de aire a vapor. b) la tasa necesaria de entrada de calor en la cámara de combustión c ) la eficiencia térmica del ciclo combinado
SOL.1 Análisis (a) El análisis análisis de los los rendimientos del ciclo del gas gas (Tabla A-17)
A partir de las tablas tablas de vapor (Tablas (Tablas A-4, A-5, A-6)
WB1=V1(P2-P1)
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WB2=V3(P4-P3)
Observando que para el intercambiador de calor, la ecuación del balance energético de flujo constante
B) Teniendo en cuenta que para el FWH abierto, la ecuación del equilibrio de energía de flujo constante
La producción neta de trabajo por unidad de masa de gas es
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EJERCICIO 2 Un ciclo de potencia combinado de gas-vapor usa un ciclo simple de turbina de gas para el ciclo de aire y un ciclo Rankine simple para el ciclo de vapor de agua. El aire atmosférico entra a la turbina de gas a 101 kPa y 20 °C, y la temperatura máxima del ciclo de gas es 1. 1.100 °C. La relación de presiones del compresor es 8; la eficiencia isentrópica del compresor es 85 por ciento, y la eficiencia isentrópica de la turbina de gas es 90 por ciento. El flujo de gas sale del intercambiador de calor a la temperatura de saturación del vapor de agua que fluye por el intercambiador de calor a una presión de 6. 6 .000 kPa y sale a 320 °C. El condensador del ciclo de vapor opera a 20 kPa, y la eficiencia isentrópica de la turbina de vapor es 90 por ciento. Determine el flujo másico de aire a través del compresor que se necesita para que este sistema produzca 100 MW de potencia. Use calores específicos constantes constantes a temperatura ambiente. ambiente.
SOL 2 Análisis Trabajando Trabajando alrededor alrededor del ciclo de de topping se obtienen obtienen los siguientes siguientes resultados:
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Las salidas de trabajo netas de cada ciclo son:
Un equilibrio de energía en el intercambiador
Es decir, 1 kg de gases de escape puede calentar sólo 0,1010 kg de agua. Entonces, el caudal másico de aire es
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EJERCICIO 3 Se agrega un regenerador ideal a la porción de ciclo de gas del ciclo combinado del problema 10-85. ¿Cuánto cambia esto la eficiencia de este ciclo combinado? combinado? SOL 3 Propiedades Las propiedades del aire a temperatura ambiente son Análisis Con un regenerador ideal, la temperatura del aire en la salida del compresor se calentará a la temperatura a la salida de la turbina. Representando este estado por "6a
La velocidad de adición de calor en el ciclo es
La eficiencia térmica del ciclo es entonces
Sin el regenerador, la velocidad de adición de calor y la eficiencia térmica son
El cambio en el rendimiento térmico debido al uso del regenerador ideal es
EJERCICIO 4 Determine cuáles componentes del ciclo combinado del problema 10-85 son los que más desperdician potencial de trabajo.
SOL 4 Supuestos 1 Existen condicio condiciones nes de funcionamien funcionamiento to constantes. 2 Los cambios cinéticos y potenciales de energía son insignificantes. Análisis del problema problema 10-86
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Proceso isontrópico
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EJERCICIO 5 Considere una planta eléctrica de ciclo combinado de gas-vapor que tiene una producción neta de potencia de 280 MW. La relación de presiones del ciclo de turbina de gas es 11. El aire entra al compresor a 300 K y a la turbina a 1 .100 K. Los gases de combustión que salen de la turbina de gas se usan para calentar el vapor a 5 MPa a 350 °C en un intercambiador de calor. Los gases de combustión salen del intercambiador de calor a 420 K. Un calentador abierto de agua de alimentación incorporado en el ciclo de vapor opera a una presión de 0.8 MPa. La presión del condensador es de 10 kPa. Suponiendo eficiencias isentrópicas de 100 por ciento para la bomba, 82 por ciento para el compresor y 86 por ciento para las turbinas de gas y de vapor, determine: a) la relación de flujos másicos de aire a vapor, b) la tasa necesaria de entrada de calor en la cámara de combustión c ) la eficiencia térmica del ciclo combinado .
Sol 5 Análisis (a) Usando Usando las propiedades propiedades del aire aire de la Tabla Tabla A-17, el análisis de de los rendimientos del ciclo del gas
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WB2=V3(P4-P3)
B) Tomando nota de que, para el FWH abierto, la ecuación del equilibrio de energía de
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Hallando trabajo de vapor de agua y de gas.
La producción neta de trabajo por unidad de masa de gas es:
EJERCICIO 6 Considere un ciclo combinado de potencia de gasvapor. El ciclo de gas es un ciclo Brayton simple que tiene una relación de presiones de 7. El aire entra al compresor a 15 °C a razón de 10 kg/s, y a la turbina de gas a 950 °C. El ciclo de vapor es un ciclo Rankine con recalentamiento entre los límites de presión de 6 MPa y 10 kPa. El vapor de agua se calienta en el intercambiador de calor a razón de 1.15 kg/s por los gases de escape que salen de la turbina de gas, y los gases de escape salen del intercambiador intercambiador de calor a 200 °C. El vapor sale de la turbina de alta presión a 1.0 MPa y se recalienta a 400 °C en el intercambiador de calor antes de que se expanda en la presión de baja presión. Suponiendo una eficiencia isentrópica de 80 por ciento para todas las bombas turbinas y compresor, determine a) el contenido de humedad a la salida de la turbina de baja presión b) la temperatura del vapor a la entrada de la turbina de alta presión
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Desde las mesas de vapor (Tablas A-4, A-5 y A-6 o de EES).
H6s=2366.4kj/kg
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B) Teniendo en cuenta que para el intercambiador de calor, la ecuación del equilibrio.
EJERCICIO 7
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Y la eficiencia térmica del ciclo es.
Cuando el líquido entra en la bomba 11,3 ° C más frío que un líquido saturado a la presión del condensador, las entalpias se convierten en.
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Sol 8 Análisis (a) A partir partir de las tablas de de vapor (Tablas (Tablas A-4, A-5 y A-6).
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EJERCICIO 9 Considere una planta termoeléctrica de vapor de agua que opera en el ciclo Rankine ideal con recalentamiento entre los límites de presión de 25 MPa y 10 kPa con una temperatura máxima de ciclo de 600 °C y un contenido de humedad de 8 por ciento a la salida de la turbina. Para una temperatura de recalentamiento de 600 °C, determine las presiones de recalentamiento del ciclo para los casos de recalentamiento. a) sencillo y b) doble.
Sol 9 Análisis (a) Único Único recalentamiento: recalentamiento: De las tablas de vapor vapor (Tablas A-4, A-5 y A-6).
(B) Doble recalentamiento:
Cualquier presión Px seleccionada entre los límites de 25 MPa y 2,78 MPa satisfará los requisitos y se puede utilizar para la presión de recalentamiento doble.
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WB2=V3(P4-P3)
La fracción de vapor extraído se determina a partir de la ecuación de equilibrio de
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10-103)Repita el problema 10-102 suponiendo una eficiencia isentrópica de 84 por ciento para las turbinas y 100 por ciento para las bombas.
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10-106) Se va a suministrar vapor de agua de una caldera a una turbina de alta presión cuya eficiencia isentrópica es de 75 por ciento en condiciones que se deben determinar. El vapor debe salir de la turbina de alta presión como vapor saturado a 1.4 MPa, y la turbina debe producir 1 MW de potencia. El vapor a la salida de la turbina se extrae a razón de 1 000 kg/min y se conduce a un calentador de proceso, mientras el resto del vapor se alimenta a una turbina de baja presión cuya eficiencia isentrópica es 60 por ciento. La turbina de baja presión permite que el vapor se expanda a una presión de 10 kPa y produce 0.8 MW de potencia. Determine la temperatura, la presión y el flujo de vapor a la entrada de la turbina de alta presión.
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la turbina tienen una eficiencia isentrópica de 90 por ciento. El gas sale del intercambiador de calor 50 °F más caliente que la temperatura de saturación del vapor de agua en el intercambiador de calor. La presión del vapor en el intercambiador de calor es de 800 psia, y el vapor sale del intercambiador de calor a 600 °F. La presión del condensador de vapor es de 5 psia y la eficiencia isentrópica de la turbina de vapor es de 95 por ciento. Determine la eficiencia térmica total de este ciclo combinado. Para el aire, use calores específicos constantes a temperatura ambiente.
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10-109E) Se ha sugerido que el vapor de agua que pasa por el condensador del ciclo combinado en el problema 10-108E se dirija a los edificios durante el invierno para calentarlos. Cuando se hace esto, la presión en el sistema de calentamiento donde ahora se condensa el vapor tendrá que aumentarse a 10 psia. ¿Cómo cambia esto la eficiencia térmica total del ciclo combinado?
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10-111) El ciclo de turbina de gas de una planta eléctrica de ciclo combinado de gas-vapor tiene una relación de presiones de 12. El aire entra al compresor a 310 K y a la turbina a 1.400 K. Los gases de combustión que salen de la turbina de gas se usan para calentar el vapor a 12.5 MPa a 500 °C en un intercambiador de calor. Los gases de combustión salen del intercambiador de calor a 247 °C. El vapor se expande en una turbina de alta presión a una presión de 2.5 MPa, y se recalienta en la cámara de combustión a 550 °C antes de que se expanda en la turbina de baja presión a 10 kPa. El flujo másico de vapor es 12 kg/s. Suponiendo que todos los procesos de compresión y expansión son isentrópicos, determine a) el flujo másico de aire en el ciclo de turbina de gas, b) la tasa de adición total de calor y c) la
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