Trabajo de Rodamientos

 

OLPTM@XKKOÔL Jms rm`afohltms sml hjhfhltms `h fáquolas `hstola`ms a smpmrtar karias `h hghs `h árdmjhs árdmjhs `h tralsfos tralsfosoûl oûl mroiola`ms mroiola`ms pmr hj prmpom prmpom phsm, akkomlhs akkomlhs `h hliralaghs, kmrrhas, ka`hlas, htk., y a cakojotar su iorm. Hl culkoûl `h ja topmjmiæa `h karias quh hxostal hl ul `hthrfola`m fmltagh, `hdhrhfms fmltar ajiulm `h jms lufhrmsms topms `h rm`afohltms quh hxosthl.

Jms Jm s rm rm`a `afo fohl hltm tms s `h rm`o rm`ojj jjms ms kû kûlo lokm kms, s, quh quh cadr cadrok oka a CHT[ CHT[A, A, sh shrá rál l jms jms aprmpoa` aprm poa`ms ms para para smpmrta smpmrtarr hfpughs hfpughs ra`oajh ra`oajhs s y axoajhs axoajhs m kmfdola` kmfdola`ms, ms, `h kohrta kohrta ofpmrtalkoa.

 A`hfás, hstms rm`afohltms rm`afohltms y `hdo`m a su cmrfa ihmfïtroka, ihmfïtroka, sh fmltarál sohfprh pmr parhgas y kmltrapuhstms.

 

TM@AFOHLPM[ Hs hj kmlgultm `h `h hschras quh sh hlkuhltra hlkuhltral l ulo`as pmr pmr ul alojjm olthromr olthromr y ulm hxthromr, hxthromr, hj rm`afohlt rm`afohltm m prm`ukh prm`ukh fmvofohltm fmvofohltm aj aj mdghtm mdghtm quh sh kmjmquh smdrh hsth y sh fuhvh smdrh hj kuaj sh apmya. Jms Jm s rm rm`af `afohl ohltms tms sh `hlmf `hlmfola olal l tafd tafdoïl oïl kmgol kmgolht hths hs lm bo`rm` bo`rm`olá oláfok fokms ms.. Phûrokafhlth, hstms kmgolhths lm lhkhsotal judrokakoûl, ya quh jas dmjas m rm`ojjms ruh`al sol `hsjozafohltm `hltrm `h ula posta. [ol hfdarim, kmfm ja vhjmko`a` `h iorm `hj hgh lm hs lulka lulka hxaktafh hxaktafhlth lth kmlstal kmlstalth, th, jas phquhñ phquhñas as akhjhra akhjhrakom komlhs lhs prm`uko`as pmr jas cjuktuakomlhs `h vhjmko`a` prm`ukhl ul `hsjozafohltm rhjatovm hltrh dmja y posta. Hsth `hsjozafohltm ihlhra kajmr. ^ara `osfoluor hsta crokkoûl sh judroka hj rm`afohltm krhal`m ula phjækuja `h judrokalth hltrh jas dmjas y ja posta `h rm`a`ura.

Jas dmjas, hl su trayhktmroa korkujar, hstál smfhto`as ajthrlatovafhlth a karias kari as y `hskari `hskarias, as, jm quh prm`ukh prm`ukh `hcmrfa `hcmrfakoml komlhs hs ajthrla ajthrlalths lths,, quh a su vhz

 

prmvmkal ul kajmr `h bostïrhsos quh badrá quh hjofolar. @hphl`ohl`m `h hstas karias, hj kmgolhth sh judrokará sofpjhfhlth pmr irasa m pmr dañm `h akhoth, quh tohlh faymr kapako`a` `h `osopakoûl `h kajmr.

PO^M[ Tm`afohltms ræio`ms `h dmjas Tmdustms, vhrsátojhs y sojhlkomsms. ^uh`hl culkomlar a ajtas vhjmko`a`hs y sml cákojhs `h fmltar. Jms rm`afohltms `h ula bojhra tafdoïl hstál `ospmlodjhs hl vhrsomlhs mdtura`as5 hstál judroka`ms `h pmr vo`a y lm lhkhsotal falthlofohltm. Jms rm`afohltms `h ula bojhra kml hskmth `h jjhla`m y jms `h `ms bojhras sml a`hkua`ms para karias phsa`as.

Tm`afohltms `h dmjas a rûtuja Olshlsodjhs a ja `hsajolhakoûl aliujar. Pafdoïl `ospmlodjhs hl vhrsomlhs mdtura`as y judroka`as `h pmr vo`a, para ul culkomlafohltm sol falthlofohltm. Jms rm`afohltms fmlta`ms hl faliuotms `h cogakoûl y ajmga`ms hl smpmrths `h poh [EC prmpmrkomlal ulas `ospmsokomlhs hkmlûfokas.

 

 

Tm`afohltms `h shkkoûl hstrhkba [ml [m l kmfpa kmfpaktm ktms, s, ræio`m ræio`ms s y abmr abmrra ral l hspako hspakom. m. ^uh`h ^uh`hl l smpmr smpmrtar tar karia karias s kmfdola`as. Xla varoh`a` `h `oshñms O[M y `h shkkoûl coga mcrhkh iral cjhxodojo`a` para `oshñar `ospmsokomlhs `h dagm phsm y dagm rmzafohltm. Pafdoïl `ospmlodjhs hl vhrsomlhs mdtura`as para ul falthlofohltm shlkojjm.

Tm`afohltms `h rm`ojjms kojæl`rokms ^uh` ^u h`hl hl smpm smpmrt rtar ar phsa phsa`a `as s ka kari rias as ra`o ra`oaj ajhs hs a ajta ajtas s vh vhjm jmko ko`a `a`h `hs. s. Jms Jms rm`afohltms rm`afohl tms `h ula bojhra `hj `oshñm HK tohlhl ula ihmfhtræa olthrla mptofoza`a

 

quh aufhlta su kapako`a` `h karia ra`oaj y axoaj, rh`ukh su shlsodojo`a` a ja `hsajolhakoûl y cakojota su judrokakoûl. Jms rm`afohltms kmfpjhtafhlth jjhlms `h rm rm`o `ojj jjms ms olkm olkmrp rpmr mral al hj fáxo fáxofm fm l÷fh l÷fhrm rm `h rm`o rm`ojj jjms ms y lm tohl tohlhl hl gauj gauja. a. Hstá Hstál l `oshña`ms para karias fuy phsa`as y vhjmko`a`hs fm`hra`as.

Tm`afohltms `h rm`ojjms a rûtuja Tmdust stm ms

rm`afoh fohltms tms

autma tmajol jolhad hadjhs

quh

sml sml

olshlsod lsodjh jhs s

a

ja

`hsajolhakoûl aliujar. Mcrhkhl ula iral coadojo`a` y jaria `urakoûl olkjusm hl kml`okomlhs `h culkomlafohltm `ocækojhs. Fmlta`ms hl faliuotms `h cogakoûl m `h `hsfmltagh y ajmga`ms hl smpmrths `h poh [EC, prmpmrkomlal ulas `ospmsokomlhs `h rm`afoh rm`afohltms ltms hkmlûfok hkmlûfokas. as. Pafdoïl afdoïl `ospmlo `ospmlodjhs djhs kml mdturako mdturakomlhs mlhs para ul culkomlafohltm jodrh `h falthlofohltm.

 

Tm`afohltms `h aiugas [u daga shkkoûl tralsvhrsaj jhs bakh a`hkua`ms para hspakoms ra`oajhs jofota jof ota`m `ms. s. ^uh`h ^uh`hl l smpm smpmrta rtarr karia karias s ra`oa ra`oajhs jhs phsa` phsa`as. as. Ja afpjo afpjoa a varoh varoh`a` `a` `h `oshñms `osh ñms,, olkjuyh olkjuyhl`m l`m rm`afohl rm`afohltms tms kmfdola` kmfdola`ms ms para karias karias ra`oajh ra`oajhs s y axoajhs, axoajhs, phrfoth ulas `ospmsokomlhs `h rm`afohltms shlkojjas, kmfpaktas y hkmlûfokas.

Tm`afohltms `h dmjas kml kmltaktm aliujar a liujar @oshña`ms para karias kmfdola`as, prmpmrkomlal ulas `ospmsokomlhs `h rm`afohltms ræio`as. Jms rm`afohltms `h `ms bojhras, tafdoïl `ospmlodjhs kml mdturakomlhs, sofpjocokal jas `ospmsokomlhs ya quh puh`hl smpmrtar y cogar ul hgh hl afdas afda s `orhkko `orhkkomlhs mlhs.. Jms rm`afohltms rm`afohltms `h dmjas dmjas kml kuatrm kuatrm pultms pultms `h kmltaktm kmltaktm abmrral hspakom kual`m jas karias axoajhs akt÷al hl afdas `orhkkomlhs.

 

Tm`afohltms axoajhs `h rm`ojjms kojæl`rokms ^uh` ^u h`hl hl smpm smpmrta rtarr karia karias s ax axoaj oajhs hs phsa phsa`as `as `h sofpjh sofpjh hchktm hchktm.. Tæ Tæio` io`ms ms y tafdoïl olshlsodjhs a jas karias `h ofpaktm. [h puh`hl mdthlhr `ospmsokomlhs fuy kmfpaktas so jms kmfpmlhlths a`yakhlths puh`hl shrvor kmfm kafolms `h rm`a`ura.

Tm`afohltms axoajhs `h dmjas @oshña`ms para karias purafhlth axoajhs. Hstál `ospmlodjhs `oshñms `h sofpjh y `h `mdjh hchktm, asæ kmfm kml kmltrapjakas hscïrokas para kmfphlsar jms hrrmrh hrr mrhs s `h ajolh ajolhak akoûl oûl.. Hstms Hstms rm`af rm`afoh ohltm ltms s sml sml `hsarf `hsarfad adjhs jhs,, para para cakoj cakojota otarr hj fmltagh.

Tm`afohltms `h rm`ojjms kûlokms @oshña`ms @oshña` ms para phsa`as karias kmfdola`as. Jas hxkhjhlths rhjakomlhs `h kapako` kap ako`a` a` `h karia/s karia/shkko hkkoûl ûl tralsvh tralsvhrsaj rsaj prmpmrk prmpmrkomla omlal l ulas ulas `ospmsok `ospmsokomlh omlhs s `h rm`afohl rm`a fohltms tms hkmlûfo hkmlûfokas. kas. Jms rm`afohl rm`afohltms tms PQ-Jolh PQ-Jolh sml fhlms fhlms shlsodjh shlsodjhs s a ja `hsajolhakoûl y mcrhkhl ula jaria `urakoûl, iral coadojo`a` y dagas thfphraturas `h culkomlafohltm. Hj `oshñm KJ9K tohlh ula ajta hxaktotu` `h iorm y ul dagm par  `h rmzafohltm.

 

Tm`afohltms axoajhs `h rm`ojjms a rûtuja Tmdu Tm dustm stms s rm`afo rm`afohl hltms tms autm autmajo ajolha lhadjh djhs, s, olshl olshlso sodjh djhs s a ja `hsa `hsajol jolha hakoû koûl l aliujar. ^uh`hl smpmrtar cuhrths karias axoajhs. Pafdoïl puh`hl smpmrtar karias ra`oajhs `h basta ul 88% `h ja karia axoaj aktual`m sofujtálhafhlth. Mcrhkhl ula ajta coadojo`a` coadojo`a` y iral iral `urakoûl `urakoûl,, olkjusm olkjusm hl kml`oko kml`okomlhs mlhs `h culkomla culkomlafohl fohltm tm `ocækojhs. Hj `oshñm `hsarfadjh cakojota hj fmltagh.

Tm`afohltms axoajhs `h aiugas ^uh` ^u h`hl hl smpmrt smpmrtar ar karia karias s ax axoaj oajhs hs phsa`a phsa`as s hl ula ula `orhk `orhkkoû koûl. l. Tæ Tæio` io`ms ms h olshlsodjhs a jas karias `h ofpaktm. Ja daga shkkoûl tralsvhrsaj prmpmrkomla ulas `ospmsokomlhs `h rm`afohltms fuy kmfpaktas. [o sh puh`hl fhkalozar kafolms `h rm`a`ura hl jas pohzas a`yakhlths, ja kmrmla `h aiugas axoaj puh`h shrvor `h rm`afohltm y rhquohrh pmkm hspakom.

 

Tmj`alas Xlo`a`hs `h rm`afohltm jostas para fmltar kml arm hxthromr rhcmrza`m para karias phsa`as, olkjuyhl`m jas karias `h ofpaktm. Jms rm`afohltms kml `oáfhtrm hxthromr dmfdha`m puh`hl akhptar `hsajolhakoûl.

Kmrmlas `h mrohltakoûl Pralsf Pralsfothl othl cuhrths cuhrths karias karias kmfdola` kmfdola`as as y fmvofoh fmvofohltms ltms `h mrohltak mrohltakoûl oûl hl `ospmsok `osp msokomlh omlhs s kml iral `oáfhtrm. `oáfhtrm. Xlm m afdms afdms arms arms puh`hl puh`hl thlhr thlhr hliralag hliralagh h olthiraj y jms `ms arms tohlhl aiughrms para jms phrlms `h fmltagh. Cmrfal ula parth olthiraj `hj sosthfa `h akkomlafohltm. ^hrfothl ulas smjukomlhs kmfpaktas y hk hkml mlûfo ûfoka kas, s, quh quh puh`h puh`hl l rhhfp rhhfpja jazar zar a jas `ospms `ospmsoko okomlh mlhs s `h rm`a rm`afoh fohlt ltms ms f÷jtopjhs tra`okomlajhs.

 

JXDTOKAKOÛL Tm`afohltms sec judroka`ms kml smjo` moj7  ½Quï hs hj [mjo` Moj= Hj [mjo` Moj hs ula fatroz `h pmjæfhrm satura`a `h akhoth judrokalth quh rhjjhla hj hspakom olthromr `hj rm`afohltm pmr kmfpjhtm y hlkapsuja ja gauja y jms hjhfhltms rm`alths. Hj [mjo` Moj utojoza ja gauja kmfm ul hjhfhltm `h rhcuhrzm y iora kml ïj. Aj smjtar hj akhoth, hj [mjo` Moj prmpmrkomla prmpmrkomla ula duhla judrokakoûl a jms hjhfhltms rm`alths y a jms kafolms `h rm`a`ura `uralth hj culkomlafohltm. Hj fathroaj `hj pmjæfhrm tohlh ula hstruktura pmrmsa kml fojjmlhs `h fokrmpmrms quh rhtohlhl hj akhoth judrokalth. Jms pmrms sml tal phquhñms quh hj akhoth sh rhtohlh `hdo`m a ja thlsoml `h ja suphrcokoh. Hj akhoth rhprhshlta ula fh`oa `hj 9>% `hj phsm `hj fathroaj.

Hj [mjo` Moj tohlh vhltagas ÷lokas7 -

Faltohlh hj akhoth hl su sotom

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 ^rmpmrkomla aj rm`afohltm fás akhoth quh ja irasa

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^rmthih kmltra akhoths kmltafolalths

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Lm lhkhsota falthlofohltm puhs lm sh rhjudroka

 

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Lm lhkhsota rhthlhs

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Lm `aña hj fh`om afdohlth

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Thsosthlth a aihlths quæfokms

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^uh`h smpmrtar iral`hs cuhrzas "i"

Apjokakomlhs `hj [mjo` Moj7

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^aphjhras - Hquopafohltms para lohvh y bohjm - Akmpjafohltms akkomla`ms lhufátokafhlth - Ir÷as y tralspmrta`mrhs - Fhzkja`mras - htk...

 A`hfás hstm tafdoïl hs fuy ofpmrtalth ofpmrtalth hl ja ol`ustroa `h prmkhsafohltm prmkhsafohltm `h ajofhltms puhs hj [mjo` Moj lm sh hskapa `uralth ja jofpohza pmr ajta prhsoûl, kmfm hs hj kasm `h jas irasas judrokalths kmlvhlkomlajhs. Hj [mjo` Moj tafdoïl hs olshlsodjh a ofpurhzas kmfm hj ûxo`m. Lulka sh `ará ula cuia quh kmltafolh hj prmkhsm.  A ja faymræa `h jms tafañms lmrfajhs `h rm`afohltms rm`afohltms `h dmjas m rm`ojjms [EC sh jhs puh`h sufolostrar hj [mjo` Moj.

 

 OLLMSAKOÛL Jms kmltolums kafdoms `hj fhrka`m hxoihl ula phrfalhlth ollmvakoûl hl ja `ovhrsa iafa `h rm`afohltms. Ka`a luhva apjokakoûl kuhlta kml rhquosotms hsphkæcokms (`ostoltms vajmrhs `h prhkaria, jas karias aj jofoth `h catoia, htk.). Hl hj `oshñm `h ula `ospmsokoûl `h rm`afohltms olthrvohlhl `ovhrsms caktmrhs quh lm smjm `hthrfolal hj topm `h rm`afohltm y su tafañm a`hkua`m, solm tafdoïl jms agusths y guhims olthrlms y ja kalto`a` `h judrokalth a`hkua`a a ka`a lhkhso`a`.

LXHSM[ TM@AFOHLPM[7 - Tm`afohltms KATD7

Hsth rhvmjukomlarom `oshñm [EC `h rm`ojjms afajiafa varoas vortu`hs `h mtrms rm`afohltms ulocokal`m hl ulm, karia axoaj fás hjhva`a, mskojakoûl fás prmlulk prml ulkoa`a oa`a,, faymr faymr kapako` kapako`a` a` `h karia, karia, `oáfhtrm `oáfhtrm `h rm`ojjms rm`ojjms fás phquhñ phquhñms, ms, pmso pm sodo dojo jo`a `a` ` `h mdtu mdtura rako koûl ûl,, fhlm fhlmrr phsm phsm,, lm hxos hxosth thl l ka kari rias as olth olthrl rlas as hl jms jms rm rm`af `afoh ohltm ltms, s, hjo hjofo fola la jas kari karias as ax axoaj oajhs hs olthrl olthrlas as `hrova `hrova`a `as s `h ja hxpal hxpalsoû soûl l tïrfokas `h jms rm`ojjms. Kual`m ul rm`afohltm " KATD " hsta `hsajolha`m, jms rm`ojjms hlkuhltral ula pmsokoûl hl ja quh ja karia sh `ostroduyh pmr oiuaj hl tm`a su jmliotu` y ja kapako`a` `h aiualtar ja karia hs fáxofa. Asæ sh puh`h usar hsth rm`afohltm kml ul phrcoj tralsvhrsaj fas dagm, phrfotohl`m ula rh`ukkoûl `h tafañm. Jas prmpoh`a`hs autmajolhadjhs phrfoth quh ja karkaza sha fás `hjia`a, puhs jas `hcmrfakomlhs dagm karia lm rhsujtal ul prmdjhfa. [u fh`o`as rhhfpjaza phrchktafhlth a rm`afohltms kmlvhlkomlajhs `h rm`ojjm kmfm `h dmjojjas.

 

- Tm`afohltms HR^JMTHT7

Olihlohræa hl fhtaj÷rioka, olihlohræa hl prmkhsm, olihlohræa hl `oshñm sml jms hjhfhltms olthrvolohlths quh bal `a`m kmfm rhsujta`m hl [EC prm`ukor ul rm`afohltm fas jofpom `h hstruktura fukbm fás jmira`a hl tm`ms sus asphktms. Fohltras quh ja phrcmrfalkh `h jas fáquolas lm varæa, jms rm`afohltms hxpjmrhr  `hjj fosfm `h fosfm tafañ tafañm m prmv prmvhh hhrá rá hj olkrh olkrhfhl fhltm tm hl varoa varoas s vhkhs vhkhs ja vo`a vo`a ÷toj ÷toj alths alths jmira`a, rh`ukkoûl hl hj kmstm `h jms kokjms `h ja fáquola y pmr jm taltm ul faymr  dhlhcokom. dhlhcok om. Hj rhsujta`m rhsujta`m hs quh hj hxpjmrhr hxpjmrhr hs hxtrhfa`afhlth hxtrhfa`afhlth jofpom y bmfmiïl bmfmiïlhm hm kml ul fælofm adsmjutm `h olkjusomlhs.

^ara rhajozarjms sh bal kmlkh`o`m kmlkh`o`m luhvms tratafohltms `h kajmr gultafhlth kml ja jofpohza hxkhpkomlaj `al`m kmfm rhsujta`m faymr rhsosthlkoa aj `hsiasth, kmfpara`ms kml rm`afohltms tra`okomlajhs, falthlohl`m ja duhla rhsosthlkoa a ja thfphratura y ja `urhza `h jms fosfms.

Kmfm rhsujta`m hstms luhvms `oshñms phrfothl quh kml oiuaj pmthlkoa puh`h pu h`hl l kmlvh kmlvhrto rtorsh rsh hl fas kmfp kmfpakt aktm, m, puh`h puh`hl l mphra mphrarr a faymr faymr vhjmk vhjmko`a o`a` ` y al`arál fas suavhfhlth, shrál fás sojhlkomsms y rhquhrorál fhlms judrokakoûl. - Tm`afohltms bædro`ms7  Aulquh jms rm`afohltms rm`afohltms kmlvhlkomlajhs kmlvhlkomlajhs sml kmlmko`ms kmlmko`ms kmfm rm`afohltms rm`afohltms altocrokkoûl, hjjms a÷l faltohlhl ula kalto`a` `h crokkoûl hl mphrakoûl. Ja daga crokkoûl hl tm`as jas parths fûvojhs hs ula `h jas kjavhs para ula duhla phrcmrfalkh `hj busojjm y hl aquhjjas fáquolas quh mphral a ajtas rhvmjukomlhs (fás `h 4>>>> r.p.f.).

Jms rm`afohltms bædro`ms `h kmltaktm aliujar kml alojjms `h akhrm y dmjojjas kh khrá ráfo foka kas s sm sml l ul `hsa `hsarr rrmj mjjm jm rhko rhkohl hlth th y rhpr rhprhs hshl hlta tal l rm`a rm`afo fohl hltm tms s `h ajta ajta phrcmrfalkh para fáquolas kml bhrrafohltas a busojjm.

 

Hstms rm`afohltms prmvhhl ul olkrhfhltm hl ja phrcmrfalkh hl sus prolkopajhs asphktms7 

@ur ural al `h 0 a 3 vhkh vhkhs s fás fás quh quh jms jms rm`a rm`afo fohl hltm tms s `h ajta ajta prhk prhkos osoû oûl l kmlvhlkomlajhs.

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Bakh Ba kh pmsod pmsodjh jh ja ak akhjh hjhrak rakoû oûl l y `hsa `hsakh khjhr jhrak akoûl oûl `hj `hj busoj busojjm jm `h falhr falhra a hxtrhfa, olajkalzadjhs kml rm`afohltms `h dmjojjas `h akhrm.

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^rhkosoûl y vhjmko`a`hs hxtrhfas.

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Ja judrokakoûl kausará fhlms prmdjhfas, asæ kmfm jas vodrakomlhs.

FALPHLOFOHLPM ^ara quh ul rm`afohltm culkomlh `h ul fm`m coadjh, hs ol`osphlsadjh quh hsth a`hkua`afhlth judroka`m aj mdghtm `h hvotar hj kmltaktm fhtájokm `orhktm hltrh jms hjhfhltms rm`alths, jms kafolms `h rm`a`ura y jas gaujas, hvotal`m tafdoïl hj `hsiast `hs iasth h y prmthioh prmthiohl`m l`m jas suphrcokoh suphrcokohs s `hj rm`afohl rm`afohltm tm kmltra ja kmrrmso kmrrmsoûl ûl

pmr 

taltm, ja hjhkkoûl `hj judrokalth y hj fïtm`m `h judrokakoûl a`hkua`ms, asæ kmfm ul kmrrhktm falthlofohltm, sml kuhstomlhs `h iral ofpmrtalkoa.

Olsphkkoûl y jofpohza `h rm`afohltms7 Kmfm tm`as jas pohzas ofpmrtalths `h ul faquola, jms rm`afohltms `h dmjas y `h rm`ojjms `hdhl jofpoarsh y hxafolarsh crhkuhlthfhlth. Jms olthrvajms hltr trh h

ta tajh jhs s

hxáfhl fhlhs

`hph `hphl l`hl

pmr

kmfpj fpjhtm htm

`h jas jas

kml`ok l`okom oml lhs `h

culkomlafohltm. [o sh puh`h voiojar hj hsta`m `hj rm`afohltm `uralth hj shrvokom, pmr hghfpjm hskukbal`m hj rufmr `hj fosfm hl culkomlafohltm y fo`ohl`m ja thfphratura m hxafola`m hj judrokalth, lmrfajfhlth hs sucokohlth kml jofpoarjm h olsphkkomlarjm olsphkk omlarjm a cml`m ula vhz aj añm (arms, gauja, hjhfhl hjhfhltms tms rm`alths) gultm kml ja jas s `hfá `hfás s po pohz hzas as alhx alhxas as aj rm`a rm`afo fohl hltm tm.. [o ja kari karia a hs hjhv hjhva` a`a, a, `hdh `hdhrá rá aufhltarsh ja crhkuhlkoa `h jas olsphkkomlhs5 pmr hghfpjm, jms rm`afohltms `h jms trhlhs `h jafolakoûl sh `hdhl hxafolar kual`m sh kafdohl jms kojol`rms.

 

@hsp @h spuï uïs s `h badhr badhr jofpoa jofpoa`m `m jms kmfpm kmfpmlhl lhlths ths `hj `hj rm`af rm`afohl ohltm tm kml ul `osmjv `os mjvhl hlth th a`hk a`hkua ua`m `m (phtrû (phtrûjhm jhm rhcola rhcola`m `m,, para paracol cola, a, htk) htk) `hdhr `hdhrál ál akhota akhotars rsh h m hlirasarsh olfh`oatafhlth para hvotar su mxo`akoûl.

Ajfakhlafohltm `h jms rm`afohltms7  Alths `h hfdajar, hfdajar,

jms rm`afohltms rm`afohltms lmrfajfhlth lmrfajfhlth sml trata`ms kml ul

aihlth altomxo`alth y hl hstas kml`okomlhs, puh`hl kmlshrvarsh hl su hfdajagh mroiolaj `uralth `uralth añms, sohfprh sohfprh quh ja bufh`a` rhjat rhjatova ova `hj ajfakïl lm pash `hj 3>%. Hl jms rm`afohltm rm`afohltms s prmvostms prmvostms `h pjakas pjakas `h prmthkko prmthkkoûl ûl u mdturak mdturakoûl oûl quh hstïl ajfakhla`ms jarims phrom`ms `h tohfpm puh`h mkurror quh thlial ul par `h arralquh olokoaj fas hjhva`m quh hj hsphkocoka`m. Pafdoïl puh`h `arsh hj kasm quh jas prmpoh`a`hs `h judrokakoûl `h ja irasa sh bayal `hthromra`m `hspuïs `h hstar jms rm`afohltms ajfakhla`ms jarims phrom`ms `h tohfpm. Fmltagh _ @hsfmltagh Hj fmltagh `h rm`afohltms `h dmjas y `h rm`ojjms, hs hshlkoaj quh sha hchktua`m pmr phrsmlaj kmfphthlth y hl kml`okomlhs `h roiurmsa jofpohza, para kmlshiuor asæ ul duhl culkomlafohltm y hvotar ul cajjm prhfaturm. Kmfm tm`ms jms kmfpmlhlths `h prhkosoûl, ja falopujakoûl `h jms rm`afohltms `uralth su fmltagh `hdh rhajozarsh kml sufm kuo`a`m. Ja hjhkkoûl hj fïtm`m `h fmltagh a`hkua`m y `h jas bhrrafohltas aprmpoa`as hs `h iral ofpmrtalkoa.

CAJJA[ Sodrakoûl `hdo`a a rm`afohltms `h Kbufakhra `hchktumsms Hjhva`ms lovhjhs `h vodrakoûl, mkasomla`ms pmr rm`afohltms `h kbufakhra `hchktumsms, sml ihlhrajfhlth hj rhsujta`m `h ula bmjiura hxkhsova (kausa`a pmr  `hsiasth `hdo`m a ula akkoûl `h darro`m m pmr hrmsoûl quæfoka), acjmgafohltms fhkálokms (fhtaj djalkm suhjtm hl hj ajmgafohltm), m prmdjhfas `h judrokakoûl.

 

Bmjiura hxkhsova `h jms rm`afohltms Xl rm`afohltm `h kbufakhra kml bmjiura hxkhsova bakh quh ul `hchktm `h rhjatovafhlth fhlmr ofpmrtalkoa, taj kmfm ul jhvh `hsdajalkh m ula phquhña cajta `h ajolhafohltm, u mtra cuhlth `h cuhrzas vodratmroas, sh tralscmrfhl kmfm rhsujta`m `h acjmgafohltms fhkálokms m hl imjphs rhphto`ms (fakbaka`m). Hl tajhs kasms hj rm`afohltm hl so lm hs jm quh krha ja vodrakoûl5 phrm ja afpjotu` `h ja fosfa shroa fukbm fhlmr so ja bmjiura `h jms rm`afohltms cuhra kmrrhkta.  A fhlu`m sh puh`h `hthktar ul rm`afohltm rm`afohltm `h kbufakhra kbufakhra `hsiasta`m `hsiasta`m pmr  "darro`m" hchktual`m ula kmfparakoûl `h jas afpjotu`hs `h vodrakoûl bmrozmltaj y vhrtokaj. Jas faquolas quh hstál fmlta`as corfhfhlth smdrh ula hstruktura m kofhltakoûl ræio`as rhvhjaral, hl kml`okomlhs lmrfajhs, ula afpjotu` `h vodrakoûl joihrafhlth fás ajta hl shlto`m bmrozmltaj.

Pmrdhjjolm `h akhoth Hsth Hs th to topm pm `h vodra vodrakoû koûl l mkurr mkurrh h smjaf smjafhl hlth th hl faqu faquola olas s hquo hquopa` pa`as as kml kml rm`afohltms `h kbufakhra judroka`ms a prhsoûl, y quh culkomlal a vhjmko`a`hs rhjatovafhlth ajtas ‛ lmrfajfhlth pmr hlkofa `h ja shiul`a vhjmko`a` krotoka `hj fmtmr. Ja vodrakoûl `hdo`a a tmrdhjjolms `h akhoth a fhlu`m hs fuy prmlulkoa`a, phrm sh rhkmlmkh cákojfhlth pmr su crhkuhlkoa cuhra `h jm kmf÷l. @okba crhkuhlkoa hs aphlas fhlmr `h ja fota` `h ja vhjmko`a` `h rmtakoûl (hl rpf) `hj hgh ‛ ihlhrajfhlth hl hj mr`hl `hj 03 aj 02% `h jas rpf `hj hgh. Hj prmdjhfa `h jms tmrdhjjolms `h akhoth lmrfajfhlth sh atroduyh a `oshñm olkmrrhktm `hj rm`afohltm, `hsiasth hxkhsovm `hj rm`afohltm, ul aufhltm `h ja prhsoûl `hj judrokalth m ul kafdom `h ja voskmso`a` `hj akhoth. [h puh`hl bakhr kmrrhkkomlhs thfpmrajhs fm`ocokal`m ja thfphratura `hj akhoth (voskmso`a`), oltrm`ukohl`m ul jhvh `hsdajalkh m ula cajta `h ajolhafohltm `h falhra `h aufhltar ja karia smdrh hj hgh, m raskal`m y/m ralural`m jms kmsta`ms `hj rm`afohltm, para `hsdaratar ja "kuña" `h judrokalth. @hs`h juhim, ula smjukoûl fás `ura`hra hs rhhfpjazar hj rm`afohltm kml ulm quh baya so`m

 

`oshña`m kmrrhktafhlth `h akuhr`m a jas kml`okomlhs mphratovas `h ja faquola, m kml ulm quh hstï `oshña`m para rh`ukor ja pmsodojo`a` `h cmrfakoûl `h tmrdhjjolms `h akhoth. Jms rm`afohltms kml raluras axoajhs usal jas raluras para aufhltar ja rhsosthl rhso sthlkoa koa a ja cmrfakoû cmrfakoûl l `h tmrdhjjo tmrdhjjolms lms `h akhoth akhoth hl trhs pultms hspakoa`ms hspakoa`ms ulocmrfhfhlth. Hsth topm `h kmlcoiurakoûl hstá jofota`m a jas apjokakomlhs fás phquhñas, tajhs kmfm turdolas `h ias jovoalas y turdmkaria`mrhs. Jms rm`afohltms `h kbufakhra `h jûdujms drol`al hstadojo`a` kmltra jms tmrdhjjolms `h akhoth aj prmpmrkomlar trhs pultms kh kmlkhltrakoûl `h ja phjækuja `h akhoth dagm prhsoûl, quh sorvhl para khltrar aj hgh. Jms rm`afohltms `h roñûl daskujalth sml kmf÷lfhlth utojoza`ms para jas faquolas ol`ustroajhs fás iral`hs, quh culkomlal a vhjmko`a`hs fás ajtas. Bay `ms kausas kmfulhs `h vodrakoûl quh puh`hl ol`ukor ul tmrdhjjolm `h akhoth hl ul rm`afohltm `h kbufakhra7

Sodrakoûl prmvhlohlth `h faquolaroa udoka`a hl jas khrkalæas7   ^uh`h shr  tralsfot tral sfoto`a o`a aj rm`afohl rm`afohltm tm `h kbufakh kbufakhra ra a travïs travïs `h hstruktu hstrukturas ras ræio`as ræio`as,, taj tajhs hs kmfm tudhræas y kofhltakomlhs. A hsth chlûfhlm sh jh kmlmkh kmfm Pmrdhjjolm Ol`uko`m pmr hj Hxthromr.

Sodrakoûl mkasomla`a pmr mtrms hjhfhltms `h jas faquola fosfa. Pm`a vhz quh sh `hthkta ja vodrakoûl karakthræstoka `hj tmrdhjjolm `h akhoth sh `hdh `h dhrá rá rh rhaj ajoz ozar ar ula ula kmfp kmfpjh jhta ta olvh olvhst stoi oiak akoû oûl l `h jas jas vodr vodrak akom omlh lhs s hl tm`a tm`a ja olstajakoûl, olkjuyhl`m jas cuhlths `h vodrakoûl korkulvhkola, ja hstrukturas `h kofhltakoûl kofhltako ûl y jas tudhræas rhjakomla`as. rhjakomla`as. [h pm`rá asæ quozás `hskudror ula kausa hxthrla `h jms prmdjhfas `h tmrdhjjolm `h akhoth.

 

 

Pmrdhjjolms `h Bostïrhsos Hsth topm `h vodrakoûl hs sofojar a ja vodrakoûl mkasomla`a pmr hj tmrdhjjolm `h ak akhot hoth, h, phrm phrm mkurr mkurrh h a crhku crhkuhl hlkoa koas s `ochr `ochrhlt hlths, hs, kual kual`m `m hj rmtmr rmtmr iora iora hltrh hltrh ja profhra y ja shiul`a vhjmko`a` krotoka. Xl rmt mtmr mr quh quh culk culkom omlh lh pmr pmr hlk hlkofa ofa `h ja vhjm vhjmko ko` `a` krot krotok oka a tohl tohl`h `h a cjhxomlarsh, m asquharsh, hl shlto`m mpuhstm `hj pultm phsa`m `h `hsdajalkh. Ja afmrtoiu afmr toiuako akoûl ûl olthrla olthrla `hdo`a `hdo`a a bostïrh bostïrhsos, sos, m sha ja afmr afmrtoi toiuako uakoûl ûl `h crokkoû crokkoûl, l, lmrfa lm rfajf jfhlt hlth h jofota jofota ja `hcjh `hcjhxo xoûl ûl a lovhjh lovhjhs s akhp akhptad tadjhs jhs.. [ol hfdar hfdarim, im, kual` kual`m m akmlthkh ul tmrdhjjolm pmr bostïrhsos, jas cuhrzas afmrtoiua`mras sh hlkuhltral hl rhajo`a` hl cash kml ja `hcjhxoûl, y pmr jm taltm, akrhkhltal ja `hcjhxoûl `hj fmtmr.

Judrokakoûl Ola`hkua`a Xla ola`hkua`a judrokakoûl, olkjuyhl`m ja cajta `h judrokakoûl y hj usm `h judrokalths olkmrrhktms, puh`h mkasomlar prmdjhfas `h vodrakoûl hl ul rm`afohltm `h kbufakhra. Hl shfhgalths kasms ja judrokakoûl ola`hkua`a kausa hxkhsova crokkoûl hltrh hj rm`afohltm hstakomlarom y hj hgh rmtalth, y `okba crokkoûl ol`ukh vodrakoûl hl hj rm`afohltm y hl jas `hfás pohzas rhjakomla`as. Hsth topm `h vodrakoûl sh jjafa "`ry wbop", m sha játoim shkm, y hs fuy parhko`m aj pasar `h ul `h`m fmga`m smdrh ul krostaj shkm. Ja crhkuhlkoa `h ja vodrakoûl `hdo`a aj játoim shkm ihlhrajfhlth hs fuy ajta y prm`ukh prm`ukh hj smlo`m smlo`m kbojjûl kbojjûl karakthræs karakthræstokm tokms s `h jms rm`afoh rm`afohltm ltms s quh hstál culkomlal`m hl shkm. Lm hs fuy prmdadjh quh `okba crhkuhlkoa sha aji÷l f÷jtopjm olthiraj `h jas rpf `hj hgh, `h falhra quh lm hs `h hsphrarsh loli÷l patrûl soilocokatovm dagm ja juz hstrmdmskûpoka. Hl hsth rhsphktm, ja vodrakoûl mkasomla`a pmr hj játoim shkm hs sofojar a ja vodrakoûl vodrakoûl krha`a pmr ul rm`afohltm rm`afohltm altocrokkoml hl faj hsta`m.

 

KMLKJX[OÔL

Jms rm`afohl rm`afohltms tms sml pohzas pohzas `h akhrm ajha`m ajha`m kml krmfm, krmfm, falialhsm falialhsm y fmjod`hlm, para cakojotar ja hghkukoûl `h roiurmsms tratafohltms tïrfokms y mdthlhr  pohzas poh zas `h iral iral rhsost rhsosthl hlkoa koa aj `hsias `hsiasth th y a ja

catoi catoia. a. Hl ja shjhkko shjhkkoûl ûl `h jms

fathroajhs, `hdhl tmfarsh hl kmlso`hrakoûl jas thfphraturas `h mphrakoûl y ula a`hkua`a rhsosthlkoa a ja kmrrmsoûl. Hj fath fathro roaj aj par para jas jas gauj gaujas as ba hvmj hvmjuk ukom omla la` `m hl cmrf cmrfa a ofpm ofpmrt rtal alth th aktuajfhlth sh utojozal akhrms, fhtajhs `h dagm rmkh y pmjoafo`a. Mtra karakthræstoka karakthræstoka `h jms rm`afohltms rm`afohltms h hs s ja hxaktotu` `h sus sus `ofhlsom `ofhlsomlhs lhs ka`a ka `a part parth h `h thlh thlhrr tmjh tmjhrralko alkoas as fuy fuy hstr hstrhk hkba bas s para para ul

sato satosc scak aktm tmro rom m

culkomlafohltm `hj kmlgultm. Hxosthl rm`afohltms rm`afohltms `h fuy varoa`ms varoa`ms topms topms para a`hkuarsh a`hkuarsh a jas `ovhrsas apjokak apjo kakomlh omlhs, s, hs fuy ofpmrtal ofpmrtalth th hskmihr hskmihr hj rm`afoh rm`afohltm ltm

prhkosm prhkosm,, tmfal`m ja

`hkosoûl hl dash a krothroms tajhs kmfm7 kmstm, cakojo`a` `h fmltagh, vo`a ÷toj, `ofhlsomlhs `ofhlsoml hs ihlhrajhs, ihlhrajhs, sofpjhza sofpjhza `hj `hj kmlgultm, kmlgultm, `ospmlodojo`a` `ospmlodojo`a` `h `h rhpuhstms rhpuhstms y topm `h judrokakoûl.

 

DODJOMITACÆA



 Autmr7 Hfprhsa [EC [EC

Potujm7 Katájmim Ihlhraj [EC Pmfm 0>>> [p Thiostrm 09-3; >>>- 1?2?-1> Ofprhsm hl Otajoa pmr [tafphroa Artæstoka LazomlajhKmrsm [orakusa, ;9 Pmrolm. Pmrolm.