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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍAS Y CIENCIAS PURAS Carrera de INGENIERÍA CIVIL SEMESTRE IV B DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
MONOGRAFÍA Curso: Resistencia de Materiales Docente: Ing. Edwin Isidro Vilca Gonzales Integrantes: AVILA HANCCO MARYCRUZ YOSHIRA (Director) (16275904190) MACEDO CCARI OSWALDO RENE (Supervisor) (16271644758) VELARDE VILCA MAURO (Residente) (15102191) CCACCA CASTRO RONALD (Asistente técnico) (16277035913) PARICAHUA LAURA PAUL TONY (Asistente administrativo) (21902259)
Juliaca-Perú-2018 RESISTENCIA DE MATERIALES I
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
RESUMEN Un puente radica en constituir puntos estratégicos y a la vez vulnerables dela vía a la que pertenece. Un puente es una estructura que debe ser capaz de auto soportarse. Primero, permitiendo el paso seguro y expedito de las cargas móviles que transitan sobre él. Debe resistir además, el embate de las fuerzas de la naturaleza, en especial la fuerza de los ríos, la presión del viento y la muy importante fuerza sísmica. La decisión de construir un puente responde fundamentalmente a razones técnico-económicas. Para poder decidir sobre la construcción de un puente es necesario conocer su importancia estratégica la que permitirá medir los beneficios que la comunidad percibirá por disponer de él, frente a otras muy diversas alternativas, o los beneficios que se perderían por su carencia. En el siguiente trabajo se tratará de predecir la carga máxima que resistirá un prototipo de puente, a base por palos de helado, esto se logrará utilizando básicamente lo aprendido en el curso de Estática, que refiere al análisis de armaduras con el método de los nudos utilizando la tercera ley de newton. Se determinará cual es el miembro que fallara al exponer el puente a una sobrecarga mayor al que se determinó, mas no se lo demostrara experimentalmente, debido a la insuficiencia de herramientas y equipos que permitan demostrar las hipótesis planteadas de forma experimental.
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
INDICE DEL CONTENIDO DEL CONTENIDO
1
INTRODUCCION ............................................................. .................................................................................................................. ..................................................... 1-5 OBJETIVOS .............................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ................................................................ 1-5 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICO.................................................................. ........................................................................................................... ......................................... 1-5 1.1
D E F I N I C I Ó N DE D E PUENTE ........... ................ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ...... 1-5
1.2
Tipos de puentes ........................................................................................................ 1-8
1.3
Puentes de viga: ............................................................... ......................................................................................................... .......................................... 1-8
1.4
Puentes de arco:............................................................... ......................................................................................................... .......................................... 1-9
1.5
Puentes colgantes: ........................................................... ..................................................................................................... .......................................... 1-9
1.6
Puentes de piedra: ........................................................... ................................................................................................... ........................................ 1-11
1.7
Puentes metálicos: ........................................................... ................................................................................................... ........................................ 1-11
1.8
Puentes de hormigón armado: ............................................................... ................................................................................ ................. 1-11
2Fallas en un puente:............................................. puente:........................................................................................................... .............................................................. 2-12 3
Tracción o tensión ......................................................... ............................................................................................................ ................................................... 3-13 3.1
4
DEFINICION DE ESTRUCTURAS: ............................................................... ................................................................................ ................. 3-13
TIPOS DE ARMADURAS............................................................. ..................................................................................................... ........................................ 4-14 4.1
Armadura Long .................................................................. ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 4-15
4.2
Armadura Howe ............................................................... ....................................................................................................... ........................................ 4-15
4.3
Armadura Pratt.................................................................. Pratt......................................................................................................... ....................................... 4-16
4.4
Armadura Warren ............................................................ .................................................................................................... ........................................ 4-16
4.5
Armadura Vierendeel ................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................ 4-16
5
TIPOS DE ARMADURAS PARA PUENTES .......................................................... ........................................................................... ................. 5-17
6
Definición y propiedad del material ................................................................... ................................................................................. .............. 6-17
7
6.1
Madera balsa ......................................................... ............................................................................................................ ................................................... 6-17
6.2
propiedades........................................................................................................... propiedades..................................... ......................................................................... ... 6-17
6.3
Materiales ............................................................. ................................................................................................................ ................................................... 6-18
procedimiento y planos para el armado ......................................................... .......................................................................... ................. 7-19 7.1
diseño de la base superior ........................................................... ....................................................................................... ............................ 7-20
7.2
Partes de la base superior ............................................................ ........................................................................................ ............................ 7-20
7.4
Diseño del lado lateral.................................................................. .............................................................................................. ............................ 7-21
7.5
Partes de lado lateral
7-21
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
7.8
Planteamiento del problema .................................................................. ................................................................................... ................. 7-23
7.9
Aplicación de la parte experimental ..................................................................... ........................................................................ ... 7-23
8
Cálculo matemático................................................................... matemático.......................................................................................................... ....................................... 8-23 8.1 23
Determinando la presión que ejerce la plancha de madera sobre la base del puente8-
8.2
Calculo de las áreas del puente............................................................... ................................................................................ ................. 8-24
8.3
Calcular las áreas distribuidas .................................................................... .................................................................................. .............. 8-24
8.4
Distribución de las fuerzas en el puente ejercida por la madera............................. 8-24
8.5
Distribución de fuerzas en los extremos de las vigas ............................................... 8-25
8.6
Distribución de fuerzas en la armadura ............................................................. ................................................................... ...... 8-26
8.7
Se determina sumatoria de momentos ∑MA=∑MA ................................................. 8-26
9
Analisis en los nudos ................................................................. ........................................................................................................ ....................................... 9-27 9.1
Nudo A .................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... .................................................. 9-27
9.2
NUDO B .................................................................. .................................................................................................................... .................................................. 9-28
9.3
NUDO I.................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... .................................................. 9-29
9.4
NUDO C .................................................................. .................................................................................................................... .................................................. 9-30
9.5
NUDO K................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... .................................................. 9-31
9.6
NUDO D .................................................................. .................................................................................................................... .................................................. 9-32
10 10.1
Resumen de las fuerzas internas.................................................................... ................................................................................ ............ 10-33 Por simetría el análisis de las barras se completa de de la siguiente manera ............ 10-33
11
RESULTADOS ............................................................. .............................................................................................................. ................................................. 11-34
12
CONCLUSIONES ......................................................... .......................................................................................................... ................................................. 13-35
13
RECOMNEDACIONES ............................................................ .................................................................................................. ...................................... 14-35
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
1 INTRODUCCION En las siguientes páginas se expondrá el diseño preliminar de un modelo estructural. En general el tema de puentes es de interés para todos los alumnos de ingeniería civil. En donde se aplicará los conocimientos de RESISTENCIA DE
MATERIALES Y ESTATICA. Tal proceso consiste en contrastar empíricamente la diferencia teórica y experimental de la deformación de los elementos sólidos al interior de una estructura. El tema para escoger una estructural real está basado en puentes atirantados, es decir, con presencia de pilares y cables que lo mantienen suspendido en estados de tracción y compresión. Para esto se procederá con la identificación de la estructura original acompañada de imágenes, detallando su ubicación y función. Luego se describirá el modelo estructural a realizar por el grupo, que deberá consistir en una estructura con un grado de indeterminación que soporte más de 20kilogramos
OBJETIVOS
Determinar experimentalmente experimentalmente la capacidad capacidad de los elementos elementos estructurales del diseño.
Calcular los esfuerzos en cada punto.
OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICO
Seleccionar un diseño diseño de armadura Considerar Considerar el peso peso a soportar de de la estructura
1.1 DEFINICIÓN DE D E PUENTE
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
La infraestructura de un puente está formada por los estribos o pilares extremos, las pilas o apoyos centrales y los cimientos, que forman la base de ambos. La superestructura consiste en el tablero o parte que soporta directamente las cargas y las armaduras, constituidas por vigas, cables, o bóvedas y arcos que transmiten las cargas del tablero a las pilas y los estribos. Para designar su función se dirá: puente para carretera, puente para ferrocarril, puente móvil La palabra viaducto se reserva para los puentes largos, con frecuencia de claros prolongados, y altura constante. Un puente se divide en tramos, separados por las pilas y que terminan en los estribos. Un puente es una estructura destinada a salvar obstáculos naturales, como ríos, valles, lagos o brazos de mar; y obstáculos artificiales, como vías férreas f érreas o carreteras, con el fin de unir caminos de viajeros, animales y mercancías. ¿Que son los Puentes?
Los puentes son estructuras destinada a salvar obstáculos naturales, como ríos, valles, lagos o brazos de mar, y obstáculos artificiales, como vías férreas o carreteras, con el fin de poder transportar mercancías, permitir la circulación de las gentes y trasladar sustancias de un sitio a otro. Básicamente un puente está formado por 2 partes principales: el tablero y los apoyos. Normalmente además de estas dos partes también llevan una armadura.
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
- La superestructura: conjunto de los tramos t ramos que salvan los vanos situados entre los soportes. - La infraestructura: formada por los cimientos, los estribos y las pilas que soportan los tramos.
PARTES DE UN PUENTE
Subestructura
La subestructura sirve de apoyo a la superestructura, está conformada por la cimentación, los estribos y las pilas.
Cimentación
Encargada de transmitir al suelo de fundación las cargas propias de la subestructura, de la superestructura y de las cargas que operan sobre el puente esta puede ser superficial o profunda, superficial como zapatas de concreto reforzado o profundas como Caisson o pilotes de concreto reforzado ya sea hincados (pilotes).
Estribos
Son las estructuras ubicadas en los extremos de los puentes (accesos) y soportan la superestructura, además además sirven para contención contención de los terraplenes.
Superestructura
Es la parte del puente que recibe directamente la carga viva. Su posición
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
Relativa con respecto a la subestructura es variable, pudiendo ser superior intermedia o inferior .
Fundamentalmente se distinguen la superestructura y la infraestructura
1.2 Tipos de puentes Hay varias formas de clasificar los tipos de puentes. Primero veremos los tipos de puentes según su forma:
1.3 Puentes de viga: Están formados fundamentalmente por elementos horizontales que se apoyan en sus extremos sobre soportes o pilares.
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
1.4 Puentes de arco: Están constituidos básicamente por una sección curvada hacia arriba que se apoya en unos soportes o estribos y que abarca una luz o espacio vacío. En ciertas ocasiones el arco es el que soporta el tablero (arco bajo tablero) del puente sobre el que se circula, mediante una serie de soportes auxiliares, mientras que en otras de él es del que pende el tablero (arco sobre tablero) mediante la utilización de tirantes. La sección curvada del puente está siempre sometida a esfuerzos de compresión, igual que los soportes, tanto del arco como los auxiliares que sustentan el tablero. Los tirantes soportan esfuerzos de tracción.
1.5 Puentes colgantes:
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
Otra Clasificación es según el Material Usado en su construcción:
Puentes de madera: Aunque son rápidos rápidos de construir construir y de bajo coste, coste, son poco resistentes resistentes y duraderos, duraderos, ya que son muy sensibles a los agentes atmosféricos, como la lluvia y el viento, por lo que requieren un mantenimiento continuado y costoso.
Su bajo coste (debido a la abundancia de madera, sobre todo en la antigüedad) y la facilidad para labrar la madera pueden explicar que los primeros puentes construidos fueran de madera.
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
1.6 Puentes de piedra: De los que los romanos fueron grandes constructores, son tremendamente resistentes, compactos y duraderos, aunque en la actualidad su construcción es muy costosa. Los cuidados necesarios para su mantenimiento son escasos, ya que resisten muy bien los agentes climáticos. Desde el hombre consiguió dominar la técnica del arco este tipo de puentes dominó durante siglos. Sólo la revolución industrial con las nacientes técnicas de construcción con hierro pudo amortiguar este dominio.
1.7 Puentes metálicos: Son muy versátiles, permiten diseños de grandes luces, se construyen con rapidez, pero son caros de construir y además están sometidos a la acción
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
agentes atmosféricos. El hormigón solo aguanta muy bien esfuerzos de compresión, pero mal los de tracción, es por eso que se introducen unas varillas de acero en su interior para formar el hormigón armado y así también aguanta esfuerzos de tracción. Aquí vemos un puente de hormigón armado y además de vigas, como vimos anteriormente. anteriormente.
Por último, se les puede clasificar según el uso que se les de:
Acueductos : cuando se emplean para la conducción del agua.
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
Fatiga de los materiales
Viento
Diseño estructural inadecuado
, Terremotos
Procedimiento inadecuado de construcción
Sobrecarga o impacto de embarcaciones
Materiales defectuosos
3 Tracción o tensión Se define la tensión como el cociente entre la fuerza aplicada y la superficie sobre la cual se aplica. Las tensiones en los puntos interiores de un cuerpo son debidas a las fuerzas internas que aparecen para compensar las fuerzas externas y mantener la cohesión del sólido. En el análisis general de una pieza deformable, se define la tensión en un punto P aso- ciada a un plano p determinado que pasa por dicho punto como el vector: siendo DF la resultante de las fuerzas internas sobre una pequeña área DA, definida en los alrededores de P y contenida en el plano p. Puente: Un puente es una construcción que permite salvar un accidente geográfico como un río, un cañón, un valle, un camino, una vía férrea, un cuerpo de agua o cualquier otro obstáculo físico. El diseño de cada puente varía dependiendo de su función y la naturaleza del terreno sobre el que se construye. Su proyecto y su cálculo
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
Tres tipos de miembros: miembros de la cuerda superior, cuerda inferior y del alma (diagonales y montantes)
La estabilidad de una estructura, es la que garantiza que entendida en su conjunto como un sólido rígido cumpla las condiciones de la estática, al ser solicitada por las acciones exteriores que pueden actuar sobre ella.
La resistencia, es la que obliga a que no se superen las tensiones admisibles del material y a que no se produzca rotura en ninguna sección.
La deformación limitada, implica el que se mantenga acotada
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
4.1 Armadura Long Este tipo de armadura debe su nombre a Stephen 11. Long (1784-1864), y tiene su origen
hacia 1835. Los cordones superior e inferior horizontales se unen mediante montantes verticales todos ellos arriostrados por diagonales dobles, usados usados para aumentar la la rigidez rigidez de la est ructur a y su capaci dad de resistir cargas laterales, tales como los movimientos sísmicos y la presión de los vientos huracanados.
4.2 Armadura Howe
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MONOGRAFIA 4.3
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
Armadura Pratt
Originalmente fue diseñada por Thomas y Caleb Pratt en 1844, representa la adaptación de las armaduras al uso más generalizado de un nuevo material de construcción de la época: el acero. A diferencia de una armadura Howe, aquí las barras están inclinadas en sentido sentido contrario (ahora forman V's), de m anera que las diagonales están sometidas a tracción mientras que las barras verticales están comprimidas.
4.4 Armadura Warren
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
5 TIPOS DE ARMADURA ARMADURAS S PARA PUENTES
Las formas típicas de armaduras para puentes con claros simples serían
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
Propiedades físicas y mecánicas de la madera balsa Contracción radial (%): 2.3 Contracción tangencial (%): 5.4 Módulo de elasticidad: 44*1000 Módulo de rotura: 214 2 E.R. Compresión paralela (kg/cm ): 134 2 Corte radial(kg/cm ): 23
ELP: Esfuerzo unitario en el índice proporcional MOR: módulo de ruptura MOE: módulo de elasticidad
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
7 procedimiento y planos para el armado
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
7.1 diseño de la base superior 7.2 Partes de la base superior
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
7.4 Diseño del lado lateral 7.5 Partes de lado lateral
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
7.6 Diseño de juntas 7.7 Tipos de juntas
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
7.8 Planteamiento del problema se tiene el diseño del puente de madera balsa modelo de estructura de Warren que es sometida a una carga hasta encontrar el valor máximo en kg y mínimo 20kg que pueda resistir para los cálculos de análisis de fuerzas f uerzas se considera el peso de la armadura y la placa metálica o madera que se pondrá sobre la base. Peso de la armadura:(710gr)
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MONOGRAFIA
8.2 Calculo de las áreas del puente
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
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MONOGRAFIA
DISEÑO DE UN PUENTE
F4= P * A4=W/272cm2 * 50cm2 = F4=0.18W F5= P * A5=W/272cm2 * 50cm2 = F5=0.18W F6= P * A6=W/272cm2 * 50cm2 = F6=0.18W F7= P * A7=W/272cm2 * 50cm2 = F7=0.18W F8= P * A8=W/272cm2 * 25cm2 = F8=0.09W AREA TOTAL=350CM2
RESPUESTA
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