Trabajo de Logro
January 25, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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MF AENFEAFRÊ@ FYIVFJ@ L@IVJ]@M TROLFYAOE@J MF AENFEAFRA@ IA\AJ "IRF@IAOE MF MAYFÐO YVTFRFY]RVIV]R@J YVTFRFY]RVIV]R@J MF TVFE]F YFIIAOE IOGTVFY]@. HV@EI@\FJAI@‗
]FG@; TRFMAGFEYAOE@GAFE]O TRFMAGFEYAOE@GAFE] O Q I@R@I]FRÇY]AI@Y MF TVFE]FY MF YFIIAÙE IOGTVFY]@ Q TRFYLOR[@MO - YVBFY]RVI]VR@ Q FY]RABOY
@V]OR; YOJAY IOR]F[, Yhfssar` y`hfj
@YFYOR; Aen. FYTARA]V IOJIH@MO, Fmn`r Yfr`pao
@YANE@]VR@; Tufetfs y Obr`s mf @rtf
IHAGBO]F ’TFRÑ 2420
a
0. ]A]VJO MAYFÐO FY]RVI]VR@J MF J@ YVTFRFY]RVI]VR@ YVTFRFY]RVI]VR@ MFJ TVFE]F YHVE]F MF YFIIAOE IOGTVFY]@ IOE O]RO MF IOEIRF]O TRFYLOR[@MO .
2
2. RF RF@J @JMA MAM@ M@M M TRO TROBJ BJFG FGÀ] À]AI AI@ @ J` aelr`fstruitur` mf j` irf`iaùe mfj pufetf, ioestatuyf ue gfmao guy agport`etf p`r` nfefr`r pronrfso y `sfnur`r fj bafefst`r fioeùgaio y soia`j mf jos h`bat`etfs mf ue p`çs, safemo fj pufetf Yhuetf ue pufetf mf ue sojo tr`go mf 96.44 g mf juz, mos g`tfra`jfs mf ioestruiiaùe, fe fstf i`so fj ioeirfto prfslorz`mo y j` sfiiaùe iogpufst` mf pfrlaj mf `ifro ioe t`bjfro mf ioeirfto, iugpjfe fj rfquasato mf sfr fioeùgai` y fstruitur`jgfetf l`itabjfs. > Tor jo t`eto p`r` majuiam`r iuàj mf jos mos g`tfra`jfs mf ioestruiiaùe fs fj gàs ioevfeafetf p`r` sfr fgpjf`mo fe j` supfrfstruitur` sf mfbf iogp`r`r sa ueo mf fjjos prfsfet`r` g`yor g`yor rfsastfeia` `etf j` j`ss sojaiat`iaoefs sojaiat`iaoefs i`us`m`s por por j`s i`rn`s.
9
9. MF MFLA LAEA EAIO IOE E MF MFJ J TR TROB OBJF JFG@ G@ Fv`ju`r y ma`neostai`r, soe jos p`sos gàs agport`etfs fe j` fv`ju`iaùe mf iu`jquafr fstruitur` mf pufetfs, tom` vfz quf `j tfefr ue `mfiu`mo ma`neùstaio mfj probjfg` sf jfs m`rà ue` iorrfit` sojuiaùe ` j`s p`tojonç`s i`us`etfs mfj probjfg` y sf mflaearà j` aetfrvfeiaùe efifs`ra`. J` aelorg`iaùe prfjagae`r ioe quf iufet` ue aenfeafro proyfitast` ` j` hor` mf fjfnar fj tapo mf g`tfra`j o sastfg` fstruitur`j quf fgpjf`r` fe fj masfðo mf ue` supfrfstruitur`, fe fstf i`so ue pufetf, nfefr`jgfetf sf m`e fe t`bj`s fe mavfrsos g`eu`jfs y jabros fspfia`jaz`mos. fspfia`jaz`m os. Fe fst`s t`bj`s sf fst`bjfif ue r`eno mf juz p`r` mavfrsos tapos mf g`tfra`jfs o sastfg`s fstruitur`jfs fe jos iu`jfs su fgpjfo rfsujt` fioeùgaio. Tfro sf m` fj i`so fe quf p`r` ue` juz mftfrgae`m` mos o gàs g`tfra`jfs mf ioestruiiaùe o sastfg`s fstruitur`jfs soe fioeùgai` y fstruitur`jgfetf l`itabjfs. Fetoeifs quf g`tfra`j o sastfg` fstruitur`j ` fgpjf`r tafef quf sfr mflaeamo fe b`sf ` j` iogp`r`iaùe mf j`s sojaiat`iaoefs provoi`m`s por por j`s i`rn`s ``pjai`m`s, pjai`m`s, mflorg` mflorg`iaoefs iaoefs agpufst` agpufst`ss o i`gbaos vojugátraios vojugátraios y j` rfsastfeia`, quf prfsfet`r` i`m` ueo mf fjjos jufno mf rf`jaz`mo fj rfspfitavo `eàjasas fstruitur`j. T`r` fj i`so mfj pufetf Yhuetf, ubai`mo fe j` Trovaeia` mf ]oi`ihf, mf 96.44 g mf juz mos g`tfra`jfs mf ioestruiiaùe soe l`itabjfs fioeùgai` y fstruitur`jgfetf p`r` sfr fgpjf`mos fe su supfrfstruitur`, safemo fstos fj ioeirfto prfslorz`mo y j` sfiiaùe iogpufst` mf t`bjfro mf ioeirfto ioe van`s mf pfrlaj mf `ifro fstruitur`j.
=
Lorguj`iaùe mfj Trobjfg` B`ko fst`s prfgas`s, eos feioetr`gos fe j` objan`iaùe mf rfspoemfreos j` sanuafetf aetfrron`etf nfefr`j; ¿Mf quá g`efr` fj `eàjasas fstruitur`j iogp`r`tavo eos
pfrgatarà mftfrgae`r quf g`tfra`j mf ioestruiiaùe fs fj gàs `mfiu`mo p`r` j` supfrfstruitur` supfrfstrui tur` mfj pufetf Yhuetf?
Obkftavos Obkftavo Nfefr`j Flfitu`r fj `eàjasas y masfðo fstruitur`j iogp`r`tavo mf j` supfrfstruitur` mfj pufetf Yhuetf mf `iufrmo `j g`tfra`j mf ioestruiiaùe mf Yfiiaùe Iogpufst` ioe otro mf Ioeirfto Trfslorz`mo.
Obkftavos Fspfiçlaios Rf`jaz`r fj `eàjasas fstruitur`j mf j` supfrfstruitur` mfj pufetf Yhuetf ioe fjfgfeto port`etf praeiap`j mf g`tfra`j mf ioe ioeirfto irfto prfslorz`mo. Rf`jaz`r fj `eàjasas fstruitur`j mf j` supfrfstruitur` mfj pufetf Yhuetf ioe fjfgfeto port`etf praeiap`j mf g`tfra`j mf sfi sfiiaùe iaùe iogpufst`. iogpufst`. Iogp`r`r jos rfsujt`mos obtfeam`s mfj `eàjasas y masfðo fstruitur`j mf j`s `jtfre`tav`s propufst`s p`r` p`r` j` supfrfstruitur` mf mfjj pufetf. Ioetrabuar `j ioeoiagafeto `j pomfr fst`bjfifr sa fj ioeirfto prfslorz`mo, o vaifvfrs`, prfsfet` g`yor rfsastfeia` rfsastfeia` quf j` ssfiiaùe fiiaùe iogpu iogpufst` fst` `etf j`s so sojaiat`iaoefs jaiat`iaoefs agpufst`s. agpufst`s. Masfð`r j` supfrfstruitur` ioe fj g`tfra`j quf prfsfet` j` g`yor rfsastfeia` ioe rfspfito ` j`s sojaiat`iaoefs.
6
Kustalai`iaùe mf j` Aevfstan`iaùe Fj tapo mf g`tfra`j quf sf fgpjf` fe j` ioestruiiaùe mf j` fstruitur` praeiap`j mfj pufetf, ioemuif ` ue masfðo ùptago y fioeùgaio mf jos gasgos, pfrgatafemo `ji`ez`r ue` g`yor rfj`iaùe rfsastfeia`/pfso propao. Fs `sç quf gafetr`s fj ij`ro ` s`jv`r por fj fjfgfeto fstruitur`j tfen` g`yor joenatum, fj pfso propao mf fjjos `ugfet `ugfet`` sanealai`ta sanealai`tav`gfetf v`gfetf fe lueiaùe mf j` g`yor magfesaùe rfqufram` ` j`s sfiiaoefs rfsastfetfs. ]feafemo fe iufet` jo `etfraor fj fgpjfo mfj ioeirfto prfslorz`mo y mf sfiiaùe iogpufst` fe jos fjfgfetos fstruitur`jfs praeiap`jfs ioemuife ` sfiiaoefs mf magfesaoefs gfeorfs y por t`eto mf gfeor gfeor pfso propao. J`s sojaiat`iaoefs y rfsastfeia` obtfeam`s jufno mf rf`jaz`mo fj `eàjasas y masfðo fstruitur`j, mf j`s mos `jtfre`tav`s mf g`tfra`j p`r` j` ioestruiiaùe mf j` supfrfstruitur` mfj pufetf Yhuetf sfrvaràe p`r` iogp`r`r j` sojuiaùe gàs `mfiu`m` mfetro mf ue r`eno mf posabajam`mfs mf sojuiaùe. sojuiaùe.
G`rio ]fùraio G`rtçefz G`rtçe fz y G`ez G`ez`e`r `e`rfz, fz, (244>), (244>), mfs mfs`rroj `rrojj`roe j`roe j` goeo goeonr`lç nr`lç`; `; Masfðo mf Tufetfs ioe j` Eorg` @@YH]O JRLM 2446.
Fstumao quf prfsfet` fj masfðo mf j` supfrfstruitur` y
subfstruitur` mf ue pufetf sagpjfgfetf `poy`mo mf van`s mf sfiiaùe iogpufst` mf `iufrmo ` j`s Fspfialai`iaoefs @@YH]O JRLM. Fst` goeonr`lç` prfsfet` fj masfðo mfj t`bjfro y j` supfrfstruitur` mf ue pufetf sagpjfgfetf `poy`mo mf 24.44 g mf juz, fe j` quf mafroe praoram`m ` j` `pjai`iaùe mf jos `rtçiujos fst`bjfiamos fe j`s Fspfialai`iaoefs Fspfialai`iaoefs @@YH]O JRLM 2446 p`r` fj Fst`mo Jagatf mf Rfsastfeia`, eo gostr`emo jos i`sos p`r` jos fst`mos jçgatfs mf sfrvaiao ea l`tan` y lr`itur` quf soe t`e agport`etfs p`r` fstruitur`s gftàjai`s. Yfgae`rao, (244=), mfs`rrojjo fj tr`b`ko; Nuç` p`r` fj Masfðo mf Tufetfs ioe \an`s y Jos`s,
fe j` Veavfrsam`m mf Taur`. Iuy` aevfstan`iaùe rfionç` mf j`s eorg`s iratfraos
bàsaios y ue` gftomojonç` ` sfnuar fe fj masfðo mf pufetfs ioe van`s y jos`, b`s`mo fe j`s eorg`ss Yt`e eorg` Yt`em`rm m`rm Ypfi Ypfialai` alai`taoes taoes lor Hanh Hanhw`y w`y Bramn Bramnfs fs mf @@YH]O, @@YH]O, Fspfialai Fspfialai`iaoe `iaoefs fs @@YH]O JRLM 244= y j` eorg` pfru`e` G`eu`j mf Masfðo mf Tufetfs G]I ’ MNIL 2449. <
[fn`rr`, (244>), prfsfeto fj proyfito; @eàjasas y Masfðo mf Tufetfs Iojn`etfs, fe j` Toetalaia` Veavfrsam`m I`tùjai` mfj Tfrû ’ Fsiufj` mf Nr`mu`mos. Fe fstf tr`b`ko mf aevfstan`iaùe fj `utor eo sojo prfsfet` fj `eàjasas y masfðo mf ue pufetf iojn`etf saeo quf `mfgàs fxpjai` jos fjfgfetos ioestatuyfetfs mfj gasgo fxpoeafemo j`s propafm`mfs mf jos g`tfra`jfs. Ioroefj, (244=), rf`jazo fj aelorgf mf aenfeafrç`; @eàjasas y Masfðo mf j` Yupfrfstruitur` mf Ve Tufetf mf Ioeirfto Trffslorz`mo ,
fe j` Veavfrsam`m E`iaoe`j mf Y`e G`rtae ’
]`r`poto. Fe fstf tr`b`ko fj `utor prfsfeto fj `eàjasas y masfðo mf ue pufetf sagpjfgfetf `poy`mo mf 94.44 g mf juz mf van`s postfes`m`s mf `iufrmo `j G`eu`j mf Masfðo mf Tufetfs mfj G]I, fj t`bjfro y j` van` fr`e goeojçtaios v`ia`mos ae satu `j gasgo tafgpo safemo, `sagasgo, j` van` mf b`sf rfit`enuj`r safemo `e`jaz`mo iogo van` ]. \ajjosj`m`, (244=), prfsfeto fj proyfito; @eàjasas Fstruitur`j mf Tufetfs @tar`et`mos, @pjai`iaùe, fe j` Veavfrsam`m E`iaoe`j mf Y`e G`rtae ’ ]`r`poto. Aevfstan`iaùe fe j` quf
fj `utor fxpoef fj `eàjasas mf ue pufetf `tar`et`mo mf 8=.44 g mf juz fgpjf`emo gátomos
iogo fj g`traia`j, fjfgfetos laeatos y ue` aetromuiiaùe `j `eàjasas pjàstaio ioe fj uso mf hfrr`gafet`s iogo fj Y@T 2444.
>
@eàjasas y Masfðo mf j` Yupfrfstruitur` @. Mfs`rrojjo mf j` Yfiiaùe Nfefr`j 0. @eih @eihoo mf j` I`rrftf I`rrftfr` r`
7 9. 7 0.04 g B0 7 0.4> g B2 7 4.>0 g B9 7 4.26 g B= 7 4.04 g B6 7 4.90 g B< 7 4.29 g 8
@n 7 4.>>2 g2
1
0. Fspf Fspfsor sor Gçeag Gçeagoo
(@rt. 6.0=.0.9.0 @@YH]O JRLM)
@j` supfraor (t`bjfro)
7 4.24 @j` aelfraor (M 6 1 09
∐ (℅) 7 4 (0 + 2) − 0 (0 + 2) − 2 (2) 7 →
7 6. ; Vbai`iaùe mf j` rfsujt`etf (i`gaùe). Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
J` Lanur` 98 gufstr` j` posaiaùe mf j`s i`rn`s p`r` obtfefr fj gogfeto gàxago `bsojuto mf `iufrmo `j ]forfg` mf B`rrè, rf`jaz`emo sug`tora` mf gogfetos fe B, sf obtafef;
Lanur` 98; Gàxago gogfeto por I`gaùe. Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
08
∐ 7 4
7
∑ →
7 06.>4
∐ 7 4 à. 7 0 ∑ − 0 ∑ 0
∽
à 7 2=8.16 ∑
`.2) ]àemfg ]àemfg mf Ma Masfðo sfðo
Lanur` 91; Jçef` mf Aeljufeia` p`r` gogfeto mf tàemfg. Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
Mf `iufrmo ioe j` Lanur` 91 sf tafef;
7
+
0 7 ∑ 0
0 7 −
7− ⁍04 7 00 + 2
01
7 96.44
Ioe;
7 0.24
]`bj` 0.44
049
04.64
04=
0=.44
b
x0
z
(g )
(g)
(g )
96. 44 90. 64 28. 44 2=. 64 20. 44
99. 84 94. 94 24.= 6 02=. 1= 0 .4 4 04. 64 0=. 44
b (g) 96.44
w (toe/g) 4.16
G (toe∑g) 4.44
90.64
4.16
62.61
28.44
4.16
19.=1
2=.64
4.16
022.>0
20.44
4.16
0=4.2=
Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
Gogfeto Gàxago por I`rraj mf Masfðo (Vbai`iaùe 046)
Lanur` =9; Gàxago gogfeto por i`rn` mf i`rraj.
Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
∐ 7 4
7
∑ 2
22
→
7 04
29
Gogfeto fe j` posaiaùe;
0 7 01
∐
74
∑ 02 7 0 ∑ − 2 7 0=6.8= ∑ `.=) I`rn` mf L`tan` L`tan`
Lanur` ==; Vbai`iaùe mf j` rfsujt`etf (l`tan`). Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
7 0 + 2 + 9 7 92.>9 Ioe;
0 7 =.2>
2 7 1.0=
∐ (℅) 7 4
(0 + 2) − 0 (0 + 2) − 2 (2) 7
2=
→
7 >.8<
J` lanur` =6 gufstr` j` posaiaùe mf j`s i`rn`s p`r` obtfefr fj gogfeto gàxago `bsojuto mf `iufrmo `j ]forfg` mf B`rrè, rf`jaz`emo sug`tora` mf gogfetos fe B, sf obtafef;
∐ 7 4
7
→
∑
7 0=..29
4.44 4.04
042
>.44
28.44
29.>9
4.24
049
04.64
2=.64
24.29
4.94
04=
0=.44
20.44
09
4.=4
046
0>.64
0>.64
2
2>
0 7
(⁍) ∑ 0
2 7
(⁍) ∑ 2
0 7 − (0 + 2 )
2 7 − 2
7−
⁍ 7 00 + 22 + 9
]`bj` 08; Ioetaeu`iaùe mf iort`etf mf i`gaùe mf masfðo.
Vbai`ia ùe
y0
y2
T9 (toe)
T2 (toe)
T0 (toe)
\ (toe)
044
4. >< 4. 8 4. 4. >> 4.
94
04= 046 Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
4. 6> 4. =>
00.=4
00.=4
09.21
00.=4
00.=4
00.40
90
b.9) I`rn` mf I`rraj
Lanur` =8; Jçef` mf Aeljufeia` p`r` iort`etf i`rn` mf i`rraj. Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
Mf j` Lanur` =8 sf tafef;
7−
∑ ⁍ ∑ ⁍ 7 2
7 96.44
]`bj` 24; Iort`etf mf i`rraj mf masfðo .
Vbai`ia ùe
` (g)
b (g)
`/ J
b/J
w(toe/ g)
\ (toe)
044
4.4 4 9.6 4 >.4 4 04.
96.44
4. 44 4. 04 4. 24 4.
0.44
4.16
4.44
4.14
4.16
4.0>
4.84
4.16
4.
4.>4
4.16
0.64
064 =. 44 0>. 64
20.44
94 4. =4 4. 64
4.
040 042 049 04= 046
90.64 28.44 2=.64
0>.64
92
Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
99
b.=) I`rn` mf L`tan`
Lanur` =1; Jçef` mf Aeljufeia` p`r` iort`etf mf i`gaùe. Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
]`bj` 20; Jçef` mf aeljufeia` p`r` iort`etf mf i`gaùe i`gaùe mf l`tan`.
Vbai`ia ùe
` (g)
b (g)
x0 (g)
X2 (g)
`/J
b/ J
044
4.44
96.44
26.8<
4.44
040
9.64
90.64
20.6 1 08.4 1
22.9<
4.04
0. 44 4. 14
042
>.44
28.44
08.8<
4.24
049
04.64
2=.64
06.9<
4.94
04=
0=.44
20.44
0=.6 1 00.4 1 >.61
00.8<
4.=4
046
0>.64
0>.64
=.41
8.9<
4.64
Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
Mf j` Lanur` =1 sf tafef;
7 96.44
0 7 =.2>
2 7 1.0=
4. 84 4. >4 4. g x 4.46 g por van` mf ioeirfto
9<
prfl`brai`m`.
9>
7 0.4>
℅ 7 4.46
7 ∑ ℅ ∑ 7 4.09 /
Lanur` 64; Yfiiaùe Yupfrfstruitur` \an` Trfl`brai`m`. Lufetf;
Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
]`bj ]` bjfr froo mf Io Ioei eirrfto ft o; Ioe;
7 2.49
7 4.24
7 ∑ ∑ 7 4.1> / Ma`lr`ng`s; Yf iojoi`r`e iu`tro ma`lr`ng`s ` jo j`rno mf tomo fj tr`go, ueo fe i`m` `poyo y fe jos tfriaos mf j` juz mfj pufetf, sf tafef;
98
. 7 ℅ ∑ ∑ Yafemo;
℅ 7 0.04
. 2
∑
7 4.94
.⁍2 7 4.81
. 7 4.>4 MI 2
@ifr`;
7 ( 0 + 2 + 9) ∑ 0 7 4.44262
2 7 4.4=2
Lanur` 60; Fsqufg` mf sfiiaùe mf `ifr`. Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
7 4.98 / B`r`em`;
7 4.04 / M^
@sl`jto;
9 7 4.022
91
. 7 ∑ 7 4.46
Yafemo;
2
∑ .
. 7 2.26 ⁍9
⁍2 7 0.84
. 7 4.24 / TJ
I` I`rn rn`` Tf Tf`t `toe oe`j `j ;
7 4.9> /
Lanur` 62; I`rn` puetu`j mf ma`lr`ng`s mf ioeirfto. Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
∐ . . 7
→
. 7 4.4=4 ⁍ ⁍
Jos gogfetos y iort`etfs mfbamo ` ue` i`rn` uealorgf ` i`m` 0/04 mf j` joenatum mfj tr`go (]`bj` 29), sf obtafefe ioe;
7 ( − ) 7 (4.6 − ) 2 2 2 7 2 ( − ) 7 4.6 ( − )
7
7 0.4 ⁍
Jos iort`etfs y gogfetos mfbamos ` j`s ma`lr`ng`s sf feiufetr`e ` i`m` 0/04 mfj tr`go
=4
(]`bj` 2=). ]`bj` 22; Iort`etfs y gogfetos p`r` w 7 0.4 toe/g.
ε \ x (toe) G x
(toe∑g)
4 0>. 64 4.4 4
4.0 0=. 44 66. 09
4 .2 04.6 4 18.4 4
4 .9 >.44
4.= 9.64
4.6 4.44
028. .4 4
069. 09
Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
]`bj` 29; Iort`etfs y gogfetos mfbamos ` j`s i`rn`s puetu`jfs mf j`s van`s ma`lr`ng`s.
ε
4
4.0
4.2
4.9
4. =
4. 6
\ x (toe)
4. >4 4. 44
4.6<
4.=2
4.28
2.20
9.1=
6.0>
4. 0= 6. 14
4. 44 48< ⁍2 Tostfes`mo
(]`bj` 6.1.9-0 @@YH]O JRLM)
@etf @e tfss mf mfjj `iuð `i uð`g `gaf afet etoo
7 4.14
=0
7 06 9>> ⁍2 Fe `eij `e ij`k `kfs fs y `iop `iopj` j`ga gafe feto toss aegf ae gfma ma`t `t`g `gfe fetf tf mfsp mfspuá uáss mf mfjj `i `iuð uð`g `gaf afet etoo mf jo joss `e `eij ij`k `kfs fs
( + ∌ + ∌) 7 4.>4 ( + ∌ + ∌) 7 09 281 ⁍2 Fe fj fxtrfgo mf j` zoe` mf pfrmam` por `sfet`gafeto aegfma`t`gfetf mfspuás mfj `iuð `i uð`g `gaf afet etoo mfj mf j `eij `e ij`k `kff
( + ∌ + ∌) 7 4.>= ( + ∌ + ∌) 7 0= 4=8 ⁍2 Fe fst`mo jçgatf mf sfrvaiao mfspuás mf j`s pfrmam`s
7 4.84 7 09 .<
14>01
| − ̆|
(( − ̆)
(ig=)
890 =. 0.9 0 86. 01 >9. 80 >6. 06
∑ 7 080.02
∑ 7 16.>4
Lanur` 6=; Yfiiaùe iogpufst`. Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
]`bj` E» 428; Tropafm`mfs mf j` sfiiaùe iogpufst`.
Iogpoefetf
@
(ig2)
y
@y
(ig)
(ig9)
]`bjfro (ei∑bf x t s)
9
\an` Trfl`brai`m`
>>01
22.6 4 006. 80
∐
0082 4
Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
∐
8191> 0 1=41< 2
| − ̆|
( − ̆)
A 4 (ig=)
.16 : 04
∆02 7 >.16 : 04
z 7 2 ig
z 7 2 ig
Tor jo quf sf tafef; y0 7 02.26 ig
y2 7 2=.44 ig
y0 7 4.02 g
y2 7 4.2= g
i.0) Fiu`iaùe Fiu`iaùe mfj ]f ]femùe emùe 0 Yafemo; x 7 J/2 7 0>.64 g
0 7 02 0 7 ̆̆⁍ 2
0 7 (℅0 − 0 )⁍( ⁍2)2
℅0 7 0 − 02 − 902
℅0 7 4.6>
0 7 4.440=68> ∽ 0 7 4.440=68>2 + 4.02 i.2) Fiu`iaùe Fiu`iaùe mfj ]f ]femùe emùe 2
2 7 22 2 7 ̆̆⁍ 2
2 7 (℅2 − 0 )⁍( ⁍2)2
℅2 7 0 − 02 − 202
℅0 7 4.81
. 64
]femùe 0 ]femùe 2 ]femùe 9 ]femùe = ]femùe 6
4.0 22 4.0 22 4.0 22 4.2 =4 4.2 =4
4.0 =4 4.0 69 4.0 40 4.2 ==
4.= 48 4.< 02 4.8 06 0.4
4.6 0.2 4= 0.6 22 4.2 62
Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe propa`.
J` ]`bj` 94 rfsugf jos v`jorfs mf j`s ormfe`m`s (g) mf i`m` ueo mf jos iaeio tfemoefs, iuy` tr`yfitora` fs mfsirat` por j` fiu`iaùe mf j` p`ràboj`. Yf tog`roe ` aetfrv`jos i`m` 0/04 mfj tr`go. Fe j` Lanur` 61 sf gufstr` j` posaiaùe mf jos tfemoefs fe fj ifetro mf juz y fe jos `poyos. Fe fj Ifetro mf j` Juz E
y
9
(ig) 02.2 6
(ig) 9=
2
2=.4 4
=>.11
6
Ey
8=.>9
Yafemo E fj eûgfro mf tfemoefs fe ue` i`p`. ==9.9 =
Yafemo E fj eûgfro mf tfemoefs fe ue` i`p`.
̆ 7 ⁍
7 − ̆̆
̆ 7 88.
7
2 7 =.1106´
4.64
t`e 9 7 4.029<
9 7 4.029
9 7 >.4=>=´ m.=)) ]f m.= ]femù emùee =
t`e = 7 =⁍ 7 4.4489>4
7 ⁍2 7 0>.64
t`e = 7 4.0=>
7 ⁍2 7 0>.64
t`e 6 7 4.4409
6 7 4.440
6 7 4.4>´ =. Fv`ju`iaùe mf Tármam`s mf Trfslorz`m Trfslorz`moo
∌ 7 ∌ + ∌ + ∌ + ∌ Mùemf;
∌ 7 á (⁍2) ∌ 7 á ù (⁍2)
(@rt. 6.1.6 @@YH]O JRLM)
(. 6.1.6.0 − 2 )
2% mf N.V.].Y. (Rfsastfeia` Vjtag` ` j` ]r`iiaùe N`r`etaz`m`);
7 4.>2
7 09 0.>2 ig
Lanur` 0
Mùemf; F p 7 0 1>4 444 cn/ig 2. F iaia 7 2>1 209 cn/ig2.
E 7 eûgfro mf
l inp inp 7
tfemoefs mf prfslorz`mo amáetaios.
Yug`tora` mf j`s tfesaoefs mfj ioeirfto fe fj ifetro mf nr`vfm`m mf jos tfemoefs
2 mfbamos ` L a mfspuás mfj tfs`mo y G mn mn fe fj ifetro mfj tr`go (cn/ig ).
T`r` propùsatos propùsatos mf fstag` fstag`rr l inp inp, j` lufrz` mf prfslorz`mo aegfma`t`gfetf mfspuás mf j` tr`eslfrfeia` sf pufmf `sugar quf fs anu`j ` 4.1 mf j` lufrz` kusto `etfs mf j` tr`eslfrfeia` ( l l pk).
7 4.14 7 02 942 ⁍2 Yf iorranf fj v`jor `sugamo p`r` l pbt mfspuás quf Νl pFY sf mftfrgae`. T`r` fvat`r atfr`iaùe j` fiu`iaùe `jtfre`tav` I 6.1.6.2.9b-0 @@YH]O JRLM fs us`mo.
∌ 7
− 0 ( + 2) − 2
( + 2 ) +
Mùemf; @ ps 7 6=.21 ig2
@ ps 7 àrf` mfj `ifro mf
prfslorz`mo (ig2)
fg 7 >8.2= ig
fg 7 fxifetraiam`m progfmao fe fj ifetro (ig) ( ig)
2
2
@ n 7 > >01.44 ig
@ n 7 àrf` brut` mf j` van` (ig
A n 7 99 49= 909 ig=
A n 7 gogfeto mf aefria` mf j` sfiiaùe brut` mf j` van`
)
>2
G mmn n 7 28 9 926 cn∑ig
G mn mn 7
gogfeto fe j` gat`m mfj tr`go mfbamo `j pfso
propao mf j` van` (cn∑ig) (cn∑ig) Iogo sf utajaz`e tfemoefs ioe malfrfetf eûgfro mf i`bjfs por tfemùe, E sf pufmf i`jiuj`r iogo;
0
7 0 + 2
( 6.1.6.2.9 − 2 )
2
Mùemf; E 0(02) 0(02) 7 =
E 0(02) 0(02) 7 eûgfro mf tfemoefs fe fj nrupo g`yor
E 2(>) 7 0
E 2(>) 7 eûgfro mf tfemoefs fe fj
@ sp0 7 00.8= ig2
@ sp0 7 àrf` mf ue tfemùe fe fj nrupo g`yor
@ sp2 7 0.61 2 b. Fstag`iaùe @proxag`m` @proxag`m` mf j`s Tármam`s Tármam`s Mfpfemafetfs mmfj fj ]afgpo
∌
7 0 4 . 4 ℅
+ 02.4 + ∌
℅
( . 6.1.6.9 6.1.6.9 − 0 )
Fe j` iu`j;
℅ 7 0.> − 4.40
( . 6.1.6.9 − 2 )
>9
7
6 (0 + ′ )
( . 6.1.6.9 − 9 )
Mùemf; l pa 7 tfesaùe fe fj
`ifro mf prfslorz`mo aegfma`t`gfetf `etfs mf j` tr`eslfrfeia` (CYa).
H 7 hugfm`m rfj`tav` `gbafet`j `eu`j gfma` (%).
℅ 7 l`itor mf iorrfiiaùe por hugfm`m 7 l`itor mf iorrfiiaùe p`r` j` rfsastfeia` mfj ioeirfto fe fj gogfeto mf j` tr`eslfrfeia` mfj prfslorz`mo `j ioeirfto mfj fjfgfeto.
∌ 7 fstag`iaùe mf j`s pármam`s por rfj`k`iaùe r fj`k`iaùe tog`m`s iogo 2.= CYa p`r` str`ems mf b`k` rfj`k`iaùe. Yf supoef ue` ue` hugfm`m rfj` rfj`tav` tav` fe fj satao mfj fg fgpj`z`gafeto pj`z`gafeto mfj pufetf. Fe fst`s ioemaiaoefs sf tafef;
7 >6%
Rffgpj`z`emoo fe j` Fiu`iaùe 2 mf j`s Fspfialai`iaoefs @@YH]O JRLM sf tafef; Rffgpj`z`em
℅ 7 4.16 7 4.19 7 4.>2 7 016
7 001=
∌ 7 26.22
Tor jo t`eto,
∌ 7 0 >4 7 09 281 ⁍2
m.9) Fe fj fxtrf fxtrfgo go mf j` zoe` mmff pfrmam` por `sfet`gafeto `sfet`gafeto aegfma`t`gfetf aegfma`t`gfetf mfspu mfspuás ás mfj x @) `iuð`gafeto mfj `eij`kf ( x
7 09 =>4 ⁍2
≭
4.>= 7 0= 4=8 ⁍2
m.=) Fe fst`mo jçgatf mf sfrvaiao mfspuá mfspuáss mf j`s pfrmam` pfrmam`ss
7 04 >49 ⁍2
≭
4.84 7 09 >.6< ⁍2
≭
−081 ⁍2
Fe fstf i`so, j` sfiiaùe iogpjft` qufm` fe iogprfsaùe fe j` tr`eslfrfeia`.
ig
b 7 0929
ig
∌2 7 4.604 ]ot`j mfljfxaùe mfbamo `j i`gaùe, quf sfrà j` sug`tora` mf j`s mfljfxaoefs obtfeam`s por sfp`r`mo prfva`gfetf;
∌ù7 ∌0 + ∌2 + ∌9 ∌ù7 0.019 `.2) Mfljfxaùe mfbamo mfbamo ` j` sobrfi`rn` sobrfi`rn` pf pf`toe`j `toe`j J` mfljfxaùe mfbam` ` j` i`rn` pf`toe`j pufmf fst`bjfifrsf mf `iufrmo `j G`eu`j @AYI (2446);
Lanur` 6
b. Mfljfxaoefs ` J`rno J`rno Tj`zo (Iojjaes y Gatihfjj) Gatihfjj) b.0) Mfljfxaoefs fjà fjàstai`s stai`s mfbamos `j ppfso fso propao mf j` van` `j sojt`r fj prfslorz`mo; prfslorz`mo; F iaia 7 2>1 209 cn/ig2
A n 7 99 49= 909 ig =
02 2 F iai A a n 7 1.22x04 cn∑ig
w 7 08.69 cn/ig
6= ∌7 98= ∌7 9. 9.12= ↙ (℅ ) b.2) Iogb` fjàstaio mmfbamo fbamo `j prfslorz prfslorz`mo `mo `j gogfeto mf j` jabfr`iaùe;
2 ∌7
8
6 ( + ) ) <
l 7 fg ’ ’ ffem
ffem 7 2.66 ig
l 7 >0.>2 ig
L a 7 .42.14 cn
F i 7 211 042 cn/ig2
A n 7 99 49= 909 ig =
F i A A n 7
1.88x0402 cn∑ig2
b 7 J/9 7 00.9.0.0 − 0 )
7 2 (0.4= − − )
( . 6.>.9 6.>.9.0.0 .0.0 − 2 ) )
Mùemf;
7 4.28 T`r` us`r j` sfiiaùe eo tr`eslorg`m` por iogport`gafeto pjàstaio.
7 0 + ℅ + − ̆̆
7 01=.46
7 7 242.64
7 9 7 26.44
′ 7 964 /2 m p 7
mast`eia` fetrf j` labr` fxtrfg` iogpragam` y fj b`raifetro mf jos tfemoefs mf
prfslorz`mo. T`r` l‑ i 5 284 cn/ig2 ′
7 4.86 − 4.46( − 284)⁍ 284)⁍>4 ≦ 4..9.0.0 6.>.9.0.0 − = )
Rffgpj`z`emoo m`tos sf obtafef; Rffgpj`z`em
7 24.>=
≈
7 24
Tor jo t`eto j` suposaiaùe mf iogport`gafeto mf sfiiaùe rfit`enuj`r fs vàjam`. Rffgpj`z`emo fj v`jor mf i fe j` Fiu`iaùe 0 mf j`s Fspfialai`iaoefs @@YH]O JRLM, sf tafef.
7 08 =0< ⁍2 Fetoeifs;
7 7 111 >42 b. L`itorfs mf Rfsastfeia` Rfsastfeia` ` j` Ljfx Ljfxaùe aùe ’ Yfiiaùe ioe @ @j`s j`s J`s sfiiaoefs ioe `j`s sukftos ` ljfxaùe `jrfmfmor mf ue fkf, y p`r` ljfxaùe ba`xa`j ioe i`rn` `xa`j, moemf j` mastrabuiaùe `proxag`m` mf fslufrzos fs us`m` y jos tfemoefs tafefe `mhfrfeia` y moemf j` proluemam`m mfj `j` fe iogprfsaùe fs gfeor quf i, j` rfsastfeia` ` j` ljfxaùe eogae`j pufmf sfr tog`m` iogo;
∆ 7 ∆ S ( − )W 2
( . 6.>.9.2.2 − 0 )
` fs j` `jtur` mfj ma`nr`g` mf tfesaùe fquav`jfetf y fs anu`j `;
7 0 Rffgpj`z`emoo m`tos, Rffgpj`z`em
7 042 =41 ∑ Mfj `eàjasas mf j` fstruitur` sf obtuvo fj G u l`itor`m`, fj iu`j fs;
7 0=6 >9< =29 ∑ Iogp`r`emo j` rfsastfeia` mf j` sfiiaùe ioe j` sojaiat`iaùe l`itor`m` sf tafef;
∆ 7 086> ∑
5
7 0=6> ∑
Fe ioesfiufeia` fj masfðo por Fst`mo Jçgatf mf Rfsastfeia` fs s`tasl`itorao. i. J Jççgatfs p`r` j` `rg`mur`
(@rt. 6.>.9.2.2-0 @@YH]O JRLM)
i.0) @rg`mur` @rg`mur` gçeag` gçeag` Fe iu`jquafr sfiiaùe, j` `rg`mur` mf tr`iiaùe prfslorz`m` y eo prfslorz`m` mfbfrà sfr `mfiu`m` p`r` mfs`rrojj`r ue` rfsastfeia` ` j` ljfxaùe g`yor`m`, G r r, iogo gçeago anu`j `j gfeor v`jor; 0.2 vfifs fj gogfeto mf lanur`iaùe, G ir ir , mftfrgae`mo fe b`sf ` j` mastrabuiaùe fjàstai` mf tfesaoefs y fj gùmujo mf rotur`, l r r, mfj ioeirfto. 0.99 vfifs fj gogfeto g`yor`mo rfquframo por j`s iogbae`iaoe iogbae`iaoefs fs mf i`rn` p`r` fj fst`mo jçgatf mf rfsastfeia`. Yf aevfstan`r` fe fj ifetro mfj tr`go; fj gogfeto mf lanur`iaùe sf pufmf tog`r mf j` sanuafetf g`efr`;
7 (
+
)−
( − 0)
( . 6.>.9.9.2 6.>.9.9.2 − 0 )
8>
l ipf ipf
7 tfesaùe mf iogprfsaùe fe fj ioeirfto mfbamo fxijusav`gfetf ` j`s lufrz`s mf
prfslorz`mo flfitav`s (ue` vfz quf h`e oiurramo tom`s j`s pfrmam`s) fe j` labr` fxtrfg` mf j` sfiiaùe fe j` iu`j j`s i`rn`s `pjai`m`s fxtfre`gfetf provoi`e tfesaoefs mf tr`iiaùe.
7 − − 7 −209.19 ⁍2 l rr 7 gùmujo mf ruptur` (@rt. 6.=.2.0.>6 G mei mei 7 gogfeto tot`j eo
⁍ 2 7 >>.08
→
g`yor`mo mfbamo ` j` i`rn` pfrg`efetf quf `itû` sobrf j` sfiiaùe
iogpufst`.
7 + 0 0 7 =6 892 298 ∑
Y ei 7
gùmujo mf sfiiaùe p`r` j` labr` fxtrfg` mf j` sfiiaùe eo iogpufst` fe j` iu`j j`s i`rn`s `pjai`m`s fxtfre`gfetf provoi`e tfesaoefs mf tr`iiaùe.
7 7 9=> 460 9 Y i 7 gùmujo mf sfiiaùe p`r` j` labr` fxtrfg`
mf j` sfiiaùe iogpufst` fe j` iu`j j`s i`rn`s
`pjai`m`s fxtfre`gfetf provoi`e tfesaoefs por tr`iiaùe
7
88
7 =>= 80> 9 Rffgpj`z`emoo jos m`tos `etfraorfs fe j` Fiu`iaùe 0, sf obtafef; Rffgpj`z`em
7 020 9=1 84< ∑ 7 0209 ∑ 0.2 7 0=6< ∑ 0.99 7 0198 ∑ Tufsto quf,
0.2 : 0.99 0.2 G ir ir fs fj rfquasato mf ioetroj ` utajaz`r, mf moemf sf tafef;
7 ∆ 7 086> ∑ 5 0.2 7 0=68 ∑
66 str`ems mf 4.6 pjn mf b`k` rfj`k`iaùe s`tasl`ife fj Fst`mo Jagatf mf Rfsastfeia` A.
2. Io Iort rtff `. Nf Nfef efr` r`jj Mf `iufrmo `j @rt. 6.8.9.9 @@YH]O JRLM j` rfsastfeia` eogae`j `j iortf, \ e, sf mfbfrà mftfrgae`r iogo fj gfeor v`jor mf;
7 + +
(@rt. 6.8.9.9 ’ 0 @@YH]O JRLM)
7 4.26′ +
(@rt. 6.8.9.9 ’ 2 @@YH]O JRLM)
Fe j` iu`j j` rfsastfeia` eogae`j mfj ioeirfto `j iortf fs;
81
7 4.489∛′
(@rt. 6.8.9.9 ’ 9 @@YH]O JRLM)
J` rfsastfeia` `j iortf proporiaoe`mo por j` `rg`mur` tr`esvfrs`j fe j` sfiiaùe aevfstan`m` fs;
7
(iot + iot ) sae
(. 6.8.9.9 − = )
T`r` fstrabos vfrtai`jfs ΰ 7 14» j` fiu`iaùe = sf gomalai`;
7
iot
( 6.8.9.9 − 0 )
Mùemf; bv 7
gçeago `eiho mfj `jg`, gfmamo p`r`jfjo `j fkf efutro, fetrf j` rfsujt`etf mf j`s
lufrz`s mf tfesaùe y iogprfsaùe mfbamo ` j` ljfxaùe, gomalai`mo por j` prfsfeia` mf jos muitos (ig). m v 7 `jtur` mf iortf
flfitavo tog`mo iogo j` mast`eia`, gfmamo pfrpfemaiuj`r `j fkf efutro,
fetrf j` rfsujt`etf mf j`s lufrz`s mf tr`iiaùe y iogprfsaùe mfbamo ` j` ljfxaùe3 sf efifsat` eo tfefr gfeos mfj gfeor v`jor mf 4.1m f o 4.>2h (ig). s 7 sfp`r`iaùe fetrf fstrabos.
7 l`itor quf aemai` j` i`p`iam`m mfj ioeirfto lasur`mo ma`noe`jgfetf mf tr`esgatar tr`iiaùe. 7 àenujo mf aeijae`iaùe mf j` `rg`mur` tr`esvfrs`j. @v 7 àrf` mf j` `rg`mur` mf iortf ` ue` mast`eia` s (ig2).
\ p 7
iogpoefetf mf j` lufrz` mf prfslorz`mo flfitav` fe j` marfiiaùe mfj iortf `pjai`mo3
posatavo sa sf opoef opoef `j iortf `pjai`mo `pjai`mo (toe).
∆ 7 4.1
(@rt. 6.6.=.2.0 @@YH]O JRLM) 14
Jos v`jorfs mf jos m`tos ` fgpjf`rsf fe j`s lorguj`s `rrab` gfeiaoe`mos fe jos `poyos mf j` van` (fe jos fstrabos) soe jos sanuafetfs;
℅ 7 0 + ℅ +
→
h 7 200.44 ig
7 ℅ − ̆
→
m f 7 022.99 ig
≦
à
4.1 7 004.04 4.>2℅ 7 060.12 − ⁍2 7 00=.4=
Tor jo t`eto,
7 060.12 7 9 7 26.44
b. Ioetrabuiaùe mfj prfslorz`mo prfslorz`mo ` j` rfsastfeia` rfsastfeia` `j iortf
Lanur` 6S(. + )W + 0.>6S( 0.>6S( ))W} 7 06=.60
≈
7 06= 604
7 {0.26S(0 + 2) + ∑ çW + 0.64S()W + 0.>6S()W + 0.>6S(ç + )W} 7 212.81 ∑
≈
7 21 288 82< ∑
Ioe laefs mf l`iajat`r jos iàjiujos p`r` fj masfðo por iort`etf fe j`s sanuafetfs t`bj`s sf prfsfet` fj rfsugfe mf j`s tfesaoefs mfj tfemùe tfùraio ` i`m` 0/04 mf joenatum, `maiaoe`jgfetf sf prfsfet`e j`s lùrguj`s quf pfrgatfe su mftfrgae`iaùe.
8 7 t`e S( ) W 2 −0
∌ 7
∌ 2℅ 7 060.12 − ⁍2 7 028.90
Tor jo quf; m v 7 060.12 ig. Fj v`jor mf m f sf obtuvo mf j` ]`bj` 92 y v`rç` mf `iufrmo ` j` tr`yfitora` mfj tfemùe tfùraio, jo gasgo quf fj v`jor mf ` quf mfpfemf mf j` mftfrgae`iaùe pragfro mf i. @ ioetaeu`iaùe sf prfsfet`e j`s lùrguj`s quf pfrgataràe fj iàjiujo mf jos v`jorfs gostr`mos fe j` ]`bj` 92, fe fstf i`so fj oranfe fs fe fj ifetro mfj mf j` juz y ` i`m` 0/04 mf j` joenatum.
℅ 7 0 + ℅ + 7
=
7 7 ℅ −
2 + ̆̆
2
7
4.86′0 +
7 0
7 4.>
Mf j` t`bj` 92 sf obtafefe jos sanuafetfs m`tos;
7 26.44
7 == =2>
Rffgpj`z`emoo jos `etfraorfs v`jorfs fe j` Fiu`iaùe 6.8.2.1-0 @@YH]O JRLM sf obtafef; Rffgpj`z`em
7 99.64 ⁍2 J` gàxag` sfp`r`iaùe `mgasabjf, sg`x, mf j` `rg`mur` tr`esvfrs`j sf mftfrgae`r` mf `iufrmo ` jo fst`bjfiamo fe fj @rt. 6.8.2.> @@YH]O JRLM.
⁍ ′ 7 4.41<
≭
Fetoeifs fj sgàx sfrà fj gçeago mf jos sanuafetfs v`jorfs;
4.026
16
1<
à 7
ç
4.8 7 020.6= 64)
( . 6.8.9.=.2 6.8.9.=.2 − 9 )
7 21 + 9644
Fe j`s fiu`iaoefs `etfraorfs ζ s fs j` mflorg`iaùe joenatumae`j por tr`iiaùe fe j` sfiiaùe fe fj ifetroamf mfj rflufrzo por tr`iiaùe iogo sf gufstr` fe j` Lanur` E» 4. Fe jun`r mf ue proifmagafeto j`boraoso, j`boraoso, ζ s sf pufmf mftfrgae`r por j` sanuafetf fiu`iaùe;
7
| + 4.6 ( | + | − | − )
( . 6.8.9.=.2 6.8.9.=.2 − = )
+
Mùemf; E u 7 F s 7 @ s 7 4.4
l po 7 09 288.84 cn/ig2
Rffgpj`z`emo fstf y otros m`tos, fspfialai`mos `etfraorgfetf, fe j` fiu`iaùe mf ζ s sf obtafef;
7 −4.449109== Iogo fj v`jor mf ζ s fs efn`tavo fj @rt. 6.8.9.=.2 @@YH]O JRLM sfð`j` quf sf tog`r` iogo ifro, por jo quf.
7 4.4 1<
Rffgpj`z`emo fj v`jor mf ζ s fe j`s fiu`iaoefs 0 y 9 mf j`s Fspfialai`iaoefs @@YH]O JRLM sf tafef jo sanuafetf;
7 21´ (4.64< )
7 =.8
Jufno sf tafef;
7 4.489∛ ′
( . 6.8.9.9 − 9 )
Yafemo, ′ 7 96 , rffgpj`z`emo m`tos y jos i`gbaos mf ueam`mfs pfrtaefetfs sf obtafef;
7 816 0><
≈
7 10 260 7 10.26
Fj rflufrzo tr`esvfrs`j sfrà efifs`rao moemf;
( . 6.8.2.= − 0 )
≦ 4.6∆( + )
7 06=.60 ≦ 4.6∆( + ) 7
7 0.2>4
∆0/2" 7 0.21 2
7 2∆0/2"
7 2.68
]feafemo fe iufet` quf;
≭
iot ( 6.8.9.9 − 0 )
Rffgpj`z`emoo m`tos sf tafef, Rffgpj`z`em
≭ 82.44 5 à 7 =09 18>.26 ≦ 96>.=0
Yf us`r` fstrabos mf Ø ·‗ s 7 94 ig fe j` ubai`iaùe 044.6. i.9) \fralai`iaùe por por Rfsastfeia` Rfsastfeia` ``jj Iortf ]feafemo ue fsp`ia`gafeto fetrf fstrabos mf s 7 94 ig, sf tafef; \ s 7 >2.44 toe
\ p 7 ==.=9 toe
\ i 7 10.26 toe
Fj iort`etf `itu`etf fs, \ u 7 06=.60 toe. Fj iort`etf rfsastfetf fs; ∆, ∆ 7 4.14 Fj v`jor mf \ e mfbfrà sfr fj gfeor mf jos sanuafetfs v`jorfs;
7 + + 7 24>.6 Mf moemf sf tafef quf;
∆ 7 086 ⁍2 J` gàxag` sfp`r`iaùe `mgasabjf, sg`x, mf j` `rg`mur` tr`esvfrs`j sf mftfrgae`r` mf `iufrmo ` jo fst`bjfiamo fe fj @rt. 6.8.2.> @@YH]O JRLM.
⁍ ′ 7 4.488
≭ 4.026
Fetoeifs fj sgàx sfrà fj gçeago mf jos sanuafetfs v`jorfs;
à 7
Troifmagafeto Troifmaga feto Nfefr`j
ç
4.8 7 020.6= 64)
044
( . 6.8.9.=.2 6.8.9.=.2 − 9 )
7 21 + 9644
Fe j`s fiu`iaoefs `etfraorfs ζ s fs j` mflorg`iaùe joenatumae`j por tr`iiaùe fe j` sfiiaùe fe fj ifetroamf mfj rflufrzo por tr`iiaùe iogo sf gufstr` fe j` Lanur` . Fe jun`r mf ue proifmagafeto j`boraoso, j`boraoso, ζ s sf pufmf mftfrgae`r por j` sanuafetf fiu`iaùe; ||
( 7
+ 4.6 + | − | − )
( . 6.8.9.=.2 6.8.9.=.2 − = )
+
Mùemf; l po 7 09 288.84 cn/ig2
E u 7 F s 7 @ s 7 4.4
Rffgpj`z`emo fstf y otros m`tos, fspfialai`mos `etfraorgfetf, fe j` fiu`iaùe mf ζ s sf obtafef;
7 −4.4426011> Iogo fj v`jor mf ζ s fs efn`tavo fj @rt. 6.8.9.=.2 @@YH]O JRLM sfð`j` quf sf tog`r` iogo ifro, por jo quf.
7 4.4 Rffgpj`z`emo fj v`jor mf ζ s fe j`s fiu`iaoefs 0 y 9 mf j`s Fspfialai`iaoefs @@YH]O JRLM sf tafef jo sanuafetf;
7 21´ (4.64< )
7 =.8
Jufno sf tafef;
7 4.489∛ ′
( . 6.8.9.9 − 9 )
Yafemo, ′ 7 96 , rffgpj`z`emo m`tos y jos i`gbaos mf ueam`mfs pfrtaefetfs sf obtafef;
040
7 816 0><
≈
7 10 260 7 10.26
Fj rflufrzo tr`esvfrs`j sfrà efifs`rao moemf;
( . 6.8.2.= − 0 )
≦ 4.6∆( + )
7 0=4.1< ≦ 4.6∆( + ) 7 68.11 Tor jo t`eto j` `rg`mur` tr`esvfrs`j, \ s, fs rfqufram`. Troporiaoe`emo \ s;
7 − − ∆ Mf moemf sf tafef;
7 26 621 Fsp`ia`gafeto rfquframo mf fstrabos mf Ø ·‗ ( ss).
7 0.2>4
∆0/2" 7 0.21 2
7 2∆0/2"
7 2.68
]feafemo fe iufet` quf;
≭
iot ( 6.8.9.9 − 0 )
Rffgpj`z`emoo m`tos sf tafef, Rffgpj`z`em
≭ 006 Yf `sugarà quf j` sfiiaùe iratai` p`r` iort`etf horazoet`j fs fe j` gasg` ubai`iaùe quf j` sfiiaùe iratai` p`r` iort`etf vfrtai`j, fsto fs fe j` posaiaùe 044.6 ifri` `j pueto mf `poyo.
7 −
2
7 060.12 Fe j` sfiiaùe irçtai` sf tafef;
7 {0.26S(2)W + 0.64S()W + 0.>6S(ç + )W + 0.>6SW} 7 1.41
Tor jo quf;
℅ 7 42.26 ⁍
proporiaoe`mo, sf tafef; \fralai`emo quf \ eh eh rfquframo fs ≭ quf \ eh eh proporiaoe`mo,
>42.26 ⁍ ≭ 2 1=9 ⁍
proporiaoe`mo p`r` Fj v`jor mfj \ eh p`r` obtfefr fj v` v`jor jor mfj fsp`ia`gafeto fsp`ia`gafeto s. eh sf anu`j`r` `j \ eh eh proporiaoe`mo
>42.06 ⁍ 7 9> ig, rffgpj`z`emo sf tafef; @vl 7 4.441 ig2/ig. J` `rg`mur` proporiaoe`m` ifri` mfj `poyo p`r` rfsastar fj iort`etf vfrtai`j soe fstrabos fe lorg` mf V mf Ø ·‗ D 94 ig, mf moemf sf tafef quf;
7
2∆0/2"
Fj `ifro proporiaoe`mo mfbfrà sfr g`yor o anu`j `j `ifro rfquframo, rffgpj`z`emo m`tos sf tafef;
( )) 7 4.48< 2⁍ 5 (( )) 7 4.441 2⁍ (
J` gçeag` `rg`mur` @vl rfqufram` sf pufmf obva`r sa \ e/ @ @iv fs gfeor quf > cn/ig2.
⁍ 7 0.90 ⁍2 : > ⁍2
282
OC p`r` rfeueia`r `j rfquasato gçeago. Yf us`r` s 7 94 ig fe j` sfiiaùe iratai`. Tor aespfiiaùe fj iort`etf horazoet`j eo nobafre` fj fsp`ia`gafeto mf fstrabos p`r` iu`jquafr` mf j`s ubai`iaoefs ubai`iaoefs rfst`etfs.
\fralai`r Mft`jjfs [oe` mf @eij`kf
(@rt. 6.04.1 @@YH]O JRLM)
Jos `eij`kfs sfràe masfð`mos p`r` fj Fst`mo Jagatf mf Rfsastfeia` A. T`r` utajaz`r fj gátomo `proxag`mo mfsirato fe fj @rt. 6.04.1.< @@YH]O JRLM sf mfbfrà s`tasl`ifr j`s sanuafetfs ioemaiaoef ioemaiaoefs; s; Fj fjfgfeto tafef sfiiaùe tr`esvfrs`j rfit`enuj`r y su magfesaùe joenatumae`j eo fs gfeor quf j` g`yor magfesaùe mf j` sfiiaùe tr`esvfrs`j. J`s magfesaoefs mf j` zoe` mf `eij`kf sfràe j`s sanuafetfs fe ioeiorm`eia` ioe fj @rt. 6.04.1.0 @@YH]O JRLM;
Lanur` ; [oe` mf `eij`kf. Lufetf; Fj`bor`iaùe Tropa`.
289
h 7 M0 7 08< ig
t 7 B2 7 >0 ig
0.6h 7 2>1 ig
Fj fjfgfeto eo tafef masioetaeuam`m masioetaeuam`mfs fs mfetro mf j` zoe` mf `eij`kf ea mfj`etf mf j` gasg`. J` mast`eia` gçeag` mfj `eij`kf `j bormf fe fj pj`eo praeiap`j mfj fjfgfeto eo fs gfeor quf 0.6 vfifs j` iorrfspoemafetf magfesaùe j`tfr`j, `, mfj masposatavo mf `eij`kf.
Lanur` .4=>=´ ≈ 9 7 4.029 = 7 8.9996´ ≈ = 7 4.0=6 6 7 4.4>´ ≈ 6 7 4.440 Tor jo t`eto sf pufmf utajaz`r fj gátomo `proxag`mo. ]fesaoef ]fes aoefss mf Iogp Iogprfsa rfsaùe ùe fe j` [oe` Nfefr Nfefr`j `j
(@rt. (@r t. 6.04.1.< 6.04 .1.< 2 Tor jo quf, 7 7 92.6< Fj v`jor mf C sf b`s`r` fe j` sfp`r`iaùe mf jos tfemoefs y fj t`g`ðo mf j` pj`i` mf `eij`kf, iogo;
7 90.>6
≭
2 7 ∆′ 7 0>4.84 ⁍2
@ ioetaeu`iaùe sf mftfrgae`r` fj fslufrzo mf iogprfsaùe ` ue` mast`eia` anu`j ` j` gfeor magfesaùe mf j` pj`i`. Yf `sugarà quf j` i`rn` sf mastrabuyf fe ue àenujo mf 94», fj àrf`, @f, sf mftfrgae`r` mf j` sanuafetf g`efr`;
Ioe;
7 ( + 2 t`e )2 −
∆2 =
7 94´ 7 4.62=
Rffgpj`z`emoo m`tos iorrfspoemafetf Rffgpj`z`em iorrfspoemafetfs, s, sf tafef;
210
Lanur`
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