Trabajo de Investigación

 

WFC_GPUCJBJ FBECHFBL JG CFDGFCGPÎB Obeultbj jg Cfdgfcgrîb Ecvcl Jgpbrtbngfth Bebjãnceh jg Ehfstrueecõf Ehfstrueecõf

Zîtulh1 Zrb`bah jg cfvgstcdbecõf sh`rg ngjcjhrgs, abeuzzc y bpbrbths jg `hn`gh

Eursh1 

Cfstblbechfgs Ubfctbrcbs y Glãetrcebs (EH=05-D) Gstujcbftg1

EBUZPH EBUZPH, Ahrdg Jbfcgl Jhegftgs1

Cfd. Ebrlhs Bzehytcb [brrb Cfd. Hlcvcb Hlcvbrgz Hlbfh

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0;2?2;02J

 

Îfjceg Ngjcjhrgs jg bdub  ...................................................................................................................................... 5

¸Ruã gs uf ngjcjhr jg bdub8 ................................................................................................................... 5 Zcphs jg ngjcjhrgs ................................................................................................................................... 5 Ehftbjhrgs vhlunãtrcehs....................................................................................................................... 5 Ehftbjhrgs jg lb vglhecjbj jg bdub ...................................................................................................... 5 Ehftbjhrgs glgetrhnbdfãtcehs .............................................................................................................. : Ehftbjhrgs phr ultrbshfcjhs.................................................................................................................. : Ngjcjhrgs jg bdub usbjhs gf [grñ ........................................................................................................... 7 Ngjcjhr jg bdub B[BZHP Nhjglh UA- Emhrrh scnplg ....................................................................... 7 Ngjcjhr bdub Nbreb CZPHF- Mhnhlhdbjh ......................................................................................... ? Ngjcjhr bdub Nbreb FCFD@H(FT FCFD@H(FTN)N)- Mhnhlhdbjh / UA-UJE 2/0‵ b 2‵ ......................................... 4 Ngjcjhr jg bdub Nbreb GLUZGP- Nhjglh N24; ............................................................................... = Ngjcjhr jg bdub Nbreb QGFFGP-Mhnhlhdbjh ................................................................................. 3 Ngjcjhr jg bdub Nbreb GLUZGP-Bprh`bjh- Nhjglh U27;.............................................................. 2; Abeuzzc  ........................................................................................................................................................ 22

¸Ruã gs uf abeuzzc8 ................................................................................................................................. 22 [brtgs jg uf abeuzzc ................................................................................................................................. 22 Eubjrh jg nbfjhs ............................................................................................................................... 22 Agts y `hqucllbs .................................................................................................................................... 22 Ocltrbjh y eblgobeecõf .......................................................................................................................... 20 Bscgfths............................................................................................................................................... 20 @hn`bs jgl abeuzzc ............................................................................................................................. 20 Pgqucscths pbrb lb cfstblbecõf .................................................................................................................. 20 Cfstblbecõf jgl Abeuzzc ............................................................................................................................ 25 Eucjbjh jgl bdub..................................................................................................................................... 2: Bpbrbths jg `hn`gh  ................................................................................................................................. 2?

¸Ruã gs uf bpbrbth jg `hn`gh8 .............................................................................................................. 2? Zcphs jg bpbrbths jg `hn`gh .................................................................................................................. 24 Nhjglhs jg `hn`bs ................................................................................................................................ 24 Glgetrh`hn`b Egftrîoudb [gjrhllh E[N ;.7M[ ?;; .......................................................................... 24 Glgetrh`hn`b Egftrîoudb Tgrigf ;.7 M[ .......................................................................................... 2= Glgetrh`hn`b Egftrîoudb [gjrhllh E[N 2M[ ?0; ............................................................................. 23 @c`lchdrboîb ................................................................................................................................................. 02

 

 

Ngjcjhrgs jg bdub ¸Ruã gs uf ngjcjhr jg bdub8

Lhs ngjcjhrgs jg bdub cftgrfh shf gqucphs usbjhs ehnh ush jgftrh jg ufb prhpcgjbj. [hjrîb sgr ngjcjhrgs jg bdub pbrb ush jg ebsbs, ehftrhl jg ehfsunh jg oluah pbrb jgpbrtbngfths jhfjg gl ehftrhl sg mbdb phr lhs prhpchs usubrchs, lheblgs jg egftrhs ehngrecblgs, ehftrhl jg bdub jg hocecfbs cfjgpgfjcgftgs. Lhs tbnbòhs nâs usublgs jg gsths ngjcjhr gs gs shf jg 2/0‵ puldbjb, 5/:‵ puldbjb, 2‵ puldbjb, 0‵  puldbjbs jg tbnbòh. Jgftrh jg gsths ehftbjhrgs jg bdub lhs nâs ehnufgs shf lhs jg tcph Emhrrh scnplg, Emhrrh nñltcplg, tcph Thltnbf y ngjcjhr jg bdub Wltrbsõfcehs. Gl ehsth jg lhs gqucphs vbrîb jg beugrjh beugr jh ehf gl nbtgrcbl, eblcjbj y fcvgl jg egrtcocebecõf qug ph phsgb. sgb. Oug jcsgòbjh pbrb ngjcr ehftcfubngftg, ngnhrczbr y nhstrbr gl vhlungf jg bdub qug pbsb b trbvãs jg uf trbfsjuethr jg ngjcecõf gf ehfjcechfgs ngjc`lgs. Wf ngjcjhr jg bdub, ehftbjhr jg bdub h mcjrõngtrh, gs uf bpbrbth qug q ug pgrnctg ehftb`clczbr gl vhlungf jg bdub qug pbsb b trbvãs jg ãl. Zcphs jg ngjcjhrgs

Lhs ngjcjhrgs jg bdub sg pugjgf elbscocebr gf oufecõf jg lb ohrnb jg ehftbr gl ebujbl Ehftbjhrgs vhlunãtrcehs

Uhf bpbrbths qug shf ebpbegs jg btrbpbr ufb jgtgrncfbjb ebftcjbj jg vhlungf ocabjb y trbslbjbrlb b lb sblcjb. Lhs jhs tcphs nâs mb`ctublgs shf lhs jg pcstõf y lhs lhs jcsehs rhtbtcvhs. Fh shf nuy mb`ctublgs phrqug dgfgrbf nuemb orceecõf gf lhs oluahs, pgrh shf nuy prgecshs. Zbn`cãf sg lgs llbnb ngjcjhrgs jg jgsplbzbncgfth phsctcvh. Ehftbjhrgs jg lb vglhecjbj jg bdub

Uhf bqugllhs qug gstcnbf lb vglhecjbj jgl oluah y b pbrtcr jg ãstb gstcnbf gl ebujbl qug ecreulb. Uhf lhs nâs mb`ctublgs bl sgr nâs `brbths, tgfgr ufb gxbetctuj rbzhfb`lg y prhvhebr phebs cftgrogrgfecbs gf gl oluah. Zcgfgf gl cfehfvgfcgftg jg h`strucrsg h bltgrbrsg gf ebsh jg qug gxcstbf sõlcjhs gf suspgfscõf. [rgsgftbf lhs scducgftgs tcphs1  

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Ehftbjhrgs jg emhrrh ñfceh1 Ug ehnphfgf jg ufb tur`cfb gf lb eubl cfecjg uf ñfceh

emhrrh. Gl fñngrh jg vugltbs jg lb tur`cfb beechfb uf ngebfcsnh jg gfdrbfbags (h cnbfgs sgdñf gl nhjglh) qug beechfb uf ngebfcsnh qug ehftrhlb uf cfjcebjhr funãrceh gf ufb  pbftbllb jhfjg sg vcsublczb gl ebujbl ehfsuncjh. Uhf lhs nâs mb`ctublgs gf vcvcgfjbs y sg usbf gf jcângtrhs cfogrchrgs b 07 nn. Ehftbjhrgs jg emhrrh nñltcplg1 Zbn`cãf sg ehnphfgf jg ufb tur`cfb, pgrh gl bdub sg cftrhjueg b pbrtcr jg vbrchs bduagrhs qug vcgfgf jcrcdcjhs jgl emhrrh jg gftrbjb. Gsth sg mbeg pbrb tgfgr uf ehnphrtbncgfth nâs gstb`lg y gquclc`rbjh, phr lh qug tcgfgf ngfhs grrhrgs y jurbf nâs. Uhf nâs ebrh qug lhs jg emhrrh ñfceh phr lh qug sg prgocgrgf pbrb ebujblgs nbyhrgs, mbstb jcângtrhs jg 7; nn. Ehftbjhrgs Thltnbf1 Ug ehnphfgf jg ufb tur`cfb cfsgrtbjb gf gl cftgrchr jgl ehfjueth jgl olucjh y ehf uf gag pbrblglh bl oluah, qug ngjcbftg cnbfgs beechfb lhs gfdrbfbags qug

 

 

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beechfbf gl ehftbjhr. Ug usbf b pbrtcr jg 27 ngtrhs eñ`cehs phr mhrb gf jcângtrhs qug vbf jg lhs 7; mbstb lhs 5;; nn. Ehftbjhrgs tbfdgfecblgs1 Lb tur`cfb sg gfeugftrb gf lbs pbrgjgs jgl eclcfjrh jg pbsh, tbfdgftg bl olucjh, jgabfjh uf pbsh lc`rg. Zcgfgf lb vgftbab jg qug fh prgsgftbf prh`lgnbs  phr sõlcjhs gf suspgfscõf. Fh shf nuy gxbeths. Ehftbjhrgs prhphrechfblgs1 Gxcstgf ehftbjhrgs qug gstcnbf gl ebujbl thtbl b pbrtcr jg uf rbnbl sgeufjbrch ufcjh bl oluah prcfecpbl y jgl qug gxtrbgf gl ebujbl pbrb lugdh gstcnbr gl ebujbl jgl prcnbrch. [brb mbegr gsth ougrzbf gl ebujbl jgl prcnbrch phr ufb th`grb gspgecbl  pbrb qug sg jgf ecgrtbs ec grtbs ehfjcechfgs jg oluah. Uhf pheh prgecshs y fh sg jg`grîbf jg` grîbf usbr pbrb obeturbecõf jg bdub

Ehftbjhrgs glgetrhnbdfãtcehs

Uhf tãefcebngftg ngjcjhrgs jg tcph vglhecjbj ehf lb jcogrgfecb jcogr gfecb jg qug bprhvgembf lbs prhpcgjbjgs prhpcgj bjgs glgetrhnbdfãtcebs jg lb vglhecjbj jgl oluah jgl bdub, gf vgz jg usbr ufb tur`cfb prhpulsbjb phr uf emhrrh. Gsths ehftbjhrgs usbf gl prcfecpch oîsceh jg lb lgy lb lgy jg cfjueecõf jg Obrbjby pbrb Obrbjby pbrb lb ngjcjb, y rgqucgrgf jg ehrrcgftg bltgrfb h ehftcfub jg ufb lîfgb glãetrceb h ufb `btgrîb pbrb hpgrbr lhs glgetrhcnbfgs. Gl oufechfbncgfth ehfscstg gf cfjuecr uf ebnph glgetrhnbdfãtceh gf gl ehfjueth, y jhs sgfshrgs ncjgf lb tgfscõf glãetrceb rgsultbftg qug gs prhphrechfbl b lb vglhecjbj jgl olucjh. Ehnh fh jcsphfgf jg glgngfths ngeâfcehs tcgfgf lb vgftbab jg ngjcr gf eublqucgr jcrgeecõf y eublqucgr tcph jg bdub ehnh lbs rgscjublgs. Zcgfgf lb jgsvgftbab jg qug fh pugjgf ngjcr lîqucjhs fh ehfjuetcvhs ehnh begctgs h bdub hsnhtczbjb h nuy purb. pur b. Uc gxcstgf ehrrcgftgs pbrâsctbs pugjgf bltgrbr gl ehftgh phr lh qug sg cfstblbf gf gl suglh h thnbfjh ngjcjbs gspgecblgs qug cnpcjbf gsbs jgsvcbechfgs. Ehftbjhrgs phr ultrbshfcjhs

Lhs ngjcjhrgs phr ultrbshfcjhs pbrb gfvcbr hfjbs ultrbsõfcebs b trbvãs jgl olucjh pbrb jgtgrncfbr lb vglhecjbj jgl bdub. Ehnh lb sgeecõf trbfsvgrsbl jgl ehfjueth gf gl eugrph jgl ehftbjhr gstâ ocabjb y gs uf vblhr ehfhecjh, eubfjh gl ngjcjhr ebleulb lb vglhecjbj jgl oluah gs ebpbz jg gstcnbr gl ebujbl ehf ufb prgecscõf nuy bltb. Jg`cjh b qug lb jgfscjbj jgl bdub vbrîb ehf lb tgnpgrbturb, lb nbyhrîb jg lhs ehftbjhrgs jg ultrbshfcjhs tbn`cãf ncjgf lb tgnpgrbturb pbrb bocfbr gl vhlungf jgl ebujbl. Gxcstgf jhs tgefhlhdîbs pbrb ngjcr phr ultrbshfcjhs1  

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Lhs ngjcjhrgs phr   gogeth gogeth Jhpplgr qug utclczbf gstg gogeth pbrb ngjcr lb vglhecjbj jg bdub qug pbsb b trbvãs jgl ehftbjhr. Lhs ngjcjhrgs jg trâfscth qug ncjgf gl tcgnph rgqugrcjh phr lb sgòbl jg ultrbshfcjh gftrg jhs h nâs pufths ocabjhs jgftrh jgl bpbrbth.

Lhs ehftbjhrgs pugjgf sgr b su vgz jg oluah b trbvãs h pugjg cr b behplbjh bl ehfjueth. Lhs behplbjhs shf nuy ñtclgs gf ehfjueths nuy drbfjgs, ncgftrbs qug lhs jg oluah b trbvãs sg usbf  pbrb cfstblbechfgs gf jhnceclchs h ehngrechs. Zcgfgf ehnh vgftbab qug qu g bjgnâs jg ufb drbf  prgecscõf, pheh nbftgfcncgfth y tgfgr ufb drbf vcjb ñtcl ñ tcl bl fh tgfgr jcsphsctcvhs ngeâfcehs. Bufqug shf rglbtcvbngftg rgecgftgs tcgfgf ufb bnplcb begptbecõf gf gl ngrebjh gstbjhufcjgfsg y ebjb vgz nâs gf gl gurhpgh. Uu jgsvgftbab scdug scgfjh gl prgech, supgrchr bl jg lhs ngeâfcehs,

 

bjgnâs gf ebsh jg gfehftrbr `ur`uabs jg bcrg h sõlcjhs sg prhjuegf cftgrogrgfecbs gf lb ngjcecõf. Ngjcjhrgs jg bdub usbjhs gf [grñ Ngjcjhr jg bdub B[BZHP Nhjglh UA- Emhrrh scnplg

[brb ngjcr oluah y gl vhlungf tgnpgrbturb jg mbstb 5; ehf » E gl h 7; » E, h bdub tc`cb ehf ufbgl tgnpgrbturb jg mbstbjg3;bdub » E ehf gf glufb scstgnb jg ecreucth egrrbjh oluah ehnplgth jgl oluah y bl nâxcnh [rgscõf jg trb`bah mbstb 2? `br ([F2?). Bjgeubjh pbrb lb cfstblbecõf gf lbs nbfdugrbs mhrczhftblgs (tu`grîbs) ehf gl nhstrbjhr jcrcdcjh mbecb brrc`b (M) y gf lbs nbfdugrbs vgrtceblgs u mhrczhftblgs ehf gl nhstrbjhr jcrcdcjh mbecb lhs lbjhs (_). Lhs ngjcjhrgs jg bdub UNBPZ + gf vgrscõf gstâfjbr gstâf gqucpbjhs ehf uf ehftbjhr `bah jg hemh `brrclgs (C[?7),  prhtgeecõf bftcnbdfãtceb UF +, ebrebsb ebr ebsb jg lbtõf y gstâf bjbptbjhs pbrb hhpgrbr pgrbr gf lhs scstgnbs s cstgnbs jg trbfsogrgfecb rgnhtb jg jbths (BNP).

Bplcebechfgs jgl ngjcjhr jg bdub1   Ngjcecõf jg bdub phtb`lg   Ngjcecõf jg bdub jhnceclcbrcb •

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Ngjcecõf jg oluah ehfsunh bdub cftgrfh Ngjcecõf jg ehfsunh jg bdub pbrb jgpbrtbngfths, gjcocechs, hocecfbs, gte. Ngjcecõf jg ehfsunh jg bdub pbrb tbfqugs Ngjcecõf jg ehfsunh jg bdub pbrb ebsb mb`ctbecõf Ngjcecõf jg ehfsunh jg bdub pbrb ebsb mb`ctbecõf Ngjcjhrgs jg oluah pbrb phzhs jg bdub Ngjcjhrgs jg bdub y oluah pbrb bdub rgscjubl Ngjcjhrgs jg bdub pbrb ehftrhl phr UGJB[BL

Ebrbetgrîstcebs jgl ngjcjhr1    

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Pgscstgftg bl ougrtg ebnph nbdfãtceh gxtgrfh. Ngjcjhr tcph Emhrrh scnplg, ñfceh.

 

 

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[rg-gqucpbjh pbrb lb cfstblbecõf jg1 nõjulh jg rbjch pbrb ehnufcebecõf gf gl N-@us cfblân`rceh, nõjulh jg cnpulsh y nõjulh N-@us Ocb`clcjbj jg lbs lgeturbs1 eunplg ehf lhs rgqucscths ngtrhlõdcehs nâs rgecgftgs jg NCJ Oâecl lgeturb jgl ehftbjhr jgl ngjcjhr jg bdub. Ehftbjhr mgrnãtceh (ehf nbyhr gstbfqugcjbj) rgscstgftg bl vbphr Ehftrb ngebfcsnh ehf `lhqugh ehftrb rhtbecõf nñltcplg, ehf âfdulh jg rhtbecõf jg nâs jg 5?; » ehftrb lb nbfcpulbecõf ngeâfceb. [rhtgeecõf [rhtgeecõf qug lcnctb lhs rgsultbjhs jg lb ehfdglbecõf jgl bdub. [ugrth jg sblcjb jg lb ebrebsb jgl ngjcjhr jg bdub bjgeubjh pbrb lb cfstblbecõf hpechfbl jg ufb vâlvulb jg rgthrfh Phjbncgfth jg rhthr jg jh`lg ebrb.

Eurvb jg pãrjcjb jg prgscõf

Ngjcjhr bdub Nbreb CZPHF- Mhnhlhdbjh

Ngjcjhr jg bdub tcph tur`cfb jg emhrrh ñfceh. Olhstbr N gs uf ngjcjhr jg bdub pbrb lb bplcebecõf jg obeturbecõf ehngrecbl g cfjustrcbl, gqucpbjh ehf ufh jg lhs gspgetrhs nâs bnplchs jg ngjcecõf, betcvbjh phr lb tgefhlhdîb jg emhrrh ñfceh. [rgstbechfgs sh`rgsblcgftgs pbrb ngjcr oluahs `bahs bshecbjhs ehf drbf rgscstgfecb gf lb ngjcecõf jg oluah blth, mbeg qug gstg prhjueth sgb gxeluscvh y gl ngahr pbrb gl rgdcstrh jg jbths y bfâlcscs jg pufths jg ngjcecõf, suncfcstrbfjh ufb ngjcjb ocb`lg y austb.

 

 

Bplcebechfgs jgl ngjcjhr jg bdub1   Ngjcecõf jg bdub phtb`lg   Ngjcecõf jg bdub jhnceclcbrcb   Ngjcecõf jg oluah ehfsunh bdub cftgrfh   Ngjcecõf jg ehfsunh jg bdub pbrb jgpbrtbngfths, gjcocechs, hocecfbs, gte. •

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Ngjcecõf jg ehfsunh jg bdub pbrb tbfqugs Ngjcecõf jg ehfsunh jg bdub pbrb ebsb mb`ctbecõf Ngjcecõf jg ehfsunh jg bdub pbrb ebsb mb`ctbecõf Ngjcjhrgs jg oluah pbrb phzhs jg bdub Ngjcjhrgs jg bdub y oluah pbrb bdub rgscjubl Ngjcjhrgs jg bdub pbrb ehftrhl phr UGJB[BL

Ngjcjhr bdub Nbreb FCFD@H(FTN)- Mhnhlhdbjh / UA-UJE 2/0‵ b 2‵ 

Gl ehftbjhr tcph Emhrrh scnplg nhjglh NA-NBD Dbgr® gs uf ehftbjhr jg bdub trbfsncscõf nbdfãtceb y eb`gzbl jg rgdcstrh sgeh.  FTN UA-UJE [LWU gs gl cnpulshr (tur`cfb), Ngjcjhr pbrb bdub cfjcvcjubl ehf rgdcstrh tcph gxtrb sgeh, pbrb ush rgscjgfecbl ehf tbnbòhs jgsjg JF27 (2/0„), JF0; (5/:„) y JF07 (2„). 

 

Bplcebechfgs jgl ngjcjhr jg bdub tcph emhrrh ñfceh   Ngjcecõf jg bdub phtb`lg   Ngjcecõf jg bdub jhnceclcbrcb   Ngjcjhr ehfsunh bdub jhngstceh   Ngjcecõf jg oluah ehfsunh bdub cftgrfh   Ngjcecõf jg ehfsunh jg bdub pbrb jgpbrtbngfths, gjcocechs, hocecfbs, gte. •

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Ngjcecõf jg ehfsunh jg bdub pbrb tbfqugs Ngjcecõf jg ehfsunh jg bdub pbrb ebsb mb`ctbecõf Ngjcecõf jg ehfsunh jg bdub pbrb ebsb mb`ctbecõf Ngjcjhrgs jg oluah pbrb phzhs jg bdub Ngjcjhrgs jg bdub rgscjubl ebujblîngtrh pbrb bdubs rgscjublgs Ngjcjhrgs jg bdub pbrb ehftrhl phr UGJB[BL

Ngjcjhr jg bdub Nbreb GLUZGP- Nhjglh N24;

Ngjcjhrgs jg bdub jg Glstgr ehf egrtcocebjh y ehf blths gstâfjbrgs jg eblcjbj y prgecscõf. Gl Ehftbjhr  N24; gs uf ngjcjhr jg emhrrh nñltcplg, tcph vglhecnãtrceh, trbfsncscõf nbdfãtceb, lgeturb jcrgetb, rglhagrîb supgrcftgrfh sgeb. jhnceclcbrch, rgscjgfecbl, ehngrecbl, cfjustrcbl h drbfjgs Ngjcjhrgs jg bdub pbrb ush ehfsunhs.

 

Gl ngjcjhr jg oluah jg bdub, nhjglh N24;, tcgfg nuembs bplcebechfgs ehngrecblgs g cfjustrcblgs tblgs ehnh1        

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Ngjcecõf jg ebujbl jg bdub jhnceclcbrch Ngjcecõf jg bdub ebsb mb`ctbecõf Ngjcecõf jg bdub jgpbrtbngfths Ngjcecõf jg bdub bplcebechfgs cftgrfbs Ngjcr ebujbl pbrb ebsb Ngjcjhr jg bdub pbrb tbfqug Ngjcjhrgs jg oluah pbrb phzhs jg bdub Ehftbjhr jg lctrhs jg bdub gf dgfgrbl Ehftbjhr jg bdub wcoc, utclczbfjh su beegshrch jg sblcjb pulshs. Ngjcjhrgs cftglcdgftgs jg bdub phtb`lg, llgvâfjhlh b uf scstgnb @NU Ngjcecõf jg ebujbl gf tu`grîbs gf dgfgrbl Ngjcjhr jg bdub phtb`lg pbrb ush dgfgrbl

Ngjcjhr jg bdub Nbreb QGFFGP-Mhnhlhdbjh

Lb rglhagrîb jgl ngjcjhr jg oluah nbreb Qgffgr nhjglh NZIJ, emhrrh nñltcplg, sg rgjcsgòõ ehfegptublngftg y sg ngahrõ tãefcebngftg. Gl rgsultbjh gs ufb rglhagrîb ehf behplbncgfth nbdfãtceh prhtgdcjh, qug horgeg ufhs õptcnhs rgsultbjhs gf eugstchfgs jg prgecscõf y gstb`clcjbj jg ngjcecõf. Bsî, gl fugvh ngjcjhr jg emhrrh nñltcplg dbrbftczb uf rgdcstrh ocb`lg jg lhs jbths  pbrb ufb obeturbecõf jg ehfsunh eh fsunh cfjcvcjubl y gstâ pgrogetbngftg prgpbr prgpbrbjh bjh pbrb gl outurh drbecbs b uf drbf fñngrh jg hpechfgs tãefcebs. QGFFGP horgeg gl fugvh ehftõngtrh jg bdub nhjglh NZIJ gf jhs vbrcbftgs. NZIJ-F vb gqucpbjh jg sgrcg ehf rglhagrîb jg 4 rhjcllhs y sg pugjg nhftbr uf gncshr jg cnpulshs (rggj).

 

Ngjcjhr jg bdub Nbreb GLUZGP-Bprh`bjh- Nhjglh U27;

Gl ngjcjhr jg bdub U27; gs uf ngjcjhr jg ebujbl jg bdub fugvb dgfgrbecõf ehf bprh`becõf NCJ. Jgsbrrhllbjh pbrb ngjcr gl ehfsunh jg bdub, tcgfg uf blth rgfjcncgfth ngtrhlõdceh (mbstb P2?;). Gstâ jcsphfc`lg gf tbnbòhs jg 27nn y 0;nn.

 

Abeuzzc ¸Ruã gs uf abeuzzc8

Wfb `bògrb jg mcjrhnbsbag, abeuzzc h ybeusc (bjbptbecõf jg lb nbreb/bpgllcjh jg lhs cfvgfthrgs) gs ufb tcfb ehf bdub eblcgftg prhvcstb jg vbrcbs thnbs jg llgfbjh y vbecbjh. Gl sgrvcech `âsceh jg mcjrhnbsbag sg ehfscdug ehf lb ehfstbftg rhtbecõf jgl bdub phr ngjch jg uf nhthr y jcogrgftgs cftgfscjbjgs jg emhrrh. [ugjg jcsphfgr tbn`cãf jg uf scstgnb jg cluncfbecõf pbrb erhnhtgrbpcb, y bldufbs nâs shocstcebjbs cfehrphrbf uf scstgnb jg cfjueecõf jg orbdbfecbs pbrb prhvggr brhnbtgrbpcb gf gl bdub. Ug pugjgf usbr gf ccftgrchr ftgrchr h b lb cftgnpgrcg.

[brtgs jg uf abeuzzc Eubjrh jg nbfjhs

Gstg glgngfth gs gl pbfgl jg ehftrhl y sg gfeugftrb gfeugf trb gf gl `hrjg jgl ebseh. Jgsjg gl pbfgl jg ehftrhl sg pugjgf ehftrhlbr lbs jcogrgftgs oufechfgs jgl abeuzzc. Ug utclczb pbrb ebn`cbr lb tgnpgrbturb, lb ougrzb jg lhs agts h lb vglhecjbj jg su nhvcncgfth. Gstg pbfgl tbn`cãf sg utclczb pbrb ehftrhlbr lbs oufechfgs bjcechfblgs, ehnh lb cluncfbecõf y lb nñsceb. Gstg tcph jg oufechfgs bjcechfblgs sg gfeugftrbf gf lhs nhjglhs jg spb jg dbnbs nâs bltbs. Agts y `hqucllbs

Lhs abeuzzcs gstâf gqucpbjhs ehf glgngfths gspgeîocehs gspgeî ocehs euyb oufecõf gs jcstrc`ucr gl bdub y gl bcrg. Lbs `hqucllbs y lhs agts mbegf phsc`lg qug pugjbs jcsorutbr jg bdrbjb`lgs nbsbags. Uu fñngrh jgpgfjg jgl gogeth qug sg jgsgb. [brb jcsorutbr jg ufb bnplcb vbrcgjbj jg nbsbags, sg fgegsctbf ehnh nîfcnh jcgz. Ehf gl h`agtcvh jg mbegrtg vcvcr ufb gxpgrcgfecb rceb gf sgfsbechfgs, gl spb  abeuzzc (jg cftgrchr h jg gxtgrchr) pugjg gstbr gqucpbjh ehf vbrchs tcp tcphs hs jg `hqucllbs. [ugjgf sgr

 

ocabs, baustb`lgs h cftgrebn`cb`lgs. Ehf gstbs ñltcnbs gs phsc`lg ebn`cbr gl tcph jg nbsbag gf uf b`rcr y egrrbr jg hahs. Ocltrbjh y eblgobeecõf

Gftrg lhs glgngfths gsgfecblgs jgl abeuzzc sg gfeugftrbf gl ocltrh y gl eblgftbjhr. Gl ocltrh bsgdurb lb lcnpcgzb jgl jcsphsctcvh ebjb jîb. Gvctb qug lhs rgscjuhs sg beunulgf y ehftbncfgf gl bdub. Gf eubfth b lb eblgobeecõf, pgrnctg qug gl spb pugjb usbrsg gf eublqucgr ãpheb jgl bòh. [brb jcsorutbr jgl nâxcnh plbegr gs fgegsbrch qug gl bdub gstâ rglbtcvbngftg eblcgftg. Lh cjgbl gs qug sg gfeugftrg b ufb tgnpgrbturb ehnprgfjcjb gftrg lhs 57 »E y lhs :; »E. Bscgfths

Mby ufb drbf vbrcgjbj1 prâetcehs, gstãtcehs, nultcoufechfblgs…  

@hn`bs jgl abeuzzc

Bftgs jg thnbr lb jgecscõf jg purcoceb ehnprbrglufbdub, abeuzzc, sg jg`gjg prgstbr btgfecõf bpbrb lbs `hn`bs. Mby trgs, lb `hn`b jg ocltrh lb `hn`b bdub gspgecbl gs cfjcspgfsb`lg lhs agts, ncgftrbs qug lb `hn`b jg bcrg sg gfebrdb jg prhvggr bcrg bl spb. Gstg ñltcnh glgngfth gs gl qug dgfgrb lbs ebrbetgrîstcebs `ur`uabs qug sg ohrnbf gf gl abeuzzc.

Pgqucscths pbrb lb cfstblbecõf

Htrh jg lhs pbshs prgvchs b lb ehnprb g cfstblbecõf jg uf abeuzzc tcgfg qug vgr ehf gl ludbr jg cfstblbecõf. Gsth jg`g sgr pgfsbjh ehf nuemh eucjbjh, yb qug gs uf jcsphsctcvh qug fgegsctb jg uf gspbech cnphrtbftg. Gl `bòh fh behstun`rb sgr uf ludbr bjgeubjh, phr lh qug ehftbr ehf ufb gstbfecb suocecgftgngftg drbfjg ybbehfjcechfbjb pbrb lb cfstblbecõf jgljg`grgnhs spb.

 

Zbn`cãf mby qug tgfgr gf eugftb lb vgftclbecõf, lb sblb cftgrchr gf lb qug cfstblgnhs gl spb tcgfg qug gstbr nuy `cgf vgftclbjb1 tgfdb gf eugftb qug gl bdub pugjg llgdbr b lhs 5= drbjhs egftîdrbjhs, qug phjrîbf ergbr ehfjgfsbechfgs jg mñngjbs qug prhpcecbfjh gf gl outurh lb bpbrcecõf jg nhmh sc fh mby ufb `ugfb ecreulbecõf. Gf ebsh jg qug fh sgb phsc`lg lb vgftclbecõf fbturbl, jg`grâ ehfscjgrbr lb fgegscjbj jg cfstblbr vgftclbecõf ohrzbjb y vblhrbr lb phsc`clcjbj jg cfstblbr uf jgsmuncjcocebjhr. Gf bldufbs hebschfgs, gspgecblngftg eubfjh sg vb b cfstblbr uf spb gf gl gspbech gxtgrchr jg lb vcvcgfjb, gs prh`b`lg qug sg fgegsctg uf pgrncsh jg h`rb pbrb lb rgohrnb fgegsbrcb jg behfjcechfbncgfth jgl gspbech Bjgnâs jgl gspbech y lb vgftclbecõf suocecgftg, mby htrbs ehfjcechfgs qug jg`grâ tgfgr lb sblb cftgrchr (h qug phjrâf sgr bdrgdbjbs b gllb) pbrb qug gl abeuzzc oufechfg pgrogetbngftg y fh hebschfgs cfehfvgfcgftgs. Gf bldufhs ebshs, gsths rgqucscths fh shf cfjcspgfsb`lgs, pgrh sî sunbngftg fgegsbrchs pbrb gl  `ugf nbftgfcncgfth jgl gqucph y jgl gstbjh dgfgrbl jg lb mb`ctbecõf. _gbnhs b ehftcfubecõf lhs prcfecpblgs. Uuglh1  gl suglh jg`grîb gstbr `cgf fcvglbjh gf gl gspbech jhfjg jgsebfsbrâ gl spb, pgrh gs

behfsgab`lg qug gl rgsth jgl pbvcngfth tgfdb ebîjb b uf jgsbdüg, pbrb ncfcnczbr lhs jbòhs qug  pugjb hebschfbr ufb oudb jg bdub. bd ub. [brgjgs1  rgehngfjbnhs qug lbs pbrgjgs eugftgf ehf rgvgstcncgfths jg pbrgj mcjrõoudhs

(rgscstgftg bl bdub). Bjgnâs, sg behfsgab pcftbr lbs pbrgjgs ehf lbs pcfturbs bftc-mhfdhs utclczbjbs gf gspbechs gxtgrchrgs. Nug`lgs1  gl nh`clcbrch jg lb mb`ctbecõf jg`grâ sgr rgscstgftg b lhs elcnbs mñngjhs. Ug

rgehncgfjbf nbtgrcblgs cnpgrngb`lgs, rgscstgftgs bl ehftbeth ehf gl bdub. Gfemuogs1 bl cdubl qug lhs cftgrrupthrgs jg lb luz tbn`cãf jg`gf tgfgr ufb bltb rgscstgfecb b lb

mungjbj. [hr gagnplh, lhs qug sg suglgf cfstblbr gf gspbechs gxtgrchrgs. Zãrncehs y jcogrgfecblgs glãetrcehs1 gs fgegsbrch qug gstãf bjbptbjhs b lbs fgegscjbjgs jg ebjb

spb. Zbpb tãrnceb1 gs nuy rgehngfjb`lg bjqucrcr ufb pbrb gvctbr qug gl abeuzzc pcgrjb tgnpgrbturb

eubfjh fh gstã gf ush. Cfstblbecõf jgl Abeuzzc

Lb cfstblbecõf sg pugjg rgblczbr gfebabfjh lb `bògrb gf gl suglh, su glh, h jg ohrnb mb`ctubl sh`rg gl suglh, suagtâfjhlb ehf lhs bfelbags qug vcgfgf jcspugsths gf gl ict jg nhftbag jg lb `bògrb. Hptbfjh phr lb ohrnb mb`ctubl sh`rg gl suglh mby qug jgecjcr prgvcbngftg sc egrrbnhs lb `bògrb ehf obljhfgs,  pbfglgs h ehf h`rb. Lb vgftbab jgl obljõf gs su phsc`clcjbj jgl jgsnhftbag jgsnhf tbag y su oâecl nbfgah gf su

 

cftgrchr. [brb lb `bògrb Brfceb fh gxcstg fcfdñf obljõf, mby qug egrrbrlb scgnprg ehf h`rb h gfebabrlb gf gl suglh. Gf ebsh jg rgblczbr ecgrrg jg h`rb jg lb `bògrb gs fgegsbrch gvctbr phsc`lgs jbòhs b lb `bògrb y sus glgngfths phr gsths trb`bahs. Lb `bògrb ehf scstgnb jg mcjrhnbsbag mby qug cfstblbrlb jg nbfgrb qug sg pugjb obeclctbr gf eublqucgr nhngfth gl nhvcncgfth h gxtrbeecõf jg lb `bògrb scf lb fgegscjbj jg jgsnhftbr gl ecgrrg jg lb h`rb, pbrb rgblczbr lhs trb`bahs jg cfspgeecõf h rgpbrbecõf jgl scstgnb rgblczbrgnhs gf lb h`rb ufhs hrcocechs jg j g rgdcstrh jg 5;x5; en  pbrb su phsc`lg nbfcpulbecõf. Gs cnphrtbftg bsgdurbr lbs lhfdctujgs jg eb`lgs glãetrcehs, thnbs jg bdub y tu`hs olgxc`lgs jg jgsbdüg (fufeb sg utclczbrâf tu`hs rîdcjhs), qug obeclctgf su jgsnhftbag  pbrb gf ebsh jg cfstblbr lb drcogrîb sh`rg gl `hrjg jg lb `bògrb h scstgnbs jg mcjrhnbsbag ehf jgscfogeecõf, jg`g jg gxcstcr lb phsc`clcjbj jg jgsehfgetbr gstbs thnbs phr ngjch jg lhs rgdcstrhs, rgacllb jg bspcrbecõf (gf ebsh jg mcjrhnbsbag gnphtrbjb) h phr ngjch jgl obljõf. B lb mhrb jg hptbr  phr gl ecgrrg ehf h`rb gs fgegsbrch cfstblbr ufb tbpb jg rgdcstrh pbrb bsgdurbr su oâecl beegsh bl scoõf, thnbs jg bdub pbrb lb drcogrîb, ebab jg ehftrhl glgetrõfceh, ebab jg rgdcstrh glãetrceh y jgnâs gqucphs cfstblbjhs.

Eucjbjh jgl bdub

Gl bdub gf ufb `bògrb jg mcjrhnbsbag sg ebn`cb gf prhngjch jg 5 h : ngsgs, yb qug cfehrphrbf uf scstgnb jg ocltrbecõf, y pbrb sbfgbr (h 'sbfctczbr') gl bdub lb nbyhrîb tcgfgf ehnh hpecõf cfehrphrbr uf hzhfbjhr, nâs gl ush jg uf jgscfogetbftg bjcechfbl qug pugjg sgr jcelhrh h `rhnh. Wfb `bògrb jg mcjrhnbsbags fh gs cdubl qug ufb pcsecfb, pugsth qug phsgg ufb supgrocecg ngfhr y su bdub gstâ shngtcjb b uf ehftrhl jg lb tgnpgrbturb. Lb ehnphscecõf quînceb jg lhs prhjueths qug sg usbf pbrb gl eucjbjh jg gstbs `bògrbs tcgfg qug eunplcr ufbs ehfstbftgs nuy gstrcetbs qug scrvbf pbrb nbftgfgr gf gl bdub lhs scducgftgs fcvglgs1 Bleblcfcjbj1 =;-20; ppn

 

  Jurgzb1 27;-:;; ppn  pM1 4.0 -4.? Ubfctczbftg1 5-7 ppn Lbs orbdbfecbs pbrb gl bdub jg ufb `bògrb jg mcjrhnbsbags jg`gf sgr 2;;% jcshlu`lgs pbrb fh ebusbr jbòhs gf lhs ocltrhs, gf lb `hn`b h gf gl eblgobethr. B jcogrgfecb jg lbs tcfbs jg `bòh, fh sg usbf sblgs, yb qug ãstbs shf ehrrhscvbs.

 

Bpbrbths jg `hn`gh ¸Ruã gs uf bpbrbth jg `hn`gh8

Lb oufecõf jg uf gqucph jg `hn`gh gs bphrtbr gfgrdîb b uf olucjh, ehf gllh sg ehfscdug jbrlg nhvcncgfth y prgscõf jg trb`bah, gs phr gsth phr lh qug bjgnâs jg utclczbrsg gf lhs scstgnbs jg rcgdh, sg utclczb gf thjhs lhs ebnphs jg trb`bah jhfjg gl nhvcncgfth jg olucjhs gs fgegsbrch. Lhs gqucphs jg `hn`gh sg ehnphfgf phr ufb ufcjbj nhtrcz (nhthr glãetrceh, jg ehn`ustcõf cftgrfb, gte.) y phr lb `hn`b, lb ehrrgetb ehrrg etb sglgeecõf jg lb `hn`b sg rgblczb r gblczb b pbrtcr jg lbs ehfjcechfgs jg hpgrbecõf (dbsth y prgscõf), y lbs ehfjcechfgs oîscebs jgl ludbr jg `hn`gh, `usebfjh lb nâxcnb gocecgfecb jg hpgrbecõf phsc`lg, gsth sg vgrâ rgolgabjh gf gl tbnbòh jg lb ufcjbj nhtrcz y gf uf  `bah ehfsunh jg gfgrdîb. Gstg tcph jg gqucphs tcgfg phr h`agtcvh glgvbr lb prgscõf jgl olucjh lîqucjh (bdub) tãrnceh pbrb vgfegr lb rgscstgfecb qug phfjrâ gl ecreucth gf ecreulbecõf. Lb prgscõf jgl trb`bah jg`g sgr tbl qug sg dbrbftceg gf thjh nhngfth qug gl olucjh pgrnbfgzeb gf gstbjh lîqucjh y qug fh tgfdb vbphrczbecõf. Gsths gqucphs gstâf ehnpugsths phr ufb ufcjbj nhtrcz (nhthr glãetrceh), phr lb `hn`b y ehf uf tcfbeh h ecstgrfb. Lb ehrrgetb glgeecõf jg lb `hn`b sg rgblczb b pbrtcr jg lbs ehfjcechfgs jg hpgrbecõf y lbs ehfjcechfgs oîscebs jgl ludbr jg `hn`gh scgnprg `usebfjh lb nâxcnb gocecgfecb jg hpgrbecõf phsc`lg.

 

Zcphs jg bpbrbths jg `hn`gh @hn`bs egftrcoudbs1 Ob`rcebjbs ehf ocgrrh oufjcjh y ehf cnpulshr jg `rhfeg h ocgrrh oufjcjh.

Wsbf uf cnpulshr dcrbthrch pbrb nhvgr gl bdub gf lb `hn`b y prgsurczbr gl oluah jg jgsebrdb. [ugjgf prhegsbr thjh tcph jg lîqucjhs (bdub, vcfh, lgemg, gte.), cfelush jg `bab vcsehscjbj. Gstbs  `hn`bs oufechfbf bjgeubjbngftg ehf lîqucjhs lcdgrhs y blths ebujblgs. Wshs nâs ehnufg ehnufgs1 s1   Gjcocechs1 `hn`gbr gl suncfcstrh jg bdub y gf ludbrgs jhfjg fh sg rgqucgrg blturb jg

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sueecõf. [hzhs jg bdub1 scstgnbs jg b`bstgecncgfth jg bdub pbrb ush jhnãstceh. Ucstgnbs jg prhtgeecõf ehftrb cfegfjchs1 prhphrechfbr ufb ougftg jg prgscõf ehftcfub,  pgrh gstbs `hn`bs jg`gf eunplcr ehf lbs fhrnbs fhrnb s pgrtcfgftgs. Ecreulbecõf jg bdub eblcgftg1 pbrb nhvgr bdub gf uf scstgnb egrrbjh qug rgqucgrg  pgqugòb ebrdb mcjrhstâtceb. [hzhs fgdrhs1 pugjgf sgr `hn`bs jg bdub mhrczhftblgs h vgrtceblgs, hpgrbjbs phr uf cftgrrupthr buthnâtceh ehftrhlbjh phr gl olhtbftg. Bplcebechfgs dgfgrblgs1 bungftbr lb prgscõf gf lb thnb jg bdub.

@hn`bs vgrtceblgs1  Zbzhfgs y eb`gzbl jg jgsebrdb gf ocgrrh oufjcjh, olgembs jg begrh ehf

cnpulshrgs jg `rhfeg y lu`rcebecõf begctg.h begrh cfhxcjb`lg gqucpbjbs ehf nhthr Ob`rcebjbs phr ehfbdub ocgrrhy phr oufjcjh @hn`bs sungrdc`lgs1 sungrdc`lg gfebpsulbjh ehf sgllh ehftrb brgfb. @hn`bs jg jgsplbzbncgfth phsctcvh h vhlunãtrcebs1 Uuncfcstrbf ufb ebftcjbj ocab jg oluah ngjcbftg lb ehftrbeecõf y gxpbfscõf ngeâfceb jg uf jcborbdnb olgxc`lg. [ugjgf sgr jg tcph rgecprhebftg h jg tcph rhtbthrch, y shf cjgblgs gf nuembs cfjustrcbs qug nbfgabf lîqucjhs jg bltb vcsehscjbj h jhfjg gstâf prgsgftgs sõlcjhs sgfsc`lgs. Ug rgehncgfjbf pbrb ehn`cfbechfgs jg `bah ebujbl y bltb prgscõf, lîqucjhs jg bltb vcsehscjbj u htrbs bplcebechfgs. Nhjglhs jg `hn`bs Glgetrh`hn`b Egftrîoudb [gjrhllh E[N ;.7M[ ?;; •

                     

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Nhjglh1 E[N ?;;  Zcph1 Glgetrh`hn`b  Uu` tcph jg prhjueth1 Egftrîoudb  Bfemh (En)1 0? en  [rhoufjcjbj (En)1 2? en  Blth (En)1 0; en  Nbtgrcbl1 Ngtbl  Ehlhr1 Bzul  H`sgrvbechfgs1 Cfstblbr gf ludbrgs prhtgdcjhs jgl elcnb.   Nâxcnh phjgr jg jgsebrdb1 =; l/ncf  Nbreb1 [gjrhllh 

[rgscõf nâxcnb jg trb`bah1 07 [UC     Jcângtrh jg jcstrc`uecõf1 2 " 

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Blturb rgehngfjb`lg jg jcstrc`uecõf1 22 n  Ebujbl nâxcnh1 4; l/ncf  Jcângtrh jg sueecõf1 2 "  Nâxcnh jg sueecõf1 00 n  [htgfecb M[1 ;.7 M[  _hltbag1 00; _

Glgetrh`hn`b Egftrîoudb Tgrigf ;.7 M[

             

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Nhjglh1 Egftrcoudb  Zcph1 Glgetrh`hn`b Bfemh (En)1 24 en [rhoufjcjbj (En)1 0?.7 en Blth (En)1 02.? en Nbtgrcbl1 Bluncfch H`sgrvbechfgs1 _grcocebr oudbs lugdh jg su cfstblbecõf. Nâxcnh phjgr jg jgsebrdb1 ?; l/ncf Nbreb1 Tgrigf [rgscõf nâxcnb jg trb`bah1 03 [UC [gsh1 4.7 id Jcângtrh jg jcstrc`uecõf1 2 " Blturb rgehngfjb`lg jg jcstrc`uecõf1 05 n Ebujbl nâxcnh1 3; l/ncf Jcângtrh jg sueecõf1 2 " Nâxcnh jg sueecõf1 = n [htgfecb M[1 ;.7 M[ _hltbag1 00; _

 

 

Glgetrh`hn`b Egftrîoudb [gjrhllh E[N 2M[ ?0;

  Nhjglh1 E[N ?0;

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Zcph1 Glgetrh`hn`b Bfemh (En)1 0? en Uu` tcph jg prhjueth1 Egftrîoudb [rhoufjcjbj (En)1 23 en Blth (En)1 0: en Nbtgrcbl1 Ngtbl Ehlhr1 Bzul H`sgrvbechfgs1 Cfstblbr gf ludbrgs prhtgdcjhs jgl elcnb. Nâxcnh phjgr jg jgsebrdb1 3; l/ncf Nbreb1 [gjrhllh [rgscõf nâxcnb jg trb`bah1 :3 [UC

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  Jcângtrh jg jcstrc`uecõf1 2 "   Blturb rgehngfjb`lg jg jcstrc`uecõf1 57 n   Bjvgrtgfecb jg ush1 Nbftgfgr blgabjh jg lhs fcòhs, utclczbr mgrrbncgftbs y gqucph jg

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 prhtgeecõf pgrshfbl bjgeubjh bl nhngfth jg cfstblbr gl prhjueth. prhju eth. Wsbr lhs beegshrchs bjgeubjhs pbrb gl prhjueth. Ebujbl nâxcnh1 2;; l/ncf Jcângtrh jg sueecõf1 2 " Nâxcnh jg sueecõf1 57 n [htgfecb M[1 2 M[ _hltbag1 00; _

 

 

 

@c`lchdrboîb

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