Trabajo de Investigación Startups

 

7

 

‘G×C K@ HG PDFR@Y]GHF^GMFÝD K@ HG ]GHPK‚  

[Ê[PHC K@H [YGIGNC K@ FDR@][FLGMFÝD> ‘][GY[PQ]‚  

GP[CY@]> J@^CD@] RFHHGLYG, MG[E@YFD@ K@ N@]Þ] (CYMFK> 1111-11197;0 1111-111=-;602-;02=). ➩  QG^ RGHHGKGY@], RGDFG HPMÊG (CYMFK> 1111-111=-919;-905 GLP][ÊD J@KFDG JGYME@DG.

@UQ@YF@DMFG MPYYFMPHGY> JG[@JÇ[FMG F

Q@YÞ 9191

7

 

9

 

ÊDKFM@

[gihg k` mcdt`dfkc FD[YCKPMMFÝD ............................................................................................................................= CIN@[FRC] ....................................................................................................................................; ][GY[PQ .......................................................................................................................................0 J`tckchclêg H`gd ]tgrtup ........................................................................................................2 MGYGM[@YÊ][FMG] K@ PDG ][GY[PQ ........................................................................................< ][GY[PQ] @D @H Q@YÞ .................................................................................................................5 GLYC] ....................................................................................................................................77 JGD^GDG R@YK@ ...................................................................................................................72 OGJIF][G ..............................................................................................................................76 MCDMHP]FCD@] ..........................................................................................................................99 Y@B@Y@DMFG] IFIHFCLYÇBFMG] ..................................................................................................9=

[gihg k` Bflurgs Bflurg 7. ]tgrtups `d Gjærfmg Hgtfdg y su kfstrfiumfýd pcr mfukgk`s. Bu`dt`> Gdl`hHfst (917 Qçlfdg Q çlfdg \`i GLYC] .................70 Bflurg ;. Gs`scrêg pcr t`hæbcdc. t`hæbcdc. Bu`dt`> \`i GLYC] Bflurg 0. Gs`scrêg Gs`scrêg Y`jctg pcr \egtsGpp. Bu`dt`> \`i Glrcs ..................................................................................................70 Bflurg 2. Glrcs Gkvfscrs .............................................................................................................70 Bflurg Yf`s, @. (9179)..............................................................99

[gihg k` Fhustrgmfcd`s Fh ustrgmfcd`s>> 

Fhustrgmfýd 7.Budkgkcr k` GLYC] - Ycifdscd Hýp`z ..................................................................77 Fhustrgmfýd 9. Efstcrfgh k` hcs mgjifcs k` dcjir` k` hg pçlfdg k` Bgm`icco k` Glrcs .............7= Fhustrgmfýd =. Budkgkcr k` GLYC] Fhustrgmfýd ;. @]Q@MFGHF][G @D Glrc D`lcmfcs .....................................................................................................................................7; Fhustrgmfýd 0. Ghfgkcs k` GLYC]. Bu`dt`> Qçl. K` Bgm`icco k` Glrcs. ......................................72 ............................ ..........72 Fhustrgmfýd 2. Qçlfdg \`i k` Jgdzgdg R`rk`. Bu`dt`> ettps>//jgdzgdgv`rk`.hg/p`ru/...........7< Fhustrgmfýd Qçlfdg \`i Ogjifstg, ettps>//ogjifstg.mcj/ ...............91

9

 

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FD[YCKPMMFÝD Gdt` hg lhcighfzgmfýd mcj`rmfgh qu` gbrcdtg `h judkc `dt`rc `d `stg þhtfjg kæmgkg, `s d`m`sgrfc sgi`r ud pcmc jçs gm`rmg k` hgs lrgdk`s t`dk`dmfgs qu` s` `stçd  pr`s`dtgdkc `d `stg `rg t`mdchýlfmg t`mdchýlfmg qu` s` `dmu`dtrgd r`spghkgkgs r`spghkgkgs pcr hgs t`mdc t`mdchclêgs hclêgs k` fdbcrjgmfýd ([FM]). Qcr tgdtc, du`strc trgignc t rgignc k` fdv`stflgmfýd `stç hflgkc `str`megj`dt` gh surlfjf`dtc k` `stgs lrgdk`s cpcrtudfkgk`s mcd `dbcqu` H`gd ]tgrtup. Lrgmfgs g qu` scjcs udc k` hcs pgês`s mcd `dtcrdc `jpr`dk`kcr qu` mcd `h pgsgr k` hcs g÷cs g `vchumfcdgkc g p`sgr k` hg mrfsfs qu` s` vfvfý `d hcs g÷cs 51‖s pcr hg efp`rfdbhgmfýd? `d `h Q`rþ s` mr`grcd p`qu`÷gs y j`kfgdgs `jpr`sgs mcd hg bfdghfkgk k` hclrgr hg sup`rvfv`dmfg gdt` hg d`m`sfkgk `s pcr `hhc qu` s` `stgih`mf`rcd `jpr`dkfjf`dtcs k` fk`gs k` d`lcmfc qu` g hgs p`rscdgs h`s fdt`r`sgig y gpgsfcdgig. G `st` du`vc jck`hc k` d`lcmfc s` h` k`dcjfdý ]tgrtup `h mugh `jph`g hgs t`mdchclêgs k` fdbcrjgmfýd vfl`dt`s y hg fddcvgmfýd f ddcvgmfýd pgrg l`d`rgr k`dtrc k` hgs `jpr`sgs ud jgycr mr`mfjf`dtc y `smghgifhfkgk y gsê pck`r trgsm`dk`r k`dtrc y bu`rg k`h pgês mcdvfrtf`dkc sus `jpr`sgs `d sus prýxfjcs tr`s prfj`rcs g÷cs k` `xfst`dmfg gmtfvg `d Icrd Lhcigh Bfrjs Fdt`rdgtfcdghfzgtfcd. Mugdkc egihgjcs k` stgrtups hg jgycrêg k` p`rscdgs gmf`rtgd gh r`hgmfcdgr `stg  pghgirg mcd hg mr`gmfýd k` du`vcs `jpr`dkfjf`dtcs, `s pcr `hhc qu` g trgvæs k` `st` trgignc pr`t`dk`r`jcs kgrh`s ud mcdcmfjf`dtc jçs pr`mfsc k` hg j`tckchclêg H`gd ]tgrtup. Gsfjfsjc, k`tghhgr`jcs `n`jphcs k` stgrtups p`rugdgs qu` vf`d`d trgigngdkc gmtughj`dt` mcd `st` `dbcqu`. ]`lþd hg Y`vfstg @smu`hg k` Gkjfdfstrgmfýd k` D`lcmfcs (9175) j`dmfcdg qu`, Yf`s mcdsfk`rgkc pgkr` k` hg j`tckchclêg H`gd ]tgrtup `xpcd` `d `h jætckc H`gd ]tgrtup mýjc mr`gr `jpr`sgs k` æxftc utfhfzgdkc hg fddcvgmfýd mcdtfdug. Gbfrjg qu` `h æxftc k` hcs stgrtups dc rgkfmg mcjc pf`dsg jumeg l`dt`, `d `stgr `d `h hulgr mcrr`mtc y `d `h jcj`dtc gk`mugkc? sfdc qu` `h æxftc k` ud stgrtup s` pu`k` kfs`÷gr sfluf`dkc ud prcm`sc mcrr`mtc y `stc sfldfbfmg qu` s` pu`k` gpr`dk`r y `ds`÷gr (Yf`s, 9179). Lrgmfgs g `st` `dbcqu` k` lrgd gul` `h s`mtcr `jpr`dk`kcr eg vfstc hg pcsfifhfkgk k` fjph`j`dtgr d`lcmfcs `vftgdkc k`sp`rkfmfgr r`murscs, tf`jpc y `sbu`rzc. J`kfgdt` hg `xphfmgmfýd k` `stg j`tckchclêg jumecs hclrgrçd mcds`lufr mcds`lufr `smhgr`m`r kukgs, guj`dtgrçd sus `xp`mtgtfvgs `jpr`sgrfgh`s igsgkgs `d hg `xp`rfj`dtgmfýd k` sus efpýt`sfs y scir` tckc h`s bcrtgh`m`rç sus mcdcmfjf`dtcs gm`rmg k` `st` t`jg gjphfc y k` jumeg t`dk`dmfg. =

 

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CIN@[FRC]

CIN@[FRC L@D@YGH L`d`rgr mcdcmfjf`dtc scir` hg `xfst`dmfg k`h `dbcqu` H`gd ]tgrtup.

CIN@[FRC] @]Q@MÊBFMC] ▮ 

@vghugr `xphcrgtcrfgj`dt` hg gphfmgifhfkgk k`h `dbcqu` ‘H`gd ]tgrtup‚ `d

du`strc pgês p`rugdc, tcjgdkc mcjc r`b`r`dmfg g hgs `jpr`sgs mcd k`dcjfdgmfýd stgrtup. ▮ 

Fk`dtfbfmgr hgs prfdmfpgh`s mgrgmt`rêstfmgs qu` p`rjft`d g udg stgrtup

 p`rugdc k`sgrrchhgrs` mcjc tgh, j`dmfcdgdkc j`dmfcdgdkc sus p`muhfgrfkgk`s k` hcs prckumtcs c s`rvfmfcs qu` irfdkgd. ▮ 

K`t`rjfdgr g trgvæs k` hcs `n`jphcs k` stgrtups p`rugdgs sf hg bghtg k`

`xp`rf`dmfg `d l`stfýd `jpr`sgrfgh y hgs bu`dt`s k` fdlr`sc jcd`tgrfc y k` r`murscs `d Q`rþ scd fdsubfmf`dt`s pgrg hclrgr mr`mfjf`dtc k`dtrc k` hgs ]tgrtups.

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0

 

][GY[PQ ]`lþd @rfm Yf`s (9179), k`bfd` udg stgrtup mcjc, ‘Pdg crlgdfzgmfýd crlgdfzgmf ýd t`jpcrgh `d  iþsqu`kg k` ud du`vc jck`hc k` d`lcmfc `smghgih` y r`phfmgih` ignc mcdkfmfcd`s k` `xtr`jg fdm`rtfkujir`‚. (p.01).

Mcjph`j`dtgdkc hc gdt`rfcr ]t`v` Ihgdo (9171) j`dmfcdg qu` hg stgrtup> @s udg crlgdfzgmfýd bcrjgkg pgrg iusmgr ud jck`hc k` d`lcmfc r`p`tfih` y `smghgih`. @s  prcvfsfcdgh, pcrqu` `h cin`tfvc k` udg stgrtup `s mcdv`rtfrs` `d udg `jpr`sg mcrrf`dt`. Hgs stgrtups iusmgd jck`hcs k` d`lcmfcs, prcm`scs k` v`dtgs, jgro`tfdl y prckummfýd qu` s`gd r`murr`dt`s y `smghgih`s. (p.91). @d mgjifc, pgrg Gjy Bcdtfd`hh` (9111), Pdg stgrtup `s udg `jpr`sg ncv`d qu` `stç `jp`zgdkc g k`sgrrchhgrs`. Hgs stgrtups su`h`d s`r p`qu`÷gs ` fdfmfghj`dt` bfdgdmfgkgs y cp`rgkgs pcr ud pu÷gkc k` budkgkcr`s c ud fdkfvfkuc. @stgs `jpr`sgs cbr`m`d ud prckumtc c s`rvfmfc qu` dc s` `stç cbr`mf`dkc gmtughj`dt` `d ctrc hulgr `d `h j`rmgkc, c qu` hcs budkgkcr`s mr``d qu` s` `stç cbr`mf`dkc k` jgd`rg pcmc vfsfih`. (p.;1). Qcr su pgrt` Hg Crlgdfzgmfýd pgrg hg Mccp`rgmfýd y `h K`sgrrchhc @mcdýjfmcs (CMK@) (9172), utfhfzg pgrg sus r`pcrt`s hg sfluf`dt` k`bfdfmfýd pgrg hgs stgrtups, ‘D`lcmfcs qu` pr`s`dt gd

prckumtcs, prcm`scs, s`rvfmfcs c bcrjgs k` mcj`rmfghfzgmfýd

fddcvgkcrgs‚.

[`df`dkc `d mu`dtg hcs lrgdk`s gpcrt`s k` mcdcmfjf`dtc k` `stgs p`rscdgs ` fdstftumfýd pck`jcs k`bfdfr g hg ]tgrtup mcjc udg fdstftumfýd f dstftumfýd eujgdg, `jpr`sgrfgh, ncv`d y jck`rdg qu` s` mgrgmt`rfzg pcr `xpcd`rs` g rf`slcs pgrg `xp`rfj`dtgr `h brgmgsc c æxftc k` udg fk`g k` d`lcmfc fddcvgkcrg f ddcvgkcrg g trgvæs k`h `jph`c jêdfjc k` r`murscs y `vftgdkc `h k`sp`rkfmfc k` tf`jpc y `sbu`rzcs.

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2

 

J`tckchclêg H`gd ]tgrtup @stg j`tckchclêg trgtg `d hgdzgr gh j`rmgkc ud d`lcmfc g trgvæs k` ud mfrmuftc çlfh

qu` mu`dtg mcd tr`s pgscs qu` s` k`i`d `n`mutgr `d `h j`dcr tf`jpc pcsfih` y mcd ud mcstc jêdfjc k` fdv`rsfýd mcd hg bfdghfkgk bf dghfkgk k` mr`gr ud prckumtc c ss`rvfmfc `rvfmfc qu` s`rç j`kfkc pcr sus r`suhtgkcs pcsftfvcs c d`lgtfvcs k`h mugh s` mcdmhufrç su æxftc æxft c c brgmgsc. Mcdstrufr> Mugdkc fdfmfgjcs udg stgrtup dc s` mu`dtg mcd tckcs hcs kgtcs `sp`mêbfmcs pgrg mr`gr ud prckumtc gmcrk` g hgs prfdmfpgh`s d`m`sfkgk`s k`h mhf`dt`. ✝ 

Gquê `h prckumtc mcdtgrç mcd hgs budmfcdghfkgk`s jêdfjgs r`qu`rfkgs (QJR) qu`  p`rjftfrçd cit`d`r ud gpr`dkfzgn` vghfkgkc vghfkgkc gm`rmg k` hcs mhf`dt`s. ✝ 

J`kfr> @d `stg bgs` `h r`tc `s j`kfr hg r`spu`stg k` hcs mcdsujfkcr`s

gm`rmg k`h prckumtc cbr`mfkc, y g pgrtfr k` `hhc s` tcjgd hgs k`mfsfcd`s jçs gprcpfgkgs. ✝ 

Gpr`dk`r> Gh r`ghfzgr hgs bgs`s gdt`rfcr`s k`h mfrmuftc k`h prcm`sc H`gd

]tgrtup, gpr`dk`r`jcs sf `s vfgih` c dc `h d`lcmfc y k` `stg bcrjg s`lufr `smghgdkc, k` hc mcdtrgrfc r`gnustgr hgs fk`gs qu` dc `stæd budmfcdgdkc. Lrgmfgs gh prckumtc vfgih` jêdfjc (QJR) ( QJR) sgir`jcs mcd juy pcmg fdv`rsfýd sf hhgg fk`g qu` s` `stç k`sgrrchhgdkc tf`d` gm`ptgmfýd k`dtrc k`h j`rmgkc mcj`rmfgh. K` hc mcdtrgrfc sf `h QJR dc `dmgng s` k`i`rç kgrh` ud du`vc `dbcqu` gh d`lcmfc gh qu` s` h` mcdcm` mcjc ‘pfvctgr‚.  Qgrg Yf`s (9179), ‘`h cin`tfvc k` hgs stgrtup, `s gv`rflugr quæ k`i` prckumfrs` ,

gqu`hhc qu` hcs mcdsujfkcr`s quf`r`d y pcr hc qu` pglgrçd, tgd rçpfkgj`dt` mcjc s`g  pcsfih`‚. ( p.=9).  p.=9).

Gutcrfkgk`s `d hg j`tckchclêg H`gd ]tgrtup ➩ 

@rfm Yf`s> Mcdsfk`rgkc pgkr` k` hg j`tckchclêg H`gd ]tgrtup.

➩ 

]t`v` Ihgdo> J`dtcr k` @rfm Yf`s.

➩ 

Gse Jguryg> Gs`scr y j`dtcr k` ]tgrtups `d su bgjcsc hfirc Yuddfdl H`gd> mýjc ft`rgr k` ud phgd G, g ud phgd qu` budmfcd`.

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MGYGM[@YÊ][FMG] K@ PDG ][GY[PQ Pdg stgrtup `s ud `jpr`dkfjf`dtc gpcygkc `d hg fddcvgmfýd y hg t`mdchclêg pgrg

cbr`m`r ud d`lcmfc `h mugh kfspcd` k` udg s`rf` k` mgrgmt`rêstfmgs qu` hg kfb`r`dmfgd k` ctrcs tfpcs k` `jpr`dkfjf`dtc.  

•

Qgrg Y`dzc Y`y`s (917 Gdl`hHfst (917  

]tgrtup Q`rþ> Wu` `s fdfmfgtfvg k`h @stgkc Q`rugdc hfk`rgkg pcr `h

Jfdfst`rfc k` hg Qrckummfýd `d hg qu` iusmgd mr`gr, mcdschfkgr ` fdt`rdgmfcdghfzgr g hgs du`vgs `jpr`sgs.  

\gyrg Q`rþ> @s hg h g gm`h`rgkcrg k` stgrtups kflftgh`s k` [`h`býdfmg qu` g hcs

j`ncr`s `jpr`dk`kcr`s h`s irfdkg bfdgdmfgjf`dtc `mcdýjfmc, ud hulgr k` trgignc `d su gmgk`jfg y h` kg gmm`sc g su r`k lhcigh pgrtd`rs k` d`lcmfc, j`dtcr`s y `xp`rtcs. V hc j`ncr k` tckc `s qu` h`s kg hg cpcrtudfkgk k` trgigngr mcd hcs d`lcmfcs k` t`h`býdfmg g dfv`h judkfgh.  

Qr`jfc Qgrg Wuftgrs` @h ]cjir`rc> ]cjir`rc> @s fdfmfgtfvg k` hg Budkgmfýd Budkgmfýd Ycj`rc

qu` fdm`dtfvg `h `spêrftu `jpr`sgrfgh k` hcs nýv`d`s p`rugdcs.  

Qft`f> @s `h mcdmursc k` Qrcy`mtcs k` Fddcvgmfýd k` @jpr`sgs

Fdkfvfkugh`s, `s mcdvcmgkc pcr `h Qrclrgjg Dgmfcdgh k` Fddcvgmfýd pgrg hg Mcjp`tftfvfkgk y Qrckumtfvfkgk k`h Jfdfst`rfc k` hg Qrckummfýd.  

IIRG Cp`d [gh`dt> Iusmg prcy`mtcs fddcvgkcr`s igsgkcs g hgs bfdgdzgs

t`mdchýlfmgs. V `d mugdtc g prclrgjgs mr`gkcs pcr fdstftumfcd`s @h pcrtgh Q@YP FDMPIG, fdkfmg qu` `xfst` ud gprcxfjgkc k` 91 m`dtrcs k` `stukfc qu` gpcygd gh surlfjf`dtc k` hgs stgrtups mcjc, pcr `n`jphc> ▮ 

@jpr`dk` PQ> ‘M`dtrc k` @jpr`dkfjf`dtc ` Fddcvgmfýd‚ k` hg

Pdfv`rsfkgk k`h Qgmêbfmc. ▮ 

MFK@ QPMQ> M`dtrc k` fddcvgmfýd y k`sgrrchhc `jpr`dk`kcr k` hg

 pcdtfbfmfg - Pdfv`rsfkgk Mgtýhfmg Mgtýhfmg k`h Q`rþ.

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77

  ▮ 

MF@> M`dtrc k` Fddcvgmfýd y @jpr`dkfjf`dtc Mr`gkg pcr hg Pdfv`rsfkgk

 Dgmfcdgh Jgycr k` ]gd Jgrmcs. ▮ 

IfcFdmuig> Mr`gkg pcr hg Pdfv`rsfkgk Q`rugdg Mgy`tgdc E`r`kfg,

k`kfmgkg g prcpcrmfcdgr gs`scrêg tæmdfmg `sp`mfghfzgkg `d hgs fdv`stflgmfcd`s k` mf`dmfgs k` hg vfkg. Gecrg egihgr`jcs `sp`mêbfmgj`dt` k` ghludgs ]tgrtups Q`rugdgs vfl`dt`s `d `st` 9191> ➩ 

GLYC]

➩ 

JGD^GDG R@YK@

➩ 

OGJIF][G

GLYC]

Fhustrgmfýd 7.Budkgkcr k` GLYC] - Ycifdscd Hýp`z  

@s udg ]tgrtup pfurgdg qu` fjpuhsg hg kflftghfzgmfýd k` hcs p`qu`÷cs glrfmuhtcr`s  pgrg guj`dtgr su su prckummfýd y gjphfgr sus j`rmgkcs. ]`lþd hg Crlgdfzgmfýd k` hgs Dgmfcd`s Pdfkgs pgrg hg Ghfj`dtgmfýd y hg Glrfmuhturg (BGC), j`dmfcdg qu`, `h 61 % k` hgs bfdmgs glrêmchgs k` tckc `h judkc `stçd l`stfcdgkgs pcr bgjfhfgs y scd r`spcdsgih`s k`h 51% k` tckg t ckg hg prckummfýd glrêmchg. Q`rc hg glrfmuhturg bgjfhfgr s` `dbr`dtg g duj`rcscs prcih`jgs, mcjc hg bghtg k` gmm`sc g 77

 

79

 

j`rmgkcs mcjp`tftfvcs, hg mgr`dmfg k` fdsujcs k` mghfkgk, `h kæbfmft k` p`rscdgh mughfbfmgkc y ud j`dcr gmm`sc g mrækftcs igdmgrfcs g ignc fdt`ræs. @stc supcd` udg j`dcr  prckummfýd, j`dcr j`dcr fdlr`sc y ud p`cr p`cr dfv`h k` vfkg pgrg hcs prckumtcr`s prckumtcr`s k` hg mcjfkg. mcjfkg. V mcd `h cin`tfvc k` `hfjfdgr `stgs trgigs, `h ncv`d Fdl`df`rc p`rugdc Ycifdscd Hýp`z eg k`sgrrchhgkc GLYC], udg stgrtup qu` iusmg `jpck`rgr `h mgjpc mcd hgs j`ncr`s t`mdchclêgs kfspcdfih`s, y bgvcr`m`r hg fdmhusfýd kflftgh y bfdgdmf`rg k` hcs  p`qu`÷cs glrfmuhtcr`s. Lrgmfgs g `st` gvgdm`, Hýp`z s` eg mcdv`rtfkc `d udc k` hcs lgdgkcr`s k` Fddcvgkcr`s j`dcr`s k` =0 Hgtfdcgjærfmg 9191 k` JF[ [`medchcly Y`vf`w `d `spg÷ch. Qgrg Ycifdscd Hýp`z, "GLYC] `s ud `mcsfst`jg k` schumfcd`s kflftgh`s qu`  iusmg prcb`sfcdghfzgr prcb`sfcdghfzgr hg glrfmuhturg bgjfhfgr j`kfgdt` hg mr`gmfýd mr`gmfýd k` udg fk`dtfkgk fk`dtfkgk kflftgh k`h glrfmuhtcr". @h ncv`d bu` mcdsmf`dt` k` hcs r`tcs k`h judkc rurgh gh e`r`kgr hgs tf`rrgs k` su giu`hg y k`smuirfr qu` l`d`rgigd jçs k`ukgs qu` i`d`bfmfcs i`d`bfmfcs.. K`dtrc k` hg fdbcrjgmfýd f dbcrjgmfýd fdv`stflgkg scir` scir` Glrcs t`d`jcs qu`> Budkgmfýd> Bu` `d `h g÷c 917= Jfsfýd>   Kflftghfzgmfýd, jcdftcr`c ` fdt`hfl`dmfg k` d`lcmfcs d`lcmfcs k` hgs

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vgrfgih`s

mhgv`s k` hcs prcm`scs k`h s`mtcr glrcghfj`dtgrfc.   Irfdkgr gsfst`dmfg tæmdfmg y gs`scrêgs g p`qu`÷cs glrfmuhtcr`s, bgmfhftgdkc

c

y bcj`dtgdkc `h Mcdtrgmt Bgrjfdl. Rfsfýd>   Wu` hcs glrcd`lcmfcs trgdspgr`dt`s, mcjp`tftfvcs y scst`dfih`s? s`gd hg

c

dcrjg y dc hg h g `xm`pmfýd. Fdbcrjgmfýd k` mcdtgmtc>   Hhgjgr (17)   ettps>//glrcs.t`me ettps>//glrcs.t`me  

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79

 

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Q`rbfh k` hg `jpr`sg> ]cjcs udg mcjpg÷êg `sp`mfghfzgkg `d Glrc Fdt`hfl`dmfg qu` prcv`` schumfcd`s k` Jcdftcr`c Cdhfd` y Gdçhfsfs k` Kgtcs k` hcs prcm`scs prckumtfvcs, fdkustrfgh`s y hclêstfmcs k`h s`mtcr glrcghfj`dtgrfc. @jpr`sg k` scbtwgr` ¼ @jpr`sg k` fdbcrjçtfmg ¼ Glrcs `s udg schumfýd qu` bcj`dtg hg fdmhusfýd kflftgh y bfdgdmf`rg pgrg  p`qu`÷cs glrfmuhtcr`s g trgvæs k` hg [`h` Gs`scrêg, ud s`rvfmfc qu` irfdkg r`mcj`dkgmfcd`s y dctfbfmgmfcd`s scir` hgs gmtfvfkgk`s mhgv`s pgrg gs`lurgr udg  iu`dg prckummfýd. prckummfýd. Gk`jçs, tgjifæd mcdtgjcs mcd hg phgtgbcrjg k` Fdbcrjgmfýd Glrgrfg, GLYC] Kgtg Jgro`t, qu` r`kum` hg fdm`rtfkujir` scir` `h `stgkc k` hcs muhtfvcs g hgs `dtfkgk`s jfmrcbfdgdmf`rgs. jfmrcbfdgdmf`rgs. ]u pçlfdg k` Bgm`icco s` mr`ý `h 7; k` girfh k` 9170 y `h dcjir` k` hg  pçlfdg bu` jckfbfmgkg jckfbfmgkg vgrfgs v`m`s, tgh y mcjc hc ju`strg hg fhustrgmfýd D±;.

Fhustrgmfýd 9. Efstcrfgh k` hcs mgjifcs k` dcjir` k` hg pçlfdg k` Bgm`icco k` Glrcs

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7;

 

Budkgkcr y @sp`mfghfstg k` GLYC]

Fhustrgmfýd fýd =. Budkgkcr k` GLYC] Fhustrgm

Fhustrgmfýd ;. @]Q@MFGHF][G @D Glrc D`lcmfcs

E@YYGJF@D[G] K@ GLYC] ✝ 

Mcdtrgmt Bgrjfdl> K`jcmrgtfzgmfýd k` s`rvfmfcs ` fdbcrjgmfýd. @h Mcdtrgmt Bgrjfdl hcs gm`rmg g hg bcrjghfkgk, r`kum` rf`slcs, fdm`rtfkujir`s y hh`vgrç g jfh`s k` bgjfhfgs glrêmchgs g hg tgd gdsfgkg `stgifhfkgk `mcdýjfmg.

7;

 

70

 

Bflurg =. K`jcmrgtfzgmfýd k` s`rvfmfcs ` fdbcrjgmfýd. Bu`dt`> Qçlfdg \`i GLYC]

✝ 

[`h` Gs`scrêg> [`mdchclêg gh s`rvfmfc k`h Mgjpc. \ghof` tghof` t ghof` GLYC]

`s jçs qu` udg m`dtrgh t`h`býdfmg k` gs`scrêgs, `s ud j`kfc mcdbfgih` y s`lurc k`dtrc k` hgs pcmgs cpmfcd`s k` gmm`sc g fdbcrjgmfýd qu` tf`d`d hcs glrfmuhtcr`s, `s udg mcjudfkgk `d hg qu` su vcz `s `smumegkg. 

Bflurg ;. Gs`scrêg pcr t`hæbcdc. Bu`dt`> Bu`dt`> \`i GLYC] GLYC]

Bflurg 0. Gs`scrêg Gs`scrêg Y`jctg Y`jctg pcr \egtsGpp. \egtsGpp. Bu`dt`> \`i Glrcs

Bflurg 2. Glrcs Gkvfscrs  

70

 

72

  ✝ 

Ghfgkcs 

Fhustrgmfýd 0. Ghfgkcs k` GLYC]. Bu`dt`> Qçl. K` Bgm`icco k` Glrcs.  

JGD^GDG R@YK@ @s ud stgrtup pfurgdg qu` s` igsg `d fdstrufr hg jgd`rg k` ghfj`dtgrs` ghfj`dtgr s` k` udg bcrjg

sghukgih` y ighgdm`gkg, t`df`dkc `d mu`dtg su p`sc, tghhg y cin`tfvc, g trgvæs k` udg gpp kcdk` `h usugrfc s` gbfhfgrç y k`sk` `s` jcj`dtc pckrç fdfmfgr mcd `h s`lufjf`dtc k` su kf`tg. Kfmeg gpp mu`dtg mcd udg mgrtg k` 21 phgtcs y mftgs cdhfd` mcd prcb`sfcdgh`s k` hg dutrfmfýd, gk`jçs `s udg phgtgbcrjg qu` dc k`jgdkg k` jumec tf`jpc yg y g qu` p`rjft` gh usugrfc egm`r su p`kfkc `d j`dcs k` 0 jfd. Hgrfssg Grfgs, budkgkcrg k` Jgdzgdg R`rk`, jgdfbf`stg hc sfluf`dt` > ‘]gi`jcs qu` hgs p`rscdgs mgkg v`z tf`d`d ud rftjc k` vfkg jçs gm`h`rgkc, qu` mgkg v`z tf`d`d j`dcs tf`jpc hfir` pgrg kfsbrutgr y mcjpgrtfr mcd su bgjfhfg. @s pcr `sc qu` k`sgrrchhgjcs ud jck`hc gmcrk` g `stgs d`m`sfkgk`s‚ pcr `dk` `h cin`t fvc

k` `st`

`jpr`dkfjf`dtc pcr mcjigtfr hg prcih`jçtfmg qu` tf`d`d jumegs p`rscdgs gh jcj`dtc k` qu` s` fdt`dtg mcdtrchgr `h p`sc, p` sc, `s ‘Igngr k` p`sc, guj`dtgr jgsg jusmuhgr c jgdt`d`r

tu p`sc. Jætckc k` trgignc> J`kfgdt` `h gphfmgtfvc w`i (e`rrgjf`dtg prfdmfpgh y igs` k`h d`lcmfc) s` `hfl` gmtfvgr `h phgd y k` `sg jgd`rg s` prcm`k`rêg g `smcl`r sus mcjfkgs y prclrgjgrhgs. K`dtrc k`h phgd s` cbr`m`d k`sgyudcs, ghju`rzcs, m`dgs y sdgmos k` j`kfg jg÷gdg y tgrk`. Mcd hc r`b`rfkc gh k`hfv`ry `st` pu`k` s`r `dtr`lgkc `d tu mgsg u cbfmfdg `d hcs ecrgrfcs k` 71 g.j. egstg hg 7 p.j. @h phgd k` mcstc k`h s`rvfmfc csmfhg g pgrtfr k` hcs 79.61 sch`s y vgrêg k` gmu`rkc g hg gkqufsfmfýd k` mgkg phgd k` mcjfkgs `smclfkc pcr `h mhf`dt`. Qçlfdg \`i>  \`i> ettps>//jgdzgdgv`rk`.hg/p`ru/ ettps>//jgdzgdgv`rk`.hg/p`ru/  

72

 

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Fhustrgmfýd 2. Qçlfdg \`i k` Jgdzgdg R`rk`. Bu`dt`> ettps>//jgdzgdgv`rk`.hg/p`ru/  

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75

 

Hclrcs Cit`dfkcs> • 

@s jf`jirc k` hg prfj`rg l`d`rgmfýd k` hg Fdmuigkcrg Eui PK@Q k` hg

Pdfv`rsfkgk k` Qfurg? qu` s` `dmgrlg k` mcd`mtgr, fdmuigr ` fjpuhsgr `h `jpr`dkfjf`dtc t`mdchýlfmc `dbcmgkc `d hcs s`mtcr`s glrcfdkustrfgh`s, p`smg ifckfv`rsfkgk y s`rvfmfc,  pgrg hgs hcs `jpr`dk`kcr`s `jpr`dk`kcr`s k`h k`h dcrt` k`h pgês. pgês. • 

@d Nuhfc k`h 9176 Jgdzgdg R`rk` bu` dcjirgkg hg j`ncr `stgrtups `d Q`rþ pcr su

 prcy`mtc fddcvgkcr fddcvgkcr y scst`dfih` scst`dfih` `d `h mcdmursc mcdmursc P[@M R`dtur`s egmfædkcs` egmfædkcs` ghr`k`kcr k` 01 111 sch`s qu` h` p`rjftfý p`rjftf ý s`lufr gk`hgdt` mcd su prcy`mtc y `smghgdkc g pgsc bfrj` y mcdstgdt`. • 

Jgdzgdg R`rk` bu` udg k` hgs stgrtup lgdgkcrgs k`h ]``kstgrs ]ujjft Hgtgj

hh`vgkc g mgic `h 96 k` dcvf`jir` k`h 9176, `st` mcdmursc `s hh`vgkc g mgic pgrg bgmfhftgr hgs j`ncr`s cpcrtudfkgk`s k` d`lcmfc ` fdv`rsfcd`s. • 

K`spuæs k` su lrgd gmclfkg `d Qfurg jgdzgdg v`rk` hh`lc g Hfjg, gjphfgdkc k`

`stg bcrjg su pgdcrgjg y pct`dmfgdkc su mr`mfjf`dtc.

J`tgs> • 

Fdlr`sgdkc gh j`rmgkc k`h pgês J`xfmgdc, Jgdzgdg R`rk` tf`d` mcjc cin`tfvc

k` mcrtc y j`kfgdc phgzc> -  Hh`lgr g 7.=11 usugrfcs gmtfvcs y 2 r`stgurgdt`s `d Q`rþ. -  Hh`lgr g 711 usugrfcs y 7 r`stgurgdt` `d Jæxfmc. • 

Hg J`tg Lhcigh muhjfdgdkc `h 9191> -  Hh`lgr g 71 111 usugrfcs gmtfvcs y 01 r`stgurgdt`s `d Lugkghgngrg Lugkgh gngrg y Jcdt`rr`y -  Hh`lgr g ud jcdtc k`   ]` kfc mu`dtg qu` g hg jgycrêg k` budkgkcr`s s` h`s cmurrfý hg fk`g jf`dtrgs pgsgigd tf`jpc bu`rg k` su pgês. Qcr hc tgdtc, s` phgdt`ý gv`rflugr quæ `rg hc qu` egiêg k`trçs k` `st` tf`jpc `d `h ``xt`rfcr xt`rfcr qu` h`s kgig g hgs p`rscdgs hgs fk`gs ` fjpuhsc pgrg budkgr sus `jpr`sgs. @hhcs `dmcdtrgigd prcih`jgs qu` d`m`sftgigd s`r schumfcdgkcs k` jgd`rg `bfmf`dmfg y qu` s`g dcv`kcsc.  Mcbudkgkg pcr hcs p`rugdcs Qguhc Rghkfvf`zc y Kgdf`h Icdfbgz ^`lgrrg `d ]gdtfglc k` ]urmc  ”  Hfjg,   Hfjg, tckc `jp`zý pcr hg `xp`rf`dmfg vfvfkg pcr Qguhc hu`lc k` egi`r `stukfgkc y vfvfkc `d Gustrghfg. Qu`s mugdkc r`lr`sý g Q`rþ `d 9172, Rghkfvf`zc qu`rêg mgjifgr sus gecrrcs `d kýhgr`s gustrghfgdcs g sch`s p`rugdcs pgrg egm`r usc k` `hhcs, p`rc dc `stgig sgtfsb`mec mcd sus cpmfcd`s. @d `s` jcj`dtc, Rghkfvf`zc pckêg mgjifgr g trgvæs k` ud igdmc y pglgr udg  prfjg juy pcr `dmfjg k` hg tgsg k`h j`rmgkc, c pckêg fdt`rmgjifgr g trgvæs k` ud mgjifstg mghh`n`rc y mcrr`r `h rf`slc k` s`r `stgbgkc c r`mfifr udg jcd`kg bghsg. @d hulgr k` mcdbcrjgrs` mcd `stgs cpmfcd`s, Rghkfvf`zc r`mhutý ud `qufpc pgrg mcdstrufr Ogjifstg, y pgrg `d`rc k` 917 Dgm` mcd hcs jfsjcs pr`mfcs k` mgjifc mgjifc k` hg mghh`, p`rc mcd `h kfstfdtfvc k` cbr`m`r s`lurfkgk y mcjckfkgk gh mhf`dt`, gh p`rjftfrh` egm`r hg trgdsgmmfýd `d `h jcj`dtc y hulgr kcdk` h` s`g jçs mcdv`df`dt`.

76

 

91

 

Cin`tfvcs> Egi`r `dmcdtrgkc udg schumfýd s`dmfhhg g ud prcih`jg mcjþd> hg d`m`sfkgk `xfst`dt` k` hgs p`rscdgs pcr mgjifgr kfd`rc k` udg jgd`rg s`lurg y g udg tgsg k` mgjifc gjflgih`.

Fhustrgmfýd Qçlfdg \`i Ogjifstg, ettps>//ogjifstg.mcj/  

³Mýjc Budmfcdg3 7. 

Mctfzgs `h jcdtc g mgjifgr y s`h`mmfcdgs `d qu` mu`dtg k`s`gs

r`mfifr `h kfd`rc. 9. 

[rgdsbf`r`s `h jcdtc k`sk` tu igdmg cdhfd` g hg mu`dtg Ogjifstg

fdkfmgkg y mcds`rvgs `h mcjprcigdt`. =. 

R`rfbfmgs tu cp`rgmfýd fdlr`sgdkc `h dþj`rc k`h mcjprcigdt` y

r`mfi` `h kfd`rc `d tu mu`dtg.

Fdfmfcs y Hclrcs> Cmtuir` 9172 Dgm` hg fk`g `dtr` gjflcs qu` d`m`sftgigd mgjifgr kfd`rc,  p`rc t`dêgd jumecs prcih`jgs pgrg egm`rhc. Kfm 9172 Ogjifstg, hg prfj`rg mgsg k` mgjifc kflftgh s` efzc r`ghfkgk. @d`rc 917< Fdsmrfpmfýd `d hg ]up`rfdt`dk`dmfg ]up`rfdt`dk`dmfg k` Igdmg y ]`lurcs. jgrzc 917< Lgdgd ]tgrtup Q`rþ - 0L. Nuhfc 917< Qrfj`rg rcdkg k` mgpftgh s`jfhhg `d Ogjifstg. ]`ptf`jir` 917< - 91 jfhhcd`s k` sch`s mgjifgkcs. 91

 

97

 

Nudfc 9175 - Lgdgjcs ]tgrtup Q`rþ - 2L Cmtuir` 9175 - Lgdgkcr`s k`h mcdmursc fdt`rdgmfcdgh Ngj`s JmLufr` Iusfd`ss Qhgd Mcjp`tftfcd. Nuhfc 9176 - Girfjcs cbfmfdgs `d Grl`dtfdg. Glcstc 9176 - Qrfj`r ifhhýd k` sch`s mgjifgkcs.

]cmfcs @strgtælfmcs>  

IMQ

 

Fdt`rigdo (hfjg)

 

Igdifb

 

Iivg

 

]mctfgigdo

 

Igdmc pfmefdmeg

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Qrfdmfpgh`s Mhf`dt`s> • 

Gr`g07

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Grqu`g

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K`mc stukfc

• 

LrupcFdog

• 

Jgdkþ

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Jf jgdzgdg ]jgrt`m D`xcs

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Q`ruvfgd Gfrhfd`s

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Qrcn`mt ^uj

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[e` Bgmtcry EOG

Qhgd`s k` `xpgdkfrs` `xpgdkfrs` y hclrgr lrgd pr`s`dmfg> pr`s`dmfg> Qrfdmfpghj`dt` `d Grl`dtfdg, Grl`dtfdg, Mefh` y Jæxfmc, ctrcs j`rmgkcs hgtfdcgj`rfmgdcs qu` `dbr`dtgd jumegs k` hgs jfsjgs kfbfmuhtgk`s k` fdt`rmgjifc k` kfd`rc qu` Q`rþ. 97

 

99

 

MCDMHP]FCD@] •

 

Hg ]tgrtup `s udg fdstftumfýd eujgdg, `jpr`sgrfgh, ncv`d y jck`rdg qu`

s` mgrgmt`rfzg pcr `xpcd`rs` g rf`slcs pgrg `xp`rfj`dtgr `h brgmgsc c æxftc k` udg fk`g k` d`lcmfc fddcvgkcrg g trgvæs k`h `jph`c jêdfjc k` r`murscs y `vftgdkc `h k`sp`rkfmfc k` tf`jpc y `sbu`rzcs.

•

 

Hg J`tckchclêg H`gd ]tgrtup prcpcd` `h hgdzgjf`dtc k` hcs d`lcmfcs

k`sk` ud gpr`dkfzgn` qu` s` vg vghfkgdkc g trgvæs k`h mfrmuftc> mcdstrufr, j`kfr y gpr`dk`r.

Bflurg Yf`s, @. (9179)

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Lrgmfgs gh surlfjf`dtc y k`sgrrchhc k` hgs ]tgrtups, hgs h gs `jpr`sgs egd vfstc

jumec jçs gmm`sfih` hg fdt`rdghfzgmfýd k` sus `jpr`sgs hclrçdkchc `d mcrtc tf`jpc y qu`, r`mf`dt`j`dt`, `d `h Q`rþ `stç mcj`dzgdkc g tcjgr jgycr bu`rzg lrgmfgs g hg pgrtfmfpgmfýd k` `dtfkgk`s pþihfmgs y prfvgkgs k`h `dtcrdc.

•

 

Qck`jcs mcdmhufr qu` hgs ]tgrtups p`rugdgs pr`s`dtgkgs `d `st` fdbcrj`

k` fdv`stflgmfýd, scd ]tgrtups mcd mcstcs jêdfjcs k` fdv`rsfýd qu` iusmgd g trgvæs t rgvæs k` hg fddcvgmfýd y k` hg t`mdchclêg pr`s`dtgr ud prckumtc c s`rvfmfc qu` l`d`r` fjpgmtc k` if`d`stgr scmfgh, mr`mfjf`dtc `mcdýjfmc y `smghgifhfkgk pgrg pck`r fdt`rdgmfcdghfzgr sus `jpr`sgs. 99

 

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Y@B@Y@DMFG] IFIHFCLYÇBFMG] Hhgjgs B. y B`rdçdk`z, N. (9175). Hg j`tckchclêg H`gd stgrtup> k`sgrrchhc y gphfmgmfýd  pgrg `h `jpr`dkfjf`dtc. `jpr`dkfjf`dtc. Y`vfstg @smu`hg @smu`hg K` K` Gkjfdfstr Gkjfdfstrgmfýd gmfýd K` D`lc D`lcmfcs, mfcs, (5;). ettps>//kcf.crl/71.97705/17915721.d5;.9175.7675 ettps>//kcf.crl/71.97705/17915721.d5;.91 75.7675   Jfttg @. ` Êsjck`s, G. (917//ght`m917 ettps>//ogjifstg.mcj/ ettps>//ogjifstg.mcj/  

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