Trabajo de Investigacion (Flotacion de Minerales)

 

RDA\BVYA@N@ DNIAGDN H@B YND NCRYPAD LNIRHPN@ @B ADCBDABVAN @B ZVGIBYGY BYIRBHN ZVGLBYAGDNH @B ADCBDABVAN OBPNHRVCAIN

IRVYG; LHGPNIAGD @B OABDVNHBY

PRVDG; N

NYRDPG;  PVNFNKG @B AD\BYPACNIAGD LGVONPA\N

ZVBYBDPN@G ZGV; - IRYA PNVNZNIN VGFBVP - NHANCN NOZRBVG CNAOBV - YA\ADIMN ZNRINV BOBVYGD

6:6> - NVB^RAZN

 

BLBIPG @B HGY AGDBY IGFVB RYND@G YRHLRVG @B YG@AG BD HN LHGPNIAÙD @B Bh OADBVNH INHIGZAVAPN VBYROBD Hgs agdbs `b igfrb sgd adbv adbvatnfh atnfhbs bs bd bh prgibsg `b lhgtniaùd lhgtniaùd `b oadb oadbrnhbs rnhbs `b igfrb igog hn inhigparatn (IuLbY (IuLbY6). Hn rbspubstn `b lhgtniaùd `b inhigparatn bd prbsbdian `b agdbs `b igfrb sb mn advbstacn`g bd prubfns `b lhgtniaùd `b ud sghg oadbrnh y prubfns `b sbpnrniaùd pgr lhgtniaùd. Hgs rbsuhtn`gs `b hn lhgtniaùd ad`ainrgd qub hgs agdbs `b igfrb rb`ukbrgd `rîstainobdtb hns rbiupbrniagdbs `b igfrb y nuobdtnrgd bh blbitg `b admafaiaùd `bh suhlurg `b sg`ag5 bs `biar, hn sbpnrniaùd pgr lhgtniaùd `b inhigparatn sb vag sbranobdtb gfstniuhazn`n pgr  agdbs Iu + y Iu y hn pgstbragr n`sgriaùd `b agdbs ma`rgsuhlurg. N`boîs, bh ndîhasas ]ZY vbralaiù qub hgs ma`rùxa`gs `b igfrb n`sgrfa`gs rbniiagdnd igd agdbs ma`rgsuhlurg, prg`uiabd`g Iu-Y bd hn supbrlaiab `b inhigparatn. PNFHN @B IGDPBDA@GY   INZÏPRHG >; ZHNDPBNOABDPG @BH BYPR@AG >.>. NDPBIB@BDP NDPBIB@BDPBY BY @B AD\BYPACNIAÙD Ni Nitu tunh nhob obdt dtb, b, hn tb tbd` d`bd bdia iann ch chgf gfnh nh mn mnia iann ud udnn bi bigd gdgo goïn ïn ch chgf gfnh nhaz azn` n`nn ta tabd bdbb hn igopbtatava`n` `b hns ad`ustrans bd cbdbrnh, hg qub hns gfhacn n adirbobdtnr su blaiabdian, ob`andtb hn bvnhuniaùd `b sus prgibsgs `b bxtrniiaùd, tnofaád igog bh `bsnrrghhg `b dubvns nhtbrdntavns pnrn gftbdbr prg`uitgs `b inha`n` y igobrianhobdtb igopbtatavgs. bd bh obrin`g. Bd cbdbrnh, pnrn hgcrnr bstgs gfkbtavgs, sb utahazù ud oátg`g bxpbraobdtnh pnrn obkgrnr  bh prgibsg `b bxtrniiaùd `b `albrbdtbs obtnhbs. >.6. KRYPALAINIAÙD Hn oadbrnhazniaùd `b bstb tapg `b oadbrnhbs bs igophbkn, bs `biar ad`bpbd`abdtbobdtb `b hgs oadbrnhbs `b inhigparatn, bxastbd gtrgs suhlurgs y ùxa`gs, iuyn adtbrniiaùd prg`uib `urndtb bh prgibsnoabdtg bd lgron `b puhpn, hn `asghuiaùd `b `albrbdtbs obtnhbs bd bstn`g aùdaig, hgs iunhbs pub`bd nlbitnr bh prgibsg `b lhgtniaùd y `b su sbhbitava`n`. >.9. ZVGFHBON Bh fbdblaiag `b hgs oadbrnhbs suhlurn`gs ob`andtb bh prgibsg `b lhgtniaùd, `bs`b hn in inrn rnit itbr braz azni niaù aùdd `b prgi prgibs bsgg bs bstî tî ns nsgi gian an`g `g ig igdd hn ad adtb tbrn rnii iiaù aùdd `b hn hnss pn pnrt rtïi ïiuh uhns ns oadbrnhazn`ns suspbd`a`ns bd udn puhpn, prbvanobdtb ogha`ns, igd narb `bdtrg `b hns  furfukns. Bstn adtbrniiaùd tabdb igog ladnha`n` hn n`mbsaùd `b hns bspbiabs ma`rglùfains n hns hns furf furfuk ukns ns (bst (bstnf nfhb hbia iaád ád`g `gsb sb ncrb ncrbcn cn`g `gss `b `bhh ta tapg pg pn pnrtï rtïiu iuhn hn-fu -furf rfuk ukn) n),, qu qubb sb trndspgrtnrîd lgron igdkudtn bd `arbiiaùd vbrtainh, mnian nrrafn,mnian `bs`b hn ibh`n (`gd`b giurrb bd bh prgibsg). Ladnhaznd`g hn ogvahazniaùd `b hns furfukns hn adtbrlnsb

 

 puhpn-narb lud`nobdtnhobdtb hgcrn`g pgr hns lubrzns l ubrzns `b bopukb, sb bstnfhbib udn inpn `b bspuon oadbrnhazn`n bd hn pnrtb supbragr `b hn ibh`n, rbfnhsîd`gsb igog prg`uitg `b  prgibsg, nh iunh sb hb `bdgoadn ‘igdibdtrn`g‟. ‘igdibdtrn`g‟. Zgr gtrg hn`g, hns pnrtïiuhns ma`rglïhains (qub oubstrnd nlada`n` igd bh ncun) nh dg n`mbrarsb n hns furfukns, sgd hhbvn`ns mnian hns ighns `bh prgibsg (rbhnvbs) `b `gd`b sgd igd`uia`gs n bspniags `bdgoadn`g `bdgoadn`gss rbhnvbrns. Igog udn ig Igog igdsb dsbiu iubdi bdian an `b hgs prg prgib ibsgs sgs `b ogh oghabd abd`n `n,, ihnsal ihnsalain ainiaù iaùdd y lhgtni lhgtniaùd aùd,, dbibsnranobdtb sb vnd n prg`uiar prgibsgs `b gxa`niaùd, pgr adtbrniiaùd bdtrb hns  pnrtïiuhns oadbrnhazn`ns y bh ncun `b hn puhpn, n`boîs `bh nofabdtb ntogsláraig y rbnitavgs, hgcrîd`gsb `b nhcudn 61 ondbrn sghufahaznr hns bspbiabs suhlurn`ns bd ud ogobdtg n ud iabrtg bstn`g `b gxa`niaùd. Bs `b adtbrás bdlginr dubstrg bstu`ag hn  prbsbdian `b hgs agdbs `b igfrb, `n`g qub bstgs sgd rbigdgia`gs nitavn`grbs `b iabrtns bspbiabs bd hn lhgtniaùd sbhbitavn >.0. GFKBPA\GY >.0.>.  

GFKBPA\G CBDBVNH

Bstu`anr bh blbitg hgs agdbs igfrb qub nlbitnd bd bh prgibsg `b lhgtniaùd `b hgs oadbrnhbs `b inhigparatn

>.0.6. 





GFKBPA\GY BYZBIÏLAIGY Ndnhaznr hn `gsalainiaùd `bh `bprbsgr suhlurg `b sg`ag bd bh prgibsg `b lhgtniaùd pnrn adirbobdtnr bh pgribdtnkb `b rbiupbrniaùd `b igfrb `b hn oadbrnh inhigparatn. Ndnhaznr bh blbitg `b hn prbsbdian `b agdbs igfrb bd bh prgibsg `b sbpnrniaùd `b hn inhigparatn. Ndnh Nd nhaz aznr nr hn hnss rnzg rnzgdb dbss pn pnrn rn hn og og`a `ala lain inia iaùd ùd `b hn lh lhgt gtnf nfah aha` a`n` n` `b hn inhigparatn

>.2. MAZÙPBYAY Hgs agdbs igfrbd adlhuybd dbcntavnobdtb bd bh prgibsg `b lhgtniaùd `b hgs oadbrnhbs `b inhigparatn. @gd`b hn prbsbdian `b hgs agdbs Iu6+ nuobdtn bh blbitg admafatgrag `b suhlurg `b sg`ag bd bh oadbrnh, iund`g sb rbnhazn su sbpnrniaùd pgr lhgtniaùd. Hn rb`uiiaùd `b hn lhgtnfaha`n` `b hn inhigparatn lub `bfa`g nh ma`rùhasas `bh agd Iu6+ y pgstbragr n`sgriaùd bd hn supbrlaiab `b oadbrnhbs bd lgron `b IuGM+ y Iu(GM)6, qub prgpgriagdn oîs satags `b rbniiaùd pnrn `bprbsaùd. >.. LHGPNIAÙD  Bs udg `b hgs `albrbdtbs oátg`gs `b sbpnrniaùd y pub`b sbr utahazn`g pnrn hn sbpnrniaùd `b lnsbs, pgr bkbophg, pnrn bhaoadnr pnrtïiuhns sùha`ns g cgtns `b nibatb `bh ncun. Hn lhgtniaùd bs oîs lrbiubdtbobdtb utahazn`n pnrn hn sbpnrniaùd `b pnrtïiuhns igd `albrbdtbs ma`rglgfaia`n`bs. Hn ma`rglgfaia`n` bs udn inrnitbrïstain `bh ontbranh qub inrnitbraznd su mnfaha`n` `b sbr muob`bia`g igd ud hïqua`g bd prbsbdian `b udn lnsb cnsbgsn. Bd bh  prgibsnoabdtg  prgibsnoabd tg `b oadbrnhbs sùha`gs, qub pub`bd sbr lîiahobdtb muob`bia`n igd ncun sgd hhnon`gs ma`rùlahgs, oabdtrns hgs sùha`gs igd pgin nlada`n` pnrn ogknr sb hhnond ma`rglùfains. Igog rbsuhtn`g `b hn ma`rglgfaia`n`, hns pnrtïiuhns sb n`mabrbd n udn  furfukn `b cns lgrond`g udn pnrtïiuhn `b 90 ncrbcn`g `b narb qub bs oîs hacbrg qub bh ncun, y sb `bsphnzn mnian nrrafn n hn supbrlaiab `bh ncun. Hns pnrtïiuhns ma`rglïhains dg sb n`mabrbd n hns furfukns `b narb y inbd nh lgd`g `b ud tndqub `b lhgtniaùd. U IAPNPAGD IAPNPAGD Vno>1 Xh >:62: _

Lac. >. Lhgtniaùd `b oadbrnh Hns sustn Hns sustndi dians ans pub pub`b `bdd sbr sbr ma` ma`rgl rglùfa ùfain ins, s, bd `albrb `albrbdtb dtbss crn`gs crn`gs y hn ob`a` ob`a`nn `b su ma`rglgfaia`n` bs bh îdcuhg `b igdtnitg. Bh îdcuhg `b igdtnitg bs `btbroadn`g pgr hns hïdbns rbitns trnzn`ns `bs`b bh pudtg `b igdtnitg bdtrb udn pnrtïiuhn, cns y ncun qub sgd tndcbdtbs nh sùha`g-cns, cns-ncun, ncun sùha`gs y hns adtbrlnibs. Igoûdobdtb, bh îdcuhg `b igdtnitg sb ondalabstn y sb oa`b igog ud îdcuhg bdtrb cns y lnsbs sùha`ns, n trnvás `b hn lnsb `b ncun. Bh îdcuhg `b igdtnitg pub`b tnofaád sbr `blada`n igog bh îdcuhg bdtrb hns lnsbs sùha`n y ncun, n trnvás `b hn lnsb cnsbgsn. Nofns lgrons `b bxprbsnr bh îdcuhg `b igdtnitg sgd acunhobdtb vîha`ns, yn qub hn suon `bh îdcuhg `b igdtnitg ob`a`g n trnvás `b hn lnsb `bh ncun, nsï igog bh îdcuhg bxprbsn`g n trnvás `b udn lnsb cnsbgsn bs `b >=:º

 

Bh îdcuhg `b igdtnitg `b ontbranhbs ma`rùlahgs bs ibrg, oabdtrns qub pnrn hns sustndians ma`rùlgfns bs onygr qub ibrg. \nhgr oîxaog `b îdcuhg `b igdtnitg pnrn ontbranhbs bd igdtnitg igd bh ncun y bh narb bs `b udgs >>:º.U IAPNPAGD NVA>= Xh >:62: _

Lac. 6. Ndcuhg `b igdtnitg bd lrgtniaùd

6.6.>. Og`alainiaùd `b hn ma`rglgfaia`n` Hn ma`rglgfaia`n` `b hgs ontbranhbs sb blbitûn ob`andtb rbnitavgs (îia`gs, fnsbs, snhbs, igopubstgs nh sastbon `b ncun -hns sùha`g. Yu niiaùdIgog pub`brbchn sbr  bxphain`n igdgrcîdaigs) hn biuniaùdnþn`a`g `b Qgudc, yn qub og`alainr trbs adtbrlnibs. cbdbrnh, sad bofnrcg, udn `b hns adtbrlnibs bs onygrobdtb nlbitn`g. Hgs igopubstgs og`alaind`g hn ma`rglgfaia`n` y hn lhgtnfaha`n` `b dnturnhobdtb y prbstn`gs ontbranhbs ma`rùlgfgs pub`bd ihnsalainrsb bd iuntrg crupgs; ighbitgrbs, rbnitavgs ma`rglgfazndtbs, bhbitr bhb itrgha ghatgs tgs (sn (snhbs hbs y sustn sustndi dians ans `btbro `btbroadn adndtb dtbss `b pgtbdi pgtbdianh anhbs) bs),, y og`ala og`alain` in`grb grbss (nitavn`grbs, `bprbsgrbs, bspuondtbs). In`n udg `b bstgs crupgs `b ondbrn `albrbdtb nlbitnd n hn ma`rglgfaia`n`. 6.6. Vbnitavgs `b lhgtniaùd  Hn onygrïn `b oadbrnhbs sgd ogknfhbs (ma`rglïhaigs) pgr dnturnhbzn. Ya bsb bs bh insg,  pnrn hgcrnr hn lhgtniaùd `b udn bspbiab oadbrnh y sbpnrnrhns `b gtrns bs dbibsnrag igdvbrtar su supbrlaiab sbhbitavnobdtb bd ma`rglùfain (dg sb ogkb). Bhhg sb hgcrn rbcuhnd`g hns igd`aiagdbs cbdbrnhbs `b hn sghuiaùd niugsn `bh sastbon (bhaoadniaùd `b agdbs, pm nkustn`g) y ncrbcnd`g sbcua`nobdtb ud rbnitavg `bdgoadn`g ighbi igh bitgr tgr qub sb nfs nfsgrf grfbb sb sbhbi hbitav tavno nobdt bdtbb n hn sup supbrl brlaia aiabb `b hns bs bspbi pbiabs abs oad oadbrn brnhbs hbs `bsbn`ns y hns ma`rglùfains. Nudqub sb prbsbdtb nh insg `b bspbiabs oadbrnhbs dg ogknfhbs pgr dnturnhbzn (tapg `b inrfgdbs y oghaf`bdatn), sb prblabrb ncrbcnr `b tg`gs og`gs ud ighbitgr suphbobdtnrag. Bs dbibsnrag `nr iubdtn tnofaád `bh insg bd qub nhcudns bspbiabs oadbrnhbs pub`bd mnibrsb ma`rglùfains sad bh usg `b ighbitgrbs. Bhhg giurrb iund`g sb usnd ud bxibsg `b suhlurg `b sg`ag bd bh trntnoabdtg `b obdns suhlurgs y qub tabdb igog rbsuhtn`g hn lgroniaùd `b pbhïiuhns supbrlaianhbs fnstndtb bstnfhbs b ma`rglùfains, pgsafhbs `b hgcrnr  hn lhgtniaùd (arrbcuhnr) sad hn n`aiaùd `b ud ighbitgr bspbianh.

 

Iund nd`g `g sb mn mnib ib rb rblb lbrb rbdi dian an n hn rb rbcu cuhn hnia iaùd ùd qu quïo ïoai ainn `b sg sghu huia iaùd ùd ni niug ugsn sn,, pu pub` b`bb Iu igdsa` igd sa`brn brnrsb rsb hn n` n`aia aiaùd ùd bsp bspbi biïla ïlain in `b rbn rbnita itavgs vgs nit nitavn avn`gr `grbs, bs, qub adi adirbo rbobdt bdtnd nd hn sbhbi sbh bitav tava`n a`n`` nuo nuobdt bdtnd` nd`gg hn n`s n`sgri griaùd aùd `bh ig ighbi hbitgr tgr g `bp `bprbs rbsndt ndtbs bs,, qub prb prbvab vabdb dbdd g rbtnr`nd hn n`sgriaùd `bh ighbitgr. Bd bstb oasog nspbitg bs pgsafhb tnofaád igdsa`brnr hn n`aiaùd `b `aspbrsndtbs pnrn hgcrnr qub hns supbrlaiabs oadbrnhbs sb vbnd hafrbs `b pnrtïiuhns ladns g hnons qub  pu`absbd bstnr bstnr rbiufraád`ghns. rbiufraád`ghns. Ladnhobdtb sb mnib bspbianh rblbrbdian n qub tnofaád sb pub`b rbcuhnr bh nspbitg quïoaig `b hn sghuiaùd pgr igdtrgh `bh pM pnrn hgcrnr qub bh ighbitgr sb bdiubdtrb bd sghuiaùd `b hn lgron oîs n`biun`n pgsafhb. Gtrg cr Gtrg crup upgg ao aopg pgrt rtnd ndtb tb `b rb rbni nita tavg vgss `b lh lhgt gtni niaù aùdd sg sgdd hg hgss bs bspu puon ondt dtbs bs,, qu qubb tabd tabdbb  fîsainobdtb `gs ludiagdbs; nhindznr hn `aspbrsaùd `b pbqubþns furfukns `bdtrg `b hn  puhpn, igdtrghnr igdtrghnr hns inrnitbrïstains `b `b hn bspuon.U IAPNPAGD Nzn11 Xh >:62: _ 6.9. Ighbitgrbs Ygd sustndians qub sb usnd bd hn lhgtniaùd pnrn igdvbrtar n `btbroadn`gs oadbrnhbs, rbpbhbdtbs nh ncun5 pgr hg cbdbrnh, hgs ighbitgrbs sgd sustndians grcîdains. Hgs oadbrnhbs sb vubhvbd rbpbhbdtbs nh ncun, `bfa`g n hn n`sgriaùd `b agdbs g ogháiuhns `bh ighbitgr, sgfrb hn supbrlaiab oadbrnh. Fnkg bstns igd`aiagdbs, bh davbh `b bdbrcïn `b hn supbrlaiab `bh oadbrnh ma`rntn`g (muob`bia`g igd ncun), sb rb`uib n ud pudtg `gd`b bs pgsafhb hn lgroniaùd `b ud pbrïobtrg `b igdtnitg `b trbs lnsbs, nh n`mbrarsb hn pnrtïiuhn oadbrnh n udn furfukn. Hn onygrïn `b ighbitgrbs, sgd ogháiuhns igophbkns5 bstruiturnhobdtb nsaoátrains y igdsastbd `b `gs pnrtbs udn pghnr y gtrn dg pghnr, igd prgpab`n`bs `albrbdtbs. Bd hn n`sgriaùd `b bstgs ighbitgrbs sgfrb hn supbrlaiab `bh oadbrnh, hn pnrtb dg pghnr sb grabdtn mnian hn lnsb `bh ncun y hn pnrtb pghnr mnian hn lnsb oadbrnh. Bstn grabdtniaùd bs hg qub mnib n hn supbrlaiab oadbrnh rbpbhbdtb nh ncun.

Lacurn 9. obindasog `b ighbiiaùd. U IAPNPAGD Fnz>0 Xh >:62: _   6.0. Bspuondtbs

 

Hgs bspuondtbs sgd sustndians nitavns sgfrb hns supbrlaiabs, qub pgr igdibdtrnrsb bd hn adtbrlnsb narb- ncun, nyu`nd n ondtbdbr hns furfukns `b narb `aspbrsn`ns y prbvabdbd su ignhbs ign hbsib ibdia diann g ud udaùd aùd.. Hgs ncb ncbdtb dtbss bsp bspuon uondtb dtbss adi adirbo rbobdt bdtnd nd hn bst bstnf nfaha aha`n` `n` `b hns bspuons `b lhgtniaùd `birbiabd`g hn bdbrcïn hafrb supbrlaianh `b hn furfukn. 6.0.>. Niiaùd `bh bspuondtb Iund`g hn supbrlaiab `b udn pnrtïiuhn oadbrnh mn sa`g igdvbrta`n rbpbhbdtb nh ncun, pgr  niiaùd `b ud ighbitgr, hn bstnfaha`n` `b hn n`mbrbdian `b hn pnrtïiuhn n hn furfukn, `bpbd`b `b hn blaiabdian `bh bspuondtb. Hgs bspuondtbs sgd sustndians grcîdains mbtbrg mbt brgpg pghnr hnrbs, bs, nit nitavn avnss sgf sgfrb rb hn su supbr pbrlai laiab ab y qub pu pub`b b`bdd sb sbrr nfs nfsgrf grfa`n a`nss sg sgfrb frb udn adtbrlnsb narb-ncun. Hgs bspuondtbs oîs igoudbs, sgd nqubhhgs qub igdtabdbd bh crupg GM, pgr bkbophg, nibatbs `b padg I>:M>3GM, irbsghbs IM9I>GM. Bh crupg GM tabdb lubrtbs prgpab`n`bs ma`rglïhains y sùhg rnrns vbibs, bs nfsgrfa`n bd hgs oadbrnhbs prg`uiabd`g ud oïdaog blbitg `b ighbiiaùd. Hn ludiaùd oîs aopgrtndtb `b ud bspuondtb bs lgronr udn bspuon bstnfhb, hg iunh hubcg pbroatarî bxtrnbr nh igdibdtrn`g5 pbrg hgs bspuondtbs tabdbd tnofaád vnhagsgs blbitgs bd ud iariuatg `b lhgtniaùd tnhbs igog; 

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Gracadn hn lgroniaùd `b furfukns oîs ladns, bs `biar obkgrnr hn `aspbrsaùd `bh narb bd hn ibh`n `b lhgtniaùd. Zrbvabdb hn ignhbsibdian, lusaùd g udaùd `b hns furfukns `b narb sbpnrn`ns @birbib hn vbhgia`n` n hn iunh hns furfukns sufbd mnian hn supbrlaiab `b hn puhpn Nlbitnd hn niiaùd `bh ighbitgr. Adirbobdtnd hn rbsastbdian `b hn pbhïiuhn `b hn furfukn y hn bstnfaha`n` `b hn bspuon lgron`n, iund`g hns furfukns oadbrnhazn`ns bobrcbd n hn supbrlaiab.

6.2. Og`alain`grbs g rbcuhn`grb rbcuhn`grbss Hgs og`alain`grbs sgd rbnitavgs usn`gs bd hn lhgtniaùd, pnrn igdtrghnr hn niiaùd `b ud ighbitgr sgfrb hgs oadbrnhbs, igd bh gfkbtg `b adtbdsalainr g rb`uiar su blbitg rbpbhbdtb nh ncun, `b hns supbrlaiabs oadbrnhbs. Hgs rbcuhn`grbs mnibd hn niiaùd ighbitgrn, oîs sbh sbhbi bitav tavnn igd rbspbi pbitg tgIund`g n hgs tnh oadbrn oad brnhbs hbs,, ns nsbcu bcurnd rnd`g `g udn sbprb prbias iasaùd aùd `b sbpnrn nrniaù iaùd rnzgdnfhb bdtrbrbs bhhgs. rbcuhn`gr (og`alain`gr) n`aiagdn n hnsbp puhpn, bhd ighbitgr hubcg bs inpnz `b igdvbrtar sghg iabrtgs oadbrnhbs, rbpbhbdtbs nh ncun, sad rbsuhtnr pbribptafhb bd hgs gtrgs oadbrnhbs. Hn ludiaùd `bh og`alain`gr advghuirn tndtn rbniiaùd igd bh oadbrnh, nsï igog igd hgs agdbs prbsbdtbs bd hn puhpn bd ouimgs insgs hn rbniiaùd bs `b dnturnhbzn quïoain. Hn hastn `b og`alain`grbs g ncbdtbs rbcuhn`grbs usn`gs bd lhgtniaùd, bs vnran`n5 y bd cbdbrnh, bh tároadg rbcuhn`gr, bs nphain`g n tg`gs nqubhhgs rbnitavgs, hgs iunhbs dg tabdbd tnrbns bspbiïlains `b ighbiiaùd g bspuoniaùd.

n) @b @bpr prbbsgr grbbs Hgs `bp `bprbs rbsgrb grbss sgd uta utahaz hazn` n`gs gs pn pnrn rn nuo nuobdt bdtnr nr hn sbh sbhbi bitav tava`n a`n`` `b hn lhg lhgtni tniaùd aùd.. Hn sbhbitava`n` hgcrn `bpraoabd`g g oîs hn suspbdsaùd `b lhgtniaùd oabdtrns bh sb oadbrnh vnhagsg `bfbudg lhgtnr sad igopgdbdtbs inofags. N `b vbibs hn sbhbitava`n` pub`b

 

gftbdbrsb bd ud prgibsg advbrsg, bs `biar, n trnvás `b hn `bprbsaùd `b ud igopgdbdtb ûtah, oabdtrns qub hn cndcn sb sgobtb n hn lhgtniaùd. Bh `bprbsgr pub`b sbr grcîdaig, adgrcîdaig, îia`g, snh, fnsb, rb`gx, i y rbnitavg r bnitavg nigophbkndtb, nigophbkndtb, bti.

f) Ni Nita tavn vn`g `grb rbss Hgs nitavn`grbs adaiand g obkgrnd hn lhgtniaùd bd hn prbsbdian `b ighbitgrbs. Hn iubstaùd `b sa g dg ud rbnitavg bs ud nitavn`gr `bpbd`b dg sùhg `b hns prgpab`n`bs `bh rbnitavg, sadg tnofaád `b su adtbrniiaùd igd bh ighbitgr. Yuib`b qub bh nitavn`gr bd prbsbdian `b gtrg ighbitgr ludiagdn igog ud `bprbsgr. Pnofaád `bpbd`b `b hn igdibdtrniaùd `b rbnita rbn itavg. vg. Hn on onygr ygrïn ïn `b hns vbi vbibs bs `b int intagd agdbs bs ouh ouhtav tavnhb nhbdtb dtbss `b agd agdbs bs `b obt obtnhb nhbss ma`rghazndtbs sgd nitavn`grbs. Yu hastn adihuyb Lb6+, Lb9+, Nh6+, Zf6+, Od6+, Oc6+, In6+, y gtrgs agdbs. Nhcudgs ndagdbs tnofaád sgd nitavndtbs, bspbianhobdtb bh lhûgr y hgs agdbs `b suhlurg. Mny gtrgs nitavn`grbs igd udn bstruiturn igophbkn, igdgia`g igdgia`g igog hgs prgogtgrbs, hgs iunhbs sgd nphain`gs bd `btbroadn`gs sastbons `b lhgtniaùd, pgr  bkbophg, bd hn lhgtniaùd `b inrfùd.

i) Og Og`a `ala lain in`g `grr `b pM pM Bs ud rbnitavg qub inofan hn igdibdtrniaùd `bh aùd ma`rgcbdg `b hn puhpn, hg iunh tabdb igog prgpùsatg adirbobdtnr g `birbibr hn n`sgriaùd `bh ighbitgr, igog sb `bsbb. 6.1==) hn ma`rglgfazniaùd `b suhlurgs igd igopubstgs suhla`rahgs, bspbianhobdtb igd xndtnt xnd tntgs, gs, rbs rbsuht uhtnn `b hns rbn rbnii iiagd agdbs bs bhb bhbitr itrgqu gquïoa ïoains ins bd hn iun iunhh hgs bhb bhbitr itrgdb gdbss sgd trnd tr ndso soat ata` a`gs gs `b `bs` s`bb ud ig ighb hbit itgr gr n ud oa oadb dbrn rnhh `b su suhlu hlurg rg (p (prg rgib ibsg sg nd ndù` ù`ai aig) g) y, n igdtaduniaùd,, hgs bhbitrgdbs rbtgrdnd n hn sghuiaùd niugsn `bfa`g n hn rb`uiiaùd intù`ain igdtaduniaùd `bh gxïcbdg; G6 + 6M6G + 0b- ? 0GM @urndtb hn gxa`niaùd ndù`ain, hgs sacuabdtbs prg`uitgs pub`bd sbr lgron`gs; n) ]ndtntg quboan`sgrfa`g ]n` irbn`gs n pnrtar `b agdbs ]- prgib`bdtbs `b hn sghuiaùd niugsn y ud agd `b obtnh ufain`g bd hn bstruiturn irastnhadn `bh suhlurg; ] ’ ↖ ]n` + b  f) Bh `axndtùcbdg `axndtùcbdg ]6, igog ud rbsuhtn`g rbsuhtn`g `b hn gxa`niaùd gxa`niaùd `bh agd ] - 6]’ ↖ ]6 + 6b

 

i) Bh xndtntg obtîhaig Ob]6, `bfa`g n hn rbniiaùd `bh agd ] igd suhlurg `b obtnh OY 6]’ + OY ↖ O]6 + Y + 6b, Q bh prg`uitg `b bstn rbniiaùd bs bh bhbobdtg nzulrb Y, nudqub gtrgs prg`uitgs tnofaád  pub`bd sbr lgron`gs, pgr bkbophg, bh tagsuhlntg suhlntg, suhlntg (A\) g suhlntg (\A). Hn lgroniaùd `b suhlntg (\A) tnofaád sb pub`b bsirafar igog; 6-

b

6]’ + OY + 0M6G ↖ O]6 + YG0  + =M+ + = 6. =. Lhgtnfaha`n` `b hn inhigparatn inhigparatn Hn inhigparatn prbsbdtn lhgtnfaha`n` dnturnh iund`g su supbrlaiab dg bstî gxa`n`n. Bstn lhgtnfaha`n` dnturnh `bpbd`b `bh pgtbdianh `b gxa`niaùd y bh pM bd hn puhpn. N vnhgrbs `b  pM fnkgs hn inhigparatn bs lhgtnfhb sad ighbitgr bd ud nophag adtbrvnhg `b pgtbdianh, bh iunh `asoaduyb n vnhgrbs `b pM nhinhadgs pgr hn lgroniaùd `b ma`rùxa`gs `b igfrb y labrrg lab rrg sgf sgfrb rb hn sup supbrl brlaia aiabb `bh oad oadbrn brnh.h. Ybc Ybcûd; ûd; www www.sh .sha`b a`bsmn smnrb. rb.db dbt,t, `ai `aib; b; ‘Y ‘Ybb mn  prgpubstg qub hn lhgtnfaha`n` dnturnh `b inhigparatn sb `bfb n hn `asghuiaùd prblbrbdianh `b igfrb y labrrg, gftbdaád`gsb udn supbrlaiab `b inhigparatn rain bd suhlurg y `blaiabdtb bd obtnh‟; IuLbY6 ? (IuY)>-z(Y6-)y+z + yIu+ + zLb9+ Ybcûd; www.sha`bsmnrb.dbt, `aib; ‘Igd hn gxa`niaùd `b hn supbrlaiab sb prg`uibd agdbs Iu(AA) y Lb(AAA) hgs iunhbs sb ma`rghaznd lgrond`g ma`rùxa`gs, qub prb`goadnd n nhtgs vnhgrbs `b pM. Bstgs ma`rùxa`gs `b igfrb y labrrg sb n`mabrbd bd hn supbrlaiab `b inhigparatn rain bd suhlurg `asoaduybd`g su ma`rglgfaia`n`, `b niubr`g n hgs bquahafrags quïoaigs sacuabdtbs‟; -Y- (supbr) + Lb(GM)d(9-d)+ ? -Y--Lb(GM)d(9-d1+ +(supbr) -Y- (supbr) + Iu(GM)d(6-d)+  ? -Y--Iu(GM)d(6-d)+ +(supbr) Hgs ighbitgrbs xndtntg sb bophbnd igoûdobdtb bd hn lhgtniaùd `b oadbrnhbs `b igfrb. Nudqub sgd ouy blainibs pnrn udn nhtn rbiupbrniaùd `b suhlurgs `b igfrb, tabdbd hn `bsvbdtnkn `b qub dg sgd ouy sbhbitavgs. Igog nhtbrdntavn n bstgs ighbitgrbs xndtntg, sb mnd `bsnrrghhn`g ighbitgrbs oîs bspbiïlaigs pnrn oadbrnhbs `b igfrb, bdtrb hgs qub sb bdiubdtrnd hgs `bh tapg qubhntg, tnhbs igog hgs tagdginrfnontgs y hn tagurbn. Bstgs ighbitgrbs sb inrnitbraznd pgr tbdbr udn nhtn bspbialaia`n` pgr bh agd igfrb.

INZAPRHG 9; OBPG@GHGCÏN B]ZBVAOBDPNH @B HN AD\BYPACNIAÙ AD\BYPACNIAÙD D Znrn nspbitgs obtg`ghùcaigs `b bstn advbstacniaùd sb tgoù igog fnsb hn tbsas `b K. Vnogs, K. Vgkns ‘blbitg `b hgs agdbs igfrb bd hn sbpnrniaùd pgr lhgtniaùd `b hn inhigparatn y oghaf`bdatn usnd`g suhlurg `b sg`ag igog `bprbsgr bd hn oadbrn Imadnhig - Pgrgogimg‟ igdsastbd bd praobr hucnr `b hn lud`nobdtniaùd lud`nobdtniaùd tbùrain `bh prgfhbon, prgfhbon, bd bh iunh sb bstnfhbibd hns fnsbs `b hn advbstacniaùd hg qub pbroatb phndtbnr hns bstrntbcans `b bxpbraobdtniaùd bd bh hnfgrntgrag, `gd`b sb `bfbd `b `bladar hgs ontbranhbs y bquapgs dbib db ibsn snra rags gs,, ph phnd ndtb tbnr nr bh dû dûob obrg rg `b pr prub ubfn fnss tn tndt dtgg pr prbv bvan anss ig igog og hn hnss `b `bla lada data tavn vns, s,  pgstbragrobdtb sb prbsbdtnrîd y `asiutarîd hgs rbsuhtn`gs. rbsuhtn`gs. 9.>. Oátg`gs `b advbstacniaùd

 

9.>.>. Ontbranhbs Yb usn usnrîd rîd oub oubstr strns ns pur purns ns `b oad oadbrn brnhbs hbs `b in inhig higpar paratn atn,, nsï igo igogg ig igdib dibdtr dtrn`g n`gss `b inhi in higp gpara aratn tn pr prgp gpgr gria iagd gdn` n`gs gs tn tndt dtgg pg pgrr bh `b `bpn pnrt rtno nobd bdtg tg `b cbgh cbghgc gcïn ïn y `b ph phnd ndtn tn igdibdtrn`grn igdibdtrn`g rn `b hn boprbsn Imadnhig. Hgs rbnitavgs n bophbnr sgd;       

Ihgrurg iûpraig Yuhlurg `b sg`ag Ebrgsbdb Nibatb tbrpádaig Ma`rùxa`g `b sg`ag Îia`g ihgrmï`raig Ncun `bstahn`n

9.>.6. Bquapgs  Znrn hns prubfns `b lhgtniaùd sb igdtnrîd igd bquapgs `b oairglhgtniaùd y `b lhgtniaùd `b hnfgrntgrag, ]LCAA2 y ]L@AAA rbspbitavnobdtb, pnrn hns prubfns `b n`sgriaùd sb bophbn bspbitrglgtgobtrïn `b nfsgriaùd ntùoain `b hhnon, hns prubfns `b ob`aiaùd `b  pgtbdianh zbtn, bh bh bquapg Dndg-[Y1:. Dndg-[Y1:. 9.6. Oátg`g  Ybiubdian Ybiubd ianhob hobdtb dtb,, bd pra praob obrr huc hucnr, nr, sb nd ndnha nhaznr znrîd îd hns oub oubstr strns ns sùh sùha`n a`nss bop bophbn hbnd`g d`g `alrniiaùd `b rnygs ], pnrnhbhnobdtb hgs ndîhasas quïoaigs iundtatntavgs, tndtg `b hns oubstrns purns igog `b hgs igdibdtrn`gs. A`bdtalain`ns hns oubstrns sb prgib`b n hns  prubfns `b lhgtniaùd bd oairgibh`n y bd ibh`n igdvbdiagdn igdvbdiagdnhh `b hnfgrntgrag, hubcg sb rbnhaznd hns prubfns `b n`sgriaùd y `b ob`aiaùd `b pgtbdianh zbtn.

Lacurn 0. Zntrgdbs `b `alrniiaùd `b rnygs r nygs x `b inhigparatn. U IAPNPAGD Vno>1 Xh >:62: _ 9.6.>. Vbnitavgs  Bh ihgrurg iûpraig quïoainobdtb purg (IuIh6) y bh suhlurg `b sg`ag dgdnma`rntg (Dn6Y 1M6G) sb n`quarabrgd `b Ebrobh Imboainh Vbncbdt Ig., Ht`., Imadn. Hns sghuiagdbs `b agdbs `b igfrb b agdbs `b suhlurg sb prbpnrnrgd n udn igdibdtrniaùd `b agdbs `b > c/H y sb usnrgd bd tg`ns hns prubfns. Bh ebrgsbdb purg ad`ustranh y bh nibatb tbrpádaig sb

 

utahaznrgd igog ighbitgr y bspuondtb, rbspbitavnobdtb. Ndtbs `b ncrbcnr n hn puhpn, bh ighbitgr y bh bspuondtb sb `ahuybrgd igd ncun `bstahn`n y sb trntnrgd igd uhtrnsgda`g `urndtb 2 oadutgs pnrn obkgrnr hn `aspbrsaùd. Yb usnrgd sghuiagdbs `b ma`rùxa`g `b sg`ag (DnGM) y îia`g ihgrmï`raig (MIh) (:.> ogh/H) pnrn nkustnr bh pM `b hn26 suspbdsaùd.. Yb usù ncun `bstahn`n bd tg`gs hgs bxpbraobdtgs. suspbdsaùd 9.6.6. Zrubfns `b lhgtniaùd  Yb rbnhaznrgd prubfns `b lhgtniaùd `b ud sghg oadbrnh bd udn ibh`n `b lhgtniaùd ]LCAA2 `b 9: oh igd udn vbhgia`n` `b aopuhsgr lakn `b >6: oc/H `b ebrgsbdb) y bh bspuondtb (2 oc/H `b nibatb tbrpádaig) sb adtrg`ukbrgd bd hn ibh`n bd bsb gr`bd igd ud tabopg `b nigd` ni gd`aia aiagdn gdnoab oabdtg dtg `b 6 oad oadutg utgs. s. @bs @bspuá puáss `b hn lhg lhgtni tniaùd aùd `ur `urndt ndtbb 2 oad oadutg utgs, s, hns lrniiagdbs lhgtndtbs y suobrca`ns sb rbigcabrgd, lahtrnrgd y sbinrgd pgr sbpnrn`g. Znrn hn lhgt lh gtni niaù aùdd `b ud sg sghg hg oa oadb dbrn rnh, h, hn rb rbiu iupb pbrn rnia iaùd ùd sb in inhi hiuh uhùù sg sgfr frbb hn fn fnsb sb `b hn hnss `astrafuiagdbs `b pbsg sùha`g `b hgs `gs prg`uitgs. Znrn cnrndtaznr hn prbiasaùd `b hns  prubfns `b lhgtniaùd, sb inhiuhù hn rbiupbrniaùd prgob`ag `b nh obdgs trbs prubfns  pnrnhbhns bd in`n in`n igd`aiaùd igd`aiaùd y sb adlgroù kudtg igd igd hn `bsvaniaùd `bsvaniaùd bstîd`nr. Hns prubfns `b sbpnrniaùd pgr lhgtniaùd sb aophbobdtnrgd igd hn nyu`n `b udn oîquadn `b lhgtniaùd ]L@AAA bquapn`n igd udn ibh`n `b lhgtniaùd `b > H, lnfrain`n pgr Kahad Zrgspbitadc Onimadbry Lnitgry, Imadn. @urndtb bh prgibsg `b nigd`aiagdnoabdtg, hn  puhpn sb prbpnrù igd 92: c `b igdibdtrn`g n crndbh `b Iu-Og y 2:: oh `b ncun `bstahn`n. Hn sbiubdian `b n`aiaùd y hn `gsalainiaùd `b hgs rbnitavgs `b lhgtniaùd sb29 bstnfhbiabrgd `b hn sacuabdtb ondbrn; ihgrurg iûpraig (IuIh6, vnranfhb), rbcuhn`grbs `b  pM (pM ? 3.2’=.:), `bprbsgr (2::: c/t Dn6Y), ighbitgr (>:: c/t ebrgsbdb), y bspuondtb (2: c/t `b nibatb tbrpádaig). Bh tabopg `b nigd`aiagdnoabdtg nigd`aiagdnoabdtg pnrn in`n rbnitavg lub `b 6 oadutgs, y hubcg hn `bdsa`n` `b hn puhpn sb nkustù n nprgxaon`nobdtb 99% ndtbs `b hn lhgtniaùd. Hn lhgtniaùd sb rbnhazù `urndtb ud tgtnh `b 2 oad. @bspuás `b hn lhgtniaùd, tndt tn dtgg bh ig igdi dibd bdtr trn` n`gg `b Og ig igog og bh ig igdi dibd bdtrn trn`g `g `b Iu sb lah lahtr trnr nrgd gd,, pb pbsn snrg rgdd y ndnhaznrgd, rbspbitavnobdtb. Hns rbiupbrniagdbs `b Iu y Og bd igdibdtrn`g `b Og sb inhiuhnrgd bd fnsb nh pbsg y crn`g. Pg`ns hns prubfns sb rbnhaznrgd n tbopbrnturn nofabdtb `b nprgxaon`nobdtb 619 E  9.9. Bxpbraobdtgs `b nfsgriaùd  Hn indta`n` `b Iu6 + nfsgrfa`g bd nusbdian y prbsbdian `b Y6∖ sb oa`aù pgr  bspbit bsp bitrgl rglgtg gtgobt obtrïn rïn `b nf nfsgr sgriaù iaùdd ntù ntùoai oainn `b hhn hhnon on n 619 E. Bd in` in`nn bds bdsnyg nyg,, sb `aspbrsnrgd udn indta`n` `b 6 c `b oubstrn oadbrnh purn bd udn sghuiaùd `b 9: oh igd hn igdibdtrniaùd prb`btbroadn`n `b Iu6+ y bh vnhgr `b pM sb nkustù n 3.2’=.:. @bspuás `b nigd`aiagdnr hn suspbdsaùd `urndtb 9: oadutgs, sb adybitù udn `gsas prb`btbroadn`n `b Y6∖ bd hn suspbdsaùd, qub hubcg sb ncatù `urndtb gtrgs 9: oadutgs. Hn suspbdsaùd sb trndslaraù adob`antnobdtb n udn ibdtrïlucn y sb oa`aù hn igdibdtrniaùd rbsa`unh `b sgfrb sg frbdn` dn`ndt ndtbs. bs. Yup Yupgda gdabd` bd`gg qub tg` tg`gs gs hgs agd agdbs bs nc ncgtn gtn`gs `gs `b hn sgh sghui uiaùd aùd lub lubrgd rgd n`sgrfa`gs bd hn supbrlaiab oadbrnh, hn indta`n` `b n`sgriaùd pg`rïn inhiuhnrsb usnd`g hn biuniaùd  ? ((: ∖  )  )/  

 

`gd`b Ι bs hn indta`n` `b n`sgriaùd (oc/c), I: bs hn igdibdtrniaùd adaianh (oc/H), Ix bs hn igdibdtrniaùd rbsa`unh bd sghuiaùd (oc/H), \ bs bh vghuobd `b puhpn adaianh (H) y o bs bh pbsg `b oubstrn oadbrnh (c). 9.0. Ob`aiagdbs `b pgtbdianh [btn   Hns ob`aiagdbs `b pgtbdianh [btn sb hhbvnrgd n infg igd ud ndnhazn`gr `b pgtbdianh [btn  Dndg-[Y1: (Onhvbrd Adstruobdts Ht`.). Yb prbpnrù udn suspbdsaùd oadbrnh qub igdtbdïn :.:>% bd pbsg `b oadbrnh purg bd hn sghuiaùd bhbitrghïtain. Hn lubrzn aùdain bd tg`ns hns ob`aiagdbs sb ondtuvg n > Ó >:’9 ogh/H EDG9. Hubcg, hgs rbnitavgs sb ncrb nc rbcn cnrg rgdd pg pgst stbr brag agro robd bdtb tb n hn sg sghu huia iaùd ùd y bh vn vnhg hgrr `b pM `b `bsb sbn` n`gg sb nk nkus ustù tù ig igdd sghuiagdbs `b MIh g DnGM. Hn suspbdsaùd sb ncatù `urndtb 2 oadutgs igd ud npnrntg `b ncatniaùd oncdátain. @bspuás `b nsbdtnrsb `urndtb >: oadutgs, hgs pgtbdianhbs zbtn sb oa`abrgd n tbopbrnturn nofabdtb (619 E). Yb rbnhaznrgd nh obdgs iadig ob`aiagdbs ad`ava`unhbs pnrn udn `btbroadn`n igd`aiaùd `b sghuiaùd. Bh vnhgr prgob`ag y hn `bsvaniaùd bstîd`nr bstîd`nr `b hgs pgtbdianhbs zbtn sb inhiuhnrgd b adlgronrgd. 9.2. Ndîhasas ]ZY  Hgs bsp bspbit bitrgs rgs ]Z ]ZY Y sb rbc rbcast astrnr rnrgd gd uta utahaz haznd` nd`gg ud bs bspbi pbitrù trùobt obtrg rg Nob Nobrai rainn Pmb Pmbrog rog BYINHNF 62: ]A utahaznd`g rnygs ] Nh Eξ (>0=2: S (>2 e\ Ó >: oN). Hns ob`aiagdbs sb rbnhaznrgd `bdtrg `b hn iîonrn `b ndîhasas qub ludiagdn n ud nhtg vniïg `b 2.: Ó >:∖3 Zn `bspuás `bh prbbdlranoabdtg `urndtb 6: oad. Bd in`n prubfn, sb nphaiù udn bxphgrniaùd nophan pnrn a`bdtalainr tg`gs hgs bhbobdtgs  prbsbdtn`gs bd hns oubstrns5 pgstbragrobdtb, hgs bsindbgs `b nhtn rbsghuiaùd sb usnrgd  pnrn n`quarar oîs `ntgs bd hns `avbrsns rbcagdbs `b bdbrcïn bhbobdtnh. bhbobdtnh. Hgs `ntgs ]ZY sb  prgibsnrgd igd Nvndtncb Nvndtncb 2.130 pnrn bh nkustb `b paigs y hn bstaoniaùd sboaiundtatntavn. Pg`ns hns bdbrcïns `b udaùd sb inhafrnrgd igd rblbrbdian nh paig `b I>s n 6=0,= b\. Hgs lgd`gs `b hgs bspbitrgs `b nhtn rbsghuiaùd sb rbstnrgd ob`andtb bh usg `b hn gpiaùd `b sustrniiaùd `b lgd`g "adtbhacbdtb". Hn lgron `b hgs paigs lub `btbroadn`n pgr udn ludiaùd suon`n Cnussand-Hgrbdtzand (YCH), igd udn pgd`brniaùd `b =:% Cnussand y 6:% Hgrbdtzand.  Hgrbdtzand.  9.