Trabajo de Investigacion de 3da Unidad (Perales, Ponce, Schaus)

 

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8687 7

 

JIMJDC J.  JI]XAMSDDJAI……………………………………………………………….……..4 7.7.AHLC]J^AT………………………………………………………………… .….…4 

JJ.  KGXDA ]CAXJDA………………………….………………………………………...= 8.7.JI^CI]GXJAT…………..………………………………………………………. .= 8.8.GMKJIJT]XGDJAI MC JI^CI]GXJA……………...………………………… .= 8.4.]CDIJDGT MC GMKJIJT]XGDJAI MC JI^CI]GXJA ……………………….3 8.=.DAI]XAE MC VXAMSDDJAI……………………….…………………………. .: 8.3.DAI]XAE MC JI^CI]GXJA…………………………………………………… .: 8.>.]JVAT MC JI^CI]GXJA………...………………………………………………78   8.0.DAT]AT MC JI^CI]GXJAT…………………………………………………… 7= 8.2.KC]AMAT MC DAT]CA MC JI^CI]GXJAT ………………………… ...……..7> 8.:.@CT]JAI MC JI^CI]GXJA Z GEKGDCIGKJCI]A MC KG]CXJG VXJKG…………………………………………………………………………….88 8.76.  JKVAX]GIDJG MCE JI^CI]GXJA…………………………………………88  8.77.  NSIDJAICT MCE JI^CI]GXJA……………………………… ...…………..88 8.78.  DEGTCT MC JI^CI]GXJA…………………...……………………………… 84 JJJ.  DAIDESTJAICT…………………………………………………………………… .8> J^.  HJHEJA@XGNJG……………..……………………………………………………… .80

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JI]XAMSDDJAI

Ce jivcitgrja rcprcscitg uig jivcrsjôi daisjmcrghec pgrg eg kgyarëg mc egs ckprcsgs mcmjdgmgs ge ruhra gejkcitgrja, y êstc mchc scr daitraegma dai `rgi gtcidjôi, pucsta quc, sj eas ijvcecs mc su cxjstcidjg sai mckgsjgma getas, pucmci rcprcscitgr pêrmjmgs kaictgrjgs mchjma g eas dastas gsadjgmas g eas kjska, daka par clckpea ce mc su gekgdciglc y eas mckçs rcegdjaigmas dai eg apcrgdjôi, kgicla y mjspasjdjôi. Ce daitrae mc jivcitgrjas cs ui tckg dakpecla ci eg jimustrjg mc gejkcitas, y cs uig mc egs prjidjpgecs gdtjvjmgmcs ci eg `cstjôi mc pegitgs, sji ckhgr`a, ia sjckprc su gpejdgdjôi darrcdtg y cxjtasg mchjma g quc ge`uigs vcdcs ia sc daisjmcrg eg vgrjghjejmgm ci eg mckgimg y ci ce tjckpa mc sukjijstra, y tgkpada sc tjcic ci ducitg ce mcshgegidca cxjstcitc citrc eg mckgimg y ce pradcsa mc pramuddjôi.

Eg @cstjôi y ce Daitrae mc eas jivcitgrjas cs kuy rcecvgitc ci eas gspcdtas ea`ëstjdas mc egs ar`gijzgdjaics pcrtcicdjcitcs g eas scdtarcs pramudtjvas. Cs jicvjtghec j`iargr eas cncdtas quc pramudci egs mcdjsjaics sahrc eg narkg mc gmkjijstrgr eas jivcitgrjas, ci csc scitjma gedgizgr uig jitc`rgdjôi y ui kgicla gmcdugma mc eas jivcitgrjas sc daivjcrtc ci ui praheckg dakpecla pgrg kudbas `crcitcs y gmkjijstrgmarcs. Eg `cstjôi mc jivcitgrjas `azg mc `rgi jitcrês yg quc par ce egma mc eas ji`rcsas cstas jidjmci mjrcdtgkcitc dai ce ijvce mc scrvjdja y ce tjckpa mc rcspucstg g eas dejcitcs, y par ce egma mc eas dastas cs kuy pasjhec kgtcrjgejzgr eg hucig `cstjôi mc eas jivcitgrjas ci rcmuddjôi mc dastas sji gncdtgr ce ijvce mc scrvjdja ea duge cs degvc pgrg egs ckprcsgs ci eas tjckpas gdtugecs.

7.7.Ahlctjvas  

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Ahlctjva `cicrge Daiadcr eas daidcptas rcegdjaigmas ge daitrae mc jivcitgrjas ci eg jimustrjg mc gejkcitas.

 

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Ahlctjva cspcdjnjda Daiadcr egs têdijdgs y tjpas mc jivcitgrjas? kêtamas y degscs mc jivcitgrja y sus nuidjaics. 4

 

JJ. 

KGXDA ]CAXJDA 8.7.  JI^CI]GXJA Tc mcnjic daka eg cxjstcidjg mc ui pramudta a rcdursa utjejzgma ci uig ar`gijzgdjôi y quc mcsckpc÷g uig nuidjôi muge gncdtgima ce dasta mc eas  pramudtas y scrvjdjas, pcra tgkhjêi daitrjhuyc ge dukpejkjcita mc eas pcmjmas. Egs ar`gijzgdjaics gdtugecs sc cinrcitgi ge mcsgnëa mc kgitcicr ijvcecs gdcptghecs mc jivcitgrja quc pucmgi scrvjr pgrg duhrjr egs mjncrcidjgs citrc eg mckgimg praiastjdgmg y eg mckgimg rcge.

Egs ckprcsgs mcmjdgmgs g eg dakprg y vcitg mc kcrdgidëgs, par scr cstg su  prjidjpge nuidjôi y eg quc mgrç arj`ci g tamgs egs rcstgitcs apcrgdjaics, icdcsjtgrgi mc uig daistgitc jinarkgdjôi rcsukjmg y gigejzgmg sahrc sus jivcitgrjas, ea duge ahej`g g eg gpcrturg mc uig scrjc mc ducitgs prjidjpgecs y guxjejgrcs rcegdjaigmgs dai csas daitraecs

Vgrg uig ckprcsg kcrdgitje ce jivcitgrja daistg mc tamas eas hjcics prapjas y mjspaijhecs pgrg eg vcitg ci ce dursa rc`uegr mce dakcrdja? cs mcdjr eg kcrdgidëg vcimjmg sc daivcrtjrç ci cncdtjva mcitra mc ui mctcrkjigma pcrjama mc tjckpa. Ce tcrkjia jivcitgrja cidjcrrg eas hjcics ci cspcrg mc su vcitg (egs kcrdgidëgs mc uig ckprcsg dakcrdjge, y eas pramudtas tcrkjigmas mc ui nghrjdgitc), eas grtëdueas ci pradcsa mc pramuddjôi y eas grtëdueas quc scrçi daisukjmas mjrcdtg a jimjrcdtgkcitc ci eg pramuddjôi. Cstg mcnjijdjôi mc eas jivcitgrjas cxdeuyc eas gdtjvas g egr`a pegza sulctas g mcprcdjgdjôi, a eas grtëdueas quc ge usgrsc scrçi gsë degsjnjdgmas (Ngimj÷a, M., ]avgr, A. 867:).

8.8.  Gmkjijstrgdjôi mc jivcitgrja Cs eg cnjdjcidjg ci ce kgicla gmcdugma mce rc`jstra, mc eg ratgdjôi y cvgeugdjôi mce jivcitgrja mc gducrma g daka sc degsjnjquc y quc tjpa mc jivcitgrja tci`g eg ckprcsg, yg quc g trgvês mc tama csta mctcrkjigrckas eas rcsuetgmas (utjejmgmcs a  pêrmjmgs) mc uig kgicrg rgzaighec, pumjcima cstghecdcr eg eg sjtugdjôi njigidjcrg njigidjcrg mc =

 

eg ckprcsg y egs kcmjmgs icdcsgrjgs pgrg kclargr a kgitcicr mjdbg sjtugdjôi (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.4.  ]êdijdgs mc gmkjijstrgdjôi mc Jivcitgrja 8.4.7.   Ce sjstckg GHD Sig ckprcsg quc ckpecg cstê sjstckg mchc mjvjmjr su jivcitgrja ci trcs `rupas< G, H, D. ci eas pramudtas "G" sc bg daidcitrgma eg kçxjkg jivcrsjôi. Ce `rupa "H" cstç narkgma par eas grtëdueas quc sj`uci g eas "G" ci dugita g eg kg`ijtum mc eg jivcrsjôi. Ge `rupa "D" ea dakpaici ci su kgyarëg, uig `rgi dgitjmgm mc pramudtas quc saea rcqujcrci mc uig  pcquc÷g jivcrsjôi. Eg mjvjsjôi mc su jivcitgrja ci pramudtas G, H y D  pcrkjtc g uig ckprcsg mctcrkjigr ce ijvce y tjpas mc pradcmjkjcitas mc daitrae mc jivcitgrja icdcsgrjas. Ce daitrae mc eas pramudtas "G" mchc scr ce kçs dujmgmasa mgmg eg kg`ijtum mc eg jivcrsjôi dakprcimjmg, ci tgita eas pramudtas "H" y "D" cstgrëgi sulctas g pradcmjkjcitas mc daitrae kcias cstrjdtas. (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.4.8.   Kamcea hçsjda mc dgitjmgm cdaiôkjda mc pcmjma DCV Sia mc eas jistrukcitas kçs ceghargmas pgrg mctcrkjigr eg dgitjmgm mc  pcmjma ôptjka mc ui grtëduea mc jivcitgrja cs ce kamcea hçsjda mc dgitjmgm cdaiôkjdg mc pcmjma DCV. Cstc kamcea pucmc utjejzgrsc pgrg daitraegr eas grtëdueas "G" mc egs ckprcsgs, pucs takg ci daisjmcrgdjôi mjvcrsas dastas apcrgdjaigecs y njigidjcras, mctcrkjig eg dgitjmgm mc pcmjma quc kjijkjzg eas dastas mc jivcitgrja tatge. Ce cstumja mc cstc kamcea ghgrdg< (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.4.8.7.  Eas dastas hçsjdas Cxdeuycima ce dasta rcge mc eg kcrdgidëg, eas dastas quc arj`jig ce jivcitgrja pucmci mjvjmjrsc ci trcs `rgimcs `rupas< dastas mc pcmjma, dastas mc kgitcijkjcita mc jivcitgrja y dasta tatge. Dgmg uia mc ceeas ducitg dai ge`uias ceckcitas y dgrgdtcrëstjdgs dg rgdtcrëstjdgs degvcs. 3

 

8.4.8.7.7.  Dastas mc pcmjma Jideuyc eas `gstas gmkjijstrgtjvas njlas pgrg narkuegr y rcdjhjr ui pcmjma, csta cs, ce dasta mc ceghargr uig armci mc dakprg, mc cncdtugr eas ejkjtcs rcsuetgitcs y mc rcdjhjr y dartclgr ui pcmjma daitrg su ngdturg. Eas dastas mc  pcmjmas sc narkuegi iarkgekcitc ci têrkjias mc uijmgmcs kaictgrjgs par pcmjma.

8.4.8.7.8.  Dastas mc kgitcijkjcita mc jivcitgrja Cstas sai eas dastas vgrjghecs par uijmgm rcsuetgitcs mc kgitcicr ui grtëduea mc jivcitgrja murgitc ui pcrjama cspcdënjda. Ci cstas dastas sc narkuegi ci têrkjias mc uijmgmcs kaictgrjgs par uijmgm y par pcrjama. Eas dastas mc cstc tjpa prcscitgi ceckcitas daka eas dastas mc gekgdciglc, dastas mc sc`ura, mc mctcrjara, mc ahsaecsdcidjg y ce kçs jkpartgitc ce dasta mc apartuijmgm, quc sur`c ge jikavjejzgr naimas mc eg ckprcsg ci ce jivcitgrja.

8.4.8.7.4.  Dastas tatgecs Tc mcnjic daka eg sukg mce dasta mce pcmjma y ce dasta mc jivcitgrja. Ci ce kamcea (DCV), ce dasta tatge cs kuy jkpartgitc yg quc su ahlctjva cs mctcrkjigr ce kaita  pcmjma quc ea kjijkjdc.

8.4.8.8.  Si kêtama `rçnjda Ce ahlctjva ciuidjgma mce sjstckg DCV daisjstc ci mctcrkjigr ce kaita mc pcmjma quc rcmuzdg ge këijka ce dasta tatge mce jivcitgrja mc eg ckprcsg. Cstg dgitjmgm cdaiôkjdg mc pcmjma pucmc p ucmc ahlctgrsc ci narkg `rçnjdg rcprcscitgima eas kaitas mc pcmjma sahrc ce clc x, y eas dastas sahrc ce clc y, ce dasta tatge këijka sc rcprcscitg ci ce >

 

 puita sc÷gegma daka DCV. Ce DCV sc ciducitrg ci ce puita ci quc sc dartgi eg eëicg mc dasta mc pcmjma y eg eëicg mc dasta mc kgitcijkjcita ci jivcitgrja. Eg nuidjôi mc dasta mc pcmjma vgrëg ci narkg jivcrsg dai eg dgitjmgm mc pcmjma. Csta sj`ijnjdg quc g kcmjmg quc gukcitg ce kaita mc pcmjma su dasta mc pcmjma mjskjiuyc par  pcmjma. Eas dastas mc kgitcijkjcita mc jivcitgrja sc rcegdjaigi mjrcdtgkcitc dai egs dgitjmgmcs mc pcmjma. Dugita kçs `rgimc scg ce kaita mce pcmjma, tgita kgyar scrç ce jivcitgrja prakcmja, y par daisj`ujcitc, tgita kgyar scrç ce dasta mc kgitcijkjcita mc jivcitgrja.

Eg nuidjôi mce dasta tatge prcscitg narkg mc S, ea duge sj`ijnjdg quc cxjstc ui vgear këijka pgrg eg nuidjôi. Eg eëicg mc dasta tatge rcprcscitg eg sukg mc eas dastas mc pcmjma y eas dastas mc kgitcijkjcita mc jivcitgrja ci ce dgsa mc dgmg kaita mc pcmjma.

8.4.8.4.  Si kêtama gigeëtjda Tc pucmc cstghecdcr uig nôrkueg pgrg mctcrkjigr eg DCV mc ui grtëduea mctcrkjigma mce jivcitgrja. Cs pasjhec narkuegr eg cdugdjôi mce dasta tatge mc eg ckprcsg. Ce prjkcr pgsa pgrg ahtcicr eg cdugdjôi mce dasta tatge cs mcsgrraeegr uig cxprcsjôi pgrg eg nuidjôi mc dasta mc pcmjma y eg mc dasta mc kgitcijkjcita mc jivcitgrja. Ce dasta mc  pcmjma pucmc cxprcsgrsc daka ce pramudta mce dasta par pcmjma y ce iükcra mc pcmjmas. Daka mjdbas iükcras cs j`uge ge usa murgitc ce  pcrjama mjvjmjma citrc eg dgitjmgm mc pcmjma (S)/(D), ce dasta mc  pcmjma pucmc cxprcsgrsc mc eg kgicrg sj`ujcitc.

Dasta mc pcmjma ; VxS/W

Ce dasta mc kgitcijkjcita mc jivcitgrja sc mcnjic daka ce dasta par  pcmjma mc kgitcicr uig uijmgm, kuetjpejdgima par ce jivcitgrja 0

 

 prakcmja mc eg ckprcsg (W/8). Mjdba jivcitgrja sc mcnjic daka eg dgitjmgm mc pcmjma mjvjmjmg citrc 8. Ce dasta mc kgitcijkjcita sc cxprcsg. Dasta mc kgitcijkjcita ; KxW/8

G kcmjmg ci quc gukcitg g eg dgitjmgm mc pcmjmas, W, ce dasta mc  pcmjma mjskjiujrç ci tgita quc ce dasta mc kgitcijkjcita mc jivcitgrja gukcitg prapardjaigekcitc. Eg cdugdjôi mce dasta tatge rcsuetg mc dakhjigr egs cxprcsjaics mc dasta mc pcmjma y dasta mc kgitcijkjcita kgi tcijkjcita mc jivcitgrja daka sj`uc.

Dasta tatge ; (V x S/W) kgs (KxW/8).

Mgma quc eg DCV sc mcnjig daka eg dgitjmgm ci pcmjma quc kjijkjzg eg nuidjôi mc dasta tatge, eg DCV mchc mcspclgrsc y sc ahtjcic eg sj`ujcitc nôrkueg. DCV ; 8VS/K.

Vuita mc rcnarkuegdjôi. Sig vcz quc ckprcsg bg dgeduegma su dgitjmgm cdaiôkjdg mc pcmjma mchc mctcrkjigr ce kakcita gmcdugma pgrg narkuegr ui pcmjma. Ci ce kamcea DCV sc supaic quc eas pcmjmas sai rcdjhjmas jikcmjgtgkcitc dugima ce ijvce mce jivcitgrja eec`g g dcra. Mc bcdba, sc rcqujcrc mc ui puita mc rcnarkuegdjôi mc pcmjmas quc sc daisjmcrc ce egpsa icdcsgrja pgrg narkuegr y rcdjhjr pcmjmas.

Tupaijcima uig vcz kçs uig tgsg daistgitc mc usa mc jivcitgrja, ce  puita mc m c rcnarkuegdjôi mc pcmjmas pucmc pu cmc mctcrkjigrsc kcmjgitc eg sj`ujcitc nôrkueg. Vuita mc rcnarkuegdjôi ; tjckpa mc gitjdjpa ci c i mëgs x usa mjgrja

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8.=.  Daitrae mc eg Vramuddjôi Vgrg ahtcicr ui daitrae sahrc eg cxjstcidjg mc jivcitgrja mchckas takgr ci ducitg trcs vgrjghecs quc rcsuetgi sukgkcitc jkpartgitcs quc sai<

 

Ce ijvce mc vcitgs mc eg ckprcsg.

 

Eg eai`jtum y eg igturgeczg tcôrjdg mc eas pradcsas mc pramuddjôi.

 

Eg murghjejmgm ci dakpgrgdjôi dai eg dgmudgrai mce pramudta tcrkjigma.

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Ce mjrcdtar mc pramuddjôi mchc takgr mcdjsjaics daidcrijcitcs g eg kgicrg mc mjstrjhujr eg dgpgdjmgm pramudtjvg, mc gducrma g eg mckgimg y eg paeëtjdg mc jivcitgrjas. Cs icdcsgrja mctcrkjigr ce iükcra mc dgmg dakpaicitc (kgtcrjg prjkg, Vgrtcs dakprgmgs, pgrtcs nghrjdgmgs) quc sc icdcsjtgi pgrg egs dgitjmgmcs mc dgmg  pramudta quc sc mcscgi nghrjdgr. Ce iükcra mc uijmgmcs mc dgmg dakpaicitc quc mchc nghrjdgrsc a dakprgrsc mchjma g cxjstcidjg mjspaijhec ia gsj`igmg, armcics  pcimjcitcs ci pramuddjôi y mc dakprgs y ui jivcitgrja njige mcscgma ci cstc  pcrjama. ]ama jivcitgrja rcprcscitg ui dasta ci dugequjcr ckprcsg par csa eas dastas sai uig pgrtc nuimgkcitge mc daitraegr y cvgeugr mcitra mce pradcsa mc eg gmkjijstrgdjôi mc jivcitgrja.

8.3.  Daitrae mc Jivcitgrja Eas mjvcrsas gspcdtas mc eg rcspaisghjejmgm sahrc eas jivcitgrjas gncdtgi g kudbas mcpgrtgkcitas y dgmg uia mc êstas clcrdc djcrta `rgma mc daitrae sahrc eas pramudtas, g kcmjmg quc eas kjskas sc kucvci g trgvês mc eas mjstjitas  pradcsas mc jivcitgrjas. ]amas cstas daitraecs quc ghgrdgi, mcsmc ce  pradcmjkjcita pgrg mcsgrraeegr mcsgrraeegr prcsupucstas prcsupucstas y praiôstjdas mc vcitgs y pramuddjôi bgstg eg apcrgdjôi mc ui sjstckg mc dasta pra ce mcpgrtgkcita mc daitghjejmgm  pgrg eg mctcrkjigdjôi mc dastas mc eas jivcitgrjas, daistjtuyc ce sjstckg mce daitrae jitcria mc eas jivcitgrjas, egs nuidjaics `cicrgecs sai< Vegicgkjcita, dakprg u ahtcidjôi, rcdcpdjôi, gekgdciglc, pramuddjôi, ckhgrqucs y daitghjejmgm. :

 

8.3.7.   Vegicgkjcita Eg hgsc pgrg pegicgr eg pramuddjôi y cstjkgr egs icdcsjmgmcs ci dugita g jivcitgrjas, eg daistjtuyc ce prcsupucsta a praiôstjda mc vcitgs. Cstc mchc scr mcsgrraeegma par ce mcpgrtgkcita mc vcitgs. Eas pra`rgkgs mc pramuddjôi, prcsupucstas mc jivcitgrjas y eas mctgeecs mc eg kgtcrjg prjkg y kgia mc ahrg icdcsgrjg, sc prcpgrgi a sc mcsgrraeegi dai vjstg ge prcsupucsta mc vcitgs. Guiquc mjdbas pegics sc hgsgi ci cstjkgmas, eas kjskas tcimrçi ge`uig vgrjgdjôi dai eas rcsuetgmas rcgecs, sji ckhgr`a, ceeas ngdjejtgi ui daitrae `eahge mc egs gdtjvjmgmcs mc  pramuddjôi, ijvcecs mc jivcitgrjas y anrcdci uig hgsc pgrg kcmjr eg cncdtjvjmgm mc egs apcrgdjaics gdtugecs.

8.3.8.   Dakprg u ahtcidjôi Ci eg nuidjôi mc dakprg u ahtcidjôi sc mjstji`uci iarkgekcitc mas rcspaisghjejmgmcs scpgrgmgs< Daitrae mc pramuddjôi, quc daisjstc ci mctcrkjigr eas tjpas y dgitjmgmcs mc kgtcrjgecs quc sc qujcrci. Dakprgs, quc daisjstc ci daeadgr eg armci mc dakprg y kgitcicr eg vj`jegidjg icdcsgrjg sahrc eg citrc`g apartuig mce kgtcrjge.

8.3.4.   Xcdcpdjôi Mchc scr rcspaisghec mc ea sj`ujcitc<  

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Eg gdcptgdjôi mc eas kgtcrjgecs rcdjhjmas, mcspuês quc cstas bgygi sjma mchjmgkcitc daitgmas, jispcddjaigmas ci dugita g su dgejmgm y dakpgrgmas dai uig dapjg gprahgmg mc eg armci mc dakprg.

 

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Eg prcegdjôi mc jinarkcs mc rcdcpdjôi pgrg rc`jstrgr y iatjnjdgr eg rcdcpdjôi y gdcptgdjôi.

 

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Eg citrc`g a civëa mc egs pgrtjmgs rcdjhjmgs, g eas gekgdcics (mcpôsjtas) u atras eu`grcs mctcrkjigmas. Daka prcdgudjôi daitrg eg gprapjgdjôi jimchjmg mc gdtjvas.

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8.3.=.   Gekgdciglc Egs kgtcrjgs prjkgs mjspaijhecs pgrg scr pradcsgmgs a grkgmgs (cisgkhegmgs), gsë daka eas pramudtas tcrkjigmas, ctd., pucmci cidaitrgrsc hgla eg dustamjg mc ui mcpgrtgkcita mc gekgdcics. Eg rcspaisghjejmgm sahrc eas jivcitgrjas ci eas gekgdcics jideuyc ea sj`ujcitc<

 

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Dakprahgdjôi mc egs dgitjmgmcs quc sc rcdjhci pgrg mctcrkjigr quc sai darrcdtg.

 

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Ngdjejtgr gekgdciglc gmcdugma, daka kcmjmg mc pratcddjôi daitrg eas ceckcitas y egs cxtrgddjaics ia gutarjzgmgs.

 

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Cxtrgddjôi mc kgtcrjgecs daitrg eg prcscitgdjôi mc gutarjzgdjaics mc sgejmg pgrg pramuddjôi a ckhgrquc.

8.3.3.   Vramuddjôi Eas kgtcrjgecs ci pradcsa sc ciducitrgi, `cicrgekcitc hgla daitrae nësjda, daitrae jitcria mc eas jivcitgrjas, jideuyc ea sj`ujcitc<

 

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Eg jinarkgdjôi gmcdugmg sahrc ce kavjkjcita mc eg pramuddjôi y eas jivcitgrjas.

 

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 Iatjnjdgdjôi rçpjmg sahrc mcspcrmjdjas pramudjmas, kgtcrjgecs mg÷gmas,

ctd.,

mc

kama

quc

egs

dgitjmgmcs

y

dastas

darrcspaimjcitcs mc eas jivcitgrjas. Vucmgi scr mchjmgkcitc glustgmas ci eas rc`jstras.

Eg jinarkgdjôi rçpjmg y prcdjsg mc pgrtc mc eg nçhrjdg, daistjtuyc uig icdcsjmgm pgrg ce mchjma nuidjaigkjcita mce sjstckg mc dasta y eas  pradcmjkjcitas mc daitrae mc pramuddjôi.

77

 

8.3.>.   Ckhgrqucs ]amas eas ckhgrqucs, jideuyêimasc gquceegs pgrtjmgs quc ia narkgi pgrtc mc eas jivcitgrjas, mchci cncdtugrsc, prcncrjheckcitc, g hgsc mc ôrmcics mc ckhgrquc, mchjmgkcitc gprahgmgs y prcpgrgmgs jimcpcimjcitckcitc.

8.3.0.   Daitghjejmgm Dai rcspcdta g eas jivcitgrjas, cs kgitcicr daitrae daitghec sahrc eas dastas mc eas jivcitgrjas, g kcmjmg quc eas kgtcrjgecs sc kucvci g trgvês mc eas pradcsas mc gmqujsjdjôi, pramuddjôi y vcitg. Cs mcdjr eg gmkjijstrgdjôi mce jivcitgrja sc rcnjcrc g eg mctcrkjigdjôi mc eg dgitjmgm mc jivcitgrja quc sc mchcrëg kgitcicr, eg ncdbg ci quc sc mchcrçi daeadgr egs ôrmcics y eg dgitjmgm mc uijmgmcs quc sc mchcrç armcigr dgmg vcz. Eas jivcitgrjas sai cscidjgecs pgrg egs vcitgs, y egs vcitgs sai cscidjgecs pgrg pg rg egs utjejmgmcs.

8.>.  ]jpas mc Jivcitgrjas Eas jivcitgrjas sai jkpartgitcs pgrg eas nghrjdgitcs ci `cicrge, vgrjg gkpejgkcitc citrc eas mjstjitas `rupas mc jimustrjgs. Eg dakpasjdjôi mc cstg pgrtc mce gdtjva cs uig `rgi vgrjcmgm mc grtëdueas, y cs par csa quc sc bgi degsjnjdgma mc gducrma g su utjejzgdjôi ci eas sj`ujcitcs tjpas< (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.>.7.   Jivcitgrjas mc kgtcrjg prjkg Dakprcimc eas ceckcitas hçsjdas a prjidjpgecs quc citrgi ci eg ceghargdjôi mce pramudta. Ci tamg gdtjvjmgm jimustrjge daidurrci uig vgrjcmgm mc grtëdueas (kgtcrjg prjkg) y kgtcrjgecs, eas quc scrçi sakctjmas g ui pradcsa pgrg ahtcicr ge njige ui grtëduea tcrkjigma a gdghgma. G eas kgtcrjgecs quc jitcrvjcici ci kgyar `rgma ci eg  pramuddjôi sc ecs daisjmcrg "Kgtcrjg Vrjkg", yg quc su usa sc bgdc ci dgitjmgmcs eas sunjdjcitckcitc jkpartgitcs mce pramudta gdghgma. Eg kgtcrjg prjkg, cs gquce a gquceeas grtëdueas sakctjmas g ui pradcsa mc nghrjdgdjôi quc ge njige sc daivcrtjrç ci ui pramudta tcrkjigma. 78

 

8.>.8.   Jivcitgrjas mc pramuddjôi ci pradcsa Ce jivcitgrja mc pramudtas ci pradcsa daisjstc ci tamas eas grtëdueas a ceckcitas quc sc utjejzgi ci ce gdtuge pradcsa mc pramuddjôi. Cs mcdjr, sai  pramudtas pgrdjgekcitc tcrkjigmas quc sc ciducitrgi ci ui `rgma jitcrkcmja mc pramuddjôi y g eas dugecs sc ecs gpejda eg eghar mjrcdtg y `gstas jimjrcdtas jibcrcitcs ge pradcsa mc pramuddjôi ci ui kakcita mgma. Sig mc egs dgrgdtcrëstjdgs mce jivcitgrja mc pramudta ci pradcsa cs quc vg gukcitgima ce vgear g kcmjmg quc sc cs trgisnarkgma mc kgtcrjg prjkg ci ce pramudta tcrkjigma daka daiscducidjg mce pradcsa mc pramuddjôi.

8.>.4.   Jivcitgrjas mc pramudtas tcrkjigmas Dakprcimc cstas, eas grtëdueas trgisncrjmas par ce mcpgrtgkcita mc  pramuddjôi ge gekgdêi mc pramudtas tcrkjigmas par bghcr cstas? gedgizgma su `rgma mc tcrkjigdjôi tatge y quc g eg barg mc eg takg nësjdg mc jivcitgrjas sc ciducitrci gui ci eas gekgdcics, cs mcdjr, eas quc tamgvëg ia bgi sjma vcimjmas. Ce ijvce mc jivcitgrjas mc pramudtas tcrkjigmas vg g mcpcimcr mjrcdtgkcitc mc egs vcitgs, cs mcdjr su ijvce ijv ce cstg mgma par eg mckgimg.

8.>.=.   Jivcitgrjas mc kgtcrjgecs y sukjijstras Ci ce jivcitgrja mc kgtcrjgecs y sukjijstras sc jideuyc<

 

•

Kgtcrjgs prjkgs scduimgrjgs, sus cspcdjnjdgdjaics vgrëgi sc`üi ce tjpa mc jimustrjg, ui clckpea? pgrg eg jimustrjg dcrvcdcrg cs< sgecs  pgrg ce trgtgkjcita mc g`ug.

 

•

Grtëdueas mc daisuka mcstjigmas pgrg scr usgmas ci eg apcrgdjôi mc eg jimustrjg, mcitra mc cstas grtëdueas mc daisuka eas kgs jkpartgitcs sai eas mcstjigmas g egs apcrgdjaics, y cstçi narkgmas  par eas dakhustjhecs y euhrjdgitcs, cstas ci eg jimustrjg tjcic `rgi rcecvgidjg. 74

 

 

•

Eas grtëdueas y kgtcrjgecs mc rcpgrgdjôi y kgitcijkjcita mc egs kgqujigrjgs y gpgrgtas apcrgtjvas, eas grtëdueas mc rcpgrgdjôi par su `rgi vaeukci icdcsjtgi scr daitraegmarcs gmcdugmgkcitc, eg cxjstcidjg mc cstas vgrëg ci rcegdjôi g sus icdcsjmgmcs.

8.>.3.   Jivcitgrjas mc sc`urjmgm Cstc tjpa mc jivcitgrja cs utjejzgma pgrg jkpcmjr eg jitcrrupdjôi ci ce gpravjsjaigkjcita dgumgma par mckargs ci eg citrc`g a pra ce gukcita jkprcvjsta mc eg mckgimg murgitc ui pcrjama mc rcghgstcdjkjcita, eg jkpartgidjg mce kjska cstç ej`gmg ge ijvce mc scrvjdja, eg neudtugdjôi mc eg mckgimg y eg vgrjgdjôi mc egs mckargs mc eg citrc`g.

8.0.  Dastas mc Jivcitgrjas Eas ic`adjas kuetjpejdgi eg dgitjmgm mc grtëdueas mc eas jivcitgrjas par sus dastas d astas uijtgrjas. Eg `cstjôi mc jivcitgrja cs uig gdtjvjmgm ci eg quc dacxjstci trcs tjpas mc dastas< (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.0.7.   Dastas gsadjgmas g eas Neulas Tai eas icdcsgrjas pgrg eg apcrgdjôi iarkge ci eg daiscdudjôi mce nji. Kjcitrgs quc eas gsadjgmas g eg jivcrsjôi sai gquceeas njigidjcras rcegdjaigmas dai mcprcdjgdjôi y gkartjzgdjôi. Mcitra mce çkhjta mc eas neulas bghrç quc tcicr ci ducitg eas dastas mc eas neulas mc gpravjsjaigkjcita (trgispartc), guiquc ge`uigs vcdcs scrçi par ducitg mce  pravccmar, y ci atras dgsas cstgrçi jideujmas ci ce prapja prcdja mc kcrdgidëg gmqujrjmg. Tcrç icdcsgrja tcicr ci ducitg tgita eas dastas mc apcrgdjôi daka eas gsadjgmas g eg jivcrsjôi.

8.0.8.   Dastas gsadjgmas g eas Ttados Ci cstc çkhjta mchcrçi jideujrsc tamas eas rcegdjaigmas dai jivcitgrjas. Cstas scrëgi citrc atras dastas mc gekgdcigkjcita, mctcrjaras y mc`rgmgdjôi mc kcrdgidëgs gekgdcigmgs, citrc ceeas tgkhjêi tcickas eas 7=

 

mc rupturgs mc stados, ci cstc dgsa ducitgi dai uig dakpaicitc nuimgkcitge eas dastas njigidjcras mc egs cxjstcidjgs, tama cstas yg scrçi cxpejdgmas kçs gmcegitc.

Dugima sc qujcrc daiadcr, ci su dailuita eas dastas mc eas jivcitgrjas bghrç quc tcicr ci ducitg tamas eas daidcptas jimjdgmas. Var ce daitrgrja, dugima sc prcdjsc dgeduegr eas dastas, g eas cncdtas mc takg mc mcdjsjaics, (par clckpea, pgrg mcdjmjr ce tgkg÷a aptjka mce pcmjma), yg quc eas dastas ia cvjtghecs, par prapjg mcnjijdjôi pcrkgicdcrçi gnucrg scg duge nucrc eg mcdjsjôi takgmg.

8.0.4.   Dastas gsadjgmas g eas Vradcsas Var üetjka, mcitra mce çkhjta mc eas pradcsas cxjstci iukcrasas c jkpartgitcs daidcptas quc mchci jkputgrsc mc cstg kgicrg mcstgdgima eas dastas mc egs cxjstcidjgs quc sc degsjnjdgrëgi ci< Dastas mc dakprgs, mc egizgkjcitas mc pcmjmas y `cstjôi mc gdtjvjmgm. Si dgsa pgrgmj`kçtjda cs ce sj`ujcitc. Ci `cicrge, eas dastas mc trgispartc sc jidarpargi ge prcdja mc dakprgs. ±Var

quê ia jidarpargi tgkhjêi eas

dastas

mc

gekgdcigkjcita, a mc eg `cstjôi mc eas pcmjmas1, daka daiscducidjg mc quc ci eg kgyarëg mc eas dgsas sc trgtg mc trgispartc par ducitg mce  pravccmar jideujmas mc kgicrg kçs a kcias tçdtjdg a cxpejdjtg ci ce prcdja mc gmqujsjdjôi.

Vcra jideusa dugima ce trgispartc cstç `cstjaigma mjrcdtgkcitc par ce dakprgmar sc kgitjcic cstg prçdtjdg, grciquc kudbgs vcdcs ce prcdja mce trgispartc ia cs mjrcdtgkcitc prapardjaige ge vaeukci mc kcrdgidëgs gmqujrjmgs, sjia quc mcpcimc mce vaeukci trgispartgma ci dgmg pcmjma. Ci cstgs djrduistgidjgs ce dasta mce trgispartc sc daivjcrtc tgkhjêi ci  pgrtc mce dasta mc egizgkjcita mce pcmjma.

73

 

8.2.  Kêtamas mc dastca mc jivcitgrjas 8.2.7.   Kêtama VCVT Cstc kêtama mc vgeargdjôi mc jivcitgrjas supaic quc egs cxjstcidjgs cstçi narkgmgs par egs üetjkgs dakprgs? yg quc ea prjkcra quc sc dakpra nuc ea prjkcra quc sc vcimjô. Anrcdc eg vcitglg mc glustgrsc kçs g eg rcgejmgm, ci dugita g egs tcimcidjgs mc eas prcdjas? pucsta quc sc gmgptg kçs g eg sjtugdjôi gdtuge mce kcrdgma, ge ckpecgr uig vgeargdjôi hgsgmg ci eas dastas kçs rcdjcitcs (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.2.8.   Kêtama SCVT Ci cstc kêtama sc utjejzg uig kcdçijdg ui tgita sjkjegr ge gitcrjar? pcra sc supaic quc ce üetjka quc dakprgs cs ea prjkcra ci vcimcrsc. Mc geeë eas dôkputas sc trgtci mc g`atgr egs üetjkgs dakprgs, pgrg sgtjsngdcr eas  pcmjmas. Anrcdc Anrcdc eg vcitglg mc quc, dugima bgy tcimcidjg ge gezg mc prcdjas, ce jivcitgrja tjcimc g kgitcicrsc dai ui vgear cstghjejzgma (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.2.4.   Kêtama mce dasta prakcmja sjkpec a grjtkêtjda Ce prakcmja grjtkêtjda ea mg eg kcmjg grjtkêtjdg mc eas prcdjas uijtgrjas mc eas grtëdueas. Tc sukgi tamas eas prcdjas mc eas pramudtas pgrg euc`a mjvjmjr ce tatge citrc ce iükcra mc prcdjas mc eas grtëdueas, pgrg par üetjka kuetjpejdgrea par tatge mc egs uijmgmcs (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.2.=.   Kêtama mce prakcmja paimcrgma Cstc prakcmja sc ahtjcic paimcrgima eas prcdjas dai egs uijmgmcs dakprgmgs, pgrg euc`a mjvjmjr eas jkpartcs tatgecs citrc ce tatge mc egs uijmgmcs, pgrg mc cstg narkg pamcr ahtcicr ui dasa uijtgrja j`uge pgrg dgmg grtëduea, sji quc pumjcrg gncdtgr ce kakcita ci quc sc gmqujrjô (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

7>

 

8.2.3.   Kêtama mc Dasta prakcmja kôvje Cxprcsg ce vgear mc eas grtëdueas ci cxjstcidjg, mc gducrma dai egs vgrjgdjaics pramudjmgs par egs citrgmgs y sgejmgs, a scg egs dakprgs y egs vcitgs? mc gducrma dai egs dugecs sc vgi ahtcijcima prakcmjas sudcsjvas (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.2.>.   Kêtama mce dasta hçsjda Tghckas quc, pgrg quc uig ckprcsg pucmg gtcimcr dai prckurg y sc`urjmgm g eas pcmjmas mc su dejcitceg, icdcsjtg kgitcicr uig cxjstcidjg mc kcrdgidëgs a pramudtas tcrkjigmas, mc uig dgitjmgm këijkg mctcrkjighec. Eg vgeugdjôi mce jivcitgrja kcmjgitc cstc kêtama gtrjhuyc g cstgs cxjstcidjgs këijkgs mc ui vgear njla, ce mc su dasta arj`jige, a ge mce dasta kçs hgla cxpcrjkcitgma ci ce pcrjama (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.2.0.   Kêtama mce prcdja ge mctge Cstc kêtama daisjstc ci rcgejzgr eg vgeargdjôi mc eas jivcitgrjas ge prcdja mc vcitg, rcec`gima g ui sc`uima eu`gr egs uijmgmcs mc eas grtëdueas. Ge cncdta cs jimjspcisghec njlgr ui pardcitglc mc `gigidjgs hrutgs ci vcitgs,  pcrncdtgkcitc mctcrkjigma? ce duge mchc scr kgitcijma g tamg dastg. dastg. G eas  prcdjas mc dasta sc ecs sukgrgi cstas pardcitglcs y gsë sc ahtcimrç ce jivcitgrja ge prcdja mc vcitg. Mc cstg narkg ce jivcitgrja cstgrç cstjkgma ge vgear mce kcrdgma (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.2.2.   Kêtama mc cvgeugdjôi ge prcdja mc vcitgs kcias `gstas Cs kuy pgrcdjma ge kêtama mc vgeugdjôi gitcrjar? pcra gquë sc ec gsj`ig ge jivcitgrja ui prcdja mc vcitg? y, pgrg ia gitjdjpgr `gigidjgs, sc ec rcstg ui cstjkgma par daidcpta mc eas `gstas mc eg mjstrjhudjôi y vcitg (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

70

 

8.2.:.   Kêtama mc eg utjejmgm hrutg ci vcitgs Tc`üi Hrjta (8660) cstc kêtama sc hgsg ci eg cxpcrjcidjg quc eg ckprcsg bgyg tcijma ci pcrjamas gitcrjarcs, ci rcegdjôi dai ce kgr`ci mc utjejmgm  hrutg. Ce prcdja mc vcitg cstç mjvjmjma ci mas pgrtcs, ce dasta mc dakprg y eg utjejmgm hrutg quc ce ckprcsgrja qucrëg `gigr. Dai cstg jinarkgdjôi sc  pucmc ahtcicr eg dgitjmgm dgitjmgm mc jivcitgrja g pgrtjr pgrtjr mc eg tatgejmgm mc egs egs vcitgs mc kcrdgidëgs (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.2.76. Kêtama mce üetjka dasta  Ia mchc dainuimjrsc eas kêtamas mc ―Üetjkas Dastas‛ dai ―VCVT‛. Cstc kêtama daisjstc ci vgeugr eas jivcitgrjas mc gducrma ge prcdja mc eg ngdturg mc eg üetjkg dakprg rcgejzgmg ci ce clcrdjdja cdaiôkjda. Cs gdaisclghec saegkcitc dugima eas jivcitgrjas ratgi dai eg kjskg dcecrjmgm quc egs dakprgs? ci duya dgsa, ce jivcitgrja rcsuetgrg g su vgear rcge mc rcpasjdjôi (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.2.77. Kêtama mc jmcitjnjdgdjôi cspcdjnjdg Cs ce mc eg vgeugdjôi mc eas grtëdueas darrcspaimjcitc g quc sc bg dakprgma dgmg uia. Csta sôea cs pasjhec ci kuy padgs ckprcsgs, quc dakcrdjgejzgi da kcrdjgejzgi dai grtëdueas sunjdjcitckcitc `rgimcs c jmcitjnjdghecs dgmg uia mc ceeas dai eg ngdturg dai quc sc dakprgrai.

Eg kgyarëg mc eas kêtamas gitcrjarkcitc mcsdrjtas sc mcsgrraeegi kcmjgitc eg utjejzgdjôi mc uig bcrrgkjcitg kgiuge quc ecs pcrkjtc mcs`easgr eas mgtas icdcsgrjas pgrg su darrcdtg gpejdgdjôi, cstg bcrrgkjcitg cs daiadjmg daka ]grlctg Ogrmcx (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.2.78. ]grlctg Ogrmcx Cs uig tgrlctg mc jmcitjnjdgdjôi mc dgmg grtëduea mce jivcitgrja mc kcrdgidëgs y quc daitjcic jinarkgdjôi daidcrijcitc ge kêtama mc vgeugdjôi utjejzgma, mctgeecs mc eas kavjkjcitas mc citrgmg y sgejmg mc csc 72

 

 pramudta mce gekgdêi a mcpasjta, gsë daka tgkhjêi ce iükcra mc uijmgmcs cxjstcitcs y su vgear kaictgrja.

Ci rcegdjôi dai ea gitcs cxpucsta, egs ckprcsgs mchci scr dgpgdcs mc scecddjaigr ui kêtama mc vgeugdjôi quc sc gmgptc g egs dgrgdtcrëstjdgs  prapjgs y icdcsjmgmcs mc eg ar`gijzgdjôi, yg quc mcpcimc mc eg scecddjôi ce darrcdta kgicla y gmkjijstrgdjôi quc sc ec mci g eas jivcitgrjas. Ci cstc scitjma egs ckprcsgs mchci drcgr ce sjstckg ce duge pcrkjtg quc mjdbgs ckprcsgs dujmci y pratclgi sus gdtjvas, mc kgicrg mc pamcr gsc`urgr eg  prcscrvgdjôi mce kjska. Cstg nuidjôi cs rcgejzgmg par< (Gdcvcma, I. 8687).

8.2.78.7.  Tjstckg mc jivcitgrja

Eas Tjstckgs mc Jivcitgrja sc bgi daidchjma mchjma g quc ce  pcrjama citrc ceeas vgrëg kudba sc`üi eg djrduistgidjg. Tc rcnjcrc prjidjpgekcitc ci eg narkg ci quc scrçi rc`jstrgmgs egs apcrgdjaics rcegdjaigmgs dai ce jivcitgrja mc kcrdgidëgs. Var ui egma, sc ciducitrg ce jivcitgrja mjgrja quc sc usg rcegtjvgkcitc pada y quc vcimrëg g scr ui Jivcitgrja daitjiua, y par atrg pgrtc tcickas ce jivcitgrja quc sc takg saegkcitc g eg ncdbg mc djcrrc mce clcrdjdja prjidjpge quc scrëg ce Jivcitgrja Vcrjômjda.

8.2.78.7.7. Tjstckg mc jivcitgrja pcrpctua a daitjiua

Ce sjstckg mc jivcitgrja pcrpctua kgitjcic ui sgema gdtugejzgma mc eg dgitjmgm mc kcrdgidëg ci cxjstcidjg y ce dasta mc eg kcrdgidëg vcimjmg. Dugima sc dakprg kcrdgidëg, gukcitg eg ducitg mc gekgdêi? dugima cstc sc vcimc, mjskjiuyc y sc 7:

 

rc`jstrg ce dasta mc eg kcrdgidëg vcimjmg. Ci dugequjcr kakcita sc pucmc daiadcr eg dgitjmgm mc kcrdgidëgs ci cxjstcidjg y ce dasta tatge mc egs vcitgs mce pcrjama. Ci cstc sjstckg ia sc utjejzgi egs ducitgs

mc

dakprgs,

nectcs

sahrc

dakprgs,

mcvaeudjaics y haijnjdgdjaics sahrc dakprgs a mcsducita sahrc dakprgs. Dugequjcr apcrgdjôi quc rcprcscitc dgr`as a ghaias g cstgs ducitgs sc rc`jstrgrg ci eg ducitg jivcitgrjas mc gekgdêi.

➨  Jivcitgrja

daitjiua

Tc mcnjic daka ui sjstckg quc vgearg mc narkg  pcrkgicitc mas ducitgs< jivcitgrja y dastas mc vcitgs. Vgrg quc csta sudcmg, dugima sc gmqujcrci kcrdgidëgs sc gncdtg eg ducitg jivcitgrjas, cs mcdjr, ia sc utjejzg eg ducitg dakprgs y dgmg vcz quc sc cncdtüg uig vcitg, sc rcgejzgi mas rc`jstras, ce prjkcra par egs vcitgs y ce sc`uima par ce dasta mc egs kcrdgidëgs vcimjmgs.

8.2.78.7.8.  Tjstckg mc jivcitgrja pcrjômjda Ce sjstckg mc jivcitgrja pcrjômjda ia icdcsjtg kgitcicr ui sgema gdtugejzgma mc egs kcrdgidëgs ci cxjstcidjg. Tjckprc quc sc dakprgi kcrdgidëgs pgrg rcvcimcrsc sc bgdc ui dgr`a g eg ducitg dakprgs. Egs ducitgs

mcvaeudjaics

y

haijnjdgdjaics

sahrc

dakprgs, mcsducitas sahrc dakprgs y nectcs sahrc dakprgs, sc utjejzgi pgrg mcvaeudjaics, mcsducitas rcdjhjmas par praita pg`a y dgr`as mc nectcs ci quc sc jidurrci pgrg trgispartgr kcrdgidëgs. Var ea tgita, cs icdcsgrja bgdcr ui jivcitgrja nësjda pgrg 86

 

mctcrkjigr egs cxjstcidjgs mc kcrdgidëgs ge njigejzgr ce pcrjama. Dugima sc gpejdg ce sjstckg pcrjômjda ia sc rc`jstrg ce dasta mc eg kcrdgidëg vcimjmg dgmg vcz quc sc cncdtüg uig vcitg, sjia rcdjêi ge nji mce  pcrjama.

➨ 

Jivcitgrja pcrjômjda Daisjstc ci eg takg nësjdg a dastca mc egs uijmgmcs mce jivcitgrja quc sc tci`gi ge njige mc ui pcrjama, ea duge cs hgstgitc ci`arrasa yg quc jkpejdg ui csnucrza mcsmc ce puita mc vjstg ea`ëstjda. Ce daitca sc eecvg g dgha pgrg mctcrkjigr ce sgema njige mc eas jivcitgrjas quc sc rcneclgrgi ci ce hgegidc `cicrge y ce vgear ge eecvgr ge dasta mc vcitgs ci ce cstgma mc rcsuetgmas. Dgmg ckprcsg mchc cstumjgr kuy  hjci dgmg sjstckg y scecddjaigr gquce, quc kçs sc gmcduc g egs icdcsjmgmcs y dgrgdtcrëstjdgs  prapjgs mc eg ar`gijzgdjôi, yg quc ci uia ec  pcrkjtc daiadcr ci dugequjcr kakcita eg dgitjmgm mc kcrdgidëg mjspaijhec pgrg eg vcitg, gsë daka ce dasta ci quc sc jidurrc pgrg eg rcgejzgdjôi mc dgmg vcitg, ci dgkhja ci ce atra mjdbas vgearcs mchci mctcrkjigrsc kcmjgitc ui daitca nësjda mc tamg eg kcrdgidëg cxjstcitc ge kakcita mce djcrrc cdaiôkjda y mc cstg narkg mctcrkjigr su utjejmgm.

8.2.78.8.  Daitrae jitcria Si ceckcita mce daitrae quc sc hgsg ci pradcmjkjcitas y kêtamas, gmaptgmas par uig ar`gijzgdjôi mc kgicrg daarmjigmg g nji mc 87

 

 pratc`cr sus rcdursas daitrg pcrmjmg, nrgumc a jicnjdjcidjg?  prakavcr eg cxgdtjtum y dainjghjejmgm mc eas jinarkcs daitghecs y gmkjijstrgtjvas? gpaygr y kcmjr eg cnjdgdjg y cnjdjcidjg mc cstg, y kcmjr eg cnjdjcidjg mc apcrgdjôi ci tamgs egs çrcgs nuidjaigecs mc eg ar`gijzgdjôi.

8.:.  @cstjôi mc jivcitgrja y gekgdcigkjcita mc kgtcrjgs prjkgs

Eg @cstjôi y ce Daitrae mc eas jivcitgrjas cs kuy rcecvgitc ci eas gspcdtas ea`ëstjdas mc egs ar`gijzgdjaics pcrtcicdjcitcs g eas scdtarcs pramudtjvas. Cs jicvjtghec j`iargr eas cncdtas quc pramudci egs mcdjsjaics sahrc eg narkg mc gmkjijstrgr eas jivcitgrjas, ci csc scitjma gedgizgr uig jitc`rgdjôi y ui kgicla gmcdugma mc eas jivcitgrjas sc daivjcrtc ci ui u i praheckg dakpecla pgrg kudbas `crcitcs y gmkjijstrgmarcs (Dgrmaig, ]., Arcluceg, D., Xalgs, ]. 8672)

8.76.  Jkpartgidjg mce jivcitgrja Ce prjidjpge ngdtar mc rcecvgidjg mc eas jivcitgrjas cs su dasta. Ci tgita quc gdtjva mc eg ckprcsg, cs mcdjr, pgrtc mce hgegidc `cicrge, ce jivcitgrja cs uia mc eas ruhras kçs dastasas mc kudbgs dakpg÷ëgs. Ci ge`uias dgsas, ce jivcitgrja eec`g g rcprcscitgr bgstg ce 36% mce dgpjtge tatge jivcrtjma. Eas `crcitcs mc apcrgdjaics mc tama ce kuima bgi rcdaiadjma mcsmc bgdc tjckpa quc uig hucig `cstjôi ` cstjôi mc jivcitgrja cs drudjge. Var ui egma, u uig ig ckprcsg  pucmc rcmudjr dastas dastas ge rcmudjr ce jivcitgrja. jivcitgrja. Var atra egma, eg pramuddjôi pucmc mctcicrsc y eas dejcitcs qucmgi jisgtjsncdbas dugima ui grtëduea cstç nucrg mc stado (Ngimj÷a, M., ]avgr, A. 867:).

8.77.  Nuidjaics mce jivcitgrja

Mc gducrma dai eas gutarcs kcidjaigmas ci ce gpgrtgma gitcrjar, eg necxjhjejmgm ci eg apcrgdjôi mc uig ckprcsg mcpcimc mc eas jivcitgrjas. (Ngimj÷a, M., ]avgr, ]av gr, A. 867:). 88

 

Vrapaici dugtra nuidjaics hçsjdgs mc eas jivcitgrjas, g sghcr<

◁ Anrcdcr ui surtjma mc hjcics quc gitjdjpc eg mckgimg mc eas dejcitcs y quc jimcpcimjdc g eg ckprcsg mc egs neudtugdjaics mc mjdbg m jdbg mckgimg. Cstg cs eg nuidjôi tëpjdg mc eas jivcitgrjas ci cstghecdjkjcitas kjiarjstgs.

◁ Mcsgdapegr egs mjstjitgs pgrtcs mce pradcsa mc pramuddjôi. Var clckpea, sj eas sukjijstras mc uig ckprcsg neudtügi, sc rcqujcrc jivcitgrja gmjdjaige pgrg mcsgdapegr ce pradcsa pramudtjva mc eas pravccmarcs.

◁ Tgdgr pravcdba mc eas mcsducitas par pa r dgitjmgm. Egs dakprgs ci `rgimcs   dgitjmgmcs pucmci rcmudjr eas dastas mc eas hjcics a mc su trgispartc.

◁ Vgrg pratc`crsc mc eg jinegdjôi. Eas jivcitgr jas jas cejkjigi ce cncdta mc eas jidrckcitas ci ce prcdja mc eas jisukas. (Ngimj÷a, M., ]avgr, A. 867:).

8.78.  Degscs mc jivcitgrjas Mc gducrma dai egs mcnjijdjaics gitcrjarcs y daisjmcrgima eg mjstjidjôi  prapucstg par (Ngimj÷a, M., ]avgr, A. 867:) 867: ) ci têrkjias mc eg nuidjôi mc eas jivcitgrjas, ceeas sc pucmci degsjnjdgr mc eg sj`ujcitc kgicrg<

8.78.7.  Jivcitgrjas mc kgtcrjgs prjkgs Tc trgtg mc kgtcrjge quc sc dakprô, pcra ia sc bg pradcsgma. Sig mc egs vcitglgs mc cstc jivcitgrja cs quc pcrkjtc mcsgrtjduegr ci eg dgmcig mc ghgstcdjkjcita g eas pravccmarcs mce pradcsa mc pramuddjôi. Tji ckhgr`a, ce cinaquc kçs cncdtjva daisjstc ci cejkjigr eg vgrjghjejmgm ci tjckpa mc citrc`g par pgrtc mce pravccmar, g eg vcz quc qu c sc kgitjcic eg dgejmgm y sc daitraegi egs dgitjmgmcs.

8.78.8.  Jivcitgrja mc trghgla ci pradcsa (PJV) Daka sc kcidjaiô gitcrjarkcitc, bgy pramudtas quc sai rcgejzgmas ci eg kjskg ckprcsg, pcra duya pradcsgkjcita sc mctjcic a sc

 paspaic< sai eas daküikcitc mciakjigmas ―pramudtas ci pradcsa‛ 84

 

quc darrcspaimci g grtëdueas a ceckcitas quc sc utjejzgi u tjejzgi ci ui pradcsa mc pramuddjôi duyg prjidjpge dgrgdtcrëstjdg cs quc vgi gukcitgima su vgear dai dgmg pradcsa mc trgisnarkgdjôi par ce quc pgsgi bgstg daivcrtjrsc ci pramudta tcrkjigma.

Daistg mc dakpaicitcs a kgtcrjgs prjkgs quc bgi sunrjma djcrtas dgkhjas, pcra ia cstçi tcrkjigmas. Ce PJV cxjstc par ce tjckpa rcqucrjma pgrg bgdcr ui pramudta (eegkgma tjckpa mce djdea). Xcmudjr ce tjckpa mce djdea mjskjiuyc ce jivcitgrja. Dai nrcducidjg cstg tgrcg

ia cs mjnëdje< murgitc eg kgyar pgrtc mce tjckpa ci quc ―sc cegharg‛ ce  pramudta mc bcdba cstç adjasa.

8.78.4.  Jivcitgrja mc hjcics tcrkjigmas

Cxjstci citaidcs eas pramudtas tcrkjigmas quc ―sai pramudtas quc bgi dukpejma su pradcsa mc pramuddjôi y sc ciducitrgi ci eg hamc`g mc

 pramudtas tcrkjigmas y güi ia bgi sjma vcimjmas.‛ Cstc gutar tgkhjêi gnjrkg quc eas ijvcecs mc jivcitgrja cstçi mjrcdtgkcitc rcegdjaigmas dai egs vcitgs, ea duge sc cxpejdg kçs têdijdgkcitc ge daisjmcrgr ce kamcea mc jivcitgrjas daka ui sjstckg makjigma par pa r mas pgrçkctras< eg tgsg mc pramuddjôi y eg tgsg mc daisuka. Eas mgtas mc vcitgs sai eas quc mctcrkjigi cscidjgekcitc g cstg üetjkg.

Dai egs tgsgs mc pramuddjôi y daisuka sc pucmci cstghecdcr kcmjmgs mc cxdcsa a csdgscz mc jivcitgrja. Citaidcs ce kamcea ghstrgëma pucmc daistrujrsc pgrg cqujejhrgr eas dastas dainejdtjvas mc cxdcsa y csdgscz mc jivcitgrja? cs mcdjr, pgrg kjijkjzgr ce dasta tatge mce jivcitgrja.

8.78.=.  Jivcitgrjas cstgdjaigecs Var nucrg mc eg degsjnjdgdjôi mc eas kcidjaigmas gutarcs sc pucmci daisjmcrgr eas jivcitgrjas cstgdjaigecs, quc darrcspaimci g dugequjcrg

mc eas tjpas gitcrjarcs, pcra sai eas ―utjejzgmas pgrg duhrjr eg mckgimg 8=

 

cstgdjaige y tgkhjêi pgrg sugvjzgr ce ijvce mc pramuddjôi.‛ Cstg üetjkg

nuidjôi mc ―sugvjzgma‛ qujcrc mcdjr quc pramuzda y kgitci`a ci kj jivcitgrja pramudtas tcrkjigmas ci cxdcsa ci dgsa mc quc eas icdcsjtc i cdcsjtc a kj mckgimg gukcitg par sahrc kj dgpgdjmgm mc pramuddjôi.

8.78.3.  Jivcitgrjas mc sc`urjmgm

Ce daidcpta mc jivcitgrja mc sc`urjmgm tgkpada darrcspaimc  prapjgkcitc g ui tjpa mc jivcitgrja, sjia g ui ijvce cspcdënjda mc ge`uia mc eas tjpas mc jivcitgrjas kcidjaigmas, ce duge sc cstghecdc  pgrg daitraegreas y kgit kgitcicreas cicreas jimjrcdtgkcitc. Tc mcnjic g pgrtjr mc eg jidcrtjmukhrc ci eg mckgimg u ancrtg y sjrvc pgrg prcvcijr ngetgitcs  pravadgmgs par csg degsc mc neudtugdjaics? usugekcitc cstç gekgdcigma mcitra mc eg ckprcsg.

83

 

JJJ. 

DAIDESTJAICT

Mc gducrma g eas ahlctjvas sc ea`rô daiadcr eas daidcptas rcegdjaigmas ge daitrae mc jivcitgrjas ci eg jimustrjg mc gejkcitas? eg duge prcscitg ui gkpeja daidcpta rcegdjaigma g ceea, daka sc daiadc ci eg jimustrjg mc gejkcitas cs jkpartgitc daitgr dai ui daitrae mc jivcitgrjas pgrg tcicr uig vjstg prcvjg mc egs cxjstcidjgs ci eg ckprcsg. Daka tgkhjêi egs têdijdgs y tjpas mc jivcitgrjas? kêtamas y degscs mc jivcitgrja y sus nuidjaics. 

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