TR

 

SIS^JH B[J]ASI, A[FIEASI NAO HAOALJHJO @IFJ

Nisusuo Zotue Hjhjougi Safag Satu ^udas nafah Hata Eufiag ^IFNA Nbsjo [jodahpu< Ir`aoni, S.[n., H.Si nao ]alb Gasih Fumis, S.[n., H.[n.

Bfjg < NIAO ]BOAFNB SIGB^AOD (>1933=1;11) @ISIEA NIE A =;19

[]BD]AH S^ZNI (S1) [JONINIEAO @ISIEA @AEZF^AS HA^JHA^IEA NAO IFHZ [JODJ^AGZAO AFAH ZOIPJ]SI^AS OJDJ]I HJNAO =;19/=;=;

 

EA^A [JODAO^A] 

[uli nao syueur eita paolateao ej ^ugao yaod haga jsa, earjoa njodao raghat nao earuoiaoyafag saya napat hjoyjfjsaieao haeafag ioi njodao maie. ^aopa pjrtbfbodao-Oya huodeio saya tinae aeao saoddup saoddup hjoyjfjsaieao njodao njodao  maie.  

Njodao hjhmuat tudas ioi eahi nigarapeao hahpu uotue fjmig hjodjoaf

tjotaod tjotao d Sistjh Bpjrasi yaod saya salieao mjrnasareao mjrnasareao io`brhasi nari mjrmadai mjrmadai suhmjr. Saya Saya sa sana nar, r, sjmad sjmadai ai sjbra sjbraod od haga hagasis siswa wa ya yaod od hasig hasig na nafa fah h pr prbs bsjs js  pjhmjfalarao, pjoufisao haeafag ioi hasig maoyae ejeuraodaooya. Bfjg earjoa itu, saya saodat hjodgarapeao anaoya eritie nao sarao yaod mjrsi`at pbsiti`, duoa  pjoufisao haeafag yaod fjmig maie fadi ni hasa yaod aeao nataod.

 

Hjnao, 1= @jmruari =;=;

 pjoyusuo  pjoyu suo

 

NA@^A] ISI Eata [jodaotar………………………………………………………………… 1 Na`tar Isi…………………………………………………………………………= MAM I. [jonagufuao…………………………………………………………….3

I.1 Fatar Mjfaeaod Hasafag……………………………………………................3 Hasafag……………………………………………................3 I.= ]uhusao Hasafag……………………………………………………..............3 Hasafag……………………………………………………..............3 I.3 ^uluao [joufisao……………………………………………………................3 [joufisao……………………………………………………................3 MAM II. [jhmagasao…………………………………………………………….>

II.1 Sistjh bpjrasi nao pjhao`aataoya………………………………..................> pjhao`aataoya………………………………..................> II.= Apfieasi nao pjhao`aataoya…………………………………........................: pjhao`aataoya…………………………………........................: II.3 Custbhiziod apfieasi…………………………………………........................4 apfieasi…………………………………………........................4 II.> @ifj nao jestjosi `ifj………………………………………………………....9 II.: Sitasi nao rj`jrjosi…………………………………………..........................1; MAM III. [joutup…………………………………………………………….....13

III.1 Ejsihpufao………………………………………………………................13 Ejsihpufao………………………………………………………................13 NA@^A] [ZS^AEA…………………………………………………………...1>

 

 

MAM I [JONAGZFZAO I.1 Fatar Mjfaeaod Hasafag

Njodao sjhaeio caoddig nao mjrejhmaodoya nuoia I[^JE yaod sjpjrti nirasaeao sjcara sidoi`ieao, wafaupuo sjcara jsjosi tjeobfbdi tjrsjmut hasig pana ejraod ejr aodea ea acu acuao ao yao yaod d ana ana.. His Hisafo afoya ya pan panaa zah zahao ao sjm sjmjfu jfuh h tag taguo uo =;; =;;;, ;, bra braod od uhuh hasig hjhao hjhaonaod naod sjmuag ebhputjr anafag hjsio yaod miasaoya tjrfjtae   pana sjmuag hjla nihaoa pana hjla tjrsjmut tjrnapat ejymbarn, hboitbr nao C[Z. C[ Z. At Atau au fj fjmi mig g ni niej ejoa oaff nj njod odao ao [j [jrs rsbo boaf af Cb Cbhp hput utjr jr.. Oa Oahu huo o na nafa fah h  pjrejhmaodao nari pjraodeat jfjetrboie ioi hjhifiei mjrmadai maoyae radah nari sisi systjh bpjrasi yaod niduoaeao, gaf tjrsjmut hjolani sjhaeio sufit uotue  nimjna nim jnaeao eao.. Hjh Hjhaga agahi hi sist sistjh jh bpj bpjrasi rasi mjr mjrart artii hjh hjhaga agahi hi cara ejr ejrla la sis sistjh tjh ebhp eb hput utjr jr sjc sjcar araa ej ejsjf sjfur urug ugao ao.. Hj Hjod odap apaa nj njhi hiei eiao ao 2 si sistj stjh h bp bpjra jrasi si ea earj rjoa oa hjodjfbfa sjtiap madiao nafah sistjh ebhputjr, maie pjraodeat ejras haupuo  pjraodeat fuoae. Sistjh ebhputjr tjrniri nari pjraodeat fuoae (prbdrah) nao  pjraodeat ejras (ebhpbojo `isie nao ebhpbojo jfjetrboie). [jraodeat fuoae  sistjh bpjrasi hjrupaeao madiao utaha nari pjraodeat fuoae, yaitu madiao nari sistjh ebhputasi yaod hjodjfbfa sjhua pjraodeat ejras nao sjhua pjraodeat fuoae faioya. Sistjh bpjrasi hjodatur sjtiap `ifj, sjtiap pjraodeat, sjtiap madiao nari hjhbri utaha, nao sjtiap oaobnjtie waetb prbsjsbr. Sistjh bpjrasi hjodatur  siap si apaa ya yao od na napa patt hj hjo odd dduo uoae aeao ao si sist stjh jh eb ebh hpu putj tjrr nao ma mad dai aiha hao oa ca cara ra hjodduoaeaooya. Bfjg sjmam itu pjhmjfalarao tjotaod sistjo bpjrasi pana saat ioi saod sa odat at ni nimu mutu tuge geao ao ad adar ar hj hjhp hpjr jrhu huna nag g ei eita ta na nafa fah h hj hjod oddu duoa oaea eao o at atau au hjhao`aateao pjrejhmaodao zahao. I.= ]uhusao Hasafag

Adar pjoufis ioi napat tjtap `beus haea pjoufisao haeafag ioi nimatasi pana< 1. Sistjh Sistjh bpjrasi bpjrasi nao pjhao` pjhao`aat aataoo aooya ya =. Apfiea Apfieasi si nao pjhao` pjhao`aata aataooy ooyaa 3. Custb Custbhi hizi ziod od ap apfi fiea easi si >. @i @ifj fj na nao o jes jestj tjos osii `if `ifjj :. Si Sita tasi si na nao o rj rj`jr `jrjo josi si

I.3 ^uluao [joufisao

 

Haeafag ioi mjrtuluao uotue hjoahmag pjhagahao pjhmaca atau hagasiswa tjotaod Ejcaoddigao tjeobfbdi tjrutaha ni minaod ebhputjr pana hasa hasa yaod aeao nataod.

MAM II [JHMAGASAO II.1 Sistjh Bpjrasi nao [jhao`aataooya 1. Nj`j Nj`joi oisi si sist sistjh jh bpjr bpjras asii

[jodjrtiao sistjh bpjrasi sjcara uhuh anafag pjodjfbfa sjfurug suhmjr  naya yaod tjrnapat nafah sistjh ebhputjr nao hjoyjniaeao sjeuhpufao fayaoao (systjh caffs) ej pjhaeai sjgiodda hjhunageao nao hjoyahaeao pjoduoa sjta  pjhao`aatao suhmjr naya sistjh ebhputjr tjrsjmut earjoa pana nasaroya ebhputjr anafag hjsio mjrupa maraod atau mjona hati. Sistjh bpjrasi hjrupaeao sjmuag sjmua g pjodgumu pjodgumuod od aotara pjodduoa pjodduoa hjsio nao pjraodeat pjraodeat ejras yaod nihifiei hjsio tjrsjmut. @uodsi hjsio pana nasaroya niduoaeao uotue hjfaeuea hjfaeueao o sjsuatu, sjsuatu, hjhmjr hjh mjriea ieao o hao`aa hao`aatt madi madi haousi haousiaa nafah nafah hjfaeu hjfaeueao eao ejdiat ejdiatao ao atau atau rutioi rutioitas tas ejsjga ejs jgaria riao. o. Adar Adar hjsio hjsio napat napat mjrlaf mjrlafao ao nao hjodga hjodgasif sifeao eao sjsuatu sjsuatu yaod yaod napat napat  mjrhao`aat madi haousia, haea hjsio hjhjrfueao sistjh bpjrasi nafah hjfaeueao tudasoya yaod tjfag ni atur njodao magasa hjsio itu sjoniri. ^jfag nisjmuteao niatas magwa ebhputjr hjrupaeao mjona hati atau lasan, sjnaodeao sistjh bpjrasi tjrsjmut niimarateao sjmadai rbg. =. ^ulu ^uluao ao sis sistj tjh h bpjr bpjras asii

^uluao nari sistjh bpjrasi yaitu sjmadai pjodbotrbf nafah hjodjesieusi  prbdrah-prbdrah apfieasi. Sjfaio itu, sistjh bpjrasi luda mjr`uodsi sjmadai io iotj tjr`a r`acj cj atau atau hjni hjniat atbr br ao aota tara ra pj pjod oddu duoa oa eb ebhp hput utjr jr nj njod odao ao pj pjra raod odea eatt ej ejra rass ebhputjr. Sjcara uhuhoya hjhifiei 3 tuluao yaod pafiod hjonasar yaitu< 1. J`jsijosi, hjhuodeioeao suhmjr naya yaod ana pana ebhputjr uotue  niduoaeao sjcara j`jsijo. =. Ejhunagao, njodao anaoya sistjh bpjrasi, ebhputjr fjmigg hunag nafah pjodduoaaoya.

 

3. Ejha Ejhahp hpua uao o uo uotu tue e mj mjrjv rjvbf bfus usi, i, sistj sistj bp bpjra jrasi si na napa patt ni nisu susu suo o na nao o nirjocaoaeao uotue pjodjhmaodao yaod j`jeti`, pjoduliao nao pjojrapao `uodsi `uodsi yaod maru, taopa hjoddaodu fayaoao yaod tjfag ana. 3. @uod @uodsi si sis sistj tjh h bpjr bpjras asii

1. Hjfaeueao mbbtiod pana ebhputjr =. Hjfaeu Hjfaeueao eao tudas-t tudas-tuda udass ebhput ebhputjr jr nasar nasar hisafo hisafoya ya jodjfb jodjfbfa fa mjrmad mjrmadai ai  pjraodeat pjri`jraf, hisaf hbusj, ejymbarn. 3. Hjoyjniaeao Hjoyjniaeao aotar huea huea pjodduoa, pjodduoa, hisaf maris pjriotag pjriotag aotar huea  pjodduoa dra`is (DZI). >. Hjoaodaoi suhmjr naya sistjh sjpjrti hjhbri ebhputjr nao mjrmadai waetu wae tu pjhrbs pjhrbsjsao jsao pusat pusat C[Z bfjg bfjg mjrmad mjrmadai ai apfiea apfieasi si atau pjraod pjraodeat eat  pjri`jraf. :. Hjoy Hjoyjn jniae iaeao ao haoa haoaljh ljhjo jo `i `ifj fj ya yaod od hjod hjodac acu u pa pana na sistj sistjh h bp bpjr jrasi asi hjhaoipufasi, hjoyihpao, hjodahmif, nao hjoyihpao nata. 0. [joaod [joaodaoa aoao o ejsafag ejsafagao ao nifaeu nifaeueao eao bfjg bfjg sistjh sistjh bpjrasi bpjrasi.. Nimutu Nimutugea geao o tion tionae aeao ao pj pjcj cjda daga gao o ea eapa paop opuo uo mi misa sa ni nipj pjrfu rfuea eao o uo uotu tue e hjod hjodgi gion onar arii ejsafagao. >. Lj Ljoi oiss ssis istj tjh h bpj bpjra rasi si

Mjri Mj rieu eutt anaf anafag ag mjmj mjmjra rapa pa ljoi ljoiss sitj sitjh h bp bpjr jras asii ya yaod od pa pafi fiod od ma maoy oyae  ae  niduoaeao. 1. Sihpfj Matcg Systjh =. Huftiprbdrahhiod Matcg Systjh 3. Huftiprbcjssbr Systjh >. Njestbp Systjh :. Nistrimutjn Bpjratiod Systjh 0. Cfustjrjn Systjh 4. ]jaftihj Bpjratiod Systjh 7. Gaongjfn Systjh II.= Apfieasi nao [jhao`aataoya [jhao`aataoya (Ioput nao Butput Apfieasi)

Sistjh bpjrasi sjriod sjeafi niduoaeao sjmadai mjrieut<

1.

Sgar arjn jn ]j ]jsb sbur urcj cj,, Sg

Tafa Ta faup upuo uo pj pjra raod odea eatt

sjea sj eara raod od su suna nag g

hjhi hj hifi fiei ei

ejha ej hahp hpua uao o ya yaod od cj cjpa patt na nafa fah h pr prbs bsjs js eb ebhp hput utasi asi (h (his isafo afoya ya na nafa fah h

 

hjodae daesjs sjs nat nata), a), tjt tjtapi api pjo pjoddu dduoa oa has hasig ig sala hjo hjodio diodio dioeao eao sis sistjh tjh hjo  mjrlafao njodao fjmig cjpat. Apamifa garnwarj tjrmatas, ejcjpatao yaod niiodioeao usjr napat niatasi njodao hjoddamuodeao pjraodeat yaod ana njodao sistjh bpjrasi.

=.

Hao`aat Ebhputasi Safag satu ejuoddufao sistjh bpjrasi anafag magwa ebhputasi mjrlafao nafah ejanaao parafjf. [rbsjs ebhputasi ioi nipjcag nafah maoyae titie, yaod ya od hu huod odei eio o mj mjru rupa pa eb ebhp hput utjr jr pr prim iman ani, i, pr prbs bsjsb jsbrr tj tjrsj rsjon onir iri, i, na nao o ejhuodeioao pjraodeat prbsjsbr yaod faio.

3.

]jfiamifitas Mjrnasareao njsido nao ihpfjhjotasi nari njsido sistjh, haea gifaodoya satu sat u ob obnj nj ti tina nae e ae aeao ao mj mjrn rnah ahpa pae e tj tjrg rgan anap ap io iotj tjdr drita itass si sistj stjh. h. Ga Gaff io ioii  mjrmjna njodao [C, apamifa ana safag satu garnwarj yaod hjodafahi ejrusa ejr usaeao eao,, hae haeaa sist sistjh jh aea aeao o mjr mjrlaf lafao ao tin tinae ae sji sjihma hmaod, od, mag mageao eao sist sistjh jh tinae napat mjrlafao.

>.

Ebhuoieasi Sistjh bpjrasi mjrlafao nafah lariodao nao miasaoya hjfayaoi ebojesi  lariodao. Sistjh ioi uhuhoya niduoaeao usjr uotue prbsjs ojtwbreiod. Zsjr napat safiod mjrtuear nata, atau safiod mjrebhuoieasi aotar titie maie  sjcara FAO haupuo TAO.

  Ebhpbojo [jraodeat Ioput, Ioput, [rbsjs, Butput Ebhputjr anafag suatu afat yaod niduoaeao uotue hjodbfag nata yaod cjpa cj patt na nao o na napa patt hj hjoj ojri riha ha io io`b `brh rhas asii Io Iopu putt ( ha hasu suea eao/ o/hj hjod odio iopu putt ), fa fafu fu hjh[ hj h[rb rbsjs sjs io iopu putt tjr tjrsjm sjmut ut ( hj hjhp hprb rbsjs sjs ) sj sjsu suai ai nj njod odao ao pr prbd bdrah rahoy oyaa na nao o ejhuniao Butput ( ejfuarao / hjoahpifeao ) mjrupa Io`brhasi ejtida ebhpbojo tjrsjmu tjrs jmutt sao saodat dat pjo pjotio tiod d naf nafah ah hjo hjolaf lafaoe aoeao ao sjm sjmuag uag ebh ebhput putjr, jr, lie lieaa safa safag g sat satu u ebhp eb hpbo bojo jo ti tina nae e an anaa eb ebhp hput utjr jr ti tina nae e ae aeao ao mi misa sa ni nidu duoa oaea eao. o. Na Nao o lu luda da an anaa ebhpbojo faiooya yaitu [joyihpaoao nao Ebhuoieasi. 1. Iop Ioput, ut, Ioput Ioput mjr`uod mjr`uodsi si sjmadai sjmadai hjnia hjnia hasueao hasueao nari fuar fuar ej naf nafah ah sistjh sistjh ebhputjr. Nao [jraodeat Njvicj nafah Ioput anafag < 

Ejymbarn

 



Hbusj



Lby stice 



Fidgt pjo



Ihadj scaoojr

=. [rb [rbsjs, sjs, [rb [rbsjs sjs mjr mjr`uo `uodsi dsi uot uotue ue hjo hjodb dbfag fag nat nataa nar narii Ihp Ihput ut ( has hasuea ueao o ) ejhuniao ejhun iao hjod hjodjfuarea jfuareaooya ooya ( Butpu Butputt ) mjrup mjrupaa Io`br Io`brhasi. hasi. Nao [jraodeat Njvicj nafah [rbsjs anafag < - [rbcjssbr  - ]AH ( ]aonbh Accjs Hjhbry ) - Hbtgjrmbarn - PDA ( Pinjb Drapgic Array ) 3. Butpu Butput, t, Butput Butput anafag anafag ejfuarao ejfuarao nari gasif gasif [jhrbsjsao [jhrbsjsao Iopu Ioputt yaod mjrupa mjrupa tahpifao ataupuo Suara. Nao [jraodeat Njvicj nafah Butput anafag - Spjaejr  - [riotjr  - Hboitbr  - [rbljetbr 

II.3 Cbstuhiziod Apfieasi

[jraodeat fuoae ( sb`twarj) hjrupaeao sjfurug pjriotag yaod niduo niduoaeao aeao uotue hjhprbsj hjhprbsjs s io`b io`brhasi. rhasi. [jrao [jraodeat deat fuoae napat nap at mjr mjrupa upa prb prbdra drah h hau haupuo puo prb prbsjn sjnur ur –pr –prbsj bsjnur nur.. Ana lud luda a yaod ya od

hj hjod odar arti tiea eao o

sb sb`t `twa warj rj

an anaf afag ag

pr prbd bdra rah h

eb ebhp hput utjr jrna nao o

nbeuhjotasi yaod tjreait njodaooya. nisjmu jmutt lud ludaa mjs mjspbe pbejj sb` sb`twa twarj rj ata atau u tai taifbr fbrjn jn Custbh izj ( Mjs Mjspbe pbejj ) nis Custbhizj sb`twarj anafag sb`twarj yaod niciptaeao mjrnasareao pjrhiotaao nao ejmutugao (mageao (mage ao situasi situasi/ebo /ebonisi) nisi) tjrtjo tjrtjotu. tu. Maoya Maoyae e Sb`tw Sb`twarj arj Gbus Gbusjj yaod hjod hjodgasife gasifeao ao [jraodeat fuoae ioi mjrnasareao prbyje/pjsaoao tjrtjotu.

 

Djojric < [rbnuct sb`twarj djojric nisjmut luda sb`twarj paceadj atau

b``-t b` `-tgj gj-sg -sgjf jf``

sb`t sb `twa warj rj

anaf an afag ag

sb`t sb `twa warj rj-sb -sb`t `twa warj rj

njod nj odao ao

spjsi sp jsi`i `iea easi si

yaod ya od

djojric/uhuh nao mjrfaeu nihaoapuo (fjmig fuas). Cbotbg Sb`twarj Custbhizj

Cbotbg Cbotb g prbn prbnue ue sjpjrt sjpjrtii sistjh io`brhasi mjrmasis lariodao sjebfag, sistjh aeanjhie, sistjh io`brhasi pjoluafao,nff. Sjmadai cbotbg saya hjodahmif prbnue  sb`twarjj sistjh pjoluafao ionbharjt,prbnu sb`twar ionbharjt,prbnue e ioi tjrhasu tjrhasue e cuztb cuztbhizj hizj sb`twar sb`twarjj earjoa sb`twarj yaod niciptaeao mjrnasareao pjrhiotaao nao ejmutugao (mageao situasi/ situ asi/ebo ebonis nisi) i) tjrt tjrtjot jotu.s u.sb`t b`twar warjj ioi nid niduoa uoaeao eao uot uotue ue hjo hjonue nueuod uod pjo pjonat nataao aao  pjoluafao,sjgiodda sb`twarj ioi saodat mjrduoa madi hioiharejt.sb`twarj  pjoluafao ni ionbharjt hisafoya huodeio laug mjna njodao yaod niduoaeao ni af`a hart. Lani sb`twarj ioi ninistrimusieao sjsuai pjrhiotaao usjr/custjhjr nao niejhmaodaeao niejhmaod aeao sjsuai ejmu ejmutugao tugao custjh custjhjr/usj jr/usjrr yaod tjotu tjotuoya oya hasiod hasiod-hasio -hasiod d usjr mjrmjn mjrmjnaa njoda njodao o ejmu ejmutugao tugao sistjh.lani sistjh.lani sistjh ioi nhjoy nhjoyjsuaie jsuaieao ao njoda njodao o ejmutugao. Cbotbg Sb`twarj Djojrie 

[rbnuct sb`twarj djojric nisjmut luda sb`twarj paceadj atau b``-tgj-sgjf`  sb`twarjj anafag sb`twarj-sb`twarj sb`twar sb`twarj-sb`twarj njodao spjsi`i spjsi`ieasi easi yaod djojric/uhuh djojric/uhuh nao  mjrfaeu nihaoapuo (fjmig fuas). cbotbg< 1. Bpj Bpjrat ratiod iod Systjh Systjh,, sjpjrti sjpjrti Hicrbsb Hicrbsb`t `t Tionbws Tionbws,, =. Tbrn [rbcj [rbcjssiod, ssiod, sjpjrt sjpjrtii Hicrbsb`t Hicrbsb`t Tbrn, Tbrn[ Tbrn[an an 3. Spr Sprjan jansgj sgjjt, jt, sjpj sjpjrti rti Hicr Hicrbsb bsb`t `t Jxcj Jxcjff ff >. Mjmjra Mjmjrapa pa apfieasi apfieasi egusus egusus misa nimuat nimuat hjolan hjolanii djojrie djojrie njodao njodao hjhmuatoy hjhmuatoyaa jojraf nao hunag niduoaeao siapa sala sjpjrti apfieasi aeuotaosi, apfieasi sjebfag, nao faio-faio. Eita ahmif satu cbotbg prbnue anbmj,anbmj tjrniri nari mjmjrapa sb`twarj niao ni aotar tarao aooy oya, 3dp, avi, `fv, EP. Hasiod-hasiod jestjosi ioi hjouolueeao magwa hasiod-hasio hasiod -hasiod d vinjb hjhifiei ljois pjhut pjhutar ar yaod mjrmjna. ^inae  sjhuaa ljo sjhu ljois is vin vinjb jb nap napat at nip niputa utarr njo njodao dao sb` sb`twa twarj rj yao yaod d mia miasao saoya ya tjriostaf ni nafah ebhputjr. Ana mjmjrapa ljois vinjb yaod gaoya  misa niputar njodao sb`twarj tjrtjotu.



@ifjj nbe @if nbeuhj uhjo, o, Mjm Mjmjrap jrapaa jes jestjo tjosi si pan panaa `if `ifjj nbe nbeuhj uhjo o nia niaota otarao raoya ya anafag nbc, bnt, nbc, xfs, bns, pn`, ppt, txt. Hasiod-hasiod jestjosi tjrsjmutt hjou tjrsjmu hjouoluee olueeao ao ljois `ifj nbeu nbeuhjoo hjooya, ya, nao gaoya misa nimu nimuea ea  liea ni nafah ebhputjr tjriostaf sb`twarj atau apfieasi yaod sjsuai.



@ifj dahmar, Mjmjrapa jestjosi `ifj dahma dahmarr niaot niaotaraoya araoya anafag lpd,  lpjd, pod, di`, ti`, nao faio-faio. [ana uhuhoya dahmar yaod

 

niga sife feao ao bf bfjg jg ea eahj hjra ra ni nidi dita taff at atau aupu puo o ea eahj hjra ra ha haou ouaf af ae aeao ao nigasi  mjrjestjosi lpd atau lpjd. Dahmar mjrjestjosi ti`, pod, nao faiooya  miasaoya

gasif

pjoyihpaoao nari

sb`twarj

tjrtjotu,

hisafoya

[gbtbsgbp, CbrjfNraw, AutbCan, nao faio-faio. 

@ifj suara, Mjmjrapa jestjosi `ifj suara niaotaraoya anafag wav, hp3, hini, nao rh. Saha gafoya njodao `ifj ebhputjr faiooya, tinae sjhua `ifj suara napat nimueao njodao satu apfieasi.

II.: Sitasi nao ]j`jrjosi

Sitasi Sit asi hjrupa hjrupaeao eao cara madi madi eita eita uotue uotue hjhmjr hjhmjrii tagu tagu ejpana ejpana pjhmac pjhmacaa  magwa hatjri tjrtjotu nafah earya yaod eita tufis mjrasaf nari suhmjr faio. Ioi  luda hjhmjri io`brhasi ejpana pjhmaca uotue hjojhueao suhmjr itu fadi apamifa io`brhasi tjrsjmut nipjrfueao, tjrhasue io`brhasi tjotaod pjoufis,  lunuf earya, oaha nao fbeasi pjrusagaao yaod hjojrmiteao safioao suhmjr  yaod eita duoaeao, taoddaf safioao yaod eita caotuheao, obhbr gafahao nari hatjri yaod eita eutip. Sitasi napat ninj`ioisieao sjmadai rj`jrjosi iotjfjetuaf uotue suhmjr yaod nitjrmiteao nitjrm iteao atau tinae nipumfieasieao nipumfieasieao njodao hjodutip hjodutip mueu, mueu, pjoufis pjoufis atau  pumfieasi yaod ana uotue hjonueuod suatu `aeta. Sitasi hjrupaeao cara eita hjhmjritagu pjhmaca magwa madiao-madiao tjrtjotu nari tufisao eita mjrasaf nari nari suhm suhmjr jr yaod yaod nitu nitufi fiss pjou pjoufi fiss fa faio io.. ^ulu ^uluao aooy oyaa ya yait itu u sita sitasi si uo uotu tue  e  hjoluoluod ejlulurao aeanjhie/iotjfjetuaf nao hjodgionari pfadiarishj hjodgionari pfadiarishj.. Anapuo ljois-ljois sitasi anafag sjmadai mjieut< 1. Sitasi yaod yaod hjodacu hjodacu pana pana apa (ahjric (ahjricao ao psycgbfbd psycgbfbdicaf icaf assbciatib assbciatibo) o) Daya Da ya A[A A[A mj mjra rasaf saf na nari ri taguo taguo 19 19=9 =9,, ej ejti tiea ea sjejf sjejfbh bhpb pbe e ps psie iebf bfbd bd,, aotrbp aot rbpbfb bfbd, d, nao haoaljr haoaljr misois misois mjreu mjreuhpu hpuff nao mjrusa mjrusaga ga uotue uotue hjojtap hjojtapeao eao sjraodeaiao prbsjnur sjnjrgaoa, atau aturao daya, yaod aeao hjodebni`ieasieao  maoyae ebhpbojo pjoufisao ifhiag uotue hjoiodeateao ejhunagao pjhagahao  macaao. Daya Ahjricao [sycgbfbdicaf Assbciatibo (A[A) sjriod niduoaeao nafah ifhu sbsiaf nao nisipfio faio. Daya A[A hjoyjrueao tida ljois io`brhasi

 

uotue nihasueeao nafah eutipao nafah tjes. Oaha mjfaeaod pjoufis nao taoddaf  pumfieasi earya garus sjfafu huocuf, nao jfjhjo ioi garus saha pjrsis njodao jotri yaod sjsuai nafah na`tar rj`jrjosi. Ljois io`brhasi ejtida, obhbr gafahao, gaoya huocuf nafah eutipao ej eutipao faodsuod. =. E ut i pa o da y a hf a ( hbnjro faoduadj faoduadj assbciatibo assbciatibo)/asbsi )/asbsiasi asi magasa hbnjro HFA anafag aerboih yaod hjrupaeao siodeatao nari Hbnjro Faoduadj Assbciatibo, sjmuag brdaoisasi Ahjriea yaod hjojrmiteao HFA Styfj Haouaf  pjrtaha pana taguo 197:. Sjlae itu, maoyae sjebfag, aeanjhi nao uoivjrsitas tjfag tjfa g hjodan hjodanbps bpsii daya daya pjoufi pjoufisao sao ioi ni sjfurug sjfurug nu nuoia oia.. HFA pafiod pafiod maoyae  maoyae  nitjra nit jrapea peao o nafah nafah minaod minaod sjoi sjoi nao guhaoi guhaoibra bra,, egusus egususoya oya nafah nafah stuni stuni magasa magasa Ioddris, stuni fitjratur faio, tjrhasue fitjratur ebhparati` nao eritie sastra nafah  magasa faio

sjfaio

magasa

Ioddris (magasa asiod),

nao mjmjrapa stuni

iotjrnisipfiojr, hisafoya stuni munaya, nraha nao tjatjr, `ifh, nao hjnia faiooya, tjrhasue tjfjvisi. 3. Euti Eutipa pao o day dayaa cgi cgica cadb db Dayaa Cgicad Day Cgicadb b anafag anafag daya daya eutipa eutipao o aod tjfag tjfag nitjrm nitjrmite iteao ao bfjg bfjg Cgicadb Zoivjrsity [rjss sjlae [rjss sjlae 19;0. Daya eutipao ioi hjoddamuodeao aturao tata magasa nao taona maca uhuh nafah magasa Ioddris Ahjriea. Miasaoya, daya Cgicadb hjoyalieao nua sistjh sitasi nasar yaod pjhifigaooya sjriod tjrdaotuod pana hatjri pjfalarao nao si`at suhmjr yaod nieutip.

Anapuo cara hjhmuat sitasi anafag sjmadi mjrieut < 1. C at atao a tao faodsu faodsuod od (catat (catatao ao pjrut) pjrut),, Cat atao atao faodsuod nitufis ni nafah  maris-maris oaseag, yaod mjrisi afahat rulueao siodeat nari magao yaod niac niacu, u, hjfi hjfipu puti ti oa oaha ha pj pjod odara araod od,, ta tagu guo o pj pjoj ojrm rmit itao ao,, na nao o ga gafa faha hao. o. [joufisao yaod mjrsuhmjr nari artiejf luroaf, artiejf hjnia hassa, atau haeafag, tinae pjrfu nicaotuheao obhbr gafahaooya. =. Catatao Catatao eaei (`bbtobtjs) (`bbtobtjs) atau catatao aegir (jonobtjs), (jonobtjs), @bbt @bbtob obtj tjss nao nao jonobtjs nitufis sjcara tjrpisag nari maris-maris oaseag. 3. Catatao Catatao eaei (`bbtobtjs (`bbtobtjs), ), Cata Catata tao o ea eaei ei nifj nifjta taee eeao ao ni ma madi diao ao mawag mawag gafahao, nipisageao nari oaseag utaha hjodduoaeao daris. Io`brhasi

 

rj`jrjosi yaod nitufiseao ni nafah catatao eaei hjfiputi oaha pjodaraod (tinae nimafie susuoaooya), susuoaooya), lunuf, lunuf, pjojrmit, pjojrmit, ebta, taguo, taguo, nao gafahao. gafahao. Suhmjr Suhm jr yaod mjrasaf nari haeafag haeafag atau artiejf luroaf/hjnia luroaf/hjnia hassa, tinae   pjrfu hjoufis obhbr hjoufis obhbr gafahaooya. >. Catatao Catatao aegir (jonobtjs), (jonobtjs), [a [ana na nasar nasaroy oyaa ca cata tata tao o ae aegi girr sa saha ha njo njoda dao o tjeoie pjoufisao pana catatao eaei, tapi mjnaoya yaitu pana pjojhpatao catatao. Catatao aegir nifjtaeeao tjrpisag ni madiao aegir tufisao atau mam (cgaptjr).

 

MAM III [JOZ^Z[ III.1 Ejsihpufao

Sistjh bpjrasi anafag pjodjfbfa sjfurug suhmjr naya yaod tjrnapat nafah sistjh ebhputjr nao hjoyjniaeao sjeuhpufao fayaoao (systjh caffs) ej pjhaeai sjgiodda hjhunageao nao hjoyahaeao pjoduoa sjta pjhao`aatao suhmjr naya sistjh ebhputjr tjrsjmut earjoa pana nasaroya ebhputjr anafag hjsio mjrupa  maraod atau mjona hati. Sistjh bpjrasi hjrupaeao sjmuag pjodgumuod aotara  pjodduoa hjsio nao pjraodeat ejras yaod nihifiei hjsio tjrsjmut. III.= Sarao

Zotu e pjo joy yjh jhp pur uro oaa aao o pj pjh hmu muat atao ao ha hae eaf afag ag ej ejnj njp pao aoo oya ya,, sa saya ya Zotue hjod hj odga gara rape peao ao anao anaoya ya sar sarao ao na nari ri sjh sjhua ua pi piga gae e ma maie ie nb nbsjo sjo ha haup upuo uo sj sjfu furu rug g hagasiswa yaod hjhmaca haeafag sistjh bpjrasi ioi tjrganap ejeuraodao yaod tjrnapat pana haeafag ioi.

 

NA@^A] [ZS^AEA

Hair ]bhjdar \ain., =;17. ^jbri Nao [raetie Sistjh Bpjrasi. Ybdyaearta. NJJ[ZMFISG. Sjtiawao Aotboius @raos., =;13. Hjodufas Sistjh Bpjrasi. Ybdyaearta. Seripta Hjnia Crjativj. gtps