TP Traction

 

ABIBZUC]C EC @‒CIZCBLICACIU ZS_C]BCS] CU EC @G ]CJHC]JHC ZJBCIUBDBWSC SIBTC]ZBUC ECZ D]È]CZ ACIUNS]B EC JNIZUGIUBIC DGJS@UC ECZ ZJBCIJCZ EC @G UCJHIN@NLBC EC_G]UCACIU EC LCIBC ACJGIBWSC Dgsjbju`c ec U_ ; Cssgbc ec trgjtbni =èac giiâc `bjcijc ; Lâibc aâjgibquc ct gârnigutbquc

Rnujcd Fcrmnug

=?73-=?74

R. Fcrmnug

 

= Cssgbc ec trgjtbni

7. 

CZZGBC EC U]GJUBNI Bitrneujtbni

@'cssgb ec trgjtbni jnisbstc ï snuacttrc uic âprnuvcttc â prnuvcttc ï ui cddnrt ec trgjtbni jrnbssgit kusqu‒ï sg rupturc ci vuc ec eâtcrabicr `cs jgrgjtârbstbqucs aâjgibqucs eu agtârbgu. Ni circlbstrc sbau`tgiâacit `‒g``nilcacit ct `g dnrjc gpp`bquâc, quc `‒ni jnivcrtbt cisubtc ci eâdnragtbni ct jnitrgbitc egis `c mut e‒nmtcibr `g dgacusc jnurmc ec trgjtbni. B` cst pnssbm`c ec eâtcrabicr jcrtgbics prnprbâtâs aâjgibqucs pgr e‒gutrcs tcsts, tc`s quc `c tcst ec tnrsbni, d`cxbni, ctj. Jcpciegit, `‒cssgbc trgjtbni jnistbtuc jnistb `c jhnbx `c `nlbquc `nlbquc lríjc sg sbap`bjbtâ eu anitglc anitglc ct sg râpgrtbtbni uibdnrac ecs ec jnitrgbitcs jnitrgbitcs ct ecstuc eâdnragtbni eâdnragtbnis s p`us qub sbap`bdbc `cs acsurcs. aïcsurcs.

=.  Mut @g eâdnragtbni ec `g p`upgrt ecs agtârbgux sc jgrgjtârbsc pgr ui enagbic `biâgbrc qub jnrrcspnie ï uic eâdnragtbni â`gstbquc subvbc pgr ui enagbic ini `biâgbrc qub jnrrcspnie ï uic eâdnragtbni p`gstbquc ct sc tcrabic pgr `g rupturc ec `‒âprnuvcttc. Jcs ebddârcitcs phgscs phgscs inus pcractt pcracttcit cit ec eâtcrabicr `cs prbijbpg`cs jgrgjtârbstbqucs jgrgjtârbstbqucs aâjgibqucs aâjgibqucs eu agtârbgu tc``cs quc `c aneu`c e'â`gstbjbtâ C, `c jncddbjbcit ec _nbssni  α, `g `babtc e'â`gstbjbtâ ϊc, `g râsbstgijc ï `g rupturc ϊr, `'g``nilcacit gprès rupturc ct `c jncddbjbcit ec strbjtbni (âtrgil`cacit).

:.  Bitârët prgtbquc eu tcst @cs prnprbâtâs aâjgibqucs nmtciucs pgr `c tcst ec trgjtbni scrvcit ï ebacisbniicr tnutcs snrtcs ec pbèjcs. Egis `g rcjhcrjhc, `c tcst ec trgjtbni cst utb`bsâ pnur `g jgrgjtârbsgtbni ec inuvcgux agtârbgux ct egis `‒bieustrbc, pnur `cs jnitrõ`cs pârbnebqucs scrvgit ï survcb``cr `g qug`btâ ecs g``bglcs, ecs pn`yaèrcs ct ecs jârgabqucs.

5.  Intbnis ec sâjurbtâ @cs agjhbics ec trgjtbni `cs p`us mgsbqucs nit uic jgpgjbtâ ec `‒nrerc ec =? fI, snbt `‒âqubvg`cit ec = tniics, nu cijnrc `c pnbes ec = vnbturcs. B` cst très bapnrtgit e‒ëtrc jnisjbcit ct abs ci lgrec ecs rbsqucs cijnurus ci jgs ec dgussc agiŚuvrc nu ec iâl`blcijc eurgit `‒utb`bsgtbn `‒utb`bsgtbni i ec `g agjhbic. B` cst bapnrtgit enij ec prcierc ci jnaptcs `cs prâjgutbnis subvgitcs;  

   

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dgbrc `‒cssgb ci prâscijc ec `‒ciscbligit rcspnisgm`c eu U_6 ui scu` agibpu`gtcur sur `g agjhbic6 rgilcr `g znic e‒cssgb, ic `gbsscr pgs ecs nmkcts (âprnuvcttc nu e‒nutb`) qub trgbicit sur `g agjhbic6 pgs ec anuvcacit ci vbtcssc rgpbec sgis survcb``cr quc `cs anrs ic vbciicit âjrgscr nu pbijcr, ui enblt, uic agbi nu `‒âprnuvcttc6 `‒ âprnuvcttc6 pgs e‒bitcrvcitbni agiuc``c sur `g agjhbic ci jnurs e‒cssgb (sgud `‒grrët e‒urlcijc).

3.  Ecsjrbptbni ec agjhbic ec trgjtbni Sic agjhbic ec trgjtbni cst jnistbtuâc j nistbtuâc e'ui mítb rnmustc ï ecux jn`niics pnrtgit uic trgvcrsc anmb`c. @g trgvcrsc anmb`c cst snuvcit citrgbiâc pgr ui systèac â`cjtrnaâjgibquc ï ecux vbs `gtârg`cs `ub-aëac citrgéiâc pgr ui antcur ï jnurgit jnitbiu scrvnjnitrõ`â pnur uic gpp`bjgtbni râlu`bèrc ct jnistgitc ec `g jhgrlc. @g `bgbsni citrc `cs vbs ct `c râeujtcur s'cddcjtuc ci lâiârg` pgr pnu`bcs ct jnurrnbc jrgitâc. @g vbtcssc eu anrs anmb`c, ci lâiârg` jnistgitc, pcut ëtrc râl`âc (vg`cur typbquc ; 7? aa/abi). @'âprnuvcttc ec trgjtbni, vbssâc nu ciscrrâc citrc ecs anrs, sc`ni sg lânaâtrbc, cst gagrrâc ï sg pgrtbc bidârbcurc ï `g mgsc ec `g agjhbic ct ï sg pgrtbc supârbcurc ï `g trgvcrsc anmb`c (egis `c jgs e'uic agjhbic aâjgibquc) nu gu vârbi ec trgjtbni (egis `c jgs e'uic agjhbic hyergu`bquc). @c eâp`gjcacit ec `g trgvcrsc vcrs `c hgut râg`bsc `g trgjtbni. Sic agjhbic ec trgjtbni jnapnrtc uic jc``u`c ec jhgrlc (jgptcur ec dnrjc ct jgptcur e'g``nilcacit), qub pcract ec acsurcr `'cddnrt gpp`bquâ ï `'âprnuvcttc ct `c eâp`gjcacit ec `'âprnuvcttc.

R. Fcrmnug

 

: Cssgbc ec trgjtbni

Dblurc 7; Agjhbics e‒cssgbc trgjtbni/jnaprcssbni/d`cxbni

7.  Ebglrgaac ec trgjtbni @cs vg`curs acsurâcs ebrcjtcacit `nrs e'ui cssgb ec trgjtbni snit `g dnrjc D ct `'g``nilcacit ε, p`utõt quc `cs jnitrgbitcs ct `g eâdnragtbni. @g jnitrgbitc ϊ, rgppnrtâc egis ui ebglrgaac ec trgjtbni cst `g dnrjc ebvbsâc pgr `g scjtbni bibtbg`c Z? ec `'âprnuvcttc (jnitrgbitc inabig`c).

1

    

Ec aëac `g eâdnragtbni γ sc râdèrc ï `g `nilucur bibtbg`c @? ec `g pgrtbc eâ`babtâc pgr `‒cxtcisnaètrc (eâdnragtbni inabig`c).

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 ∄   

Ni pgr`c ec ebglrgaacs rgtbniic`s (râc`s) qugie ni eâtcrabic `cs jnitrgbitcs ct `cs eâdnragtbnis râc``cs. B`s snit nmtcius ci ebvbsgit `g dnrjc pgr `g scjtbni ct `'g``nilcacit pgr `g `nilucur bistgitgiâc (ebddârcitcs ec Z? ct @?, rcspcjtbvcacit). Bjb inus inus jnitcitnis eu prcabcr typc ec ebglrgaac (inabig`) qub cst e'gb``curs `c ebglrgaac e'usglc jnaaui. @g dblurc = b``ustrc `'g``urc quc pcuvcit gvnbr `cs jnurmcs ec trgjtbni ec ebddârcits agtârbgux.

7.7.  @c aneu`c e'â`gstbjbtâ nu aneu`c ec Rnuil ; @c aneu`c ec Rnuil cst eâdbib jnaac `g pcitc ec `g `blic `blic ernbtc pgrtgit ec `'nrblbi `'nrblbicc eu ebglrgaac. Zg eâtcrabigtbni pgr ui cssgb ec trgjtbni iâjcssbtc bapârgtbvcacit ui cxtcisnaètrc ec mniic prâjbsbni jgr `g rblbebtâ dbibc (`babtâc), aëac ec `g agjhbic `g p`us p`us rnmustc, cst susjcptbm`c susjcptbm`c ec anebdbcr anebdbcr jcttc pcitc. @nrsquc `'âprnuvcttc `'âprnuvcttc i'cst pgs prnprcacit g`bliâc, `g prcabèrc pgrtbc ec `g jnurmc cst grrniebc. Egis `g prgtbquc b` i'cst e'gb``curs pgs dgjb`c ec jnaacijcr `cs acsurcs cxgjtcacit ï `g dnrjc zârn, jgr `g dbxgtbni rblbec e'uic âprnuvcttc qub râsbstc ï p`usbcurs tniics ic vg pgs sgis cddnrt. @c aneu`c e'â`gstbjbtâ ct prbijbpg`cacit dnijt dnijtbni bni ecs dnrjcs bitcrgtnabqucs.

7.=.  @babtc â`gstbquc jnivcitbniic``c ]p?.=  @g dbxgtbni e'ui scub` e'âjnu`cacit p`gstbquc i'cst pgs pnssbm`c sgis jnivcitbni jgr, aëac ï ecs jnitrgbitcs `grlcacit ci ecssnus ec ]p?.=, ni nmscrvc ï `'gbec ecs bistruacits hgutcacit prâjbs ecs eâdnragtbnis brrâvcrsbm`cs. _nur `g p`upgrt ecs jnistrujtbnis jnistrujtbnis aâjgibqucs ecs eâdnragtbnis gussb dgbm`cs snit bisblibdbgitcs. Ni prâdèrc enij uic `babtc p`us â`cvâcgpp`bjgm`c ct gussb p`us eâtcrabigm`c. Gbisb ni dbxc `gpcragicitc `babtc jnivcitbniic``c e'â`gstbjbtâ ï `g jnitrgbitc agxbaua qubdgjb`cacit `gbssc, gprès eâjhgrlc, uic eâdnragtbni (p`gstbquc) ec ?,= %. _nur `g aâjgibquc ec prâjbsbni `cs cxblcijcs snit p`us pnussâcs, ct ni eâtcrabic pgrdnbs ec agibèrc gig`nluc ]p?.?=. @g R. Fcrmnug

 

5 Cssgbc ec trgjtbni

vg`cur s'nmtbcit ci gulacitgit lrgeuc``cacit `g dnrjc ec trgjtbni kusqu'ï jc qu‒gprès eâjhgrlcacit, `'g``nilcacit râsbeuc` gttcblic `g vg`cur rcjhcrjhâc nu ni pcut gussb trgjcr uic `blic pgrg``è`c ï `g ernbtc â`gstbquc pgssgit pgr γ1 ?.=% (vnbr dblurc :). :).

7.:.  @g `babtc gppgrcitc e'â`gstbjbtâ supârbcurc/bidârbcurc ] cs /]cb  @'gppgrbtbni e'uic jhutc ec `g jnitrgbitc, gprès eâpgsscacit ec `g `babtc e'â`gstbjbtâ supârbcurc, cst ui phâinaèic quc prâscitc-`c dcr, `cs gjbcrs enux, `g p`upgrt ecs aâtgux gygit uic strujturc jumbquc jcitrâc ct jnitcigit jcrtgbics bapurctâs, gbisb quc p`usbcurs gutrcs g``bglcs, intgaacit `'G`-Al. Ni y trnuvc uic `babtc e'â`gstbjbtâ supârbcurc subvbc e'uic jhutc ec gppc`âc `g jnitrgbitc dblurc =). G pgrtbr(pg`bcr ec `ï, `g uic vg`cur ec jnitrgbitc jnistgitc, `babtc(vnbr e'â`gstbjbtâ bidârbcurc eceâdnragtbni `g jnurmc). Ggulacitc `g dbi eu ïpg`bcr, `g eâdnragtbni sc pnursubt subvgit `c anec hgmbtuc`.

7.5.  @g râsbstgijc ï `g trgjtbni t rgjtbni ]a J'cst `g jhgrlc gpp`bquâc gu agxbaua ec `g jnurmc D1d( ∄@) ebvbsâc pgr `g scjtbni bibtbg`c Z ?, j‒cst `c agxbaua ec `g jnitrgbitc inabig`c, (vnbr dblurc = ct :).

7.3.  @'g``nilcacit ï `g rupturc G J'cst `g eâdnragtbni inabig`c (g``nilcacit ebvbsâ pgr `g `nilucur bibtbg`c @?) gprès rupturc cxprbaâc ci % (vnbr dblurc :). Ci rgbsni ec `g `njg`bsgtbni ec `g eâdnragtbni, `g agkcurc pgrtbc ec `'g``nilcacit ic prnvbcit quc e'uic drgjtbni ec `g `nilucur @?. @g vg`cur ec G cst enij e'gutgit p`us pctbtc quc `'âprnuvcttc cst `niluc. J'cst pnur jcttc rgbsni quc `'ni enbt acitbniicr `c rgppnrt @? /e? gvcj `g vg`cur ec `'g``nilcacit. Ni eâsblic pgr G3 ct G7? `'g``nilcacit nmtciu sur ecs âprnuvcttcs gygit ui rgppnrt @ ? /e? ec 3 ct 7?.

7.4.  Jncddbjbcit ec strbjtbni 1 [ Jnitrgjtbni (âtrgil`cacit) `njg`c ï `'ciernbt ec `g rupturc eâdbib pgr ;

 1    

Dblurc =; Zjhâag rcprâscitgit ecux typcs ebddârcits ec jnurmcs ec trgjtbni

Dblurc : ; eâtcrabigtbni ec ]p?.= R. Fcrmnug

 

3 Cssgbc ec trgjtbni

=.  Âprnuvcttcs ec trgjtbni Sic âprnuvcttc cst uic pbèjc ec ebacisbnis inrag`bsâcs utb`bsâc `nrs e'cssgbs aâjgibqucs vbsgit ï eâtcrabicr `c jnapnrtcacit eu agtârbgu snuabs ï ebddârcits cddnrts aâjgibqucs. @‒cssgbc ec trgjtbni pcut ëtrc cddcjtuâ cddc jtuâ sur ui mgrrcgu jy`bierbquc nu ui mgrrcgu ec scjtbni rcjtgilu`gbrc p`gtc (vnbr dblurc 5). @'âprnuvcttc jy`bierbquc pcract e'gvnbr ui systèac syaâtrbquc ct ui systèac e'gjjrnjhglc sbap`c (pgr vbssglc), `'âprnuvcttc p`gtc pcract ec vnbr jc qub sc pgssc sur uic ddgjc gjc ; gppgrbtbni ec `blics ec l`bsscacit, dnrac ecs jrbstg``btcs (aâtg``nlrgphbc), acsurc ec tcxturc pgr ebddrgjtnaâtrbc X, ctj. @cs cxtrâabtâs ec `'âprnuvcttc snit â`grlbcs, gvcj ui jnilâ, gdbi e'ëtrc sör quc `g eâdnragtbni p`gstbquc ct `g rupturc gurnit `bcu egis `g pgrtbc jcitrg`c ec `'âprnuvcttc ; `cs phâinaèics ec jnitgjt gu ibvcgu ec `g `bgbsni ï `g agjhbic snit jnap`cxcs ct ic rcprâscitcit pgs jc quc `'ni vcut tcstcr, ni `babtc enij `'bapgjt ec `'cssgb sur jcs znics. @cs ebacisbnis ec `'âprnuvcttc snit inrag`bsâcs, jc qub i'bitcrebt pgs e'utb`bscr e'gutrcs dnracs e'âprnuvcttc sb `'cssgb i'g pgs mcsnbi ec râpnierc gux inracs (pgr cxcap`c egis `c jgerc ec `g rcjhcrjhc ct eu eâvc`nppcacit). Egis `'âprnuvcttc, ni s'bitârcssc ï `g pgrtbc jg`bmrâc, qub cst `g pgrtbc egis `gquc``c `g scjtbni ernbtc ic vgrbc pgs (pgrtbc ec `grlcur uibdnrac). Gu scbi ec jcttc pgrtbc jg`bmrâc, ni trgjc ecux rcpèrcs « ui pcu ï ebstgijc ¶ ecs jnilâs 6 `cs cddnrts ct `g eâdnragtbni egis jcttc pgrtbc citrc rcpèrc r cpèrc cst râputâc uibdnrac (prbijbpc ec Zgbit-Tcigit). @g `nilucur ec `g pgrtbc jg`bmrâc cst intâc @j. @g `nilucur ec `g pgrtbc citrc rcpèrcs cst intâc @?, ct cst inrag`bsâc ï;

 1         Nò ; f cst ui jncddbjbcit eâpciegit eu agtârbgu 6 pnur `'gjbcr, f 1 3,43 6 Z? cst `'gbrc ec `g scjtbni ernbtc. Egis `g prgtbquc, pnur uic âprnuvcttc â prnuvcttc jy`bierbquc ci gjbcr ec ebgaètrc e ?, ni g ; @? 1 3Üe ?.

:.  Inracs

@cs cssgbs ec trgjtbni enbvcit lâiârg`cacit rcspcjtcr `cs prcsjrbptbnis ec inracs qub eâdbibsscit `g dnrac, `cs ebacisbnis, `cs vbtcsscs e'cssgb, `'âtg`niiglc ec `g agjhbic, `'cxgjtbtuec ecs gppgrcb`s, `g eâdbibtbni ecs jgrgjtârbstbqucs, `cs bidnragtbnis ï biebqucr egis ui rgppnrt e'cssgb. _nur `cs agtârbgux aâtg``bqucs `g inrac ec râdârcijc cst `g ID CI 7???=-7 ; Agtârbgux aâtg``bqucs - Cssgb ec trgjtbni - _grtbc 7 ; aâthnec e'cssgb ï tcapârgturc gambgitc.

Dblurc 5 ; Uypcs ct ebacisbnis e‒âprnuvcttcs

5.  Eârnu`cacit ec `‒cssgbc 5.7.  _râpgrgtbni ec `‒âprnuvcttc - 

_rcierc `cs acsurcs ec `‒âprnuvcttc. R. Fcrmnug

 

4 Cssgbc ec trgjtbni - 

Urgjcr ui trgbt gu agrqucur ci trgvcrs ec `‒âprnuvcttc, ï :? aa ecs mnres.

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p`gjcr `‒âprnuvcttc gu jcitrc eu anrs bidârbcur ct `g scrrcr `â `âlèrcacit6 lèrcacit6 vârbdbcr ct jnrrblcr `g vcrtbjg`btâ ec `‒âprnuvcttc6 ecsjcierc `c anrs supârbcur pnur nmtcibr uic `nilucur `bmrc. scrrcr `c anrs supârbcur ct `c anrs bidârbcur jnap`ètcacit.

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`gijcr `‒cssgb gutnagtbquc6

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survcb``cr `c mni eârnu`cacit ec `‒cssgb 6 stnppcr `‒cssgb gprès rupturc ec `‒âprnuvcttc nu ci jgs e‒bijbecit (ci jgs ec mni eârnu`cacit, `‒cssgb s‒grrëtc gutnagtbqucacit).

5.=.  Bistg``gtbni ec `‒âprnuvcttc ; - 

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5.:.  ]âg`bsgtbni ec `‒cssgb ;

Acsurcs ecs lrgiecurs physbqucs rc`gtbvcs gux cssgbs ec trgjtbni ; Z?; Zurdgjc ec `‒âprnuvcttc bibtbg`c @?; @nilucur âprnuvcttc gvgit `‒cssgb ec trgjtbni @u; @nilucur âprnuvcttc gprès rupturc Zu ; Zurdgjc ec `‒âprnuvcttc gprès rupturc

3.  Urgvgb` ecagieâ

7)  Bapnrtcr `c dbjhbcr e‒cssgb egis ui tgm`cgu. =)  Urgjcr `g jnurmc ec `g dnrjc ci dnijtbni ecs eâp`gjcacits. :) Urgjcr `g jnurmc ec `g Jnitrgbitc (A_g) ci dnijtbni ecs e âdnragtbnis (%). 5)   Eâeubrc `cs jnistgitcs jgrgjtârbstbqucs eu agtârbgu ; -  Aneu`c e‒Rnuil C -  @babtc e‒â`gstbjbtâ ]c -  ]âsbstgijc aâjgibquc ]a -  G``nilcacit ï `g rupturc G%. -  Jncddbjbcit ec strbjtbni. 3)  Gig`yscr `g dnrac ec `g znic ec rupturc. @cs âprnuvcttcs jgsscit-c``cs pgr trgjtbni nu pgr jbsgb``cacit.

Dblurc 3; Jnapnrtcacit ï `g rupturc ci trgjtbni

R. Fcrmnug