Top Grammar 3_pre

January 17, 2019 | Author: olmedoam | Category: Morphology, Onomastics, Linguistic Typology, Rules, Semantic Units
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Pre-intermediate grammar reference book...

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Contents 1 E L U D O M

U n it 1

Present Simple vs Present Progr essi ve / Stati ve ve rb s

U n it 2

Compari son of adject ives and adver bs / Other for ms of co m pa rison

U n it 3

Past Simpl e / Th e ver b

R evisi on M od ule 1 2 L E U D O M

Uni ts 1- 3

Conditi onal Sentence s Type 1 / Time Clauses (present - future) Bot h / All / Neithe r / Non e / Eit he r So / Neit her / Too / Either

U n it 7 U n it 8

31

......................................................................................................

35

............................................................................................................................................................

Uni ts 7- 8

40

...................................................................................................................................

Past Progress ive / Time Clauses (whe n, whil e, as, as soon as)

U n it 10

Past Perf ect Simp le

U n it 11

Preposi tions of Time / Preposi tions of Place / Preposi tions of M ov em en t

42

.......................................................

47

..........................................................................................................................................

Uni ts 9-11

....................................

................................................................................................................................

51 55

can / co uld / ma y / wil l / woul d must /

U n it 1 3

have to / ne ed (t o)

57

..............................................................................................................................

ca n / cou ld / be abl e to cou ld / may / mig ht must /

U n it 14

can’ t

;

............................................................................................................................... ......................

Inf ini tiv e / -ing form

R evisi on M od ule 5

7

S im p le

U n it 9

5

E L U D O M

29

Present Perfect Simple - Present Perfect Progressive

U nit 12

6

25

............................................................................................................................

Present Perfe ct Pro gre ssi ve

R evisi on M od ule 4

E L U D O M

21

Present Perfect Simpl e

R evisi on M od ule 3

E L U D O M

17

...........................................

.................................................

...................................................................................................................................

Presen t Perf ect Si mple vs Past

for / si nce

4

15

U n it 5 U n it 6

3

7

11

...................................................................................................................................

Relat ive Pronouns (wh o, which, that, whose) / R elat ive adverb (where)

Uni ts 4- 6

2

.............................................

.......................................... .................................................... ...................

U n it 4

R evisi on M od ule 2

E L U D O M

used t o

.......................................................................

Uni ts 12-14

71

..............................................................................................................................

U n it 15

The art ic le ‘t he ’

U n it 1 6

Passi ve Voi ce (Pr esent Simple - Past Simple)

U n it 17

Passive Voice (Present Perfec t Simp le - Futur e “w ill” - Futu re “ be goi ng to ” - Modal ve rbs )

Re vi si on M odu le 6

73

.................................................................................................................................................

Uni ts 15-17

U n it 1 8

Subject - Objec t Questions

D U O M

U n it 1 9

Cond itio nal Sente nces Type 2 / W ishes Uni ts 18-19

77

.............................................................................................

81

................................................................................................................................

E L

R evisi on M od ule 7

62 66

...........................................................................................................................................

/ Negat ive Questi ons / Ref lexive Prono uns

86 88

..........................................

93

....................................................................................................

97

.................................................................................................................................

8 E L U D O M

U n it 2 0

Repo rted Spee ch (Stat ements)

U n it 2 1

Repor ted Speech (Quest ion s - Commands

Re vi si on M od ule 8 Irregular verbs

Uni ts 20-21

99

.....................................................................................................................

- R equ ests )

104

......................................................................

109

..............................................................................................................................

I l l

................................................................................................................................................................

Unit 1

f Presen

t Sim ple vs Pr esen t Prog ressi ve Stative Verbs

Read Barry’s e-mail to Ron.

Subject: [ News from Berlin Hi Ron, Berlin's great but the weather's awful. It's raining again today and I hate it. I often think about you in Florida and I'm so jealous! Anyway, I'm studying for my exams these days and I haven't got much free time. Tomorrow I'm taking my first big exam and I'm not really looking forward to it. However, the exams finish on 20th February and I'm thinking of inviting you over so that you can get a taste of Berlin. Write back soon, Barry Now complete the sentences.

1. Barry can’t stand

3. T h e __________________________

in Berli n.

is the last day of the exams.

2. Barry is busy these days because

4. Barry

________________________

Ron to visit him after the exams.

Grammar Q Present Simple vs Present Progressive

Aff irm ati ve FULL FORMS

1walk He/S he/It walk s We/You/They walk

SHORT FORMS

1do not walk 1don’t walk He/S he/It does not walk He/She It doe sn't walk We/You/They do not walk We/You/The> don't walk

Questions Short Answers Do 1walk? Yes, 1do. No, 1don't. Does he/she/it walk? Yes, he/she/it does. No, he/she/it doesn't. Do we/you/they walk? Yes, we/you/they do. No, we/you/they don't.

.

.

..

............

FULL FORMS

SHORT FORMS

1am walking He/She/It is walking We/You/They are walking Questions

I'm walking . 1am not walking I’m not walking He/S he/It's walking He/S he/It is not walk ing He/S he/It isn’t wal king We/You/They’re walking We/You/They are not walking We/You/They aren’t walking

Am 1walking? Is he/she/it walking? Are we/you/they walking?

2

....

FULL FORMS

SHORT FORMS

Sho rt Answer s Yes, 1am. Yes, he/she/it is. Yes, we/you/they are.

No, I’m not. No, he/she/it isn’t. No, we/you/they aren’t.

We use the Present Simple: for habits or actions that happen regularly.

We use the Present Progressive: for actions that are happening now, at the moment of speaking.

I listen to music every evening.

for permanent states.

John is talking on the phone at the moment.

He lives in New York.

for temporary states.

for general truths.

I’m staying at my cousin’s house these days.

Tigers don’t live in Africa.

for future arrangements (we usually mention when).

for an action that takes place according to a schedule.

Sue is taking the train to Berlin tomorrow.

The class finis hes at 9 o ’clock.

TIME EXPRESSIONS

TIME EXPRESSIONS

now, at the moment

usually, always, often, etc.

today, these days, this week/year, etc.

every day/week, etc. in the morning/spring, etc.

tonight, tomorrow, etc. next week/year, etc.

on Mondays/Monday morning, etc. at the weekend, etc. once/twice/three times, etc. a week/day, etc. f

The adverbs of frequency always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, usually go before the main verb, but after the verb be and the auxiliary verbs (do/does). He often stays up late at night. ffWTl Terry doesn’t usually wake up early. Maria is always sad.

Q Stat ive Verbs Stative verbs

are not normally used in the

Present Progressive.

Stative verbs usually express: • Senses: hear, smell, taste, see, etc. • Emotions: love, hate, like, prefer, want, etc. • Thought, knowledge, belief: think, know, remember, mean, understand, etc. • Various other states, such as: be, have (possess), cost, belong

—,— — — Some Stative Verbs see

— ;— ;----„

r

can be used in progressive tenses but with a different meaning.

Mary is seeing the dentist this Saturday.

think of/about I ’m thinking o f having a party a t the week end. have (with words like lunch, breakfast, bath, etc.) He’s having lunch now. NOTE: Although th e verbs listen, look, watch

refer to the senses, they are not stative verbs and can be used in the Present Progressive. We’re watching a great film right now.

Activities A.

Circle the correct words.

Sabina Stone (l) works / is working of Brighton. She (2) is starting / (3) doe sn’t finish /

starts

isn’t finishing

her job and (5) is e njoying / however, she feels tired. She

as a full-time librarian at the Central Library work at 8 o’clock every day and

until 3 in the afternoon. She

(4) likes /

is liking

enjoy s being in a place full of books. These days (6) is thinking /

to Calais in France. So, she (7) takes /

thinks

of going on a three-day trip

is takin g the ferry to France tomorrow.

B.

Make sentences using the Present Simple or the Present Progressive.

1.

Laura/speak/Chinese/?

5. Keith and Tina/listen/music/moment/.

2.

Sam /rar ely/argue/wit h fri ends/.

6. Jack /help/b rothe r/with/M aths hom ework/now/?

3.

Em ily/see/doctor/ this after noon/.

7. Charlie/not s pend ti m e/cha tting/over the

4.

sun/rise/in the e

8. soup/smell/delicious/!

C.

Use the prompts to make questions. Then, look at the pictures and answer.

1.

Lisa/wo rk/boo ksho p/?

as t/ .

Does Lisa work in a bookshop?

2. Brian/make _________________

No. she doesn't. She works in a shoe shop._______

3.

4

Susan and Frank/wear/shorts/today/?

sandw ich/now/?

_________________________

_________________________

4. People in the UK/drive/on the right/?

phon e/.

D.

Complete with the Present Simple or the Present Progressive of the verbs in brackets.

1. A: W ha t _____________ y o u ______________ (do) this weekend? B: Well, I _____________________(usually/go) to the

cinema but this weekend I

___________________

(stay) at home because I feel exhausted.

2. A: Ho w m u ch B: I’m afraid I

______________

this T-shirt

(cost)?

______________

(not remember). Wait a minute, please... Erm...

______________________

I t ______________________(cost) twenty euros.

3. A: This film is reall y boring. What ti m e

i t _______________(finish)?

______________

B: I ______________________ (not know).

4. A: Hey, Fred! Wh at ’s on TV? B: I ______________________(watch) a documentary

about gorillas. It’s very interesting.

5. A: How about going shopping tomorrow? B: I ______________________(not think) so. I

(think) of visiting my grandparents

_____________________

tomorrow.

6. A: Where

_____________

y o u _______________ (live)?

B: W e ______________________(live) near the school but these days w e

aunt’s because my dad

(paint) the house.

______________________

E. Choosea, b or c.

1. We can’t go out with yo u tonigh t because w e a. have

dinner at my cousin’s house.

_____________________

b. are having

c . is having

2. Mr and Mrs Roberts are buying a bicycle for Suzy next week, but Suzy isn’t very excited about it. S h e ______________________a skateboard. a. is wanting

3. Diane a.

b. want

c. wants

to work. She takes the bus as well.

______________________

always doesn’t drive

b. doesn’t alwa ys drive

(stay) at our

______________________

c. doesn’t drive always

4. Helen is looking for a job. She

the manager of a food company tomorrow.

I hope she gets the job. a. doesn’t see

b. sees

c. is seeing

5. A: Why aren 't you doing the e xercise, John? B: i can’t Miss Peel. 1

it.

___________________

a. don’t understand

6. This week Kelly a. is working

b. am not understanding ________

c. am not understand

. She is on holiday.

b. isn’t w orki ng

c. doesn’t work

Talk in pairs. Discuss what you like doing in your free time and what your plans for the weekend are. Use some of the ideas below or your own. • cinema

• football match

• party

*DVD s

• shopping

• conce rt

»TV

What do you like doing in your free time? Well, I usually/sometimes... Do you often...? Yes, I do. / No, I don ’t. I’m thinking about... on Saturday. Do you want to...? Of course. / No, I don’t th ink so.

Writ e ab out you r partner using t he information fr om the Speaking act ivit y. Say wha t he/she likes and d islikes and what he/she does in his/her free time.

6

Co m pari son of adjecti ves / ad verb s Other f orm s of com pari son Read the dial

y

LUnit 2

og ue.

Can we watch the skiing please? This is boring. Paula What? Skeleton boring? It’s the most exciting sport in the world! Ian I think it’s the least interesting event at the winter Olympics. You just get on a board and try to go as fast as you can. Big deal! Ian

Paula

It’s not a board, it’s called a sled. And it is n’ t as easy as it looks, you know. It’s one of the most dangerous sports. Sometimes the athletes travel faster than a car. Ian Yeah, whatever.... Come on now, change the channel. Paula OK, OK.

Now complete the sentences. Write Paula or Ian.

1.

thinks skeleton isn’t a very interesting sport.

_______

2.

_______

3.

_______

4.

says that skeleton is more difficult than it seems.

finds skiing more exciting than skeleton. does n’t know what the boar d is call ed.

Grammar Q

Compa rative and Superla tive Form

• We use the comparative form to compare two people, animals or things. Adjectives and adverbs are usually followed by the word than. Liam is shorter than James. Kathy runs fa ster than her brot her.

• We use the superlative form to compare one person, animal or thing with several of the same kind. Ad jectives and ad verbs always ta ke th e de fin ite ar tic le the and are usually followed by the prepositions o f or in. An dy is th e nois ie st st u de n t in th e cla ss. Mary works the hardest o f all her classmates .

Formation of the

Comparative

• All one-syllable adjectives and most two-syllable form and -est in the superlative form. sm art - sm arter - sm artest • We form the

and the Superlative Form adjectives

of adjectives:

take the endings

-er in the comparative

happy - happier - happiest

comparative of adjectives with three or more syllables (and some two-syllable more + adjective and the superlative with most + adjective.

adjectives) with

expensi ve - more expensiv e - m ost expensi ve

• All one-syllable

modern - more modern - m ost modern

Formation of the Comparative and the Superlative Form of adverbs: adverbs and early take the endings -er in the comparative form and -est

superlative form. fas t - faste r - faste st

in the

early - earlier - earliest

• We form the comparative of adverbs with two or more syllables with superlative with most + adverb. beautifully - more beautifully - most beautifully

more + adverb

and the

7

PO S ITIVE FORM

CO M P AR A TIV E FORM

good/well bad/badly little far many/much

better worse less farthe r/furthe r more

SUPERLATIVE FORM

best worst least farthest/furthest m ost

Q Other form s of co mparis on • less + adjective/adverb + than Fiona writes less clearly than her sister. • the least + adjective/adverb + of/in Geogra phy is less interesting than Histor

y, b ut M aths is the leas t interesting subject o

• as + adjective/adverb + as Kelly runs as fas t as Shei la.

f all.

Fiona dances as badly as her sist er.

• not as + adjective/adverb + as Kelly isn 't as tail as Sheila .

Activities A.

Complete with the correct form of the adjecti ves/adverbs in brackets.

1. Is your f la t _____________________________________(expensive) than mine? 2. The n ew st adium is th e

(large) building in the city.

_________________ __________________ __

3. Jenny doe sn’t like rice a s

(much) as she likes spaghetti.

______________________________________

4. Mr Barns is th e 5. David d id

(interesting) person I’ve ever met. We ta lk for hours. (badly) than I did in the test.

_____________________________________

6. Monda y is th e

(bad) day of the week.

__________________ ___________________ _

7. Sleeping in your bed is 8. Mike does n’t dr ive a s 9. Don’t you think it’s

10. M y sist er has g o t

(comfortable) than sleeping in an armchair.

__________________ ___________________

(carelessly) as his brother.

_____________________________________

(cold) today than it was yesterday?

__________________ __________________ __

(much) free time than I do.

______________________________________

B. Match.

1. Planes are

a. tiring than dancing.

2. Alice is the

b. hottest month of the year.

3. Football practice is more

c. heavier than helicopters.

4. Greg runs as

d. friendliest person 1know.

5. Linda’s house is not as

e. big as Valerie’s.

6. Au gust is th e

f. fast as Charlie.

C.

Choosea, b or c.

1. Ka ren ca m e _____________ a. earlier

.than I expected.

b. early

5.

c. earliest

2. You shoul d e a t ___________

a.

b. little

c. less

crowded.

a. more 4. This is a.

D.

b. less

a.

of

b. as

c. than

7. Monica is very tall. She is almost as tall

b. most

c. less

restaurant I’ve ever been to.

________________

the worse

c. not as ___________

me.

3. Let’s take the underground. The bus is usually ___________

as

6. Alan speaks French more fluently

a. least

good at

tennis as Mary. Mary is a much better player,

if you want to

lose weight.

Ibelieve Christine is

b. the worst

_______________

a.

than

our teacher.

b. as

c. of

c. worst

Look at the information about the three hotels below and expand the notes into sentences.

Hotel 1

Price of room per night: €170 Built in: 2003 Rooms: 130 Open: March to December

1. Ho tel 2 / be / chea p / of the t hree hotel s

2. Ho tel 3 / be / expensi ve / Hotel 1

Hotel 2

Price of room per night: €80 Built in: 1995 Rooms: 50 Open: April to October

3. Hotel 1 / be / new / of the three hot els

4.

Hotel 3 / be / old / Hotel 2

5.

Hotel 2 / have got / few roo ms / Hotel 1

6.

Hotel 1 / have got / many rooms / of all

7.

Every year Ho tel 2 / open / early / Hotel 3

8.

Every year Hotel 1 / stay open / long / of the three hotels

Hotel 3

Price of room per night: €100 Built in: 1995 Rooms: 70 Open: May to November

E.

Rewrite the sentences using the words given.

1. The Internet cafe is more popular than the fast food restaurant.

(isn’t)

The fast food res taura nt

. _______

2. Mark isn’t as friendly as Angela.

(than)

______

A ngela 3. This book isn’t as interesting as the one

I was reading

last week.

(less)

This book is

___________

4. Both Jack and Kate work hard.

(as)

Jack



5. Sandra likes going to the cinema more than she likes going to

the theatre.

(as)

Sandra doesn’t like going to the theatre

_________

6. I don’t think there is a better student than Chloe.

(best)

I think Ch loe

_______

Speaking Work in pairs. Look at the jobs below

waiter difficult easy interesting well-paid

zookeepe r

and compare them using the words in the box.

taxi driver

writer

photograph er

boring exciting tiring

I think that the job of a zookeeper is more... than the job of a farmer. What do you think? i think that the job of a zookeeper is as... as the job of a farmer.

dangerous

Write a paragraph comparing two jobs from the Speaking activity.

farmer

Past Sim ple The verb

}

used to

Unit 3

Read the text

DRESSED FOR We all know Brad Pitt and Bruce Willis and we all know what they do for a living; the two Hollywood actors make did

millions of their But what they do out before theyjob. became famous? The truth is that they changed careers more than once. Bruce Willis used to work as a waiter for years. As for Brad Pitt, he used to be a driver and a mover. Once he even worked at a restaurant called El Polio Loco, but not as a waiter. He had to wear a chicken costume! Even the famous have to start somewhere. Write T for True or F for False.

3.

1. Bruce Willis’ first job was as an actor.

Brad Pitt dressed up as a chicken in the film El Polio Loco.

2. Brad Pitt changed his career many times before he became an actor.

4.

Bruce Willis was a wa iter for a long time.

Grammar Q

Past Simple Affirm ative I/He/She/It We/You/They

Negative SHORT FORMS

FULL FORMS

phoned/came

I/He/She/It

did not phone/come

We/You/They

Did

phone/come?

didn’ t phone/come

We/You/They

Short Answers

Questions l/he/she/it

I/He/She/It

Yes,

we/you/they

l/he/she/it

did.

we/you/they

No,

l/he/she/it

didn’t,

we/you/they

We use the Past Simple: for actions that started and were completed at a specific time in the past. We visited the British Museum two years ago.

for habitual or repeated actions in the past. I often ate ju n k food when I was a teena ger.

for completed actions that happened one after the other in the past. Yesterday, I got back home from work, had dinner and went to bed.

yesterday, in 1980, etc. two hours ago, five years ago, etc. las t night/ wee k/Sunday/ March, etc.

11

Q

The verb

used to Questions

Negative

Affirm ative I/He/She/It

used

We/You/They

w e / y o u / iney

• The verb used to is followed by the base form of a verb. It describes actions that happened often or regularly in the past but no longer happen. We form the interrogative and negative with did / did n’t. We used to go skateboarding every afternoon when we were young. (We don’t go now).

Activities A. Complete with the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets.

A few mon ths ago Andy (1 ) ______________________(give up) his part-time jo b as a ba by sitte r beca us e he (2 ) _____________________(think) it was very tiring. He (3) else, so he (4)

(know) he had to find something

______________________

(buy) a newspaper and

______________________

(5) _____________________(start) looking for a job. He (6) _____________________(see) a job ad vertise me nt abou t a delivery person and (7)

(decide) to go for an interview.

______________________

Unfortun ately, it (8 )

(not go) very well. Andy

(9) _____________________(not get) the job because he (10) _____________________(not have) good people skills. That’s what the manager (11)

(tell) Andy after the interview.

______________________

B. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple of the verbs in the box.

spend

not explain

1. Last y ear our sc ho ol 2. How much money

not let

decide

have

__________________________

realise

take

refuse

organise

an end-of-school play and it was a big success.

you

on that dre ss?

__________________________

3. S us an

up tennis as a hobb y because she wants to keep fit.

4. Karen is so selfish sometimes! She

__________________________

to help me with my project.

5. A: Hey Paul, why are you so upset? B: The coach 6. Ben

__________________________

__________________________

__________________________

that working as a lorry driver wasn’t a suitable job for him, so he

to change his career.

7. I can’t do this exercise because our teacher 8. What 12

me play in goal during practice.

you

__________________________

__________________________

it very well in class yesterday.

for dinne r last nig ht?

C.

Use the prompts to make sentences.

1. you / used to / play tennis /

in you r free time / last yea r / ?

Did uou us e to plau tenni s in y ou r free time last year ?

________________

2. my parent s / not us ed to / give me / pocket money / twenty yea rs ago / .

3.

your dad / use d to / go fishing / when / you / live / by the lak e / ?

4.

my broth er / not u sed to / play comput er game s / whe n / he / be / teenager / .

5. my moth er / used to / bring / me / breakf ast / in bed / whe n / I / be / younger / .

Choose a, b or c.

So, Mr Andrews, have you got any previous experience as a reporter? Well, at university I (1)

__________________________

articles for a magazine

and tha t’s when I though t that it was the

perfect job for me.

Did you (2)

working for that magazine after

__________________________

I*

you got your degree? No, but I (3) ________

for a local newspaper after finishing university. It was a great

experience working there. Why (4 ) ________________

. th at jo b?

had to. It was too far from my house and

I (5)

at about 5:30 in the morning to get

to work. At the end of the day, I was really exhausted. I see here th at you’re flue nt in Spanish. (6 ) Not exactly. When

I was young, my family and

the language while you were at university? I lived in Spain. We (7 )

to come back

when my father got a better job here. If you started working here, would you be available to work overtime? Sure! I (8) __________________________ overtime at my previous job too, so I won’t mind some extra hours. a.

used to write

b.

use to write

c. didn’t write

a.

continue

b.

continued

c. use to continue

a.

work

b.

worked

c.

use to work

a.

you give up

b.

did you give up

c.

you gave up

a.

used to wake up

b.

was waking up

c.

didn’t used to wake up

a.

You did study

b.

Did you use to study

c.

Did you study

a.

had

b.

did have

c.

didn’t have

a.

didn’t use to work

b.

use to work

c.

used to work

E.

Interview an adult in your family. Answer the following questions.

1.

What did he/she do when he/she f inished school?

2.

When did he/she get his/her driving licence?

3.

What was his/her first job?

4.

Where did he/she live when he/she was young?

5.

Did he/she use to work part time while he/she was a student?

6.

When d id he/she choo se which career to follow?

A

Speaking Work in pairs. Look at the picture below which is part of a comic strip. The beginning and the ending are missing. Discuss and guess what happened. Use the questions given. Then report to the class.

• What happened in the beginning?

»Wh at did Alan do? • Wha t did the people do?

Write a paragraph describing what happened in the comic strip above.

14

*W ha t happened in the end?

Revision Module Units 1 1-3 A. Choose a, b or c.

I’m only sevente en ye ars old bu t I have

1. a. were

b. am

c.

noticed that my life has changed a lot in the

2. a. spend

b. am spending

c.

past ten vears. When

3. a. always studies

b. study always

c.

4. a. want

b. am wanting

c.

5. a. used to have

b. use to have

c.

old, 1 (2)

seven vears

I (1)

most of mv time plaving with

my friends. Now that I’m in my last year at

6. a. ran

b. run

c.

do well at school and enter the university of

7. a. takes

b. take

c.

mv choice. 1(5)

8. a. usually get

b. get usually

c.

9. a. am not

b. didn’t use to be

c.

schoo l. 1(3)

a lot bec ause 1 4)

to

so much free time ten

vears ago. Nowadays. 1 (6)

around all

day. It’s not just the lessons at school. This

10. a. felt

b. feels

c.

year 1 (7)

11. a. think

b. thought

c.

12. a. know

b. knew

c.

some extra lessons

after school. So. 1 (8)

home after 10:00

and then I have homework to do. I 9)

away from home for so many

hou rs whe n I wa s younger. I 10 exhausted and som etime s I (11) giving it all up. However, i (12.

really of that

I shou ld co ntinu e to work hard if I wa nt a successful career in the future.

B. Steve is a hockey player. Below is a table about what Steve used to do and didn’t use to do before he became a hockey player. Write sentences about Steve using the correct form ofused to.

/

X

eat junk food

go to gym

have a part-time job

train every day

hang out with friends a lot

travel a lot

1. He used to eat ju n k food before he became a hockey play er.

2.

_______________ __________________ _____________________ __

3.

____________________ _________________ __________________ _

4.

____________________ _________________ __________________ _

5.

_______________________________________________________

6.

____ 15

C. Rewrite the following sentences using the words given. 1. There is less traffic in the suburbs than in the city centre,

In the city centre 2. Charlie’s Angels

(more)

__________________________________________________________________

is more exciting than

The Matrix, (isn’t)

The M atr ix ____________________________________________________________________ _ _

3. The jacket is more expensive than the coat,

(as)

__

The coat 4. Linda’s house is not as big as Mary’s,

Mary’s house

5. My sister spends

I

(than)

_____________________________________________________________________

more money o n clothes than

I do. (less)

_

_________________________________________________________________________

D. Complete the blanks with the Present Simple or the Present Progressive of the verbs given.

1. A: I ____________________________ of buying Mark a book for his birthday.

think

B: I ____________________________ it’s a great idea. He loves reading books. 2. A: S o , _______________y o u _____________________________anything you like in this shop?

B: Actually, no. But I

see

Kate tomorrow.

____________________________

You know how she loves shopping. So, I’m sure she’ll help me find something. 3. A: What

______________

w e ____________________________ for lunch today?

B: I don ’t kno w. We may go out for lunch becaus e w e

____________________________

have

nothing in the fridge.

r

Use of English Co m plete

the e-

at

in

m ail w it h the prepo

to

sit i on s in the box.

down

up

along

up

Hey Max, What are you up to? Well, I’ve got some good news and some bad news. I gave (1) abo ut three weeks ago. You know how I fel t abo ut it. I cou ldn’t get (2 ) and was feeling really

(3 ) ____________when I was there. Fortunately, I went round

___________

my job

with any of my co-workers (4 ) ____________Tina’s

house and as always she managed to cheer me

(5 ) ___________ . Apart from making me feel better, she even

helped me look for another job. (6)

first, I thought it would take me forever to find something

____________

else. We looked through the ads and found several interesting jobs. I finally got a new job and everybody is really nice to me. So, everything was OK in the end! Keep (7 ) ____________touch, Jessica

16

Rel at i ve pronoun

s ( w h o / w h i ch / that/ w h o se) 1 Relat i ve adv erb ( w h ere) 1

Read the text.

I £BT

j

'Music to your ears Salzburg in Austria is a city famous for being a place But Mozart is the composer

that all music lovers should visit. It’s where many artists and composers lived. whose house most visitors want to

visit. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg in 1756 and today his house is open to tourists. Salzburg has also got lots of museums, theatres and beautiful palaces. Visitors can enjoy many musical events and festivals which take place all year round. Along with the friendly people and

delicious food, Salzburg is definitely worth visiting.

Are the statements below true, f alse or not mentioned in the text at all? Tick.

True False

No t Mentioned

1. Moz art used to live n Salzburg. 2. Mozart lived mo st of his fe in Salzbur g. 3. You can go and see a play in Salzbu'g. 4. There aren’t music festivals during the summer.

Grammar Relative pronouns/adverb The Relative pronouns who, which, that, whose and the Relative adverb where which give information about the subject or object of the main clause.

introduce relative clauses.

• Who is used for people. Ben is the person who gave me this DVD. William Shakespeare is the writer who wrote Romeo and Juliet. • Which

is used for animals, things and abstract nouns.

Have you seen the cake whic h I prepared for Jane ’s surprise pa rty? Lions are animals which live in Africa. • That is used for people, animals, things and abstract nouns. It can replace

who and which.

Here are the shoes that I bought last week. Fred Mills is the student that won the competition. • Whose

indicates possession and replaces possessive adjectives. It is used mainly for people and

animals. Picasso was a pa inter whose paintings

are really i mpressi ve.

• Where indicates place. This is the building where I used to live as a child.

NOTE: The bo y w h o y ^ is ridi ng the red b ike is my cou sin. The man that yo u m e ty k y at the restaurant is my hus

band .

The relative pronouns who, which and that can be omitted when they refer to the object of the main clause, but cannot be omitted when they refer to the subject of the main clause. Her e’s the mobile. I bou ght it las t week. b

Here’s the mobile which/that I bought last week. .. , ., m ... ., ... , , Here s the mob ile I bought last week.

The relative pronoun whose and the relative adverb

where can never be omitted or replaced with

that.

Activities A.

Circle

the co rrect

w ords

.

The story of Mowgli is well-known. Mowgli is a little boy (1) whose / who

parents leave him in the jungle when

a tiger, called Shere Khan, attacks them. Mowgli stays in the jungle (2) which /

he makes new friends,

where

like Baloo the bear and Bagheera the panther. All the animals (3) who / which

live there love Mowgli and

protect him from Shere Khan

(4) who / which

wants to

take him away. One day Mowgli visits a village (5) th at / where (6) whose /

B.

people live and finds a woman

who is his mother.

Complete the sentences with who, which, that, whose or where.If they can be omitted put them in brackets.

1. This is the cottage

we spent our holidays last year.

_________________

2. We must ask someone 3. Mr Butler i s the m a n

________________

________________

knows the way. Otherwise we’ll get lost.

wife is an actress.

4. The Sydne y Opera House is a bu ild ing 5. The fa rm

my grandfather owns is a great place to relax.

_________________

6. Kelly is the only person

________________

7. They have closed down the cafe

8. There’s the backpacker

18

is 18 3m tall.

cheers me up when I feel down.

_________________

________________

we used to hang out after school.

tent was torn by the strong wind.

C.

Join the sentences using who, which, that, whose or when as in the example. If the pronouns can be omitted, put them in brackets.

1. That’s the famous scientist. She was on the news last night. That’s the famous scientist who/that was on the news last night.

____________________________________

2. That’s a problem. We all have to think about it carefully.

3. Tha t’s my friend. His sister is i n the hockey team.

4.

We we nt to a restau rant las t night. We didn’t really like it .

5.

They live in a fla t. I used to live the re two years ago.

6. The re’s the m echan ic. He repaired my car yesterday.

7. I ate a chicken sand wich . It tas ted a wful.

D.

Write two sentences for each piece of information. Begin with the words given and use who, which, that or where.

Jason Weldon is the famous A

1.

'

new ^ Lt “ T^ e Winc^ B^ow s”-________________________________

Famous Australian singer Jason Weldon sings new hit "The Wind Blows”

“The Wind Blows” is

the new hit which/that the famous Australian

singer Jason Weldon sings.____________________________________

2. “ Live Aid ” was

' charity pop concert Live Aid” took place at Wembley Stadium on 13 July

Wembley Stadium is

3.

werican astronomer Tombaugh disc0xel L f planet Pluto in 1930.

Clyde Tombaugh was

Pluto is

4. Paul Gauguin was

The French painter Paul S u g u m spent about Tahiti is

19

E.

Th ere i s a n extra

w ord in

each sen

tence. Cross i

t out.

1. Mr Jackson lives in a treehouse that it has got an amazing view. 2. The man who he yelled at me on the bus, called me to apologise the next day. 3. That’s the prisoner whose his wife came to visit last weekend. 4. This is the building where my parents used to work there. 5. See you there

is an entertainment magazine which it has got

information about places to go and things to do. 6. Have you been to that cafe where they serve a delicious chocolate cake there? 7. The earrings which

I bought them yesterday were very expensive.

8. Mr Newman is the man whose son he is a very annoying person.

Speaking Play a game. Form two teams. The team that plays first says the name of a place, a famous person or a thing. A player from the other team must use it to form a sentence using the relative pronouns who, which, that, whose or the relative adverb where. If the sentence is correct, the team gets a point. The game ends when every player in each team has said one sentence. The winning team is the one with the most points.

Team A: J.R.R. Tolkien Team B: J.R.R. Tolkien is the man who wrote

The Lord of the Rings.

Team A: Corr ect. / Wrong. Team B: Salzburg. Team A: Salzburg is a city...

Write a few sentences that you remember from the Speaking activity above.

20

Co nd i ti on al Sen tences Type 1 Tim e Clauses ( Presen t- Future)

Look at

the p ict ures

and read the situat

ions.

A s s o on a s I get home, I’ll cook some I’m hungry. ^spagh etti. Hey , D anny, wo uld you li ke to join me?

'N

and w h e n w e /inish Unit 2, we’ll go on to Unit 3 which is about... Are you listening, Sean?

Erm.... thanks Ellie, but I’m very b u s y to n i g h t.

IS

Now m

at ch the two

halves of

t he sen

'

tences.

Ellie Danny Sean Sean’s tea ch er

is bored . wa nts to eat spagh etti. is givin g aboring lesson. is lying. is a terrible cook.

Grammar Q Conditiona l Sentences T ype 1 • We use Conditional Sentences Type 1 future.

to express something which is likely to happen in the present or

• Conditional Sentences consist of the if-clause and the main clause. When the if-clause is before the main clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma. We do not use a comma when the if clause is after the main clause. If you come round this afternoon, I ’ll give you your book back. I’l l gi ve you your book ba ck i f you come round this aft ernoon . if -c lau s e

mainclause • Future

If + Present Simple

If you are hungry,

Will

we’ll order a pizza. • Modal Verbs (may, might, can. must, should) we can make a salad. • Imperative

make a sandwich.

NOTE: Unless can be used instead of if ... not. We’ll play football tomorrow unless it rains. (=W e’ll play football tomorrow i

f it do esn ’t ra in.)

Q Time Clause s (Prese nt - Future) Time clauses define when the action described in the main clause takes place. Time clauses begin with the words when, after, before, as soon as, until, etc. When a time clause refers to the present or the Present Simple and the verb in the main clause is in the Future Will. We don’t future, the verb is in the

use will in a time clause. Time clauses

Main clauses

4s soon as 1arrive,

I’ll call you. I’ll help you with the dishes.

Before 1leave,

When the time clause

comes before the

When the time clause

comes a fter the main clause, the two clauses are not separated by a comma.

main clause,

the two clauses are separated by a

comma.

He will go out after he finishes his homework.

Activities A.

Co m plet e wit h t he co

rrect

form

of the verbs i

1. If they don’t come in ten minutes, I 2. We won’t go shopping if i 3. If the tempe rature

t

n brackets.

(leave).

_______________________

(rain).

__________________ _____

(drop), it will be very cold tomorrow.

_______________________

4. If you drive faster, we may 5. Unless it is windy, w e

6.

(get) there by noon. (not go) windsurfing.

____

If you have a heada che,

(take) a painkiller.

7. You won’t be a good goalkeeper unless you

8. Unless you apologise, I 9. 10.

B.

__________________

People won’t like you if you

finish/early

ng the prom

not we ar/it

(not speak) to you again. (not treat) them well.

If you go to the shopping centre tomorrow,

Co m plet e the sentences usi

(start) practising more.

________________

(get) me those shoes we saw the other day.

pts given.

be /0xfo rd/7 :00

door/not open

not go/school

hide/in/sleep ing bag

1. If you take the 6 o’clock train,

_______________________________________________________________________

2. Unless y ou turn the key tw ic e ,

_______________________________________________________________________

3. If you help u s ,

______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Unless Marion likes the bracelet, 5. If it snows, w e

6.

22

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

If I hear noise s at night,

C . Look at

the pictures and w

ri te sen

tences. Use t

he prom

pts given.

1. As soon as Henry finishes the l etter, he w ill po st it.

(as soon as)

fini sh / lett er

and Mrs Philips

2.

have / dinner

post / it

______________________

_______________

(after)

go / cin ema (when)

3.

have bath

return / home

(as soon as)

iron / shirt

put on

Richard (befor e)

5.

IP * "

wash / car

Ronnie

go / gym (until)

6.

fini sh / jig sa w puzzle D.

C ho os e a,

1.

If Ry an

not go / bed

b or c. to see a horror film, he

______________

5. Unless you take the underground, you late for work.

has to go to the cinema alone. I can’t stand horror films,

____________________

a. will want

a. will be

2. Henry

b. wants

___________________

c. doesn’t want

us as soon as he arrives in

London tomorrow. a. calls

c. is calling

your parents the truth.

____________________

don’t tell

b. tell

4. P lea se

c. will tell

me a newsp aper if you go

e

__________________

a. go 7. If you are thirsty,

b. goes

c. will go

___________________

some water. a.

drink

b. will drink

8. I won’t wait until Wendy

c. must drink

___________________

her shopping.

shopping, a. will buy

6 . We’ll f ix the car before w

c. won’t be

on holiday.

b. will call

3. You will be in a lot of trouble unless you

a.

b. are

b.

you buy

c. buy

a.

will finish

b.

is finishing c.

finishes 23

E. Join t

he sen

tences

. Use the w ord s given.

1. We can’t go to the concert. We m ust fi nd money for the tickets.

2. You want to stay healthy. You must eat a lot of vegetables and dairy products.

3. Dave won’t go out with his friends yet. He will finish his homework first.

4. 1 may go to the cinema tonight.

(unless)

(if)

(after)

1 will call you.

(if)

5. Ann will go to bed. She will have dinn er fir st .

(before)

6. You might need help. Call me then.

(if)

7. Marcia will make a chocolate cake. She will taste it when it’s ready.

Speaking Work in pairs. Gary is a tennis player. Look at the information in the boxes below and answer your partner’s questions. win tennis match ] lose tennis match ]

get a medal [ be disapp ointed

[ becom e famo us ]

[ take up a new spo rt

What will happen if Gary wins the tennis match? If Gary wins the tennis match,...

Complete the sentences. If I ever vis it Brazil, I...

If it rains tomo rrow,...

If I haven’t got any hom ewo rk tomo rrow, ...

24

Unle ss I joi n the gym, ...

(as soon as)

Both / Al

Look at

the picture and

read the d

l / Neither / No ne / Ei ther so / neit her / too / either

y

ia logue.

Alan

So, did you bring any DVDs?

Sam

Yeah, I brought four so you can choose. Here...

Alan

Um... Sam? These are old films. I’ve seen all four of them. You have? Now what? Let’s try the TV.

Sam Al an

I checked the TV guide.

None of the

films are any good. I don’t want to watch them. Sam

You’re right. Neither do I.

Hey, what

about this documentary about polar bears? I like documentaries.

Now choose t

So do I. Now le t’s order something to

Alan

eat. Pizza or Chinese? Sam

Either is fine.

Alan

OK. Chinese then.

he co

rr ect words.

1. All / None / Neithe r

of the DVDs Sam brought are new.

2. N ei the r / Ei the r / Bot h

of the boys wants to watch a

film on TV. 3. Sam likes all / ei ther / bo th

pizza and Chinese food.

Grammar Q

Both/All/ Neither/ None /Eit her

We use both: • in affirmative sentences. It takes a plural verb and it indicates that something is true for tw o people or things.

We use all: • in affirmative sentences. It takes a plural verb and more than it indicates that something is true for two people or things.

Tracy and Carla are from Brazil. Both o f them live in Rio. They bo th live in Rio.

Jane and her parents like skiing. They all like skiing. All o f them like skiing.

Both and all are usually followed by a noun or of + noun / pro nou n. When they refer to the subject of the sentence, they can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or before the main verb but after the verb be. A ll/ B oth (of) my c la ss m at es can sp ea k French. A ll/B oth o f the m can sp ea k French.

We use neither: • in affirmative sentences to give them a negative meaning. It takes a singular or plural verb. It shows that something is not true for either of two people or things. Fred and Ginger are vegetarians. Neither o f th em eats/eat mea t.

M y c la ss m ates can all/b o th sp ea k French. They are a ll/b o th flu en t in French.

none: We use • in affirmative sentences to give them a negative meaning. It takes a singular or plural verb. It shows that something is not true for more than two people or things. My friends and 1are travelling to London next week. None o f us has/h ave ever been to Great Britain befor e.

— - ................................................ S— ™ , Neither and none are usually followed by Neither/None o f the chil dren li ke meat. Neither/None o f them like meat.

of + n oun / pron oun .

---------------

— -

We use either: • For two people or things. It means one or the other (it doesn’t matter which of the two). It is used on its own or before of + no un / pron oun. A : Tea o r co ffee? B: Either is OK.

A : Who are th os e tw o girls? B: I do n’t know eithe r o f them.

Q so/ nei the r/ too/ eithe r so/too:

• We use So + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject

or subject + affirmative auxiliary verb + too

when we

agree with an affirmative statement but don’t want to repeat it. A: I speak English fluently. B: So do I. / 1do t oo.

A: Samantha has been to Poland twice. B: So have I. / 1hav e too.

neither/either:

• We use Neither + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject or subject when we agree with a negative statement but don’t want to repeat it. A : Pau l ca n ’t drive a car. B: Nei ther can I. / 1can’t either.

+ negative auxiliary

verb + either

A: I'll never eat fish again. It’s disgusting. B: Neither will I. / 1won’t ei ther.

When we disagree:

1 We use subject + affirmative auxiliary verb

when we disagree with a negative statement but don’t

want to repeat it. A : Lee c a n ’t pl ay th e guitar. B: I can. < We use subject + negative auxiliary verb

when we disagree with an affirmative statement but

don’t want to repeat it. A : She ha s g o t a m ob ile with a cam era . B: I haven’t.

Activities A.

Co m plet e the bla nks w i t h

both, all, neither, none, either.

1. I haven’ t got anyo ne to go out w ith .

_____________

work at 7 o’clock.

my friends are on holiday. 2. A: Can I borrow a shirt to wear to the party? B: Sure. The green one or the yellow one?

__________

7.

Kelly and Marion are vegetarians,

Jerry, Andy and Phil are going to take part in the swimming competition this weekend.

__________

three of them are very good swimmers.

him. my parents are strict. They never let me stay up after midnight. 26

of them start

of them has ever eaten meat.

of his classmates want to be in the same team as

4.

__________________

at 8. 6.

A: I don’t m ind , __________________ is fine. 3. James i s so stubborn an d selfish th a t

workers in the company star t

5.

8.

of my friends has got any pets . I’m the only one who likes animals.

B. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. (both)

1. Alan is a famous football player. James is a famous football player too.

(all)

2. Jenny, Sandra and Lucy are noisy children.

3. All th e st ud ent s in my clas s th ou ght th e exam wa s easy. They di dn’t th in k it wa s diff ic ul t.

(none)

(neither)

4. Mr Black doesn’t want a new car. Mrs Black doesn’t want a new car.

5. Graham, John and Sally don’t like Chinese food.

(none)

6. Samantha isn’t a singer. Jack isn’t a singer. They are musicians.

(both)

C. Co m plet e t he sentences w 1.

i th

so, too, either, neither antithe ap

pro priat

B: I __________________. 7. A: Dad won’t like your idea.

A: Dogs don’t hibernate. B: Cats

B : ___________________ Mum.

_______________

3. A: Ken bought a CD player yesterday. B: My cou sin

5.

8. A: She can’t play the guitar.

B: H e ___________________ .

.

4. A: I am not going to eat chilli. B:

9. A: We were watching the football match last night.

B:

I.

A: Jo works really hard.

10.

we.

A: We didn’t like the film. B : ____________________we.

B : ____________________Susan.

D.

i ary verb.

6. A: I would like some tea.

A: I like salmon. B : _________

2.

e auxil

M atch .

1. Bill makes delicious chocolate cake.

a. Neither do I . It’s not tha t cool!

2. I went to China last year.

b . Neither can I.

3. Lara should study more.

c. I did too.

4. Simon doesn’t like pop music.

d . I won’t either.

5. I can’t ride a bike.

e. So does my sister.

6. I won’t go out with them ever again.

f . I shou ld too.

27

E.

Ch oo se

a, b o r c.

1. A:Kelly had a lot of homework to do last weekend.

5. A: I haven’t seen that film. B: I haven’t

B : ______________________ did Tom. a. So

b. Neither

2. Eric and Michael are my brothers. Both of them like

football but

a. would 4. A:

b. do

c. either

______________________

a.

c. neither

b. both

all

c. neither

7. I haven’t got anything to wear today.

3. A: I don’t want to go to that restaurant. ______________________

b. too

live near my house.

of them likes tennis.

b. either

neither

6. Kathy and Elisa are my best friends. They

__________________

a. both

B: Neither

a.

c. Too

.

______________________

my clothes are dirty!

I.

______________________

a.

c. like

MrsDaviesdoesn ’t know anything abou t computers.

All

b. None

c. Both

8. A: Should we order pizza or Chinese food?

B : ______________________ do my parents.

B: I really don’t m ind , ____________________is fine.

a.

a.

Neither

i

b. So

c. Either

neither

b. both

c. either

Speaking

Work in groups of four. Use the ideas below and talk about your likes/dislikes regarding holidays. Then, report you r answers to the class. Talk about:

time of holiday (winter, summer)

I like winter holidays. So do I. / I don’ t.

places to go (island, mountain, etc.) places to stay (hotel, camp site, caravan, etc.) peop le to go with (friends, family)

Both Sue and I like...

None of the people jn my group like...

things to do (sports, sightseeing, etc.)

Look at the Speaking activit y above and write a few sentences

28

about wh at your group likes/dislikes.

Revision Module Units 2 4A.

Co m plet e t he adv can be om i tt ed, put

ert i sem ent wit h the app them i n brackets.

ropriat

e rel ati ve pron

who, which, hat t or t

ouns

he relat

CO IN T E R N E T C A F E

ive ad

where.If the

verb

24 Ram zi Str eet

Do you want to do something different in your free time? Are yo u ti re d o f th o s e ord in a ry ca fe s ( l ) _______________you’ve been a million times before? Well , if the answ er is yes, t hen visit

>- It’s a place

(2 ) _______________you can work and have fun at the same time.

> We have lots of computers

(3 ) ________________you can use to play games, send e-mails or surf the Net.

> St ude nt s (4 ) ________________need a computer to do their school work or print their projects will find this place really helpful. > - Those o f you (5 ) ________________don’t know how to use a computer, don’t worry. Our staff are helpful and friendly. There will always be somebody available > We ser ve ten types of coffee and there is also a fas

(6 )

you can ask for help.

_______________

t food area

(7 ) ______________you can enjoy a meal

or snack. is open 24 hours a day.

a, b o r c.

8.

Ch oose

l.

Mary may come wit h us if she _ a.

finish

her homework.

2. I’ll be back as soon as the m ee tin g a.

will be

3. Unless Andy

b . be

a . will go

5. Take the bus if you

soon, he will miss the show.

c . comes

_________________

to the supermarket.

c . doesn ’t go

b . went _____________

b . won’t want

to be late.

________

c . don’t want

down, I won’t be able to understand what you’re saying.

_________________________

a . don’t calm

over.

c . is

b . will come

4. Before John comes home, h e

a . want

_________________________

_________________________

a . doesn’t come

6. If you

will finish

c.

b . finishes

b . won’t calm

c . not calm

y

C.

Read t

he sentenc

es bel

ow and t

1.

A: Samantha doesn’t drink coffee.

B: Neither do I.

i ck the co rrect

ones.

6. Both students who are taking part in the

B: So do I.

schoo l play m us t be here by 9 o’clock.

|

All st ud ent s who are taking pa rt in the school 2.

A: I’ll never go sailing again.

B: I won’t either.

play must be here by 9 o’clock.

B: So will I. 7. Both of the two teache rs could read Peter’s

handwriting. It wasn’t very clear.

3. Neither of the children at school ate their lunch.

It was hor rible!

[

Neither of the two teachers could read Peter’s handwriting. It wasn’t very clear.

None of the children at school ate their lunch. It was horrible!

8. A: Would yo u like some w ater or juice with 4. A: Ron passed his driving test.

B: I did to o. j^ J

your food?

B: I have too.

B: None is OK.

5. Both five girls went jet skiing.

9.

j

A: Brian speaks French fluently.

B: So do I. Q

All fiv e girls wen t je t skiing.

B: Either is OK.

B: So am I. f

j

Use of English Co m plet e w it h the co

rrect

form

combined with

of the phrases

i n the box.

come along

be at one ’s bes t

nothing to worry abo ut 1. Robert

be into sth

let some one in on sth football. He enjoys watching basketball games.

_________________________

2. Come on, Mum! 1d on ’t wan t Mary t o _________________________. I do n’t w ant to go to the party with my little sister. me 4. The docto r told me tha t I ha ve

____

5. I ________________________really.

your secret. I promise not to tell anyone. _. I’m in pe rfe ct health. today. I’ve got a sore thr oa t and as for my

head, it really aches. 6. A healthy d ie t ___________________

30

lots of exercise can help you keep fit.

Presen

Read

the dial

Present Perfect Si t Perf ect Si m ple vs Past

m ple Sim ple

\

Unit 7

og ue.

Rob You’re good, Paul. Have you ever entered

a bowling competition? Paul Yes, I have. Rob Have you ever won? Paul Of course, I won the club championship last

year. Rob

I thought Dave Bolan was champion.

Paul Well, he was until last year. What about you?

Are you any good? Rob Well, I’ve never tried bowling before, but let’s

see what I can do... Paul Wow, you’re really good! Maybe we’ll have a

new bowling champion this year. Now com

plete

the sentenc

es. W rit e Rob, Paul

or Dave.

1. ________________has tried bowling before.

isn’t a bowling champion any more,

2. ________________won las t year 's championship.

might win this

year’s championship.

Grammar Q

Present P erfe ct Si mple Affirm ative

FULL FORMS

SHORT FORMS

FULL FORMS

SHORT FORMS

I have worked

I've worked He /She /It' s wor ked We/You/They've worked

I have not worked He/She/It has not worked We /You/They have not worked

I hav en't worked He /She /It hasn't wor ked We/You/They haven't worked

He/She/It has worked W e/You/They have wor ked

Questions Have I worked? Has h e/sh e/it work ed? Have we/you/they worked?

Sho rt answer s Yes, I have. Yes, he/she/it has. Yes, we/you/they have.

No, I haven’t. No, he/she/it hasn’t. No, we/you/they haven’t.

W i T- ; •:

We use the Present Perfect Simple: • for actions which happened in the past, but we don’t mention when exactly.

for, since, ever, never,

I ’ve tasted sushi.

• for actions which happened in the past and their results are obvious in the present. Tom has broken his left arm.

• for actions which were completed a short time ago (usually with

before, always, recently, so far, once, twice, just, already, yet, how long

ju st ).

I ’m e xhausted! I ’ve ju s t finishe d the housework.

NOTE:

i

Have / has gone means that someone has gone somewhere and is still there. Roy has gone to Liverpool. (He's still there.) >Have / has be en means that someone has visited a place but has returned. Roy has been to Barcelona. (He’s not there now.)

31

Q

Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple The Present Perfect Simple is used: for actions that happened in the past, but we don’t mention when exactly. I hav e already read

The Past Simple is used: • for actions which happened at a specific time in the past. We say when.

tha t book.

I read that book

last month.

TIME EXPRESSIONS

ever, never, before, always, just, how long, so far, since, for, already, yet, etc.

last week/month/year, ago, yesterday, in 1990, etc.

. NOTE:

Ag o is always used with the I went hiking two weeks ago.

Past Simple.

Before (when it means on a previous occasion) is used with the I’ve been hiking before.

Present Perfect Simple.

Activities A. 1.

Co m plet e t he dial

ogu es wit

h the Present Perfect Si

m ple of

the ver

brackets.

Use short answ

ers wh

ere possibl

e.

(Clara / call / yet)?

A: B: No,

_. Why?

A: We

_ (arrange) to go out tonigh t.

B: Maybe she

_________

2. A: Martha, B: Yes,

bs in

__

(make) other plans. Why don’t you call her and find out? (you / ever / ride) a horse?

_____________

_. What ab ou t you?

______

A: I

(neve r / do) anything like tha t but I

(always / want) to.

B: Let’s go riding this weekend, then. 3.

A: Hey, turn down the volume. It’s too loud. B: I can’t find the remote control. I

________

(look) for it everywhere.

A: N o , ______________ _______________ . Ask Mum. She always knows where everything is. B: You’re right.

B.

C i rcle the co rrect

1. I ’ve worked out / 2. She has bought

w ords . worked out

at the gym for 2 hours yesterday.

/ bought a car two years ago.

3. Do you fancy a pizza or have you a lready eaten / 4. Let’s not see that film.

I’ve see n / saw it before.

5. I have rea d / read four books so far this summer. 6. Have you ever bee n / Were you ever

32

to the zoo?

did y ou alrea dy eat?

(you / see) it?

C. Look at

the t ab le bel

ow and w

ri te sentenc

es. Use

the P resen

t Perfect Sim

ple or

the Past Sim

ple as i

n t he exam

ples.

Anna

buy/present/Tina

/

Ben

lock/door

X

Bill

buy/new computer

/

Henry

prepare/dinner

X

Our teacher

correct/our homework

X

My brother

paint/his room

/

last month

We

order/pizzas

/

half an hour ago

Mart in

wash /car

X

yesterday

on Saturday

1. An na has alrea dy bo ug ht a present f o r Tina. She b ou gh t it yesterday. ______________________________ 2. Ben hasn’t locked the door uet.

________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.

____________________________________________________________________________________

7. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.

_____________________________________________________________________________

D. Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect Simple or the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets. 1. Helen

________________________

(never/try) skiing before.

2. A: I hope Susan doesn’t get lost. B: Don’t worry. S h e ________________________ (be) here twice before. 3. A : _______________ y o u _________________________(take) your dog to the vet yet? B: Yes, I have. I

(take) him to the vet yeste rday aftern oon .

4. A: Billy, wash the dishes, please. B: I _______________________(already / do) it. 5- Kelly

________________________

(go) shoppin g yesterday and s h e

_________________________

(spend) all her

pocket money on clothes. 6. W e ________________________(always / want) to trav el arou nd the world b ut w e

________________________

(only / be) to Africa. 7. How long

_______________

you

___

(know) Jane?

8. I ________________________(finish) my homework last night so I can go out today. 9 - _______________ y o u

(read) any interesting books recently?

33

E.

Circl

e the co rrect

w ords.

1. Have you (eve r]/ nev er visited France? 2. Tom hasn’t bought any new clothes 3. My friends have

rece ntly /

yes ter day .

alre ad y / yet finished their meal.

4. Stella hasn’t decided where to spend her holiday

yet / befor e.

5. My cousin has never cooked Mexican food

ago / before .

6. Bruce tried sushi at a friend’s house

ye ste rda y evening.

7. You’ve made the same mistake 8. Have you visited John

last /

twice / ye t.

la te ly / just?

9. Ethan travelled by plane two years

ago / before .

Work i n pair s. Ask you r partner questions

usin g the prompts below and ti ck ( / ) or cross

try / ever / ski ing go shopping /

Satur day

buy / newspaper /

yester day

Have you ever tried skiing? No, I haven’t.

see / good film / recen tly

Did you go...?

go out / last nig ht meet / friends / Sunday read / interesting boo k / lately

Look at the table above and write a few sentences about your partner.

34

(X).

Rea d the i

nterv

iew and

Presen

t Perfect

co m plete i

t w it h the ques

Present Perf ect Prog ressi ve 1 Sim ple - Presen t Pe rf ect Prog ressive for/since ^ ti on s a-c

a. Is tree climbing difficult? b. How long have you been climbing

c. Nowadays, tree climbing

trees?

has become

a popular activity.

Why is this so?

.

,.m

Getting to the treetop An inter vie w with tre e clim bing ex pe rt Jerry Peters

Weil, I’m a tree surgeon and my job is to take care of trees. So, climbing

I’ve been

trees for years, since I was

twenty years old to be exact.

I’ve

climbed trees that are 20m tall. And

NELCELS5ARY TRUE, CLIM5ING EQUIPMENT

now it’s also my hobby.

Well, just remember. Most of us

have

climbed trees before. When we were

children, it didn’t look difficult, did it?

Well, I’ll give you two good reasons. One, it’s fun and you feel like an acrobat in the treetops. Two, the view from the top is amazing!

Grammar Q

Prese nt Perfect P rogre ssiv e Affirmative

FULLFORMS

Questions

SHORTFORMS

1have been working He/She/It has been working We/You/They have been working

I’ve been working He/She/It's been working We/You/They've been working

Negative FULLFORMS

1have not been working He/She/It has not been working We/You/They have not been working

Have I been working? Has he/she/it been working? Have we/you/they been working?

Sho rt Answers

SHORTFORMS 1 haven't been working

He/She/It hasn't been working We/You/They haven't been working

Yes, I have. Yes, he/she/it has. Yes, we/you/they have.

No, I haven’t. No, he/she/it hasn't. No, we/you/they haven't.

35

We form the Present Perfect Progressive with the Present Perfect Simple of the verb has + been) and the main verb with the ending -ing. We use the Present Perfect Progressive: for actions or situations which started in the past and continue, regularly or uninterrupted, up to the present.

be (subject + have /

for, since, how long,

They have been preparing lunch for two hours.

all day/morning/night, etc.

for actions which were happening over a period of time in the past and may or may not have finished, but their results are obvious in the present. Peter is very tired because he’s been cleaning the house all day.

NOTE: Stative verbs are not normally used in the

©

Present Perf ect Progre ssive.

Present Perfect Sim ple - Present Perfect Progre ssive We use the Present Perfect Simple : • to emphasise the result of an action. She has typed ten pages.

for, since, ever, never, before, always, recently, so far, just, already, yet, how long, once, twice, etc.

We use the Present Perfect Progressive: • to emphasise the duration of an action. She has been typing all afternoon.

for, since, how long, all day/morning/night, etc.

Q for / since We use the Present Perfect Simple and the Present Perfect Progressive started in the past and continue up to the present.

with for and since for actions that

for:

• refers to the duration of the action. I’ve been recycling for six years.

since:

• refers to the time when the action started. I’ve been recycling since 1999.

We use the Present Perfect Simple + since + Past Simple: • to indicate when an action which started in the past and continues up to the present started. I have lived in this house since I was seven years old.

36

Activities A. Look at

l.

the pictures and the prom

pts

Marina is a teacher. She / teach / Oakfi eld Prim ary

and write sentences. Use t he Pres

ent Perfect Prog

ressive and

2. Ben and Sally like collecting stamps. They / col lect / stamps / two

3. Janet is a reporter. She / wor k for / news pape r / 1995

years

Schoo l / six year s

for/since.

She has been teaching at Oakfield Primary School for six years. ____________________

4. The re’s snow everywhere! It / sno w / this morni ng

: Look

at the prom

pts and

1. Bill/start/working

5.

6. David talks on the phone too much.

Mand y is tired. She / jog /

write sentences as i n t he exam

He / talk / phone / 6 o’clock

par k / an ho ur

ple. Use t he P resent Perf

ect Si

m ple +

since +

Past

Sim ple.

Bill /tr avel abroad/many times

Bill has travelled abroad manu times since he started working. :. Mary/start/going/gym

Mary/lose/ten kilos

3. My brother/buy/new car

My brother/not have/accidents

4. Carol/find/new job

Carol/not go out with/friends

5. Alan/break/ieg

A la n/n ot play /bas ke tball

37

C.

Co m plet e t he d i al ogu es wit

h the Presen

t Perfect

Sim ple or

the Present Pe

rf ect Progress

i ve of the ver

bs in bracket

s.

1. Dan Gwen

jg f e

Hey, Gwen, come in. Where (1)

______________

(you/be) all day, Dan?

Dan

Oh, here at home. I ( 2 ) ______________(be) busy.

Gwen

Busy? What ( 3 ) __________________ (you/do)?

Dan

I ( 4 ) __________________(cook) for the dinner party.

Gwen

Really? ( 5 ) __________________(you/finish) yet?

Dan

No, I’m afraid not.

I (6 ) ______________ (make) Spanish paella and a

chocolate cake but I ( 7 ) ________________ (not prepare) the salad yet. Gwen

Let me help you then.

2. Rob

You know, Sam, I want to become a writer.

Sam

My uncle is a writer.

Rob

Really? Tell me about him.

Sam

Well, he ( 8 ) ______________ (write) novels for years. He’s very talented. He ( 9 ) ______________ (write) twenty novels so far. He’s David Milner.

Rob

Oh, he’s quite famous.

I want to become famous too.

______________

(you/write) anything so far? No, I (1 1 ) ______________ (not decide) what to write about, but

Sam (10) Rob

I will

become famous some day.

D. Ti ck t he m ost app

ropriat

e s entence.

Tricia is angry because she has waited for Jack for over an hour. Tricia is angry because she has been waiting for Jack for over an hour. She ha sn't finished

her homework ye t.

She hasn’t been finishing her homework yet. 1have read two books this month. 1have been reading two books this month. 1have been making this sandcastle all day. 1have made this sandcastle all day.

38

□ □ □ □ □ □ □

5. 1can’t drive you to work because 1have

been lending my car to Jeff. 1can’t drive you to work because 1have lent my car to Jeff. 6. Sue has been working on this project

since ten o’clock this morn ing. Sue has worked on this project since ten

□ □

o’clock this morning. 7. The musicians have played music for

three hours. The musicians have been playing music for three hours.

□ □

E. Ch oo se

a, b o r c.

1. My m u m

the house all morni ng.

a. is cleaning

b. has cleaned

c . has been cleaning

2. I __________________________ my keys and I can’t get into my flat. a. have lose

3. My plane

b. have lost

__________________________

a. hasn’t arrived

yet.

b. hasn ’t been

4. Jane has been working as a chef a. since

arriving

three years.

c. before

well. H e

became

b. have been

b. has been becoming

7. He has n’t read any book s since h e a.

has finished

in bed all afternoon.

______________________________

6. My aunt used to be an English teache r, bu t now s h e a.

c. not arrived

__________________________

b. for

5. I don ’t think John feels very a. has been

c. have been losing

c . was been __________________________

a tour guide.

c. has become

university.

___________________________

b. finished

c. has been finishing

Speaking Work in pairs. Interview your partner and complete the table below. Use the prompts given.

How long/live/in...? play/sport/musical

instr ument? What ?

How long/play/this sport/musical instrument? Have/hobby? What? How long/have/this hobby? How long have you been living in...? I’ve. .. fo r/sin ce...

Look at the table above and write a paragraph about your partner. (Alternatively, the paragraph could be abo ut yourself. )

Revision Module Units 3 7-8 A.

Co m plet e wit h the Present Perfect Sim

ple, the Present Perfect Progress

i ve or t

he P ast Sim ple of

the verbs i

n brackets.

Dear Mario, Hello! I hope ev erything

is going well at home. I (1 ) ____________________________ (enjoy) m yself a lot here a t

( 2 ) ___________________________ (be) up here for five day s. We ( 3 ) ________________________

Snowy Mountain. We

(arrive) on Wednesday and soon

(4 ) ____________________________ (settle) into our beautiful cabin, in the middle of

the forest. The weather

( 5 ) ____________________________ (be) nice so far. It (6 ) _____________________________ (snow) a couple

of times but we

( 7 ) ____________________________ (not have) any snowstorms.

It’s 1 0:00p m now, an d I’m lyi ng in bed feeling exh au sted . We three caves today. Yesterday, we We (10)

______________________________(explore)

(not have) any accidents yet.

On Friday, we (te ll) us to

(8 )

( 9 ) ____________ _____________ (also/cl imb) lots of nea rby slopes. D on’t worry.

(11) ____________________________ (go) to Bear Slope. Our guide

be careful b ecause the are a is full of wild anim als. I

Tony says that he

(12)

_________________________

(13) ____________________________ (not see) any, but

(14) ____________________________ (see) a bear. Can you believe it? Everyone knows that bears

hibernate during winter! (arrive), we (16) ______________________________ (also/learn) how

Since we (15) someone can survive in extreme weather conditions. We shelte r ou t in the snow. Isn’t it great? I’m looking forw ard to seeing

(17) ____________________________ (learn) how to build a

I wish you w ere here w ith us !

you soon.

Love, Jerry

B.

Co m plet e the bla nks w i th

for o r since.

Interviewer

How long have you been playing together as a band?

Brandon

We’ve been together

198 5, but we’ve known each other

(1 )

_( 2

) ___________ twenty years.

That is, ( 3 ) __________ we were seven or eight years old. You see, we were at school together. Interviewer

What have you been up to lately?

Brandon

Well, we’ve been trying out a couple of new songs

( 4 ) __________ about a month

but we ’re not ready

to record them yet.

40

Interviewer

You’ve become really popular

( 5 ) __________ last year, because of your so ng “ I’m crazy about you!”

Brandon

Yes, and we hope to stay that way.

C. Rew ri te the sen tences.

1. John started working at 5 o’c lock. It ’s 8 o’clock no w. John

(been)

three hours.

__________________________________________________

2. We haven’t been to that cafe for a week,

(ago)

W e _______________________________________ 3. Emily, have you trie d Chine se food before? Emily,

(ever)

Chinese food?

_______________________________________

4. We saw that film yesterday,

(already)

film.

W e _______________________________ 5. It’s the firs t time Ron has been to the theatre,

(never)

R o n ______________________________________________

the thea tre before.

s. They moved to this neighbourhood in January and now it’s June, They

(months)

ago.

________________________________________________________________

7. This is the secon d time you are late for class this mo nth,

(twice)

You

this month.

3, Laura started cleaning the house at 8 o’clock this morning and she hasn’t finished yet.

(since)

___________________________________________________________________________________

Laura

this morning.

Use of English Co m plet e t he sentences

turn on

with the co rrect

turn off

form

turn into

of the p hrasal verbs in t

he box.

turn up

turn down

keep on

1 Sto p it! If you

talking I’ll send you out of the classroom.

2. This workout will help you

___________

lots of calories.

3. I can ’t see anything. Ple as e. 4. Why did you

burn off

____

___________________

_____________

the l igh ts _______________

the radio? The music is too loud now.

5. _______________________the oven or you’ll burn the food! 6. That song gives me a headache. Can you please

the volume

? 7. Chris has

a computer addict. He spends lots of hours in front of a

computer playing games.

41

Past Prog ressi ve Tim e clauses ( w hen , w hile,

as, as soo n as)

Now answ

Read the diary page.



:-

- ------~=5"

................

%

er t he qu est i ons.

1.

What was Kevin doing when he saw the creature?

2.

What did the creature look like?

3.

Who shouted ‘The Demon, the Demon!’?

4.

What did the creature do when he heard the old

2/- April 20 10 nea r ixary ,

| A stramg e thlrvg ha ppened today.

As Iwas walki ng

bom.efrom, basketball practice, \ sometbliA-g su dd en ly j u m p e d out ■■tiA, froi/vt

of rue. it was like a £im.all child but

it bad a huge head amd bright, orawge eyes. A group of o ld m.ew were sittiwg oia, a wall uearby au.d they saw it, too. Owe of them,

man shout?

shouted 'The Aeruow, the Aervtow!'. A s soow as the creature heard him., it disappeared iwto the forest. som.e people said it was aw aliew, but I dow't thi wk so. W hatever

5.

Does Kevin believe that the creature is an alien?

it was, it soared the life out of me!

Grammar Q

Past Progressive Negative

Affirma tive FULL FORMS

E I/He /Sh e/It was pla ying We/You/They were playing

SHORT FORMS

I/H e/S he /It was not playin g I/H e/S he /It wasn't playing W e/You/T hey were not pl aying W e/You/T hey weren 't playing

Sho rt Answers

Questions Was l/he/she/it playing? Were we/you/they playing?

Yes, l/he /sh e/it was . Yes, we /yo u/th ey were.

No, l/he /sh e/ it wasn' t. No. we /you /the y weren't. •».—

4L 4K JL _ J3 RS & .

__ *

We use the Past Progressive: • for actions that were happening at a specific point of time in the past. I was sleeping a t 11 o ’clock yesterda y evening.

• to describe background scenes to a story.

It was snowing and the town was white and peaceful.

• for actions that were happening at the same time in the past. In this case we usually use

while.

While I was playing the violin, my sister was listening to rap music. • for an action that was happening in the past and was interrupted by another action. We use the Past Progressive for the longer action and the Past Simple for the shorter action. We usually use as, while and when. We were entering the house when the phone rang.

NOTE: Stative verbs

42

are not usually used in the

Past Progressive.

Q

Time clauses (when, while, as, as soon as)

Time clauses are introduced with

and as soon as.

when, while, as,

I was preparing lunch while they were watching TV. As so on as sh e arrive d a t th e airp or t, sh e ca lle d me. NOTE: • When the time clause

comes before the main clause, the two clauses are separated by a comma. When the time clause comes after the main clause, the two clauses are not separated by a comma. • We use when or as soon as + Past Simple (time clause) + Past Simple (main clause) for two actions that happened one after the other in the past. As soon as they left, I went to bed.

Activities - Co m plet e t he sentenc

1. What

es with

the Past

Pro gres

sive of

the verbs i

(you / say)? I

________________________

2. While I

n brackets.

(not listen) to you.

_____________________ ____

(study) for a test yesterday evening, my brother

________________________

____________________

(have)

fun with his friends. 3. The children

________________________

(play) computer games when their mother got home last night.

4. Whil e w e ________________________ (order), the waitress 5. W ha t ________________________(John / do) whil e y o u

________________________

_________________________

(write) down our order.

(skate)?

6. As I ________________________ (bake) a cake, my m o th e r ________________________ (do) the washing-up. 7. I t ________________________ (rain) wh ile w e _________________________(fix) the car. 8.

(Mary / sleep) when I called?

9. The dog

________________________

:0. At 8 o’clock Mrs Hunt

: Expand

the notes

(not ba rk) at a thief. I t

________________________

(bark) at a cat.

(cook) dinner.

________________________

i nto sentences.

l_ We / get r ead y / go out / when / we / hear / str ange noi se We were getting ready to go out when we heard a strange noise.

2. As / Julie / drive / to work / she / lis ten / radio

3 Helen / pho ne / whil e / you / take / a showe r

4, John / wat ch / news / on TV / whi le / he / eat / dinner

S. Peter / sit / desk / and / start d oing / hom ewor k

5. Student s / stop t alking /

as soon as /

teacher /

enter / clas sroo m

____________________________________

C. C i rcle the co rrect

w ords .

1. It was a hot Saturd ay evening. I (1) stood / was standing was hearing

by the window when I

(2) heard /

the fro nt doo r open. I (3) thought /

was thinking

it was my mum but I soon

was realising

I was wrong. When I (5) turned /

was turning

(4) realised /

around, I (6) saw / was seeing

a strange

man looking at me.

2. Last night James

(1) sat / was sitting

room watching TV while his parents were getting

in the living

(2) got /

ready to go to the theatre. As soon

as they (3) left /

were leavi ng,

he (4) went /

was

going to bed. A few minutes later, the phone (5) ra ng / was ringing

and while James

(6) went

/ wa s go ing to pick it up he (7) fell / was falling

down the stairs and leg.

3. Ab ou t a month ago, I (1) drov e / was driving

Blueburry Street. I (2) went / was going friend’s house. I

to my

(3) listened / was listening

music when suddenly I

(4) saw / was seeing

bright light. I (5) stopped / was stopping

down

to a

because I

couldn’t see anything. I (6) closed / was closing my eyes and when I (7) opened / was opening them again there were two creatures in front of my car and they (8) came / were coming me. I started screaming and...

44

slowly towards

(8) broke / was b reaking

his

D . Read t

he dial

Police officer

og ue and co

m plete

the bl

anks w

What time (1)

it h the Past

Sim ple or

Pro gres

sive of

the verbs i

n brackets.

(return) home

return

you

d id

the Past

yesterday? Mrs Olson

I think I (2) _

Police officer

OK, and what (3

(get) home at about half past five. y o u ______________ (do) at six

o’clock when the accident

(happen)?

(4)

(do) the

Mrs Olson

Hmm, at six o’clock, let me see...

Police officer

washing-up. So you ( 6 ) _______________(be) busy in the kitchen. How (7)

Mrs Olson

y o u ________________(see) the accident then?

______________

(do) the washing-up,

Well, as I (8) (9 )

I (5 ) ____________

___________ _________

(10 )

(look) out of the window. This is what I

________

____________

(see). A boy(11)

(ride) his

________________

p>

bicyc le alo ng Keynes Street. When he (1 2 ) _______________ (reach) the corner of Keynes and Walton Street, a car into Keynes Street. The driver and (15)

_________________

off his bike but the driver

(14)

(13)

_______________

(17)

____________

______________

(drive) away! That’s why I (1 9)

(20)

______________

(report) the accident.

=olice officer

(2 1 )

______________

you

Mrs Olson

No, I (2 2 ) _______________(not can) see him. He (23)

(call) the police and

(manage) to see the driver?

1. I was watching a horror film when I heard a strange noise. noise when I was in the m iddle o f wa tchin g a horror film.

b. I heard a strange noise and then I watched a horror film. c. I watched a horror film before I heard a strange noise.

2. While I was driving to work, I realised I had no petrol left. a. I drove to work and then I realised that I had no petrol left.

b. I realised I had no petrol left when I was driving to work. c. I realised that I had no petrol left and then I drove to work.

(be) too far away.

________________

a, b or c.

a. I heard a strange

(fall)

(not stop) . He ju st

(18)

E. Ch oo se

r

(turn)

(not see) the boy

_____________

(hit) him. The boy (16)

1

#

3. My friends and I were doing our homework at 5pm yesterday. a. My friends and I started doing our homework at 5pm yesterday.

b. My friends and I stopped doing our homework at 5pm yesterday. c . My friends and I were in the middle of doing our homework at 5pm yesterday.

4. The children were tidying up their bedroom when I arrived home. a. The children were in the middle of tidying up their bedroom when I arrived home.

b. The children tidied up their bedroom and then I arrived. c. The children began tidying up their bedroom the moment I arrived home.

Speaking Look at the pictures below which show parts of two different stories. With your partner, take turns to say what happened in each story and try to find an ending for each. Use the Past Progressive and the Past Simple. Story 1

El Story 2

Write what happened in one of the stories in the Speaking Activity.

46

Unit 10 Read the di

alogu

e.

So, how was dinner with Jim and Pam yesterday? Wendy What dinner? Everything went wrong. Linda What happened? Wendy Well, as they were driving to our house, their car stopped. You know Jim. He had forgotten to fill it up with petrol. So, he walked to the nearest petrol station but when he got there, he realised he hadn’t taken his wallet with him. Anyway, by the time they arrived at our house, we had already had dinner. Linda What? Wendy They didn’t call us so we thought they weren’t coming at all. Linda

Now answ

er t he questi

ons.

1. Why did Jim’s car stop? 2. What did Jim realise at the petrol station? 3. Did Jim and Pam have dinner with Wendy and her family?

Grammar Past Perfect Simple Negative

Affirmative FULL FORMS

I/H e/ S he /It We/You/They

FULL FORMS

SHORT FORMS

had WQrked I/H e/ S he /It We/You/They

WQrked

I/H e /S he /It We/You/They

SHORT FORMS

had nQt workec| I/H e/ S he /It We/You/They

Short Answers

Questions Had

l/he /sh e/it we/you/they

We form the Past Perfect Simple

hadn’t worke cj

work ed-p

l/he /sh e/it we/you/they

had.

with had and the Past Participle

hadn’ t,

of the verb.

We use the Past Perfect Simple: • for an action which took place before another action in the past (in time clauses with before, after, when, by the time). We use the Past Perfect Simple for the action that happened first and the Past Simple for the action that followed. When I got there, the museum had closed. • for an action which took place before a specific point of time in the

No l/he /sh e/ it we/you/they

TIME EXPRES

by + point in time before + point in time after, before, when, by the time, etc.

past. NOTE: The Past Perfect Simple

of the verb have is had had. 47

Activities A. Look at the pictur es. W hat had Li sa and the prom pts, as i n t he exam ple.

her f ri end

done

before they f

Lisa / fol low / a ma p?

1.

ound

the t reasure?

W ri te questi

ons and answ

ers usi

ng

4. they / fight / with pirat es?

Had Lisa followed a map?

_________________________

_____________________________

Yes, she had. 2.

Lisa / make / a new friend?

3.

they / travel / by plane?

B.

C om plete

the sentences w

it h t he Past Sim

5. they / see / any wild animal s?

ple or

1. Sandra

Pe rfect

Sim ple of the verbs i

n brackets.

(buy) the shoes after she

2. Alex 3.

the Past

(try) them on

(write) six letters by 11am yesterday.

Jason

_ (no t tidy) his de sk by t he tim e I

___

(arrive)

home yesterday afternoon. 4.

Caroline

(never/play) hockey before she

(move)

to the USA. 5.

(pack) my suitcase long before you

6. David

(not wash) the car when I

7. Judy _

(call) me. (get) home.

____

(throw away) some old magazines last week.

8. When

you

(realise) that y o u _____

_____________________

(lose) your wallet? 9.

10. 48

Nina

___

(finish) her shopping when you

Karen didn’t lea ve the office until she

(see) her. (type) all the letters.

C. Circl e the co

rrect

w ords.

1. After my dad had eaten dinner, he

fell / had falle n asleep.

2. Before Sally had pla yed / pla yed tennis she had finished all her homework.

3. By the time her parents returned home, Tracey 4. After we had had dinner, my sister 5. By the time the police

D . Joi n the sentences

the dog for a walk.

took

had washe d / washe d the dishes.

had come / came , I had left the party.

usi ng the Past Perfect Sim

>ri:t anrif

had ta ken /

1.

ple wh

ere n

ecess

ary and the wo

rds g

i ven.

Helen lost Mark’s telephone number. She didn't call him. Helen didn’t call Mark because she had lost his telephone number.

2. Sally did her homework. Then she went to the cinema.

(because)

(when)

5. Tom left the party. Then, Judy arrived.

6. Joanne finished school. Then, she went to university.

________

(after)

3. Mr Jones forgot to close the door of the house. The dog went in.

4. The plane took off. Then, the Smiths arrived at the airport.

(because)

(by the time)

(after)

7. Mary fell asleep. A while later, the programme ended.

(by the time)

49

E.

Fi nd t he m ist ake and correc

t i t.

1. Laura has already ordered dinner when Adam arrived at the restaurant. 2. When I had got home, my dad had already cooked dinner. 3. Tommy had done his homework before he had gone out to play. 4. By the time I had left the office, it had started raining. 5. She had finished doing the washing-up when the phone had rung.

6. Matt had decided to travel around the world after he had finished university.

Speaking What had y ou done by 11 o’clock last night? Ti ck ( / ) or cross partner. tidy/room do/homework play/com putergames

(X)

the boxes below and discuss with your

have/dinner phone/best friend have/shower

listen/C Ds

go/bed

watch/favourite TV programme

have/dream

Had you tidied your room by 11 o’clock yesterday? Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t . What did you do after...? Well, after I had..., I...

Write a few sentences about what you had done by eleven o’clock last night and compare them with what your partner in the Speaking activity had done.

50

Pre pos i t i ons of Pla ce / Preposit

:ead t

he text and cho

ose the c

orrect prepo

i ons of Mo vem ent / Prepo sit ions of Tim e

}

k Unit 11

sit i ons .

UK

now, nobody knows what really happened in / at Crimson Creek on / at 29 September. Jack and Mary Thomas were cooking dinner when suddenly, at / in around 8pm, t he lights went out. Then they heard a strange noise coming from / into the forest near / around their house and w ent in / out to see what it was. A bright blue light was shining in / into the forest and During / Until

they started walking along / towards it. After / Since that, they bo th d isapp eared . Now, it’s up to Detective Max Marcus to find out what really happened.

Grammar Q Preposit ions o f Place in on at under near behind

She's in her room. The pencils are on the desk. I'll wait at the bus stop. Sue is reading u nder the tree. Is there a ho spital near you r house? Look who’s hiding behind the car.

over opposite next to in front of between

There’s a family picture over the sofa. The library is opposite the bookshop. He sat next to me at the concert. 1can't see because he’s in front of me. The cafe is between the theatre and the post office.

The prepositions on, in and at are used in various other expressions: on: with the expressions: on the left, on the right in: with names of continents, countries, cities, villages: in Europe, in Egypt, in Beijing, in Blackburn at: with confined areas: at the theatre, at the airport, etc. with addresses: He lives at 34 Rose Street. with the expressions: at work, at home, at school, etc. 51

Q

Prepos ition s of Move ment to up down into out of through across along from

She ’s going to the supermarket. They ran up the hill. He rode the bike down Lane Street. Don’t come into the house with those dirty shoes. She threw litte r out o f the window. This road goes through the forest. The little boy ran across the road to catch the ball. They walked along the river. Maria com es hom e from work at 5 o ’clock every d ay.

around towards of f over past

1jo around came the block every Theg children towards me.morni ng. Steve fell off the bike. The th ief jum pe d over the fence and ran awa y. She walked past Jack but she didn’t see him.

NOTE: • We do not use any prepositions with the word

home when it is used with verbs which

denote movement. I didn ’t call you beca use I got hom e late. •

We use the preposition by with means of transport: by car, by plane, by train , by ship, by taxi , etc. Irrrth on foo t I usually go to work by train.

• If there is an article (a/an, the) before means of transport, we use in the car, in a taxi, on the train, on the plane, on the ship, etc.

on or in:

There are a lot o f pas sen gers on the train. I saw Julie in a taxi.

Q

Prepositions of Time at

to show the exact time: in the expressions:

on

with the days of the week: with dates: in the expressions:

in

with periods of the day: with months and seasons: with years and centuries: in the expression:

during after before from. .. till/u n til/to for since by

at six o’clock at noo n/at nigh t/at midnight/at mi a t the weeke nd/at wee kend s at breakfast/l unch /dinner at fifteen/at the age of twenty at the moment on Friday on 5th September on Friday afternoon on weekdays on his birthday/on holiday on New Year’s Eve in the morning/afternoon/evening in April/in spring in 2006/in the 20th century in my free time

dday

Pffi l on Sunday morning

He was listening to music during the lesson. She went to the cinema after school. She went jogg ing before b reakfast. We practise from two till/until/to five. I’ve been watching TV for two hours. He’s lived there since 2002. 1will be home by lunchti me.

_______________

I

Activities - Look at

the picture and com

plete

the bla

nks w

it h p repo

sit ions of pl

ace.

This is the Poshe Restaurant. It is a very expensive restaurant. _"ere are expe nsive pa intin gs ( l ) ___________ the wall. There aren’t many people (2) ~he Smiths are sitting (3) - ce is sitting (3)

___________

___________

the restaurant toda y.

table one. Their daughter,

them.

____________

A w aiter is st an di ng (5 )____________t he wind ow to make sure p erything is in order. The poor waiter who is serving chicken to ir e people at table one, didn ’t see t he toy v an (6) io o r and stepped on it. Look

i Co m plete

along

w it h t he prep

the

____________

at him. He’s falling!

os it i on s i n the box.

towa rds

by

off

on

into

over

ou t of

1. I usually go to s c h o o l ____________bus bu t yesterday I misse d it, so I had to g o 2. I saw Ben a few minu tes ago. He was g o in g 3. The bus was going

____________

_____________

the swim ming pool.

Ar bour Stree t wh en th e acc id en t ha pp ened. A boy wh o was riding a bike did n’t

see the bus, crashed int o it a nd fe ll

____________

his bike.

4. When Kerry found out the truth she was really upset. She r a n

____________

the room and never spoke to Paul

again. 5. Our cat ju m p e d

: Read t he text

below

____________

and co

rrect t

th e f en ce

he prep

foot.

the neighbour’s garden.

_____________

os it i on s i n bold.

Randy has been working for a company (1) since many years. He started (2) on the age :* 25 and now (3) in 37, he wants a change. (4) At 12 years he has been waking up 3 over 6:30 (6) by the morning t o catch the 7:30 train and get t o work (7 ) since 8:3 0. I iam etim es he has to work ( 8) for weekend s (9) sin ce many hours and last year

he even

I worked (10) during New Year’s Eve. He rarely gets any time off (11) at the summer and he I 'eve r spends enough tim e with his f amily. He feels th a t (12) on the las t 12 years he has :een working too much and that now is the time for a new beginning.

D.

Ch oose

a, b o r c. the family

Last year, my grandmother gave me a beautiful pair of earrings that had been (l) (2 )

many years. So, when she asked me to wear them

couldn’t say no. The problem was that I couldn’t find them. I looked everywhere:

(4)

__________

my wardrobe,

the desk and the beds, but

the shelves, even (6) couldn ’t find them . I felt terrible.

her birthday, I just

(3 )_________

the day of my granny’s birthday,

(7 ) __

woke up very early and continued to look for them. I looked for them (8 ) ______________six o’clock (9 ) ______________ the morning (10) ____

three

the a fternoo n b ut with ou t any luck. In the end, I was sure th at I had lost them, so I decided to go without them. As I was getting ready, I saw a small je wellery box th a t had bee n th er e (1 2 )_____________ of me all the time. Guess what! The earrings were inside it! I was so happy because I wasn’t going to disappoint my granny. When she saw me wearing the earrings that night, she had the biggest smile ever

(13) ______________her face!

1.

a. in

b. over

c. since

8.

a. since

b. from

c. until

2.

a. after

b. since

c. fo r

9.

a. in

b. by

c. since c. during

3.

a. at

b. on

c. in

10.

a. till

b. for

4.

a. between

b. next

c. in

11.

a. in

b. at

c. on

5.

a. on

b. in front

c. opposite

12.

a. opposite

b. front

c. in front

6.

a. under

b. at

c. over

13.

a. at

b. on

c. around

7.

a. After

b. On

c. From

Speaking Work in pairs. Student A think of a strange experience you have had. Student B ask him/her questions to find out what happened. Then swap roles. Use the prompts below to help you. Think about: • when it happened • where you were •• • • • •

who what you you were were with doing what you saw/heard how you felt what you said what was happening

Have you ever had a strange experience? Yes, I have. When did it happen? Three years ago, in July. Where...?

Write a short text about your strange experience, using the prompts in the Speaking Activity above.

54

Revision Module 4 un it s 9 -1 1 A. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple or the Past Progressive of the verbs in brackets. 1. W e ______________________ (play) chess when Carl's mother 2. While all my friends

(phone).

______________________

(enjoy) themselves at Fred’s party, I

_____________________

(study)

______________________

for an exam. 3. W hy ____________________y o u _____________________ (make) all that noise while I

(try)

______________________

to sleep? 4. When I

(get) home on Saturday night, my parents

______________________

(watch) a

______________________

film on TV. 5. Maggie

(get) ready to leave when I

______________________

6. The students

______________________

(call) her.

______________________

(not pay) attention when the teacher

______________________

(explain)

the exercise. 7. As I ______________________(do) the shopping, I 8.

they

______________________

(see) Kathy.

______________________

(visit) the Prado Museum when they

_______________________

(go) to Spain?

______________________

9. As soon as I

(taste) the food, I

______________________

(realise) that it was too salty.

______________________

B. Expand the notes into sentences using the words given. 1. We / cook / dinner / the doo rbel l / ring

2. I / walk / down / street / I / sli p / fel l

(when)

(as)

3.

Kevin / talk / on the phone / David / study

4.

Rita / call / pol ice / she / see / bur glar

5.

Tina / cook / she / burn / her arm

6.

Ralph / wait / bus st op / it / start ra ining

(when)

7.

They / arrive / they / jump /

(as soon as)

8.

Pet er / have l unc h / Jane / work

(while)

(as soon as)

(as)

int o the poo l

(while)

55

C.

Co m plet e the sentences w

i th prepo

sit i on s of ti m e, place

1. We usually visit our grandparents

__________

3. Are you doing anything special

__________

bus.

the stairs to check it out.

__________

London last year, but now he lives

__________

__________

Paris.

school early today. She wa sn’t feeling well.

__________

tom e

7. Guess who was sitting

__________

8. There is an old painting

__________

the plane!

the w a ll

the livin g room.

__________

9. Suddenly, I turned around and saw a

car co m ing

10. We’ll have a break for half an hour D. Choose

__________

New Year’s Day?

4. Sandra heard a strange noise and ra n

6. Ju lie came ho m e

ent.

foot, _but h e someti mes g oe s

2. My fathe r usual ly goes to w o rk

5. Fred lived

or m ovem

Christmas.

__________

me.

__________

noon.

a, b o r c.

It was a windy afternoon. My friends and 1 (1 )

to meet at my house to watch the 1(2)

Football Cup Final together. After

school, 1 (3 ) ____to the supermarket to buy lots of so ft drinks . When my friends

(4)

,1

popcor n. By the end o f the firs t

(5)

half, we (6)

all the popcorn and the

snacks mv friends

. While we (8)

(7)

the second half, something We (10)

wrong.

(9)

no picture on the TV. Maybe it

(1 1 )

a. had arranged

b. have arranged

c. was arranging

2.

a. had finish

b. was finishing

c. had finished

3. a. was going

b. went

c. had gone

4. a. were arriving

b. arrived

c. had arrived

5. a. had already made

b. already made

c. was already made

6.

b. had eaten

c. ate

7. a. did bring

b. had brought

c. were bringing

8.

b. had watched

c. were watching

b. was going

c. went

a. were eating

a. watched

9. a. did go

was because of the strong winds outside. Unfortunately, we

1.

the end of the

10 .

a. had had

b. were having

c. had

11.

a. were missing

b. had miss

c. missed

match and we were all very disappointed.

Use of English Co m plet e w i th t he prepo

sit i on s in the box.

up 1.

at

into

by

out

the time Ben got there, everyone had left.

_________

2. The police asked Alice what she was doing 3. Susan crashed 4. The burgl ar ti e d 5.Patrick ra n

_________

________

the time of the theft.

a tree yesterday. Fortunately, only the car was damaged. the old lady and stole

_________

all her jewellery.

a dog and the poor animal died. Now, he feels awful!

6. Char lie a nd Car la s e t 56

over

_________

on their j ourney two weeks ago.

can / coul d / m ay / wi l l / would 1 m ust / have t o need (to)

!_

Read the texts.

Paul, 1have t0 6o

[

to ^ y ststg.-'s.

y ow

up

from fe«rate a t S:3 D? ^ v ie r's U the D's's

v-

It o ff as s ew. ^edtoturu. you get hem*. Ly iu

P.S. Wl,ll LjCU pl-ease?

Now ans

w er t he questi

"

ons.

1. Who is going to pick up Gina?

3. Why is Paul going to be late?

2. Where has Lyn gone?

4. Why is Rex sad?

Grammar Can, could, may. will, would,

• • • •

Q

they they they they

must, need, etc. are modal verbs do not form all the tenses. are the same in all persons, singular and plural. form the irterrogative and the negative without auxiliary verbs are followed by the base form of a verb, without to.

p

and:

(do/did).

c an/ could /may/will/ wou ld

57

© mu st /ha ve to We use must: obligation in the present and future.

in the affirmative and interrogative to express

I m ust buy a cake for the part y. M ust we go so soon? prohibition. You m us tn ’t touch anyth ing in the museum.

in the negative to express

in the affirmative and interrogative to express

We use have to: obligation in the present and future.

You have to wear a uniform. Do you have to work on Saturdays? absence of obligation. She doe sn’t have t o ea t the cake if she d oe sn ’t like it .

in the negative to express

NOTE: • Must expresses an obligation that the speaker imposes on himself/herself or others. Have to expresses an obligation that is imposed by somebody or something else. • Must and have to form the Past with had to/didn’t have to and the Future with will have to/won’t have to. The affirmative expresses obligation and the negative absence of obligation in the past or the future

respectively. Kate did n’t hav e to go to sch ool yesterday because she was il l. You must sleep well tonight because you will have to train hard tomorrow. • To express prohibition, we can also use can’t. You can ’t use you r mobile phone in the hos pital .

Q

need (to)

We use need: • as a main verb in all tenses in the affirmative, interrogative and negative. It is followed by a and forms the interrogative and negative with auxiliary verbs (do/does, did etc.) • as a modal verb in the interrogative and negative of the infinitive and forms the interrogative and negative without

Affirm ative 1need to go He/She/It needs to go

We/You/They need to go

Present Simple only. It is followed by a auxiliary verbs.

Negative 1don’t need to go 1needn't go He/She/It doesn’t need to go He/She/It needn’t go We/You/They don’t need to go We/You/They needn’t g o

We use need: • in the affirmative and interrogative to express necessity. I need to talk to Jane. • in the negative to express absence of nece ssity. You don’t need to buy anything. She needn’t do the washing-up. I’ll do it tomorrow.

58

full infinitive bare

Questions Do 1need to go? Need 1go? Doe s h e/s he /it need to go ? Need he/she/it go? Do we/you/they need to go? Need we /you/they go?

Activities A. C ir cle t he c o rrect wo

rds. 5. A: Excuse me, may / would I take this bag with

1. Can / May you get me a newspaper when you go

me on the plane?

out? 2. A: Will /

B: Of course you

I go shopping with my friends, Mum?

Could

6.

B: No, you won’ t / can’ t. You’ve got lots of

A: Jenny, when can I borrow your camera?

I really

nee d / need to it.

homework to do.

B: I must / can give it to you on Monday and you

3. A: Pleas e remember tha t you must / ne ed bring the

don’ t hav e to / mustn’ t give it back to me for

car before 2pm. B: OK. I’ll must /

woul d / may, sir.

another week

have to leave work earlier.

7. A: Do I need / Need I wash the car today?

4. A: Would / May you teach me how to drive? B: I’m sorry, I may not /

B: Yes, the car needs washing.

You are too young to

can’t.

or so .

drive. B. Co m plet e the dial

og ues usi ng the w

would

need

ords

i n the box.

need to

have to

can ’t

could

can

drive you home if you like.

some help.

B: Th at’s ver y kind of you, bu t I

you mind helping me? B: Oh, I’m sorry, I’m too busy. I

__

buy some things from the supermarket.

finish this project in two hours.

______________

you drive me there first?

A: I’m afr aid I ______________. I’m in a hurry. C.

C ir cle the co rrect

w ords

.

1. Maria has to / needs be back home by midnight.

2 . You

mustn’ t / don’ t have to

eat snails if you don’t like them.

3. You’ve got all day tomorrow to work on the project. You 4. Sheila must /

have to take her medicine.

5. You nee dn’t /

don’t ha ve cook. We’re eating out tonight.

6. We

mustn’t /

don’ t nee d to finish it tonight.

need / must to buy some more soft drinks for the party. 59

D.

Complete the sentences with the corre ct form of need.

1. The fridge is empty. W e

2. You 3.

to go to the supermarket today.

_____________________________

run. We have lots of time.

_____________________________

Charlie go to the meeting tomorrow?

_____________________________

4. Y ou

to shou t! I can hear you.

5. Dad

to use the car today. We can’t take it.

_____________________________

6. Miss, which units of the b o o k 7. Heather 8. You

E.

1.

____________________________

to practise a lot. She’s an excellent tennis player!

take the bus. I’ll drive you home.

Look at

the pict

ures and w

ri te sentenc

es using

She doesn’t have to p au fo r a ticket.

3.

mustn’to r don’t/doesn’t ha ve toas i

the verb s gi ven and

2.

(wear)

4. The weather is fine outside.

(wash)

60

w e ______________________________to study?

_____________________________

(use)

5.

____________________________

It’s raining outside.

(talk)

n the exam

ple.

F.

Complete the dialogue with the correct form of must, can, could or need to .

you please turn off your mobiles?

A: (1).

You (2)

use them in the museum . And

please remember that you (3)

________ _________________

touch

anything. B: (4) ____________________I take photos? A: I’m afraid you (5 ) ______ you (6)

_______________

sir. And you madam, take this bottle of water inside.

B: But I (7).

_ dr ink water. It ’s very hot.

A: I’m sorry, you (8)

_________

B: What? (9)

_____

enter with the bottle.

I speak to the director of the

museum, please?

Speaking A. Talk in pairs. Discuss wha t you sh ou ld say in th e fo llo wing situations. Think of as many possible ways you can to express yourself. Use can/could/may/would/will/must/need/have to. • You’re in class and you want to go out. Your partner is the teacher. • You’r e in a small room with closed windows and it's very h ot • You need your parents’ permission to go to a friend's house. Your partner is your father. • You’re in a hospital and someone is talking on his/her mobile phone. • You’re in a museum and someone is taking photographs. • You have a terrible toothache. • You’re at a restaurant and want some salt. Your partner is the waiter.

B. Choose a situation and act it out.

Can/Could/May I go out, please? No. you may not. But I need to. Miss, please! OK. then, if you have to...

Write one sentence for each of the situations below. Use the words given and can/could/may/will/would/ need/ have to/must.

(try on)

(shout)

(doctor)

(supermarket)

(tea)

61

Unit 13.

can / co uld / be ab let o m ay / m i ght / c o u l d m ust / c an’ t

Read the dialogue. Stan Lisa Stan Lisa Stan

Lisa

Stan

So, Lisa, are you coming to the cinema tonight? Sorry! I won’t be able to. I’ve got too much homework. Oh, OK, then. Where’s your brother? Alex? He must be at home. He can’t be at home. I ju s t ca lle d and no one answered. I can’t find him anywhere. Even his mobile is turned off. It’s not turned off. It’s broken. Ring Tony. My brother might be with him. They usually play computer games together. Oh, OK.

Now match.

Lisa

will go to the cinema.

Stan

can’t go to the cinema.

Alex

is try in g to fin d so me on e.

has got a mobile which isn’t working. may be with a friend.

Grammar Q can/ could/ be a ble to we use can: • to express ability in the present. My father can

we use courn: • to express ability in the past.

use a computer .

1could play the piano

when 1was y oung.

NOTE: Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It is mainly used in tenses where we cannot use can (Future, Present Perfect, etc.). He’ll be able to come on Saturday. Have you been able to visit your friends?

Q ma y/ mi ght/ coul d We use may, might • to express

and could:

possibility in the present or future. slight possibility. We m ay/m ight/co uld go to Af rica ne xt year.

62

Might expresses

© mus t/ca n’t express a logical deduction

must and can’t: and refer to the present.

• We use must to express a positive logical deduction. It's ten o'clock and John is still sleepi

ng. He mu st be tire d.

• We use can't to express a negative logical deduction. She ca n't be a t home. She was at work a few minutes

ago.

Activities A. Circle the correct words.

1. My dad couldn’t / wasn’t able use the computer but he’s taking some computer lessons now and in a few months he can’t / will be able to

2.

do everything.

When I was younger, I was n’t able / was able to late in the evening and then go out. I

can’t /

work until

not a ble to do

that any more. 3. Bob will be 17 next month. Then he

wil l be able to / can’t

get a driving licence. 4. Mr Smith

can’ t / coul dn’ t speak to you right now. If you call back in half an hour, he

will be a ble to / coul d

speak to you then. 5. I couldn’t / can’t

find any fresh strawberries this morning, so

I can ’t / will be a ble to

make a strawberry

cheesecake. 6. In a few years’ time, some lakes wi ll be so polluted tha t fish 7. Emma can / could wear her jeans now, but she

won’t be able to

/ can’t live in them.

couldn ’t / wasn’ t ab le wear them last year because she had

put on a lot of weight.

8.

I won ’t be able to / wasn ’t able to

arran ge so mething for the

come yesterday because

can / can’ t

weekend.

9. Ben is sleep ing at the m ome nt, but he 10. Suzanne coul d / wasn’t able will be able to

I had many things to do, but we

will be able to

/ be able to call you back in the afternoon.

to speak a word of English when she first went to London, but now she

can /

speak fluently. You should hear her.

63

B.

Look at the pictures and the prompts and write sentences expressing possibility using may/might/could.

(bur n / foo d)

(cra sh into /

3.

tre e)

(bite / man)

J II

II IL_JL.rJ

i in E E 3

0

— (mis s / bus)

5.

C.

Complete with must or can’t.

1.

Sam

Where’s Angela? The film starts in ten

4. Keith

minutes. Eve

Ad am

I called her at home but nobody answered the phon e, so s h e __________

2.

__________

I think the baby is hungry.

Henry

H e __________be hungry! I just fed him. Who’s that woman John is talking to? His

Diana

Th ey

have a gardener. They do all that work by themselves

because they both work long hours.

6.

Theresa

Y o u _________ be quite tired after playing football all afternoon!

S h e __________ be his mother, she’s too young. She

64

Our neighbours’ garden is so beautiful!

__________

mother? Larry

Y o u __________ be really thirsty now.

When do they find the time to take care of it?

be on her way here.

Frank

3. Jerry

5. Sheila

be there. She

I have just eaten three bowls of popcorn!

__________

be his sister.

Vince

No, not really, I feel fine.

D. Read the sentences and tick (✓) the correct box.

Abil it y

Poss ib il it y

Ded ucti on

1. I’m not sure where Peter is. He could be at the supermarket.

2. Rob has just left work. He can’t be at home. 3. 1could swim for four hours when 1was young. 4. 1can’t find my keys anywhere. Have you seen them?

wmm

5. 1might travel to Rome next week. 6. That girl doesn’t look like Jane. She can’t be her sister. 7. We can’t go out tonight. The cup final is on! 8. Anna can’t be 50 years old. She looks much younger.

Speaking Talk in pairs. Discuss what present you’re going to get for a friend whose birthday is next week. Use the ideas below. • what your friend likes • what he/she needs most • how much money you can spend

We can/could buy him/her a(n). He/She must... Well, we don’t need to... He/She may/might like...

Look at the pictures below and write one sentence about each of them using can/could/may/might/must/ can’t and the prompts in the box. break/window

give/wa llet/ police

be/hungry

rain

dance/wh en/young

not understand/man

65

Unit 14i

Infinitive - ing form

Read the text and choosea, b or c.

1.

a. communicate

b. to comm unicat e

c. communicating

the radio, watching TV or using gestures are all ways of (1) ________. It seems simple, however, not everybody is good at it. Some people speak too fast for li steners (2 ) ________, while oth er pe op le’s h an dw riting is d ifficult (3 ) ________ .

2.

a. understand

b. to understand

c. understanding

3. a.

read

b. to read

c. reading

Then, there are some people who simply don’t listen carefully to what someone else says. Communication is a skill which is obviously worth (4) ________ ■Howeve r, it can (5 ) ________ a lifet ime (6 ) ________with others well.

4. a.

learn

b. to learn

c. learning

5. a. take

b. to take

c. taking

6.

b. to comm unicat e

c. communicating

CO M M UN ICA TIO N takes pl ace wh en pe opl e send or receive messages. Talking, listening to

>

a. communicate

Grammar Q Infi niti ve full infinitive: to

+ base form of verb to play

There are two types of

infinitive: bare infinitive:

base form of verb

without to

play

We use the full infinitive: • to express purpose. She went to the post office to mail a letter.

• after the verbs:

want, would like, would love, decide, forget, learn, teach, need, plan, promise, try, hope, manage, arrange, choose, offer, refuse, expect. I plan to go to Egypt in spring.

• with too and enough. The sandwich is too cold to eat.

• after the structure

it+be+adjective. It’s easy to learn Spanish.

• after the adjectives:

afraid, surprised, free, happy, ready, sorry.

She was free to go wherever she wanted.

We use the bare infinitive: can, could, will, would, should, may, might, must. Will you stop laughing? You shou ld taste som e Australian food.

• after modal verbs: • after the verbs

let and make.

Sh e makes me clean my room twice a week.

We can use the verb

help with a full or a bare infinitive. I always help my fath er to cl ea n the garage.

I always help my fa ther clea n the garage. I»lrl

66

Let me do it, it’s not difficult.

Q

-ing form

The -ing form (base form of the verb +ing)

can be used as a noun. We use the -ing form:

• as the subject

of a verb.

Travelling is great fun. • after certain verbs such as: I hate studying Maths.

etc.

like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer,

• after certain verbs such as: continue, stop, finish, start, begin, I starte d watching a new TV series . • after certain verbs such as:

etc. etc.

avoid, imagine, keep, practise, suggest, risk, spend (time),

I spent my summer lying under the sun. • after certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand, be interested in, it’s worth, how about, can’t help, feel like, etc. I can’t stand waiting for the bus for ho urs.

• after prepositions. Are y ou goo d a t p laying the guita r? • after the verb

go to indicate activities:

go swimming

/shopping/fishing,

etc.

I’m go ing sho pping this Saturday.

NOTE:

The verbs like, dislike, love, hate, start, begin without any significant difference in meaning.

are followed by a full infinitive

I like taking pictu res when I go on holiday.

or an -ing form

I like to take pictu res when I go on holiday.

< The verbs stop and remember are followed either by a

full infinitive

or an -ing form, but with

a different meaning. Maria stoppe d cleaning the garden. (= She is no t cleaning the garden any more.)

Maria stoppe d to clean the gard en. (= She stop pe d what she was doing and starte d cleaning the gar den.)

I rem em ber giving you the boo k this morning.

I remembered to give you the book this morning.

(= I gave you the book and I rememb er that I did so.)

(= I did not forget to give you the book .)

Activities A.

Complete the sentences with the full or bareinfinitive of the verbs in the box.

do

go

play

1. I have decided

vis it

buy

be

watch

go

find

rain

a new CD player.

_________________

2. Sam’s parents don’t let him 3. My friends and I are planning

TV on weekdays.

_________________

camping this weekend.

_________________

4. I t m igh t _________________tomorrow, so take an umbrella. 5. Our teacher made u s 6. My mother was su rpris ed

three projects in one week. a present on her bed.

7. Unfortun ately we didn ’t have enough t im e __________________the museum. 8. Joe and Kevin have gone to the park 9. Helen promised 10.

________________

football.

_________________

here on time, but she’s late again!

You real ly m u s t _______________ . The bus leaves in five minutes.

B.

1.

Re w ri te the senten

ces using t

Philip saw Mary at the thea tre las t night. He was surprised. ___________________________________

I go to the gym after work.

I think it’s relaxing 4.

6.

I think it’s relaxing.

_________________________

Michael is very tired. He can’t go out tonight. Michael is too tire d

5.

was afraid.

__________________________

Philip was surprised 3.

l infi niti ve.

Julie didn ’t touch the snake. She Julie was afraid

2.

he ful

_______________________

Heather isn’t very tall. She can’t reach the shelf. Heather isn’t tall enough _____________________ Jane can take the d riving tes t. She is re ady. Jane is ready

___________________________

7. Mark went to the library. He wanted to borrow a book.

Mark went to the library C.

Look at

the pict

ures and w

__________________________

ri te sentences. Begi

n w i th t he w ords g

i ven.

No, Michael, you can’t wear my Manchester United shirt!

2. Michael’s brother won’t let

Bill, can you close the window, please?

3. Mrs Evans would like Bill

68

4.

Rick has decided

D.

Co m plet e the sentences wit

laugh

have

-ingform

h the

watch

1. I’m looking forward t o

shop

of the verbs

visit

i n t he box.

teach

listen

my cousins in Australia this summer.

___________________

2. I really like this CD. I can ’t s to p 3.

to it!

a good time is really important.

____________________

4. Liz started

___________________

French three years ago.

5. He couldn ’t h e lp 6. Jane hates

when he saw his siste r’s funny hat.

___________________

at shopping centres.

7. My grandma loves

____________________

E . C om plete

n the text

the bl

anks i

soap operas.

by cho osing

a, b o r c.

Are you look ing fo r a won de rfu l pla ce (1 ) ________________your holiday? Then you should (2)

________________

Blue Sea Hotel. Blue Sea Hotel is perfect for people who want (3)

________________

(4 ) ________________ an exciting holiday. You’ll be surprised (5)

or who are just looking forward to

________________

out how many things you can

(6 ) ________________there. You can (7)

________________

in the sea or in the pool. Those who enjoy (8 )

will be able (9 ) ________________

the gym and the basketball and tennis courts. Finally, if you are interested in (10)

________________

sightseeing,

the hotel organises trips to museums and to other places ™

of interest. It’s

never too ear ly (1 1)

summer holiday. Don’t forget (12)

________________

________________

on a

your

travel agent for our special prices for May and June.

1.

a. spend

b. to spend

c. spending

7.

a. swim

b. to swim

c. swimming

2.

a. visit

b. to visit

c. visiting

8.

a. exercise

b. to exercise

c . exercising

3.

a. relax

b. to relax

c. relaxing

9.

a. use

b. to use

c. using

4.

a. have

b. to have

c. having

10 .

a. go

b. to go

c. going

5.

a. find

b. to find

c. finding

11.

a. go

b. to go

c. going

6.

a. do

b. to do

c. doing

12 .

a. as k

b. to ask

c. asking

69

F . C ir cle t he co rrect ans

w er.

1. Yuk! The tomato soup is too salty

eating / to eat.

2 . My father hates mobiles. It’s extremely difficult for him

using / to use one.

3. Let me to ask / ask you a question.

4. It isn’t worth

watching

5. I remember to take

6. She

/ to watch

/ taking

that film. It’s very boring.

my keys this morning, but I can’t find them now.

keeps to refuse / refusing to come to my party.

G. Re w ri te t he sen

tences using t

he w ords

given.

1. My sister always cries when she sees that film,

2 . This

shirt is old. I can’t wear it.

(help)

(too)

3. Let’s have dinner at a Chinese restaurant tonight,

(how about)

4. I hate listening to thi s song, stan d)

5. There is no way of crossing the river,

(impossible)

6. Gordon didn’t close the door when he left the house,

(without)

Speaking Work in pairs. What is the best way to communicate with others.? Use the ideas below and talk about the advantages or disadvantages of each. letter

internet

phone

mobile

gestures

)

In my opinion, the best way to communicate is by sending/using... because it’s easy to... Yes, but there are some disadvantages. One is that...

Writ e a paragr aph discussing the

70

advantages and disadvantages o

f usin g a comp uter / the Internet.

Revision Module 5 Units 12-14 A.

Read the sen tences and w ri te down w hat they express: an ded uc ti on , ob l igati on , nec essity, abs enc e of nec essity.

offer,

po ssibil

it y, requ est, perm

i ss i on , pro hibit

ion,

ab i li ty,

1. I will help you decorate your room.

___________________________________

2. This sign says that you mustn’t eat in the museum.

___________________________________

3. Mary can paint very well. That’s why she became an artist.

___________________________________

4. Irene may be at home now.

___________________________________

5. Look at the way she moves! She must be a dancer!

___________________________________

6. Could 1borrow your dress for the party tonight?

___________________________________

7. They don’t have to finish painting the house today. 8. We need to go shopping. There’s nothing in the fridge.

___________________________________

9. If you want to go out, you have to tidy your room.

__________________________________

10.

B.

________________________________________________

Dad, can I stay at Mary’s house tonigh t?

C ir cle the co rrect

__________________________________

C. Read t questi

w ords.

Dear Helpline,

he sit uati on s below and w ons . Use m odal ver bs.

ri te sentences or

1. You need to make a phone call but

My best friend Anita refuses

do n’t

(1) answer /

have a phone card. Ask your friend for

to answe r my calls. I don’t remember

(2) doing /

permission to use his/her phone card.

to do anything that could make her angry. We are

best friends, so I expect her

to

(3) to talk / talking

me when there is a problem, but she doesn’t want (4) spea k / to speak

her (5) to do / do this! I can’t help wondering

2. You are not com puter literate but y ou need to

to me! It isn’t very nice of

download something from the Internet. Ask

(6) to wonder /

your science teacher to show you how to do it.

what I've done wrong!

A co nf us ed frien d

Dear Confused

3. You saw Mary walking into the library ten

Friend,

minutes ago. A friend asks you where she 1 Wnk you sho uld ( 7) wri te / 10 you r frie nd (S )t e t/ w" te

tf>at you wo uld like

(9)t0

*

^

W ,e e l

— yo,c:;ir—

avoiding

each other and

(11>to solve /

Offer,12) me ct

s

olv ing^

th t

^^ ^

^

^

^

^

e-ma il to Exe '®

7

t0^

°'d

Sn° Ugh

” 'r Dr° blems o fn'end ly way. / to meet some wher e tn taii e

is. What do you say?

4. You’re at school but you’ve left your project

at home. You call your mother to ask her to bring it to school. What do you say?

t0 talk everything 71

D.

Rewrite the sentences using the words given.

1. There’s a possibility that I’ll travel abroad next month,

(may)

I ______________________________________________________________ 2. Is it necessary for me to come to the meeting today?

(have to)

D o _________________________________________________________________ 3. Julie always cries when she watches romantic films,

Julie

(help)

________________________________________________________________

4. This exercise is ver y difficu lt. I can ’t do it.

This exercise

(too)

________________________________________________________

5. Mum, do we have to wake up early tomorrow morning?

Mum,

6. I

(need)

______________________________________________________________

called John but he didn’t answer. I think he’s still at work,

John

_______________________________________________________________

7. Sally could exercise for hours when she was young,

Saily

(able)

_______________________________________________________________

8. Paul can’t Paul

(must)

wait to visit Brazil,

(forward)

________________________________________________________________

9. These trouse rs are perfect. Why do you ha ve to buy a new pair?

(needn’t)

Y o u ________________________________________________________________ 10.

Tim doe sn’t eat strawberries. I think he doe sn’t l ike them , T im

________________________________________________

Co m plet e t he sen

tences w

i th t he c orrect f

orm

of the phrases in t

lose on e’s way

1. Excuse me, sir! You’re

_____

he box.

the othe r way round

know one ’s way around

2.

(can’t)

_____________

Jane

O h , ________________________

Peter

I don’t believe this! I’m already

on one ’s way

__________

by the way in one ’s way

and I can ’t get off the bus.

there’s been a change of plan. We’re not going to the theatre. there. Why didn’t you call me

________________________

earlier? 3. Jack didn’t pass the bail to Leo. It was 4. Mary Gary

72

Jack is lat e! Do y ou thin k h e

__

I wouldn’t worry about him. He _

. He’ll be here any minute.

Th e art icle ‘ th e’

Unit 15

Do the quiz and find out how much you know about the world around you. 1. Which is the longest river in Europe? a.

The Volga

b. The Danube

c. The Don

2. Which is the biggest desert in Asia? a.

The Sahara

b. The Thar Desert

c. The Gobi

3. Which of the following seas is actually a lake? a. The Black Sea b. The North sea c. The Caspian Sea 4. In which continent can you find K2, the world’s second highest mountain? In Asia

a.

b. In Europe

c. In Africa

5. Which group of islands may sink in 50 years’ time? The Galapagos

a.

b. The Maldives c. The Philippines qg ‘e-fr ‘og

‘03

‘e j :s j 9msuv

Grammar The article ‘the’ We use the definite article the plural.

the: before uncountable nouns and countable nouns, both in the singular and in

We use the before: • something

specific or already mentioned. There is a new armchair in the living room. It's the armchair Tom bought last week. The T-shirt that Mary is wearing today is very funny.

• things that are unique. How many astronauts have walked on the moon? • names of seas, rivers, oceans, deserts. the Me diterrane an (Sea) the Amazon (River)

• groups of islands, mountain ranges the Maldives

the Rocky Mou ntains

the Atlan tic (Ocean)

and countries

the Gobi (Desert)

in the plural.

the Netherlands

when we refer to the whole nation. • nationalities, The Spanish explored America in the 15th century. • surnames, when we refer to the whole family. The Browns travelled to Africa last summer. • names of hotels, restaurants , theat res, cinemas and newspapers. the Hilton Hote l the Na tional Theatre the Odeon Cinem a The Times

• musical instruments

(with the verb play).

I play the guitar . • the cardinal points. Sussex is to the so uth o f Lond on.

and adverbs in the superlative • adjective s Ann is the b e s t s tu dent in the cla ss .

form. He nry runs the fa s te s t o f a ll his frie nd s.

J 73

We do not use the before: • uncountable nouns and countable nouns in the plural, when we are talking about something general. Milk is g ood for chi ldren.

• names of

people, mountains, islands, lakes, countries, continents Susan Daniels isn 't Engl ish; sh e's American. M ou nt Everest Lake Michigan Sicily France

and nationalities. Asia

• names of

cities, streets, parks, squares. Oxford Street, Hyde Park and Trafal gar Square are in London.

• names of subjects, sports, games, colours, magazines followed by the word language).

and languages

(when they are not

Gina likes tennis. Paul is goo d at histor y. My favourite colo ur is blue. “Supe r” is a very pop ular magazi ne. Kate speaks Ital ian.

• names of

days and months. My birthda y is in Augu st.

(hope, love, help, etc.) • abstract nouns George needs help with his homework. • the words breakfast, lunch, dinner. Dinner is ready. • the words

home, school, bed, church, hospital, work, prison, university,

for the purpose for which they exist. Nobody is at home in the morning. My parents are at work and I'm at school.

i

Activities

A.

Co m plet e the bla nks w i th

the or -.

Good morning , (1 )

ladies and (2 )

that you will enjoy our tour of (3) see (4)

__________

gentlemen. We hope

London. On your le ft you can

__________

Houses of Parliament and that’s (5)

__________

__________

Thames,

London’s famous river... We continue our tour... This is (6)

_________

famous Tower of London. Now, we’re on (7)

Piccadilly Street. On your right is (8)

Ritz Hotel.

__________

Now, abo ut tonight. Remember tha t we’re havi ng tr aditional (9) (12)

__________

dinner at (10 )

restaurant “(1 1 )

Engl ish f ood for

__________

Tasty Fish”.

most popular English food is fish and chips. There’s also live

__________

musi c at ( 13) _ _ _ _ _ _ rest aurant . We’ re going to lis ten to some famou s musicians. They play (14) musical instruments. (16) it, too! 74

guit ar, (1 5 ) __________ flute and other

__________

people love this restaurant. You will love

__________

when they are used

in

B.

Circle the or

1. Max Eleanor

2 . Bob Sheryl 3. Laura Paula 4. Pablo Consuelo 5. Mar in a

6.

Who’s on th e / - phone? - / The Mary. She’s talking to her fri The /

end from - /

the university.

- Joneses bought a new house and they’re moving next week.

Are you sure? I th ought it was - / the Smiths who were moving house! Isn’t Ann going to -

/ the Italy this summer?

No, she changed her plans and she’s going to

th e / - United States.

What did you do during the summer? I went to - /

the Gree ce and saw - /

I sent - / the children to - / the

Mike

Good! Now we can watch

Brad

My favourite sport is

the Ac ropo lis and ot he r inte re stin g sigh ts.

bed.

the / - fil m we want ed.

the / - tennis.

Really? The / - World Tenn is Championship

Belinda

is going to be held a t Norton Stadium

next week.

Do you want to go? 7. Lorenzo Paola

Where did - / the Mike go on holiday? Well, he went to

the / - Egypt to see

the / - Pyrami ds and then

he went to the / - Sahar a Desert !

Great, isn’t it?

C.

Co m plet e the sentenc

1.

As ia is

es w i th

the or -. biggest continent in

__________

world and has got h a lf.

w orld’s

population. 2 . __________Nile is

longest river in the world, it crosses

Sahara Desert.

Mediterranean Sea has a very serious pollution problem.

fish population has been reduc ed

by this problem. 4. Al most t hree quarters o 5.

__________

6.

_________

f

earth's surface is c over ed w ith

__________

Greenl and i s

highest mountain in

water.

__________

world’s largest islan d and mo st of its surface is cover ed w ith world is in

__________

__________

Himal ayas and is ca lle d

__________

__________

ice.

Mount Everest.

75

D.

Ch oos e a,

bo r

(1)

_________

(2)

_________

c.

Dennis is my best friend. He’s student. He lives on (3)

__________

Prince Street. Every day he wakes up, has (4 ) _________ breakfast and goes to (5)

__________

school. He likes school and wants to become (6)

_________

teacher. After school he has

(7)

_________

guitar lesson. He likes (8)

music very much and he plays (9) very well. He has got (10)

1. a. A

b. The

c. -

2.

b.

c. an

3. a. the

b. a

c. -

4. a. -

b. a

c. an

a. a

guitar

__________

_________

was (11 ) __________present from

__________

old guitar. It

his grandfat her.

5. a.

6. 7. a.

8.

the a. th e

a

b.-

c.

a

9. a.-

b.

a

c. th e

b. a

c. an

10 .

a. an

b. a

c. th e

b.

c. the

11.

a. the

b.

c. a

a. the

Speaking Play a guessing game in pairs or groups. One student says a geographical feature or place and the others have to say where it is. f SA: The Maldives. SB: The Maldives are in the Indian Ocean. My turn now. The Nile. SA: The Nile is in...

Write a paragraph about a country you would very much like to visit. Mention where it is and some of its important geographical features and sights.

76

Passive Voice ( Pres en t Sim ple - Past Si m ple)

1

i Unit 16

Read the text.

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A large pa rt of th e Earth’s su rfac e is covered with ice. All this ice is found mostly in the po lar areas, in the form of slaciers and icebergs. Glaciers are large bodies of ice which are formed by snow on mountains and move very slowly towards the sea. Icebergs are formed when pieces of ice break off glaciers and start floating in the sea.

• They are made up completely of

fresh water.

• Some icebergs floating in the sea today were formed more than 15,000 years ago. • Around 90% of an iceberg is underwater. • In the past, many accidents were caused by icebergs. • The Titanic hit an iceberg and sank on 14 April, 1912.

# ] Do ne

Now read the sen

tences b

elow and

w rit e G for Glaciers or I

for I ceb ergs.

1. You can see only 10% of them. 2. These are formed on land. 3. Ships used to have many accidents because of them.

Grammar Passive Voice • The A ctiv e Vo ic e shows that the subject of the verb does an action. People send lots of demo tapes to music producers.

The Passive Voice: • is used to emphasise the action rather than who or what is responsible for it. Lots o f demo ta pes are s ent to music producers

• • • •

(by people) .

Transforming a sentence from A cti ve the object of the verb in the A ctiv e Vo ic e becomes the we use the verb be in the same tense as the verb in the we use the past participle of the main verb. if we wan t to show who does the action (agent), we use verb in the A ctive Voi ce.

Vo ic e to Passive Voice: subject of the verb in the Passive Voice. A ctiv e Voice.

the preposition

by with the subject of the

77

sMia WBsm '[massm Some children

A cave

discovered

a cave.

was disc overed

by some children.

NOTE: We usually omit the agent:

• when we don’t know the agent. Mr Stone was robbed last night. • when it is easy to figure out who the agent is. Music is tau ght at o ur school (by t he m usic teach er).

Present Simple Passive Affirm ative

Questions

Negative

1 am He/She/I t is cal le d / given W e/You/They are

1 not am He/She/It isn’ t W e/Y ou/They a re n’t

Am Is Are

cal led /gi ven

1 he/she/it called/given? w e/y o u/t h e y

Past Simple Passive Affirm ative I/He/She/It was We/You/They were

Negative

called/ & ven

I/H e /S h e /It w asn’t W e/You/They weren’t

Questions

called/g iven

Was we re

l/he/she/it we/you/they

called/given?

Activities A.

Co m plet e t he t ext w it h the Present Sim

ple Passive of

the verbs in

brackets.

The main purpose of the Wilmington Bird Sanctuary is to help and protect birds. Each year hundreds of birds (1)

________________________

(find) with broken wings or legs and they need help and care. These birds

(2)

________________________

(bring) to the sanctuary and they (3)

experts. All the birds (4)

________________________

(keep) in large cages, they (5)

(feed) twice a day and their cages (6)

(clean) three times a week.

The sanctuary (7)

______________

every year. They (8)

_______________

they (9)

(visit) by many people (show) around and

(inform) about the different species.

Visitors don’t have to buy a ticket to enter the sanctuary, but they (10)

________________________

(ask) to give whatever they can. This money

(11)

________________________

(use) to make the birds’ stay a more pleasant

one. Howe ver, the birds (1 2 ) ________________________(not keep) at the sanctuary longer than necessary. As soon as they are well again, they (13) 78

:

(return) to th e wild.

(take care of) by

\p B.

Look at

the pictures a

nd use t

he pro

m pts t o write sentences in

the Past

Sim ple Acti

ve and Pas

sive

p

i

Vo i ce.

1. The fire destroued the house. The house was destroyed bu the fire. (destroy)

2. The school

Mi JL

A su m m er trip

STUDENT SUMMER RIP T (organise)

M o z a r t’s

The Magic

3. Mozart The Magic Flute .

Flute

(compose)

4. George Lucas Star Wars

___

(direct)

1HAMLET 5. William Shakespeare Hamlet

____________

(write)

C.

Re w ri te the sentenc

es so that

they m

ean t he sam

e as the fi rst one.

4. They sold that old boat a month ago.

1. My grandmother cooked dinner last night.

______________

Dinner ________________________my grandmother last night.

summer.

2. People send millions of e-mails every year. Millions of e- m ails

. every

3. Some divers found the wreck of an old pirate ship.

some divers.

Wat er spo rts

lots of

________________________

people during the summer.

year.

The wreck of an old pirate ship

That oid boat a month ago. 5. Lots of people enjoy water sports during the

_______________

6. A virus destroyed all the files in my computer. All th e file s in my c o m p u te r ________________ by a virus. 79

D.

Circl

e the co rrect

w ords.

In the 16th century the Spanish explorer Hernan Cortes There he met the Aztecs and he (3) was made / made was taken

to South America.

(2) was se rved / serve d a drink called “xocoatl” by them. Xocoatl

from cocoa beans which

some beans to Spain. Later, sugar

was (7) produced

(1) trave lled / was trave lled

(4) grow /

are grown

on cocoa trees. Cortes

(5) took /

(6) was a dded / adde d to the powder and a tastier drink

/ was produce d. Soon, it became popular

all over Europe. Today everyone (8) loves / is lov ed chocolate. It (9) is e ate n / eats

E . Co m plete

by millions of people all over the world.

the sentences w

kill

steal

i th t he P resent or

wear

the Past Sim

not call

ple Passive of

make las t week . He

1. Tom’s car

the verbs i

hit

n t he box.

write

build

5. Jeans are very popular. They all over the world.

hasn’t found it yet. 2. My dog

_________

7. My aunt

yesterday, but he’s OK. 3. Ma ny an im als

________

4. T his jack e t __________

in 1999.

6. This bridge

by a car

every year. in the USA.

__

Jane. Her name

is Angela. 8. W h o ____

this book

Imagine you work as a reporter for a TV channel. Use the notes below and the Passive Voice wherever possible to prepare a news report. Then, take turns to present your report to the class.

• Loui sville / hit / hurri cane Lu cy • cit y / dest roy / yes ter day • 253 cars / dest roy

• 58 peopl e / mak e / homeless • 3 peopl e / kill / fall ing trees • authori ties / ask / peop le / eva cua te / cit y

Write a paragraph describing what happened, using the notes in the Speaking Activity. Use the Passive Voice wherever possible.

80

by?

Passive Voice ( Presen Fu ture ‘ w ill ’ - Fu ture ‘be going to Read

the text

t Perfect Sim ple - 1 ’ - M o d al verb s)

.

Q&A

YOU ASK, WE ANSWER

Is it true that there is a lake in An tarctic a? Yes, Lake Vostok was only discovered in 1996 and that's because it’s It’s been under 4,000 metres of ice. trapped there for millions of years

and scientists are very excited about it. They believe that unknown forms of life might be found there. Dr Robin Bell and his team have already begun a study of Lake Vostok but it won’t be finished in the near future. W rite T f

or True or

F for False.

1. Lake Vostok is 4,000 metres deep.

3. Scientists may discover new species in Lake Vostok.

2. Lake Vostok is millions of years old.

4. Research will be completed next year.

Grammar ^

Present Perfect Simpl e Passive The Present Perfect Simple Passive have/has

is formed with:

+ bee n + past p articiple of the m

ain ve rb

Affirm ative I/You /We /They He /She /It

Negative

have been has bee n 0

I/You /We /They He /She /It

haven't been hasn’t bee n 0

Questions Have Has

l/you/we/they he /sh e/it

bee n tol d?

Future ‘be going to’ Passive The Future ‘be going to’ Passive

is formed with:

am /is /ar e going to + b e + past particip le of the main ve rb

Affirm ative I He /Sh e/It We /You/They

am going to be is going to be are going to be

Negative I H e/S he /It We /You/The y

told

am not going to be isn’t going to be aren’t going to be

told

Questions Am Is Are

I he/she/it w e /y o u /th e y

going to be told?

81

Future ‘will’ Passive The Future ‘will ’ Passive is formed with: will + be + past participle of the main verb

Negative

Affirma tive I/He/She/It We/You/They

won’t be told

will be told

Questions

Q

Passi ve Voic e of modal verbs

• The Passive Voice of modal verbs

is formed as follows:

modal verb (can, could, may, might, should, must, have to) + be + past participle of the main verb They may open a n ew cafe. — A ne w ca fe ma y be ope ned. — Some food must be cooked. We must cook some food. •

The interrogative the modal verb.

and negative form

is formed with the interrogative and negative form of

Shou ld the wall be painte d? The wall sho uld n’t be painted. Do the flowers have to be watered? The flowers don’t have to be watered.

A.

Co m plet e t he dial

Mrs Philips

og ue w i th the Past

Sim ple Passive or

the Presen

t Perfect Sim

ple Passive of

the students

(1)

(inform) about the school trip on Friday? Mr Stone

Yes, and they ( 2 ) ________________________

(give) a list of

things that they should bring with them. Mrs Philips

transport

And (3) (organise) yet?

Mr Stone

Yes, of course.

Mrs Philips

And do th e pa re nt s know th a t th ey need n't pay fo r th e students' museum tickets?

Mr Stone

Yes, of course. Last week, letters

( 4 ) ______________

(send) to all the parents to inform them about that. Mrs Philips

So, everything

(5)

(take care of).

Let's hope that the weather is good. Remember that last year the trip (6)

_______

was a snowstorm.

(cancel) because there

the verbs i

n brackets.

B. Ch oos e a, b o r c.

1. The te s ts

to the students next Friday.

__________________________

a. were returned

b. will be returned

2.Joanne a. has never played

yet?

this summer. b. hasn’t painted

5. Dan a. hasn’t washed

b. hasn’t been washed

8.

C . Rew ri te the sen tences usi

c.

b. has ironed

has to be ironed

inafewm inutes. b. will be served

c. will served

on a music programme tonight.

9. The famous singer a. is interviewing

c. going to present

beforeyouputiton.

Dinner a. will serve

c. haven’t washed

tomorrow. b. going to be presented

7. Thisshirt a. has to iron

c. won’t be painted

hiscarsincelastmonth.

6. The proiect is a. going to be present

c. been repaired

b. be repaired

4. Our house a. isn’t painted

c. has never been played

b. was never played

3.Hasyourmotorbike a. repaired

c. will return

tennisbefore.

b. is going to interviewed

ng t he Passive

Vo i ce.

1. They couldn't find the children anywhere. The children c ouldn ’t be fo u n d anywhere. 2. You cannot visit the castle at night.

3.

You should finish the pr ojec t by Monday.

4.

Do I have to send these letters tomorr ow morning?

5.

They mu st buy new comp uters.

6.

We can’t discuss this problem now .

7.

Mr Brown may tak e you to the airpo rt.

8. We need to paint our house this summer.

c. is going to be intervie\

D.

Look at

the pi

ctures a

nd t he prom

pts and writ

ques ti on s. Use t

e sentences or

Going oti n the Pas

he Future

sive Vo

There’s a fire on the 2nd floor.

There has been an accident. 1. dri ver / take / hospi tal The driver is going to be taken to hospital.

4. peop le / res cue / fir emen

2. car / not fix

5. cars in fron t of building / remove

3.

peop le / int erv iew / police

E. C om plete t

he text by cho

osing

i ce.

6. fir e / put out

a, b or c .

It was my birthday last month and I ) ^ ________a wonderful present. My best fr iend Timothy (2 ) ^ a P W which I

(3)

if 1

Barks. My sister was

:sOh/

i very exci ted. My m um liked h im , bu t she _said, 'If you

( 4 ) -------------the puppy, you

' and your sister must take care of him, , because I don ’t hav e the tim e. He (S ) --------ou t of the hou se and don’ t forget th a t he 1

_______

fo r a walk every day.’

We

agreed and Barks became a member of the family.

A dog house ( 7 )

- i * th e

-----------

ga rden for h im because he (2 )

1

^

1. a. was given

b. gave

c. has been given

2. a. is bought

b. was bought

c. bought

3. a. named

b. is named

c. names

4. a. keep

b.kept

c.arekept

5. a. must keep

b. be kept

c. must be kept

to

-------------

come into the house. He is very friendly

6. a. should be take b. should be taken c. should take 7. a. has put b. has been put c. put

and he (
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