Tony Wigram - Music vibration and health.pdf

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Tony T9igram

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& CherYl Dileo

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00023804N J.04 M985m Burke. Martha; Ile Backer. Jos;

Music vibration and health

TEFFREY BOOI$ 538 Cwered Bridge Rd' . Cherry Hill, Nl 08034

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rABtE OF CONIENTS 7' ;4

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'ffiCflON L FOTNDATIONS OF UIBROACOASuC TgENAPT ónapter 1: Dweloprnent olVibrmcoustic Thempy

JEFFREÍ BOOKS Ca¡etd Briilge Rd.

BY TonY

WWn

11

53E

Cherry

HA M

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2: Acoustics and Universal Movemenf Chapter ---

B! Migucl

This book is

may be

prctel

by upyriglt , No

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of

it

rcprdwd h

any manrcr withant wrifr¿n permbsbn of tlu pblblur.

Chapter 3: The Context of Music and By ClwrYl DíIe'o Chapter

4:

Boolcs

Prinbd in th¿ Anibd St&s of Aneriu

tln rumes of

dicnts apryring thruglnut this book

,,n

Skille

49

ffiCIToNII:RESEAR9E,aI'IMa|LAI{DANE@|0TALnEFoRIs ónupt"" 5: The Effecr of VA Therapy on lvfulfipty Handicapped l¿uits with High Muscle Tone and Spasticity .4 By TonY Wigan wlth Chapter 6: The Effect of Vlb¡oacoustlc Therapy Compared Multiply Music and Movement Based Physiotherapy on Pafients with High Muscle Tone and Spasticity i-""¿iopp"A ---

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For ptrposes of wlfidentiality,

Medicin"

Potential Applicafions of Vibroacoustic Therapy

Ota,,

(c) 1997 bl feÍtey

27

Fernatdez

lirw wiwm

Chapter 7: The Measrrement of Mood and Physiological ñ".porrr", to Vibroacoustic Therapy in Non'Clinical Subjects

By TonY WiErzn

uefrditious.

6e

E7,/

coustic Therapy to Reduce Pain During I Kne¿ Replacemcnls Patients Over Age 55 Ttt¿ Publislur of this book is not rcsponsible for tlu iqformatiott, ophiotts, uttútsions or vi¿ws esErcsseil by its contributhg antlors.

KathY

Tlmmas

99

Paln Chapter 9: Effects of Physloacoustlc Intenentlon on Patients Gynecological ol Postoperative tvtanagerent -By

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Maftlu

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Chapúer 10: The U Bl paLri dd

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c Parkinson's Disease nilez

de

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12s

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of the Pulsed Chapfer 11: The Effect of Ampliiude Modulation

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Sinusoida|I.owF.rcquencyToneasaStimu|usinVibroacousticTherapy/ 133 V

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Chapúer 13: Vibroacoustlc

By Tonl

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Therap In

Wig,am

Chapúer 14: Vibroacoustic

md Ar¡tisdc ! ri d'

Thcmpy wiJh H¡ndicappcd

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l|oatment of Retf Syndrome 149

Themp wifh Adula PaJients wifh Prclound

Lcarning Disabilities

By Tony Wtgan, tenny Mr/,laryfttr luttc

&itt & Lyn Wek¿s

To all the súaff and patlents who have been involved

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Chapter 15: The Use of lhe Somatmn in úhe Trcatment of Anxiety Prublems wlth Cllents q&o II¡ve l¡arnlng Dls¡blltles

ry JetHoopu & Bü Lindmy

in the pioneering dcvelopment ol vibrmcoustic therapy.

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Chapfer 16: A Comparison of Auditory and Vibmfory Súimulation on St¡uss-Relaúed Responses of Prcmalure Infants úúh Bronchopulmonary Dyrylasia By

Matlu &ttb,Ienny

Walsh

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Oehlcr

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177

feaninc Gingras Chapter 17: Vibroacoustics with Hospiúalized Children

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Chapter lt: Physimcoustic Therapy with Cardiac Sulgery Patienls 197 By Clniles Butlcr & Penelope tohnnn Buflcr Chapfer 19: Two Case Studies in Vibroacoustic Therapy By OIav SkiII¿

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To the mem)Iy ol n¡y loving cousin and lifelong fhiend,

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Robcrt Anthory Md)onnel! who has nol gone awa¡ but gone ahead.

Chapter 20: The PhysioacousJic Meúhod By Petri l¿hiloinen

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Chapter 21: Vibroacoustic Therapy in General Medicine

By Riitw Randsik

cd

217,/

SECIION III: OIIMCAL AND PR0FESSIOIüL ¡.s,S¿lEs Choptcr 222 Cllnlcr,l ¡nd Efhlc¡l Conslderstlons By Tony WiWm & Cheryl DíI@ Chapter 23: Maklng Music for Vibroagoustic lherapy By Olat Skillc

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Chapter 23: Equlpment for Vlbroacoustlc Therapy By Tony Wigmm'

43

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Cont¡ibutors

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ACKNOffi proúde info'ri¡rition on ióniC cuñini arcund Tr". or"¡t"ücoustic therapy. Res¡chand clinical info¡maJion flrom potential applications Jhe ol lne wort¿ is included to givá the rcader an idea of music vibmtion in the facilitation

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ffitu

The editors rvould like to acknowledge the conhibutions mny people have mde both towalds fhe rtsearch fleld of vibrcacoustic therapy and to the rvork underfaken for this book.

Reklor Olav Skille has inryirrd many with the possibilities ol vlbro¡coustlc therapy slncc 1985 wtúh hls ploneerlng work. Dr. Robert \ilest has been vcry helpfirl and supportive and has taken a great deal of inte¡est in the entirc ffeld. Horimn IIIHS TrusJ has made financial conJributions towards the developrnenl olVA therapy and has supported the project and ¡esoarch qork: in parficular, Mr. Tom F'reeman, its Chief Executive, Dr. Barbara Kugler, Dircctor of the Harper House C:hildrents Servicg Mrs. Lyn Vtteekeg Mrs. Jenny McNaughl and Mrs June Cain, who have developed fhe VA therapy Senlce at Herperbury Hospltel. Financial support which has enabled vibmacou$ic research and clinical services has been generously proüded by the Spastics Sociefy, the Oak Tree Trust, úhe Platinum Trust and fhrough a personal fund-raising efforJ in memory of Humphrey Mors by Mrs. fuina Clemence-Mervs The editors would also like to acknowledge the srpport of colleagues internationally: Dr. Kenneth Bruscia, Dr. Bruce Sapersúon, Ms. Denise Erdonmez-Grccke, Mrs. Penny Rogerg Dr. David Aldridge, Dr. Kris Cheslry, Dr. Don Mlchel, Mr. Petrl Lehlkolnen and Mr. R¡ul Vatsar. The ediSors are very graúeftrl úo the contribulors to this present volume for their coopemtion and insighfs: M¡rth¡ Burtg Jos De Baclrcr, Ctarles Buüer, Penclopc Joh¡sn Butlc4 Junc Cein, Petxi del Campo San Vinentc, M¡gud Fe¡n¡ndcz Jcannirc Gingreg Jclf Eoopcr, L¡¡¡¡a Jmcq Bill ündsay, Iñ¡ki Fernándcz Mencüob, Peúri Lchikoincn, Jcn¡y McNaughq Jclri Oehlcr, Jm Persmnq Riiu Reudd\ Olav SHllg Kathy Thomg Eryeranza To¡rcs Setu, Jcnny Tlhkh and Lyn Weckcs. Speclal thanks to l&thleen Avlns for pruofleadlng the manuscrlpú and to Navine Malherrs lor the cover design. And finally, fhe editors uould like to acknowledge the confinued support of their families withouJ wtrich this or any projert would be impossible: Jenn¡ Roberf, Michael and llavid Wgrarq Jeffhey Dile¡ Maranto and José Ignacio Castaño. Tony Wigram and Cheryl Dileo January 1997

I.ne úurpose of fhis book is

úo

JE

,i

stimu

rcd fo ú

dtlaii rtíf

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ing and

uses and applications ol music

vibmt

of products 3y¡Jlable,.to .aclrlerg súm ¿iftercnccs in itre nature and delivery of the trcatrent stimulus

The intenfion of this book is to focus on clinical, ethical and resgarrch

of vibroacousfic therapy rafher úhan fo provide a wide'ranging overview of the field. The information prcvided herein is neither on the crmprehensive nor exhaustive. This is the first book concentrating aspects

therapeutic pofential of musicvibrati to próvide Jcontext for music vibrat tts potenflalr some results of controlte

s

been made

examples of ivenesg and

some guidelines for its use.

Theinformationdocumenfedherebyaninternationa|groupof

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both Professionals and non' both in clinical and research Provlded' Not all chaPters w{ll tions which cover resPectivelY

sis of vibroacoustic fhemPY' cal and Professional aspecfs

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potentlal u!¡es of this nrclbod lo enhance h€al3h. The second sectioq 'R'eseanclr, Ctinical and Anecdotal Reportq" cnnfains ¡resea¡rch studies and descriptions of clinical methods and maúerials

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its úhempeutic applicalion. Tie thtrd scction, '€linical and Pmfessional Issreg" confains infor¡nation and guidelines for using this therapeutic rnedium with clientg calions that are including srggesfions fo music tapes are currenfly believed to be of some types of c¡eated for trcafment art equipment is included. The edlfors lnltlally felt the need to underlake thls proJect ouf of úoncern for the rapidly expanding usc o modatify and the incrcasing availability devices Thert is a lack of clinical and guide this work. In addition, therc is an apparenl need to address ethical and úaining issues to provide a foundation lor fufure dialogue and the establishmenf of standards of pmclice. It is felt fhaf fhis volume is only a starting point for Úhis effort to develop and lmprove cllnlcal and profesdonal aspects of vlbroacoustlc therapy interventions.. Undoubtedty, this field will grow as new applications and methods are carefullY fested. Cheryl Dileo Tony Wigam

SECTION

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FIOT]NDATIONS OF VIBROACOUSTIC

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rsal rsal on what he deflned as.{hltP; ft" ciec' ci frequencióC ii low principtéi' rys!9: can-. üf ¿i." t"¡sion;2) rtryitrmic music can invigorate; rgqf,Fylhmtc mus¡c act as

p'áéily; and 3) loud music can creaÚe aggression; soft music can

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mudiuhe lnú¡oduced úhe element of low fitquency sound es e pulsed tone wtrich he rccorded on tapes together with relaxing mudc' skille defined tbe principles and method of vibroacoustic therapy and

desqribed fhem at the flr$ symposium of fhe International Society for Music an¿ tVtedicine (Skitle 19E2):'IIe summarized lhe process of vibroacoustics a9 follows: 'The.¡rpg of sinusoidal, low flequency sound pnes$¡ne rr¡ves betrveell

S0-lZthz, tlen¿e¿ w¡tn music for use with lhcrapeutic poryttC . Iícorporating both fhe elements of vibration and music, Skille initially 11

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melodles on úhe plryslologlcal ln*rument¡flon and, pre-com¡osed rcsponses b[

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il"ii"t-r :Fdryl, T1.1o.l1t:i: r¡ere foúnd in subirctd respiration, pulse or behaviomlly "n"ü"r ror elther the vlbroracrlle or f;il*ñ;ññ-": 1'-lh-:,PI:1,:,:I^g' stimulafion administered' Jhe non-vib¡oÉactile

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used.''f, 'ihere has been limifed research on the absorption of sound into fhe human bodY, but ZVo

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Skille's investigtions e4anded !o include other conditions which he

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1f) heriz. Again, this rcscarch focused+ ffnsory vibration on the han$, using an elecfro-mechanical 'deliverod Slriumidal pulses of va¡iable lhequency and P

reproducible effects

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W"d"ll and Cummings (193$ studied fhe concenrs of fatigue of the vibmúoiij'$énse in an experirnent looking af the effecf of mechaniczt "tbo,ton,r, on the palm of úhc hand. In thls paper, lhey ctmmented that therrc r¡as ¡ lack ol scientillc interesú in úhe percepfion of rnechanical vibration, probably due lo úhe fact that although a fecling ol vibration is an every day occurrcncg it;, does not seem to play a very important part in the adjüstmelit ol lhe human.r bcing to his environmenÉTheir nork explored fhe generation of ftequencies befween 64 and 1024 cycles per second, generated by a Wesfern Elecfric hee fleld audiomefer into a rnefal rud connecúed fo the palm of a srbjecl's hand. They took readings over a three minuÍe period between the frequencies mentloned al Inlensltles of 10-40 declbels above threshold. Flrst, they lound .,; thaú the amounú of faligue depended upon the flequency of stimulatiof,, and in a sununary of fheir trialg lhey concludéd that a sensitivify fo vibraloryy., stimulation applied fo the palm of the hand w¿s ndu'cpd 5.15 decibets aftep 3 minufeb of conúinuous slimutatid. Secondl¡ they found that the loss of oÉ ?t.

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'experlmenús performed on E0 healfhy nren

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tiCnUs, parfs

of hlgher flcqucncy (150-250 H¿) on skln toq rof"o thal re¡¡ tested inclúdó¿in" anns and trunk in a Joúal ol l3() vibmtlon

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measured at a lower frcquencXl FuÉher sfudies indicated the signiflcance of the level of intensity of fhe tones used. In a study on adaptalion and neoovery in vibrotacfile perception,

Berglund and Berglund (1970) ilound that perteived intensity decreases."' e4onenfially with incrcased time of $imulationfThey used a 250 cycles per seoond sinusoidal Jone delivercd fo a llngertip by means of a circular plastic butfon. They also found that the decrcase in perceived intensity is greaterSt r tlme uas regulred for complete adaptatlon ,n ''16*'i¡ffisii,'iüt'recuiery is fas, actually Berglund and Berglund (1970) also found úhat lhe perception of vibrotactile sfimulation is complicaled and diflicult úo evaluafe. The interaction thaf goes on befween amplitude, fbequency and duration on lhe perreptual counterparls of these parameters provide inferesting problems for p

sychophysiological research. Studles on vasodllaflon were canled out by Skoglund (l9E9)f,ooklng

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¡nd tvomen between 20-70 years old. He again used the technique of infi-a-red thermography to indicate lemperafure changes and vasodilation. His rtsults gupported the viery fhat

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in a few comparative e:rperirrentg caused vaso-consúricfion. {n he found that úhe inc¡ease in temperature fq fhe given stimulqs'sas .' "Oaition,the lower fhe prevaleut úin Éempenature at lncepllon of the stlmulus. gtatei TVherc vibmtory applicators have bec'ome a oommon Jool of thempy performed

physiotherapy defrartnrnf$ some researrh

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hurnan skeletal muscle nas made, noting fhe effecú of the involuntaryg asynchronous motor unlf contractlon In the muscle subJected fo a mechanlcal r'' vlbrátiory with a reciprocal rela:ation dl fhe prime antagonists. :t " 'r In experiments underúaken by Hagbarth and Eklund (1966),'this Reflex G\|tr). Stiltrnan (lYl0) il tory mofor súimulation .?9--lhe¡ active rüüscie'contraclion and /. inhibition of muscle contraction. Sf illman proposed 3hat, when superimposing # vib¡orinotoi' siimulafion on a voluntary muscle contraction, the result ¿t pibduces a greater muscle úenslon or a grcafer range of movementi depending on whefher "the inifial cont¡action is against a yielding or unyielding resistance." fn some sfudies involving spasfic hemiplegia, spinal quadraplegia and acute incomplete spinal quadraplegia, he found improvements in hand grip, scapular stability, funcfional use of f he limb and range of movement. In this research, the Tonic Vibrafory Reflex induced by vibmtory measu¡ed sfimulafion caused improvemenf in muscle acfivity to fhe point where studenf physiotherapists could gain some insight into úhe simulation ol spasticity in i fhelr own muscles. Vibrafory motor stlmulatlon actlvated muscles, and as a i rezult, Sfillman also listed a number of adverse reacfions he found in some clients, including increascd spasticity and clonus of spa$ic muscles, increased ilgidity and wide spread tremor from application to pafients with ParHnsonisnr, spread nesponse to spastic muscles during the vibratory motor stimulation of non-spastic paretic muscles, and a general sprtad response to other muscles, paficularly a feeling of discomfoÍ fbom vibralory moúor sfimulation over bony pruminence. If ls importanl to note these stimulatory effects of speclfic vibrafory 15

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motor stlmul¡tlon rpplled fhrough the rpptlcetor th¡ú Sflllmen rvas usln& powerod and commrcially ¡rn¡ilable vibrating Tlfco Vib¡¡úory Massager.n This vibnÚor opcratcs on a 4 trrnmtttlng vlbretlon through r sllghÚly curvcd plestlc dlsc, some 35 cpntimet¡ps ln diameter. several further ludies have been undertaken on the effect of mechanical vibr¡tion in srrpden by Hagbarlh and Eklund (1968). Their rescarch follmcd the path of the studies on Tonic Vibration Reflex (Eklund

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and úhe rclanfion periods and also during periods of the volunÚary afÚempts of the clienús to move thcir affecfed limbs. The vibrator fhey used oonsisted of a snall elertrically loaded mofor in a cylinüical shape. They used rubber bands to attach the vibraJor over muscle tendong and the motor was rctated

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ther the

reflexes srcte oflen of normal slrength, but they found that the vibration incrtased fhe

tremor and rmy have also impaired the patient's abili$ Úo perlorm

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INFRASOUND A¡lD LOW FREQUENCY SOt ND',

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p9!$ lh¡t there r¡ns a rcductlon affect rras qpnng eqiodtidü''howver,lhc. inlfasonic Ját" of tütning to tbe nhol!'írntg1sf *rin -J"-" of low fLequeqcy sound uast -u?¿""ition ol the n¡u$ous effcct in.Jana-Tg11d:.:1.5 'atso given cunside¡ation- in a studl underfaken of brtathlng. In mosl cases agalr¡ lt un¡

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such as: a) tungs - s¡nounded by the chest, b) nasal cavities - sunounded by.., bone, c) gasoous intestineg d) air-ftlled middle ear in rclation lo lhe car-'=" 'mcnürane; and c) air-fillcd middte ear with the ear membrane in relation to " !:

the liquid-fllled inner

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TIIE MFECT OF I¡IFRAÍIOI'ND Ohf HTJMITI\IS

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A study emmlnlng úhe effect of inhasound (below 2O IIz) on human physiolog naq4onducted by Alford et al. (1966fwith 21men betu¡een 21'33 years old. A sffmulus of pure tones between2-12 Hz in the mnge of ll9-l4/ rNo' decibels was intrcduced into a simulated chamber. ResulJs showed úhat electric cardiographic alJerations wene obsened during fhe period of stimulation or afte¡rvards. The heart rale sas noted to increase-in 6 subjects by 6 beats or rnone per minufe during maximum sfimulation, bul in 5 other subjecfs the hearl rafe was slowed down by 6 beats per minute wilh similar stlmulallon. Resplratory funcllon as obsened wlth lmpedance pneumography rras normal for all subjects during exposure to the low frcquency stimulus. In 7 subjects, however, Íhe respiralory rate was increased by 4 or more rcspirations per minute when a stimulus greater fhan 140 decibels SPL u¡as delivered. These are probably insignificanú alúerafions" (Alford eJ al.,1966, p. 14).In these experimentg no'*mbjects reported discomfort wifh regard lo body vibmllons, disorientáúióñ, mental confusion, sensory decremenf or posl: cfiiosure fatigrp. In a ano'ther sfudy (Englund et al" 1978h ü pllots were dlvlded Inlo, 3 grorfl's. One group rras er

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Music ,.Therapist at ar.r¡l, Resea rc_h Adv¡ sol' tb fS Trusú, Englandr.Hp is.lhe Coiiiiñi1tg.e and. J.resident ,

Pl-fYi:{ , Aalborg

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