Tomas de Merlo......
September 30, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Download Tomas de Merlo.........
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Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`a Duft`aflf flf
E`rgfghk Prquozò* ^`sua`g
@l pr`s`gt` `gsfyk fgflozf lf eugcoóg skcofl h`l frt` `g `l p`rokhk h` h`sfrrkllk h` lf culturf mospægocf `g `l a`hok qu` h`t`raogó lf ckge`ccoóg h` ugf s`ro` h` pogturfs h`l frtostf h`l fgtoduk r`ogk h` Duft`aflf, Xkafs h` A`rlk (65?8-643?), ckg `l t`af2 Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk. Lfs knrfs skg `stuhofhfs f trfvïs h`l aïtkhk ockgklódock ` ockgkdræeock, h`nohfa`gt` ckgtrfstfhk ckg `l fpkrt` hkcua`gtfl h` r`e`r`gcof `g su ckge`ccoóg, `xtrfáhk h` Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks, pfrf
lu`dk ckapr`gh`r `l l`gdufb` soanólock y `l cklkr qu` afg`bfg, c`öohk f
lks ckgcoloks a`xocfgks, y `l h` Xr`gtk pfrf lf `gs`öfgzf y r`cfpotulfcoóg lkcfl h`l `vfgd`lok crostofgk `g pu`nlks d`gtol`s, qu` gk ckgkcáfg `l crostofgosak, ckg `l eog h` ugoeocfr lfs oh`fs fc`rcf h` lf cr`fcoóg h`l aughk y `xplocfr `l krh`g skcofl, `gcfrgfhk `g futkrohfh`s covol`s y r`lodoksfs. @g lf `xplocfcoóg h` su eugcoóg `g lf a`akrof ckl`ctovf, bu`df cfpotfl oapkrtfgcof lks afgufl`s h` Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs h` Bu`v`s Sfgtk, ckak ckluagf v`rt`nrfl h` lf r`lodoksohfh pkpulfr, qu` molf lf ckm`soóg skcofl ckg lf h`vkcoóg pkpulfr y hf nfs` fl oh`frok r`lodoksk, `l cufl, fctòf ckak r`e`r`gcof h`l ckapl`bk oh`klódock fctufl. @l `stuhok s` faploó ckg `l mostkrofl h` su fpr`cok, ckak pfrt` h`l pftroakgok h`l pfás, h`scuno`rtk pkr lks lon`rfl`s lfocks, h`nohk f pïrhohf h` su ckapr`gsoóg r`lodoksf `g `l sodlk ]]O, cufghk sklk pu`h` `gt`gh`rs` su vflkr aft`rofl, `v`gtuflohfh qu` ll`vó f lf sustrfccoóg h` vfroks h` `llks h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, `g ug sfcrol`dok qu` aæs s` fc`rcf f ug `sp`ctæculk pklátock, qu` mfc` v`r lf pkcf cfpfcohfh h` lf Odl`sof y h`l @stfhk pkr ckapr`gh`r y afgt`g`r `st` pftroakgok.
* Loc`gcofhk
`g Mostkrof, Pgov`rsohfh h` Sfg Cfrlks h` Duft`aflf, Hkctkr `g Mostkrof h`l Frt`, Pgov`rsohfh Gfcokgfl Futógkaf h` Aïxock. Ogv`stodfhkr OOMFF, y ckkrhogfhkr h` lf Af`stráf `g Mostkrof h`l Frt` h` lf Pgov`rsohfh h` Sfg Cfrlks h` Duft`aflf.
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
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@st` h`sckgkcoao`gtk hok ckak r`sultfhk qu`, `g `l proa`r fgov`rsfrok h` lf sustrfccoóg h` lfs pogturfs, s` cklkcfrf ugf r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg h` lfs aosafs, p`rk ckg pl`gk h`sckgkcoao`gtk h `sckgkcoao`gtk h` su eugcoóg hohæctocf krodogfl. Pgf r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg d`g`rflozfhf h` lks m`cmks qu` cu`gtfg Cr ostk horodohf lfs pogturfs h` A`rlk, yf mfnáfg sohk `xpu`stks `g lf p`láculf Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk
pkr A`l Donskg, rfzóg qu` ll`vó f ug fgælosos ckapfrftovk `g lf ogt`rpr`tfcoóg h` eu`gt`s proafrofs y cóak s` r`sp`tfrkg lks pftrkg`s krodogfl`s, s` h`scunroó lf h`skro`gtfcoóg qu` s` to`g` `g Duft`aflf r`sp`ctk h`l ckgkcoao`gtk h` lf eugcoóg skcofl h`l frt`, `sp`cofla`gt` h`l p`rokhk mospægock, rfzóg qu` akvoó lf `lfnkrfcoóg h` lf pr`s`gt` ogv`stodfcoóg y fsá ckgtronuor ckg oh`fs sólohfs, nfsfhfs `g lf mostkrof co`gtáeocf h`l frt`. Zflfnrfs clfv`2 Ockgklkdáf, ockgkdrfeáf, pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l
Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf Fnstrfct
Xmos `ssfy fgflyz`s tm` skcofl rkl` ke frt hurogd tm` h`v`lkpa`gt ke Mospfgoc cultur`, tmos a`fgogd tkh`t`raogft`tm` ckge`ctokg ke f s`ro`s ke pfogtogds erka tm` frtost ke tm` fgco`gt iogdhka ke Duft`aflf Xkafs h` A`rlk (65?8-643?) tm`a`h2 Xm` Zfssokg ke Cmrost. Xmos os d`ttogd fgflyz`h usogd tm` ockgklkdocfl fgh ockgkdrfpmoc a`tmkhs, wmocm fr` n`ogd prkp`rly ckgtrfst`h wotm hkcua`gtfl suppkrt tmft r`e`rs tk tm`or ckge`ctokg, tfi`g erka tm` Ekur Dksp`ls. Xmos os ekr lft`r ugh`rstfghogd ke tm` syankloc lfgdufd` fgh tm` clks` togt tmft tm`y afgfd` wotm tm` A`xocfg ckugcols ekr tm` lkcfl t`fcmogd. Xmos woll m`lp tk r`cfp tm` Cmrostofg dksp`l og tm` d`gtol` p`kpl` wmk hohg‟t igkw Cmrostofgoty. Xm` dkfl os tk ugoey tm` oh`fs ke cr`ftokg fgh `xplfog tm` skcofl krh`r tmft cfa` tk loe` og covol fgh r`lodokus futmkroto`s. Xm` afgufls ke Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs h` Bu`v`s Sfgtk (Uosotftokg tk tm` S`v`g Mkus`s og Mklly Xmurshfy) fr` afogly ekcus`h kg `xplfogogd tm` pfogtogd‟s utoloty wmocm fr` nkgh`h tk tm` ckll`ctov` a`akry. Xm`s` afgufls fr` tm` ekughftokg ke pkpulfr r`lodoksoty, wmocm cr`ft`s skcofl ckm`sokg wotm tm` pkpulfr h`vktokg. Xmos flsk s`rv`s fs tm` nfs` ke r`lodokus oh`fs tmft fct fs r`e`r`gc`s ke tm` curr`gt oh`klkdocfl ckapkugh.
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@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
Xmos stuhy mfs tm` n` prkp`rly ugh`rstkkh ny ot's ckgt`xt. Xmos woll `glfrd` ot's oapkrtfgc` fgh fppr`coftokg. Xm` pfogtogds w`r` kgc` hosckv`r`h ny tm` lfoc lon`rfls wotm fll ke tm`or lfci ke r`lodokus ckapr`m`gsokg (og tm` ]]O c`gtury). Hu` tk tmos, ska` ke tm` pfogtogds w`r` suntrfct`h erka @l Cflvfrok cmurcm, wmocm w`r` lkcft`h og f sfcrol`d` clks`r tk f pklotocfl smkw. Xmos h`akgstrft`s tm` ogfnoloty ke nktm tm` Stft` fgh tm` Cmurcm tk fppr`coft` fgh ugh`rstfgh tmos m`rotfd`. Xmos odgkrfgc` dfv` fs r`sult og tm` eorst fggov`rsfry ke tm` suntrfctokg ke tm` pfogtogds tm` plfc`a`gt ke f r`ogt`rpr`tftokg ke tm` sfa` pfogtogds nut wotm gk igkwl`hd` ke tm`or krodogfl hohfctoc eugctokg. F d`g`rfl r`ogt`rpr`tftokg ke tm` efcts tmft A`rlk‟s pfogtogds smkw mfh n``g `xpks`h n`ekr` og tm` akvo` Xm` Zfssokg ke tm` Cmrost hor`ct`h ny A`l Donskg, r`fskg tmft l`fhs tk f ckapfrftov` fgflysos og tm` ogt`rpr`tftokg ke tm` proafry skurc`s fgh mkw tm` krodogfl pftt`rgs w`r` r`sp`ct`h l`ttogd us gktoc` mkw hoskro`gtft`h w` Duft`aflfgs fr` r`dfrhogd tm` igkwl`hd` ke tm` skcofl eugctokg ke frt, sp`coflly erka tm` Mospfgoc p`rokh, r`fskg tmft akv`h tm` prkhuctokg ke tmos ogv`stodftokg fgh og tmos wfy ckgtronut` wotm skloh oh`fs nfs`h og sco`gtoeoc mostkry ke frt. I`y wkrhs2 Ockgkdrfpmy, ockgklkdy, Xkafs h` A`rlkjs pfogts ke tm` cmurcm ke tm` Cflvfrok,
Fgtoduf Duft`aflf [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Ogtrkhuccoóg
Lf knrf h` Xkafs h` A`rlk mf sohk `stuhofhf h` hostogtks pugtks h` vostf fcfhïaocks, ckak gks r`eo`r` `l mostkrofhkr h`l frt`, `stuhoksk h` lf pogturf h`l p`rokhk mmospægock ospægock `g Duft`aflf, Mfrklhk ^khfs (>:6:2 >), cufghk fgflozf lks hftks qu` s` pks``g h` `stfs pogturfs y h` su futkr. Feoraf qu` `l proa`r `sp`coflostf qu` qu ` lks oh`gtoeocó mostórocfa`gt` eu` M`grocm N`rlág, quo`g prknó su `xost`gcof pkr a`hok h` hkcua`gtks qu` lk fskcofg f ug prkc`sk h` pur`zf h` sfgdr`. Lu`dk, Afgklk M`rgægh`z, fmkghó `g `l pugtk h` krk `g lfs pogturfs h` `st` af`strk, ckak pfrt` h` lfs ckrro`gt`s h` ogt`rpr`tfcoóg qu` s` ho`rkg fl aka`gtk h` su punlocfcoóg. Pg trfnfbk aæs r`co`gt` fc`rcf h` lks cufhrks qu` fmkrf gks kcupf eu` prkhucohk pkr Dustfvk Fvflks Fustrof, ckak pfrt` h` ug `gekqu` fc`rcf h`l t`aplk h`l
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
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Cflvfrok, hkgh` s` ckgc`gtrf nu`gf pfrt` h` lks aosaks. (>:6:2 > ). ^khfs r`eo`r` lks t`afs h` lks aosaks f h`t`raogfhks pfsks h` lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, y lks oh`gtoeocf h` lf soduo`gt` afg`rf2 Lf Krfcoóg `g `l Mu`rtk, lf Zrosoóg h` B`sòs k `l ^`y h` Nurlfs, lf Curfcoóg h` Aflck, B`sòs fgt` Cfoeæs y lf G`dfcoóg h` Z`hrk, lf Elfd`lfcoóg, lf Ckrkgfcoóg h` @spogfs y Lf Zo`hfh. Xkhks `g `l cotfhk t`aplk. Lks h`aæs h` lf ckl`ccoóg skg `l @cc` Mkak, Crostk fgt` M`rkh`s, Crucoeoxoóg, qu` tfanoïg s` l` oh`gtoeocf ckak lf @l`vfcoóg h` lf Cruz y lf S`gt`gcof h` Au`rt` `g `l Aus`k Cklkgofl h` lf couhfh h` Fgtoduf. Lf s`ro` to`g` ug `e`ctk vosufl hrfaætock. Mfc` a`hotfr f lks eol`s `g lf Zfsoóg y Au`rt` h` B`sucrostk. Su ckapksocoóg afg`bf trfzks hofdkgfl`s, qu` ug`g `e`ctks h` luz, d`stks, aorfhfs `g oapr`sokg`s, ckak nurlfs, fakr y ckapkg`gt`s `aktovks. (^khfs >:6:2 5) @l cotfhk mostkrofhkr tfanoïg gks r`lftf lf mkghf mu`llf qu` A`rlk (65?8-643?) h`noó mfn`r `b`rcohk `g lf a`akrof ckl`ctovf cklkgofl y su ogelu`gcof `g ktrfs pfrt`s h`l r`ogk, nfsfhf `g lf knrf h` ^un`gs, qu` h` fldugf afg`rf h`noó mfn`r ckgkcohk, f lk cufl pkck puhoïrfaks mfn`r föfhohk sogk eu`rf pkr lf `xclusoóg h`gtrk h`l fgælosos hkcua`gtfl, lks afgufl`s h`vkcokgfl`s qu` s` r`pfrtáfg fgt`s drftuotfa`gt` `g lfs odl`sofs, odl`sofs , `g lf Uosotf f lfs So`t` So`t` Cfsfs `l Bu`v`s Sfgtk, qu`
fl l``rlks ckgto`g`g ogekrafcoóg clfv` pfrf `l `gt`ghoao`gtk h`
hocmfs knrfs. @stks vfloksks oapr`sks, pfr`c`g pkr sus cfrfct`rástocfs, s`r r`prkhuccokg`s hor`ctfs h` lf oapr`gtf Sfg Fgtkgok, qu` eugcokgfnf `g `l nfrrok h` lf Cfgh`lfrof `g lfs proa`rfs hïcfhfs h`l sodlk pfsfhk9 y eu`rkg m`cmfs ckg `l eog h` r`kro`gtfr lf h`vkcoóg pkpulfr h` lf Odl`sof cftólocf hurfgt` `l afghk h`l frzknospk ^ocfrhk Cfsfgkvf y @strfhf, `stfs soduo`ghk lf pklátocf h`l Zfpf L`óg ]OOO, ckgc`rtfhf `g ^kaf `g 6=?>, pfrf ogs`rtfr ug gu`vk pfp`l h` lf Odl`sof cftólocf, h` `gt` r`prkhuctkr h`l sost`af h` vohf akgærquock cklkgofl f lf h` ærnotrk `gtr` hostogtks drupks skcofl`s qu` s` h`sfrrkllfrkg `g `l cfpotflosak. S` vflo`rkg h` lf lf hospksocoóg h` lks eo`l`s f lf fsoaolfcoóg h` su hkctrogf pkr a`hoks akh`rgks, h`sfrrkllfhks pkr lfs co`gcofs y lfs frt`s `g lf hoeusoóg h`l @vfgd`lok. @g `st` cfsk, lf r`prkhuccoóg
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@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
a`cægocf h` lf pflfnrf `scrotf f drfg `scflf, pkr a`hok h` lks afgufl`s h` h`vkcoóg pkpulfr. Pgf v`z `gt`ghohk `st` m`cmk, fhquo`r` ug cfræct`r eughfa`gtfl `st` topk h` punlocfcokg`s, qu` `g fldugf a`hohf r`scftfrkg lf h`vkcoóg pkpulfr, y gks p`raot`g fctufla`gt` r`krh`gfr lfs oh`fs r`sp`ctk h` ug t`af ckgcr`tk ckak lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk, qu` s` `gckgtrfnfg `g lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf. @stf punlocfcoóg eu` r`ekrzfhf pkr gu`vfs r`oapr`sokg`s r`flozfhfs yf `g `l sodlk ]]O, lfa`gtfnl`a`gt` sog gkanr` h` lf cfsf `hotkrf, p`rk sá ckg lfs cotfs h`l Gu`vk X`stfa`gtk h` hkgh` eu`rkg `xtrfáhks lks pfsfb`s, qu` h`n`g a`hotfrs` `g lf Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs `l Bu`v`s Sfgtk . (Olustrfcokg`s 6 y 6 F)
Olustrfcokg`s 6 y 6 F Afgufl`s h` Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs h` Bu`v`s Sfgtk, qu` to`g`g su rfáz `g lfs punlocfcokg`s h` progcopoks h`l sodlk ]] nfbk `l cuohfhk h`l frzknospk ^ocfrhk Cfsfgkvf y @strfhf, pfrf utolozfr lks fvfgc`s h` lf co`gcof y lf tïcgocf h`l cfpotflosak `g lf hoeusoóg h`l @vfgd`lok, qu` f lf v`z skc`dfnf lfs lucmfs skcofl`s y `clopsfnf `l fvfgc` h`l aft`roflosak, qu` yf `rf ckgkcohk pkr ugf `lot` ogt`l`ctufl `g `l pfás.
Sog `anfrdk, fgt`s h` `xfaogfr su ckgt`gohk, h`n`aks h`scfrtfr lf r`lfcoóg h` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk ckg ktrks `b`rcocoks `sporotufl`s qu` fòg s` prfctocfg, ckak pu`h`g s`r2 Lfs ]OU @stfcokg`s h`l Uáf Crucos, cuyk ckgt`gohk `sporoturfl krodogfl `rf a`hotfr lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk tkhks lks vo`rg`s h`l fök, y `sp`cofla`gt`l lks h` Cufr`saf, `xosto`ghk fnughfgt` hkcua`gtfcoóg `g eu`gt`s h` frcmovk fc`rcf h` su utolozfcoóg y vfrofs v`rsokg`s `scrotfs h` `st` `b`rcocok `sporotufl y h` cóak h`n` prfctocfrs` `g su r`zk.
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
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@g `l aughk h` lfs h`vkcokg`s, tfanoïg `xost`g lks Cogck Aost`roks Hklkrksks h`l ^ksfrok. qu` eu`rkg fprknfhks pfrf r`zfrs` h` afg`rf ugoekra` pkr `l pfpf Zok U, quo`g r`ogó `gtr` (6054 f 604>). @stks skg pfrt` ]U Aost`roks h`l ^ksfrok krodogfla`gt` prkclfafhks. (Prquozò, >::=2 36), qu` eu`rkg faplofhks ckg ktrks cogck h`gkaogfhks h` lf Luz, pkr `l Zfpf Bufg Zfnlk OO. Lfs pogturfs h` A`rlk gk r`spkgh`g ckg oaæd`g`s f gogdugk h` `stks hks `b`rcocoks `porotufl`s, aæs ckgcu`rhfg ckg lfs prkpu`stfs `g `l afgufl h` Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs `l Bu`v`s Sfgtk, qu` `stf ckapu`stk pkr So`t` @stfcokg`s, lfs cufl`s h`scronr` nr`v`a`gt`. Cfrfct`rástocfs D`g`rfl`s h` lf punlocfcoóg Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs `l Bu`v`s Sfgtk , lf ckogcoh`gcof h`l a`gsfb` r`lodoksk h` Xkafs h` A`rlk y lf p`láculf Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk h` Eotzd`rflh, N`h`hoct y A`l Donskg @l hkcua`gtk Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs `l Bu`v`s Sfgtk `s ug p`qu`ök afgufl ckgstotuohk pkr 6: mkbfs olustrfhfs, ckg ugf custkhof qu` pks`` fl c`gtrk `g fgfdrfaf h` B`sòs ckg `l tátulk h`l hkcua`gtk , qu` lu`dk pr`s`gtf ugf pr`scropcoóg qu` h`n` r`zfrs` `g cfhf ugk h` lks akgua`gtks qu` s` `xpkg`g `g lfs odl`sofs lf gkcm` h` Bu`v`s Sfgtk, h`nohfa`gt` totulfhks, sog pærrfeks qu` cotfg `l @vfgd`lok, h`tfll` ckrr`dohf `g lf s`dughf oapr`soóg, f lf qu` s` fdr`dfg a`hotfcokg`s h` topk `sporotufl. Lf l`cturf h` `stks afgufl`s nfsfhks `g Lf Nonlof eu`rkg r`ogt`rpr`tfhks `g pl`gk sodlk ]]O, `g ugf vosoóg ckgt`apkræg`f h` lks aosaks `scrotks, plfgt`fhf pkr `l fctkr y prkhuctkr h` cog` A`l Donskg, quo`g gks hf cu`gtf h` lf vfloh`s h` `stks pfsfb`s `g lf p`láculf Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk2 feoraf `g `l pr`efcok h`l lonrk h` ektkdrfeáfs h` hocmk eola, qu` su s`cu`gcof `sc`gkdræeocf eu` ogsporfhf `g ugf r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg h` lks drfgh`s frtostfs h` pogturf, qu` tkafrkg ekraf `g lf l`cturf h` lfs Sfdrfhfs @scroturfs, (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg >::8),`voh`gcofs qu` gks mfc` ckogcohor qu` lf s`cu`gcof frtástocf h` A`rlk s` pu`h` ckgerkgtfr `xfctfa`gt` ckg lks aosaks pfsfb`s, f tr`co`gtks föks h` hostfgcof fgt`rokr f Donskg, ckg `l aosak eog h` `gs`öfr f lfs afsfs `l pkh`r h` Crostk, y su fakr, y lk qu` l`s p`raotoræ fyuhfrlfs f sflvfr sus prkpofs vohfs. (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg >::8)
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
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Sog `anfrdk, h`n`aks t`g`r `g cu`gtf qu` fpfrt` h`l eog `sporotufl h` fanfs knrfs h` frt`, skg hostogtfs `g `l `spfcok y `l to`apk, p`rk fanfs to`g`g ug eog `ckgóaock qu` akvoó su ckge`ccoóg. @g `l cfsk h` A`rlk, pr`t`gháf r`ekrzfr `l hkaogok h` lfs afsfs f trfvïs lf ckm`soóg skcofl y lf `gs`öfgzf f lks pu`nlks oghád`gfs, h`stogfhfs f v`gc`r nfrr`rfs ohokaætocfs y h` fgflefn`tosak9 ao`gtrfs qu` `g `l cfsk h` Donskg, eu` cr`fr ugf knrf h` frt` ckg ug a`gsfb` r`lodoksk, p`rk ckg cfræct`r futkeogfgcofnl` y r`gtfnl`. Nonlof, `g su pfrt` ckghuc`gt` f @g fanfs knrfs `s eughfa`gtfl `l pfp`l h` lf l`cturf h` Lf Nonlof, Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks,
ckak progcopfl eu`gt` h` ckgkcoao`gtk h` lks m`cmks qu` r`lftf, f
trfvïs h` sus oaæd`g`s, cfhf quo`g s`dòg su `stolk. Z`rk lk ogt`r`sfgt` `s qu` Donskg f p`sfr h` mfn`r r`flozfhk su knrf `g pl`gk sodlk ]]O, gk s` sfloó h`l cfgkg h` r`pr`s`gtfcoóg clæsocf, pkr su ckge`sfhf eolofcoóg ckg `l cftklocosak, pkr lk qu` r`sp`tf lfs eodurfs h` Crostk, eu`rf h` cuflquo`r vosoóg ckgt`apkræg`f, qu` lk ll`vó f ckgt`aplfr `l pfp`l h` lf Uord`g Afráf, ckak ckrr`h`gtkrf h` lf muafgohfh y vosonolozfr su pfp`l `g `l sueroao`gtk. Ckogcoh` ckg A`rlk y Z`hrk h` lf ^ksf, pkrqu` h`n`aks r`ckrhfr `g `st` pugtk, qu` lf odl`sof qu` mky llfafaks `l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, tfanoïg `rf pugtk h` h`vkcoóg h` hks Hklkr`s h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g2 @l S`xtk Hklkr2 “Afráf r`con` `l cu`rpk h` Crostk au`rtk,‑ qu` ckaòga`gt` llfafaks “Lf Zo`hfh‑ y Sïptoak Hklkr2 “Afráf Sfgtásoaf `g `l S`pulcrk h` Crostk‑. (Prquozò, >:662 556) @g `st` ckgt`xtk, tfanoïg gk h`n`aks h`bfr h` lfhk qu` A`l Donskg mfyf vosotfhk aæs h` fldugf v`z gu`strk pfás9 `st` fckgt`coao`gtk lk mfyf m fyf ll`vfhk ogclusk, f prkhucor ktrf p`láculf r`lfcokgfhf ckg lks Afyfs totulfhf Fpkcflyptk, `str`gfhf `g hoco`anr` h` >::5, `g lf qu` `xpkg` `l h`scunroao`gtk h` fsp`ctks gk tkafhks `g cu`gtf h` ugf covolozfcoóg y `l `gcu`gtrk eogfl ckg lks `spfökl`s. @l gkanr` h`rovfhk h`l dro`dk ckgkc`r. @g `st` ckgt`xtk, gk pkh`aks tfapkck h`scfrtfr lf pksonolohfh qu` Donskg puhk mfn`r ckgkcohk lf rkaægtocf Couhfh Cklkgofl h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, su odl`sof h`l Cflvfrok y lfs aástocfs pogturfs h` A`rlk. @s ogt`r`sfgt` qu` `g lf s`cu`gcof s`cu`g cof h` `sc`gfs h`scrotfs `g ssuu p`láculf y lonrk, Donskg tfanoïg lfs hovoh` `g so`t` pfrt`s hoe`r`gt`s2 O D`ts`afgá, (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg, >::82 6), OO B`sòs Frr`stfhk (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg, >::82 68), OOO B`sòs fgt` Cfoeæs (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg, >::82
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
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>?), OU B`sòs fgt` Zolftk (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg,>::82 88), U B`sòs Fzktfhk (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg, >::82 3=,3?), UO Lf Crucoeoxoóg (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg, >::82 =:), UOO B`sòs S`pultfhk, Lf ^`surr`ccoóg (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg, >::82 638)9 ckogcoh` ckg Xkafs h` A`rlk `g lf krdfgozfcoóg h` lks t`afs `xpu`stks. Lf r`lfcoóg h` lfs knrfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk, lks m`cmks qu` qu ` r`lftf y lks lonrks h` Uosotf h` lfs So`t` Cfsfs h` Bu`v`s Sfgtk
@s `voh`gt` qu` Xkafs h` A`rlk, fugqu` sus knrfs eu`rkg cklkcfhfs `g sustotucoóg h` ktrfs yf `xost`gt`s, h`v`lfg ug ckgkcoao`gtk ekrafl h` lks m`cmks y to`g`g ckak progcopfl r`e`r`gt` Lf Nonlof Nonlof, `sp`cofla`gt` `l Gu`vk X`stfa`gtk, `g lks r`lftks h` lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk `g lks `vfgd`lostfs Sfg Lucfs, Sfg Bufg y Sfg Aft`k, (Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks, 6?03) 6?0 3) `g cuyf ockgklkdáf ` ockgkdrfeáf ckogcoh` ckg ckg lf h` Donskg, gk fsá `g ``ll afg`bk h`l cklkr `g lfs v`stoa`gtfs h` lfs oaæd`g`s, pkr `l s`gtohk hohæctock qu` to`g`g lfs pogturfs h` A`rlk, hkgh` `s auy oapkrtfgt` lf r`pr`s`gtfcoóg h` B`sòs vosto`ghk tògocf cklkr afrróg ckg afgtk fzul. Xkafs h` A`rlk h`noó mfn`r l`áhk ckak eu`gt` proafrof Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks pfrf ogsporfr su knrf, p`rk qu` h`noó mfn`r c`öohk f ugf ogt`rpr`tfcoóg pr`scrotf `g ckogcoh`gcof ckg ktrfs pogturfs h`l frzknospfhk h` Aïxock y Loaf, prkpofs pfrf oh`gtoeocfrlk ckak p`rskgfb` c`gtrfl h` lfs knrfs pkr a`hok h`l frt` h`l cklkr, y v`gc`r fsá, nfrr`rfs ohokaætocfs y h` flefn`tozfcoóg, `voh`gcof qu` gks p`raot` unocfr lfs pogturfs ckg ug eog hohæctock pkr `gcoaf h` ugf afgoe`stfcoóg frtástocf, h`stogfhf f s`r utolozfhf pkr af`strks `sp`coflozfhks, `voh`gt` `g erfy Ho`dk h` Uflfhïs `g su knrf Lf ^`tórocf Crostofgf, cuyf proa`rf `hocoóg eu` punlocfhf `g Otflof `g 604?, hkgh` r`eo`r` `l usk soanólock h` lfs oaæd`g`s fl`dórocfs pfrf eobfr `l ckgkcoao`gtk r`lodoksk, `g hkgh` lf cæt`hrf y `l pugt`rk budfnfg ug pfp`l eughfa`gtfl `g `l prkc`sk h` `gs`öfgzf fpr`ghozfb`.
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@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
Olustrfcoóg >. @gs`öfgzf h`l @vfgd`lok `g lf frquohoóc`sos h` Gu`vf @spföf `g `l sodlk ]UO. Drfnfhk qu` gks trfgspkrtf f lf krdfgozfcoóg h`l prkc`sk h` `gs`öfgzf-fpr`ghozfb` h` lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, `xpu`stk `g Lf ^`tórocf Crostofgf h` Ho`dk Uflfhïs (604?). Uïfs` `hocoóg h` lf Pgov`rsohfh Gfcokgfl Futógkaf h` Aïxock y `l Ekghk h` Culturf @ckgóaocf2 6?=?, p, 84=) cuyf fplocfcoóg `s `voh`gt` cufghk `xfaogfaks hostogtfs knrfs h` frt` ckgt`apkræg`fs h`l fgtoduk r`ogk h` Duft`aflf.
Pgf v`z, `gt`ghohf lf ogt`gcoóg h` lfs knrfs h` A`rlk, h`n`aks h` t`g`r `g cu`gtf qu` `stfs gk `rfg lfs qu` `stfnfg krodogfla`gt` `g lf odl`sof h`l fctufl Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, sogk qu` skg `l prkhuctk h` ugf sustotucoóg h` ktrfs krodogfl`s, qu` h`no`rkg cuaplor lf aosaf eugcoóg, sklk qu` ug tfgtk aæs fbustfhfs fl lonrk Lf Z`qu`öf Zfsoóg h` Fln`rtk Hur`rk, punlocfhk `g 6066, y qu` eu`rkg r`flozfhfs pkr `l pogtkr Fgtkgok Akgtuefr Uovfr Vuoökg`s, gfcohk `g lf couhfh h` Sfgtofdk h` Duft`aflf `l 0 h` Bulok h` 65>4, `g `l mkdfr ekrafhk pkr Erfgcosck h` Akgtuefr Nrfvk h` Lfdugfs y Kvfghk y Bufgf Uovfr Aflhkgfhk. (^khfs, 6??>23?) Lks cufhrks h` A`rlk eu`rkg afghfhks mfc`r h`spuïs h`sp uïs h`l t`rr`aktk h` Sfg Aodu`l `g `l fök h` 6464, fl pfr`c`r pfrf sustotuor lks h` Akgtuefr Uovfr y Vuoö`s, qu` h`no`rkg t`g`r gk aæs h` cogcu`gtf föks h` mfn`r sohk cklkcfhks. @st` suc`sk gks ll`vf f plfgt`frgks vfrofs pr`dugtfs ckak2 »Sá ll`dfráfg f h`struors` lks h` Akgtuefr, f tfl pugtk qu` go ugk qu`hfrf `g po` h`gtrk h`l Cflvfrok; »Cuæl s`ráf `l tfafök h` lfs knrfs fgt`rokr`s h` frquot`cturf h` lf odl`sof y lks cufhrks;
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
6:
@g `l ckgt`xtk h` pksonolohfh`s h` r`spu`stf, pfr`c`, pkr lfs l`v`s mu`llfs ckg qu` s` cu`gtf h` lf proa`rf ckgstruccoóg h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, h`noó mfn`r sohk ugf knrf h` r`dulfr`s hoa`gsokg`s p`rk kst`gtksf, ks t`gtksf, qu` h`noó r`akzfrs` h`nohk fl ïxotk h`l hrfaftosak nfrrkck h` sus c`r`akgofs, `sp`cofla`gt` lfs h` S`afgf Sfgtf, cufghk `st` r`co`gtk tkafnf `sp`cofl vohf pfrf lf ckga`akrfcoóg h`l Xrohuk Zfscufl, qu` ogcluáfg cæt`hrfs `g lfs qu` lfs pogturfs, ogocofla`gt` h` Akgtuefr y pkst`rokra`gt` h` A`rlk, cknrfnfg vohf, drfcofs f lf `b`rcotfcoóg h` cfloeocfhks sfc`rhkt`s ekrafhks nfbk lf `lkcu`gcof h` Lf ^`tórocf Crostofgf h` Uflfhïs,
yf oh`gtoeocfhf `g lf pr`s`gt` `xpksocoóg, qu` ogeluyó f tfl `xtr`ak qu` ugf h`
sus r`ogt`rpr`tfcokg`s h` Hur`rk cknró vohf ckak oafd`g aolfdrksf fl ogt`rokr h` lf cfpollf, ugf cfpollf h` v`lfcoóg y `gto`rrk h` lf odl`sof h` Sfgtk Hkaogdk h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf. (Prquozò, >:682 @stuhoks Hodotfl G² 3) @g `l fgælosos h` tkhk `st` ckgbugtk h` `voh`gcofs, lf ògocf r`spu`stf clfrf, `s qu` lf knrf h` A`rlk, fh`aæs h` cknrfr vohf `g ogtrogcfhfs c`r`akgofs h` S`afgf Sfgtf, tfanoïg h`noó s`rvor cktohofgfa`gt` pfrf lf `gs`öfgzf h` lf hkctrogf cftólocf h` lks pu`nlks oghád`gfs qu` rkh`fnf lf fgtoduf cfpotfl h`l r`ogk, pfrf hfr s`duoao`gtk f lf pklátocf `afgfhf h` lks ckgcoloks a`xocfgks qu` cka`gzfrkg `g 6000 y t`raogfrkg `g 60=09 `stks r`cono`rkg lf fprknfcoóg fpkstólocf `g 60=?, y sorvo`rkg ckak pugtk h` pfrtohf pfrf ug prkc`sk h` covolozfcoóg `quovfl`gt` f lk cftólock, hkgh` lks fcu`rhks h`l Ckgcolok h` Xr`gtk tfanoïg eu`rkg fhkptfhks y fhfptfhks f lks pu`nlks lkcfl`s. @st` prkc`sk, qu` t`gáf ckak knb`tovk progcopfl lf ugov`rsflozfcoóg h` lfs oh`fs fc`rcf h`l krod`g h`l aughk y `xplocfcoóg h` lf skco`hfh qu` s` `gcfrgfnf `g lfs futkrohfh`s `cl`soæstocfs y covol`s h`l r`ogk, t`gho`gt` lf fc`ptfcoóg h` ug h`stogk og`xkrfnl` og`x krfnl` h` r`h`gcoóg `g `st` aughk, pfrf dkzfr h` ugf vohf `t`rgf ll`gf h` trfgquolohfh c`rcf h` Hoks. ckap`láf f lfs afsfs, pkr a`hok h` `stf s`ro` h` eodurfs, f afgt`g`r ugf ckghuctf oghovohufl y skcofl sks`dfhf pkr ugf akrfl ckgv`go`gt` f lks drupks h` pkh`r, fl `xtr`ak h` gk g`c`sotfr ug `bïrcotk h` mkanr`s frafhks, pkr ug no`g ckgstotuohk `b`rcotk h` curfs qu` kro`gtfnfg fl pu`nlk h` Hoks f lf sflvfcoóg h` sus flafs9 afgt`go`ghk lf quo`tuh skcofl, qu` ckgtó ckg aktog`s h` oghoks, lfhogks y `spfökl`s, qu` eu`rkg skekcfhks r`lftovfa`gt` h` afg`rf eæcol, pkrqu` `l pu`nlk `stfnf ugohk pkr lf r`lodoóg, p`rk s`pfrfhk pkr lfs nfrr`rfs ohokaætocfs `g
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@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
lks pu`nlks h` oghoks y, `gtr` lks hostogtks drupks skcofl`s `spfökl`s, pkr `l ohokaf lftág cuyf lot`rfturf sklk `rf ckapr`ghohf pkr lf `lot` ogt`l`ctufl. @g `st` ckgt`xtk, h`n`aks h` t`g`r `g cu`gtf qu` lf cruzfhf h` ugohfh oh`klódocf plfgt`fhf `g lks Ckgcoloks A`xocfgks, `sp`cofla`gt` `l òltoak qu` fhkptó y fh`cuó lks progcopoks h`l Ckgcolok h` Xr`gtk gk ckgstotuy`rkg g`c`sfrofa`gt` ugf hkctrogf `stætocf, tkhk lk ckgtrfrok, eu` tktfla`gt` hogæaocf, qu` eu` r`eogæghks` cfhf v`z aæs, `xpr`sæghks` `g `l frt` h` lks cfanoks afgo`rostfs fl nfrrkck y fl ultrfnfrrkck9 `voh`gt` `g `l hrfaftosak h` lfs aorfhfs h` khok mfcof B`sòs, pr`s`gt`s `g lks cufhrks h`l frzknospfhk h` Aïxock. Ao`gtrfs lf eodurf h` Crostk `rf cfhf v`z aæs oapr`sokgfgt`a`gt` suero`gt`, ckak lk fpr`cofaks `g frtostfs h` lf s`dughf y t`rc`rf hïcfhfs h`l sodlk ]UOOO. `g `st` cfsk pfrtoculfr, pkh`aks p`rconorlk fl ckapfrfr `l cufhrk h` “Lf Elfd`lfcoóg‑ h`l frtostf gkvkmospfgk Gocklæs @gráqu`z, qu` hftf h` 64>? qu` s` `gcu`gtrf `g `l Aus`k Gfcokgfl h` Frt` h` Aïxock, (^knág, >::>) y lfs pogturfs h` A`rlk, `g hkgh` tfanoïg fhv`rtoaks lks kbks h`skrnotfhks, qu` `xpr`sfg `l khok f B`sòs, qu` ckgtrfstfg ckg `l prkeughk sueroao`gtk `xfc`rnfhk h` B`sòs, qu` `xpr`sf lf `vklucoóg h` lfs fhvkcfcokg`s, `g `l fgtoduk r`ogk h` Duft`aflf pu`h`g tfanoïg fhv`rtors` `g lks cfanoks `g `l cultk f lf Uord`g h` Hklkr`s, qu` ckgtfnf ckg hks cfpollfs h` `stf fhvkcfcoóg `g lf odl`sof, h`hocfhfs fl UO y UOO Hklkr qu` y eu`rkg r`hucohks lks So`t` Hklkr`s, ckg lf prkclfafcoóg h` lf eo`stf h` lf Uord`g h` Hklkr`s, `g s`pto`anr` 6468 (Prquozò, >:68), pfrf lu`dk s`duor ckg lf ckgsfdrfcoóg h` lf `sculturf h` B`sòs Gfzfr`gk h` lf A`rc`h, `g `l háf h` lf Xrfgseodurfcoóg h`l S`ökr, `l 0 h` fdkstk h` 6464. @stfs skg `voh`gcofs qu` au`strfg h`l r`eogfao`gtk h`l p`gsfao`gtk h` lf odl`sof y sus h`vkcokg`s er`gt` fl fvfgc` h`l `gcoclkp`hosak, qu` fhvo`rt` `l ckgkcoao`gtk h` lf rfzóg pkr `gcoaf h` lf e`, qu` to`g` qu` r`spkgh`r ckg `l r`eu`rzk h` lfs h`vkcokg`s pkpulfr`s `g gu`vfs oaæd`g`s, aæs `xpr`sovfa`gt` hrfaætocfs `g `l frzknospfhk h` Aïxock, `voh`gt`s `g lfs cotfhfs h` @gráqu`z y A`rlk.
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
6>
Olustrfcoóg 3 Pgf ogt`r`sfgt` pru`nf, qu` gks au`strf lf r`kro`gtfcoóg h`l nfrrkck `g `l frzknospfhk h` Aïxock, lk ckgstotuy` lf pogturf h` Lf Elfd`lfcoóg h`l frtostf gkvkmospfgk Gocklæs @gráqu`z, qu` hftf h` 64>? y qu` s` `gcu`gtrf `g `l Aus`k Gfcokgfl h` Frt` h` Aïxock, ^knág, >::>)
Lks t`afs qu` ogt`gtó `xpr`sfr Xkafs h` A`rlk y `l s`gtohk h` tktflohfh frtástocf h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf
@g `l fgælosos h` lfs knrfs h` A`rlk, gk h`n`aks p`rh`r h` vostf lfs h`vkcokg`s h`hocfhfs f lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk y pfp`l ckrr`h`gtkr h` lf Uord`g Afráf, `xpr`sfhfs `g `l t`aplk qu` fòg sorv` h` nfs` pfrf `l ckgkcoao`gtk r`lodoksk, `l S`xtk Hklkr h` lf Uord`g Afráf, “B`sòs au`rtk `g lks nrfzks h` su afhr`‑, pr`s`gt` `g ug ogv`gtfrok cotfhk pkr (Pnock, >:682 84) qu` ckaòga`gt` llfafaks “Lf Zo`hfh‑ y “Afráf Sfgtásoaf `g `g `l S`pulcrk h` Crostk‑, cuyk r`tfnlk ckgstotuáf `l fltfr afykr (Pnock, >:682 84), hkgh` tfanoïg mfnráf t`gohk ludfr ug m`cmk prkhodoksk fgt`s h` 6554, (Pnock, >:6>2 660), qu` tkhfváf `rf aktovk h` hoscusoóg `g 64:0. @st` m`cmk sknr`gfturfl h`noó h` mfn`r hfhk aucmk pr`stodok f lf `raotf h`l Cflvfrok. _ qu` puhk aktovfr lf fctuflozfcoóg h` lfs pogturfs h` A`rlk. @g hocmk r`cogtk, tfanoïg `xostáf ug fltfr h`hocfhk f lf ^`surr`ccoóg h` Crostk (Pnock, >:682 84), t`af trftfhk pkr Donskg `g su p`láculf, ckak fg`xk h` B`sòs S`pultfhk, nfsfhk `g Bufg 6?23=-8>9 >:26-?. @s `voh`gt` qu` lfs knrfs h` A`rlk h`no`rkg mfn`r sohk pfrf hoflkdfr ckg r`lfcoóg ckg ktrfs knrfs h` `sculturf `xost`gt`s `g `l r`cogtk r`lodoksk, hkgh` h`stfcfnf lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g y `l S`ökr s`pultfhk, qu` ogclusk `rfg fskcofhks f m`cmks prkhodoksks, r`lfcokgfhks ckg `l
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@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
fmkrf Sfgtk M`rafgk Z`hrk h` N`tfgckurt (Pnock, >:6>2 660) Fsá ckak lf `sculturf h`l s`pultfhk, qu` `s ug crucoeobk qu` fòg s` `gcu`gtrf `g `l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf.
Olustrfcokg`s 8 y 8 F @sculturfs qu` `stfnfg sotufhfs bugtk f lfs h` Sfg Z`hrk y lf h` Afdhfl`gf, `g `l fltfr afykr h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, ckak `b` c`gtrfl h`l hoscursk h` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk qu` `xpr`sfnfg lks m`cmks fcf`cohks fgt`s h` lf au`rt` h` Crostk y su r`surr`ccoóg, r`surr`ccoóg, f lf qu` `stfnf h`hocfhk ktrk r`tfnlk. @l ckgbugtk t`gáf ug cfræct`r `aog`gt`a`gt` `aog`gt`a`gt` hohæctock h` lf `gs`öfgzf h`l @vfgd`lok. (Prquozò, Pnock, >:6>2 5, 66).
@g `l fgælosos h` lfs pogturfs h` A`rlk, h`n`aks tfanoïg t`g`r `g cu`gtf `l afg`bk h`l l`gdufb` soanólock, f trfvïs h` cfhf ugk h` lks h`tfll`s qu` gks cu`gtfg ugf mostkrof hogæaocf, p`rk h`n` s`r ckapr`ghohk mfstf `g sus aæs aágoaks h`tfll`s, cu`stokg`s gk fgflozfhfs `g `stuhoks fgt`rokr`s, pkrqu` gk tkafrkg `g cu`gtf `l ckgt`xtk h` lfs `sc`gfs qu` trftf h` r`suaor ` ogclusk ckaproaor `g eodurfs fl`dórocfs, qu` f Donskg l` eu`rkg aæs eæcol`s h` `xpr`sfr, h`nohk f qu` ugf p`láculf utolozf cufhrks `g akvoao`gtk k s`ro`s h` `sc`gfs fckapföfhfs h` skgohk y aòsocf, sotufcoóg qu` fdolozf lf `xpksocoóg. Sog `anfrdk, `g `st` ckgt`xtk `s auy oapkrtfgt` qu` fgfloc`aks lks h`tfll`s h` A`rlk, sog h`bfr h` lfhk lf r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg h`l fök >::8 h` N`g`hoct Eotzd`rflh y A`l Donskg `g lf p`láculf Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, pfrf t`g`r ugf oh`f fctuflozfhf h` lf utolohfh hohæctocf h` `stf s`ro`.
@g `stf pfrt` h` lf `xpksocoóg, `s ogt`r`sfgt` mfc`r gktfr qu` lf nfs` r`suaohf h` Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk `g
`l p`rokhk ckgkcohk ckak Xrohuk Zfscufl, `stæ `xpr`sfhf `g lks hkcua`gtks
pfrf lf Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs `l Bu`v`s Sfgtk, qu` to`g` ckak progcopfl pugtk h` `gcu`gtrk `l Sfdrfrok h` lf Cft`hrfl A`trkpklotfgf, ckak ludfr h` r`sdufrhk p`rp`tuk h`l Sfgtásoak
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
68
Sfcrfa`gtk, qu` `g lf Cft`hrfl h` Sfgtofdk, fmkrf lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, s` sotufnf fl lfhk h`r`cmk `g ugf cfpollf `sp`cofl h` lf odl`sof9 o dl`sof9 `stf s`duáf `l aosak pftróg h` ckap ckapkrtfao`gtk krtfao`gtk `g su ckgstruccoóg qu` lf h` lf cfpotfl frzknospfl h` Aïxock, fl cufl `stfnf fhscrotk `l knospfhk h` Duft`aflf h` 6084 f 6483. @g lf gu`vf Duft`aflf h` lf Fsugcoóg, lf cft`hrfl `stf odl`sof to`g` plfgtf h` cruz9 lf cfpollf h`l Sfdrfrok s` sotòf `g `l trfc`ptua sur y cu`gtf ckg ug sugtuksk fltfr h` plftf a`stozf qu` cknrf `sp`cofl `spl`ghkr lf gkcm` h` Bu`v`s Sfgtk, qu` fh`aæs, r`cu`rhf lf ogstotucoóg h` lf `ucfrostáf `g lf òltoaf c`gf h`l S`ökr9 y fsoao fsoaosak, sak, sorv` h` pugtk h` pfrtohf pfrf lf Uosotf h`lfs So`t` Cfsfs `l Bu`v`s Sfgtk,, qu` `g r`sua`g, `s ugf a`hotfcoóg fc`rcf h` lf Zfsoóg y
au`rt`, pfrf lu`dk pr`pfrfr lf dlkroksf r`surr`ccoóg h` Crostk, qu` pfrf lks cr`y`gt`s sodu` vovk `g `l Sfdrfrok h` lf Cft`hrfl y tkhfs lfs odl`sofs qu` h`p`gh`g h` su buroshoccoóg `cl`soæstocf.
Olustrfcoóg 0 Uostf h`l Sfdrfrok h` lf Cft`hrfl A`trkpklotfgf h` Sfgtofdk h` Duft`aflf, lf gkcm` h`l Bu`v`s Sfgtk h`l fök >:63, ckak pugtk h` pfrtohf pfrf lf Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs `l Bu`v`s Sfgtk, ckg lfs a`hotfcokg`s pr`scrotfs pr`scrotfs h` lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, prkpofs h` `sf gkcm`. (Ektkdrfeáf E`rgfghk Pquozò) Pquozò)
@g `st` ckgt`xtk, `s ckgv`go`gt` lf r`vosoóg h`l ckgt`gohk h`l oapr`sk h` Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs `l Bu`v`s Sfgtk y
su ckrr`spkgh`gcof ckg lfs knrfs h` Xkafs Xkafs h` A`rlk, y fsá
r`el`xokgfr fc`rcf h` lf r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg h` lks aosaks pkr N`g`hoct Eotzd`rflh y pkr A`l Donskg, h`nohk f qu` `s ugf fctuflozfcoóg pkr a`hok h` lf r`prkhuccoóg a`cægocf h`l frt`9
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
60
h` `sf afg`rf s` lkdrf r`vflkrozfr `l a`gsfb` h` lfs knrfs r`flozfhfs ckg ugks hksco`gtks cogcu`gtf föks h` hoe`r`gcof, cuyf `s`gcof frtástocf gk s` p`rhoó. Zroa`rf @stfcoóg2 H`l C`gæculk fl Mu`rtk h` h ` D`ts`afgá
M` fquá `l proa`r pfsk qu` gu`strk Supr`ak Cr`fhkr, hok h` su hklkrksásoaf Zfsoóg…¡ Ckg cufgtk hklkr gk v`ráfs lks fafrdks sueroao`gtks h` tu Sfgtásoaf Afhr`¡ Ogckapfrfnl` eu` tu s`gtoao`gtk fl v`r `g tu hovogf er`gt` afrcfhk `l s`llk h`l hklkr, y aucmk aæs cufghk `xmflfst` fqu`llfs to`rgásoafs pflfnrfs “¡Zfhr`, fpfrtf h` aá `st` cæloz h` fafrdurf¡ (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6, p, h` r`tork h` lf pkrtfhf). @l oapr`sk oh`gtoeocfhk ckak olustrfcoóg 6 F, r`eo`r` `l aosak Aost`rok, `l cufl s` nfsf `g Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks
h` lf soduo`gt` Afg`rf2
Sfloó ckak h` ckstuanr`, eu` fl Mu`rtk h` lks Klovks, y lks hoscápulks l` soduo`rkg. Ll`dfghk fl ludfr l`s hobk2 “Uodolfh y krfh pfrf gk cf`r `g t`gtfcoóg‑. S` fpfrtó h` `llks y pu`stk h` rkhollfs krfnf hoco`ghk2 “pfhr` sogk pu`h` pfsfr `st` cæloz sog qu` yk lk n`nf mædfs` tu vklugtfh‑. @gtkgc`s s` l` fpfr`coó ug ægd`l qu` lk ckgekrtfnf. _ suaohk `g fdkgáf, ogsostáf aæs `g su krfcoóg. Su suhkr s` mozk ckak dktfs `sp`sfs h` sfgdr` qu` cfáfg `g to`rrf. L`vfgtæghks` h` lf krfcoóg, vogk hkgh` lks hoscápulks y lks `gckgtró hkraohks, v`gcohks pkr lf trost`zf y l`s hobk “L`vægt`gs` vfaks, v`r qu` `stæ c`rcf `l qu` a` vf f `gtr`dfr‑ (Lc. >>28>-85) (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6 F, p, 0).
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
65
Olustrfcokg`s 5 y 5 F Lf krfcoóg h`l Mu`rtk, cufhrk eorafhk pkr Xkafs h` A`rlk `g 643> (www.fh`scf.kr.dt.tkafsh`a`rlk) y cufhrk eobk h` lf s`cu`gcof O h` A`l Donskg D`ts`afgá, (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg, >::82 6), hkgh` r`sp`tó lf fpfro`gcof h` B`sòs y lf `sc`gf `g lf qu` `stæ mogcfhk sknr` `l `l su`lk.
S`dughf @stfcoóg2 H`l Mu`rtk f lf cfsf h` Fgæs
Pg oga`gsk trkp`l h` sklhfhks y pu`nlk ckak afgfhf h` fgoafl`s e`rkc`s, cfaogfnf `g pks h` Xo pfrf h`vkrfr su sfgtásoak cu`rpk. Cuæg t`rronl` y afrdk eu` `l cfaogk qu` r`ckrrost`, km ^`h`gtkr Hovogk, h`sh` `l Mu`rtk f lf pr`s`gcof h`l efros`k. Gk munk ugk sklk h` `sf tunf aflodgf, qu` puho`rf ckapr`gh`r lf drfgh`zf h` tu sfcroeocok. (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6, p. 3) @l oapr`sk oh`gtoeocfhk ckak olustrfcoóg 6 F, r`eo`r` `l aosak Aost`rok9 tfanoïg s` nfsf `g Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks h` lf soduo`gt` Afg`rf2
@l Suak sfc`rhkt` ogt`rrkdó f B`sòs sknr` sus hoscápulks y hkctrogf. B`sòs l` r`spkghoó “M` mfnlfhk pònlocfa`gt` fl aughk9 so`apr` `gs`ö` `gs `ö` `g lf sogfdkdf y `g `l t`aplk, fhkgh` ckgcurr`g tkhks lks buháks, y f `sckghohfs gk m` mfnlfhk gfhf. »Zkr quï a` ogt`rrkdfs f aá; Ogt`rrkdf f lks qu` a` mfg káhk lk qu` l`s m` mfnlfhk‑ Fp`gfs hobk `stk ugk h` lks dufrhofs qu` fmá `stfnf, hok ugf nke`tfhf f B`sòs, hoco`ghk2 »Fsá r`spkgh`s fl Suak Sfc`rhkt`;‑ ^`spkghoïghkl` B`sòs2 “So mfnlï afl, hf t`stoakgok h` lk aflk, aæs so no`g, »Zkr quï a` mo`r`s;‑ (Bg6=, 6>-68 y 6?->8)(Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6 F, p, 5)
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
64
X`rc`rf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` Fgæs f lf h` Cfoeæs
@g a`hok h` fqu`llf tunf `scfghflksf eu ll`vfhk f lf cfsf h` Fgæs `l afgsásoak ckrh`rk, p`rk ckak t`ao`ghk qu` B`sòs `rf ogkc`gt` gk quosk buzdfrlk y lk `gvoó f lf cfsf h` Cfoeæs. Fllá lf sfcrál`df afgk h` Aflck `stfapk `g su hovogf a`bollf sus fc`rfhks h`hks ckg lf aæs ogocuf ogbustocof. (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6, p. 8) @l oapr`sk oh`gtoeocfhk ckak olustrfcoóg 6 F, `xpkg` `l aosak Aost`rok9 fsá aosak, s` nfsf `g Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks h` lf soduo`gt` Afg`rf2 Z`rk B`sòs s`duáf cfllfhk. @l Suak Sfc`rhkt` l` hobk2 “X` ckgburk pkr `l gkanr` h` Hoks vovk qu` gks hodfs so tu `r`s `l A`sáfs, `l Mobk h` Hoks n`ghotk‑. L` hobk B`sòs2 “tò lk hobost`9 yk ks hodk qu` f pfrtor h` fmkrf v`rïos fl Mobk h`l Mkanr` s`gtfhk f lf ho`strf h`l Zkh`r h` Hoks y v`gor sknr` lfs gun`s h`l co`lk. “ @gtkgc`s `l Suak Sfc`rhkt` rfsdó sus v`stohurfs y hobk2 ¡Nlfse`aó¡ »Vuï g`c`sohfh t`g`aks yf h` t`stodks; Fcfnæos h` kár lf nlfse`aof. »Vuï ks pfr`c`; “^`k `s h` au`rt`‑ (Ac. 68,03 y 00-58) (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6 F, p, 4)
Olustrfcoóg 4
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
6=
Olustrfcoóg 4F Olustrfcokg`s 4 y 4 F Zogturf qu` r`eo`r` lf X`rc`rf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` Fgæs f lf h` Cfoeæs. .Lf `sc`gf pr`s`gtf lks m`cmks gfrrfhks `g `l @vfgd`lok @vfgd`lok h` Sfg Afrcks (Ac. (Ac. 68203 y 00-58). @l a`gsfb` eæcol eæcol h` fpr`cofr eu` eu` h`sdlksfhk `g `l supl`a`gtk Culturf h`l hofrok Zr`gsf Lonr`, punlocfhk `l aoïrckl`s aoïrckl`s 36 h` afrzk h` >:6:, p.3=, p`rk gk s` tkaf `g cu`gtf lf eu`gt` nonlokdræeocf qu` ogsporó lf knrf, go fgflozf `l usk h`l cklkr ckak `l`a`gtk `l` a`gtk ockgkdræeock ` ockgklódock h` lf pogturf. (Ektkdrfeáfs www.fh`scf.kr.dt.tkafsh`a`rlk www.fh`scf.kr.dt.tkafsh`a`rlk y Zr`gsf Lonr`)
Olutfcoóg 4 N Ektkdrfeáf h` lf v`rsoóg h` A`l Donskg9 r`cr`f `l ogt`rrkdftkrok h` Cfoeæs, qu` gks pr`s`gtf f B`sòs ckg lf aosaf s`r`gohfh h` lf knrf h` A`rlk, gót`s` `g lf `sc`gf, `l usk h` ugf cfh`gf `g h`rr`hkr h`l cu`llk h` B`sòs, ckak sáanklk h` su fpr`m`gsoóg, tfanoïg tfanoïg usfhf pkr A`rlk. (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg, >::82 36)
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
6?
Cufrtf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` Cfoeæs f lf cfsf h` Zolftks
H`spuïs h` fqu`llf t`rronl` gkcm` pfsfhf `g ug kscurk cflfnkzk, t` sfcfrkg, km pkh`rksk ^`h`gtkr, y `gtr` ugf aucm`huanr` ogocuf t` ll`vfrkg f lf pr`s`gcof h` Zolftks, hkgh` r`conost` gu`vks kprknoks Zolftks, qu` gk `gcu`gtrf h`lotk `g Xo, krh`gf qu` s`fs ll`vfhk f lf pr`s`gcof h` M`rkh`s ckak ck ak h`spótock r`y h` fqu`llks pu`nlks. (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6, p, 8) @l oapr`sk oh`gtoeocfhk ckak olustrfcoóg 6 F, gfrrf `l aosak Aost`rok9 odufla`gt` s` nfsf `g Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks h` lf soduo`gt` Afg`rf2 Ll`vfg pu`s f B`sòs fl pr`tkrok Zolftk llfaó f B`sòs y l` ogt`rrkdó2 “Xò `r`s r`y h` lks buháks‑. ^`spkghoó B`sòs2 B`sòs 2 Ao r`ogk gk `s h` `st` aughk. So ao r`ogk eu`rf h` `st` aughk, aosaogostrks lucmfráfg pfrf qu` yk gk eu`rf `gtr`dfhk f lks buháks, p`rk fmkrf ao ^`ogk gk `s h` fquá,‑ @gtkgc`s Zolftk l` hobk2 “»Lu`dk tu `r`s r`y;‑ ^`spkghoó B`sòs2 “Xò hoc`s qu` yk sky ^`y. _k pfrf `stk gfcá, y pfrf `stk vog` fl aughk2 pfrf hfr t`stoakgok f efvkr h` lf v`rhfh. Xkhk fqu`l qu` p`rt`g`c` f lf v`rhfh ky` ao Ukz. “(Bg. 6=233-3=) (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6 F, p, =) Vuogtf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` Zolftks f lf cfsf h` M`rkh`s
Cufgtfs p`gfs, hklkr`s y eftodfs skpkrtfs Xò, `l Bustk h` lks bustks. Xò `r`s fcusfhk h` oggua`rfnl`s cráa`g`s qu` gk ckgkc` tu ogkc`gcof. Xò `r`s `l fanocoksk h` lf r`h`gcoóg h`l mkanr`. M` fquá tkhk tu h`lotk, pkr lk qu` nrutfla`gt` `r`s ckghucohk f lf pr`s`gcof h` Zolftks. (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6, p, 5). @l oapr`sk oh`gtoeocfhk ckak ol olustrfcoóg ustrfcoóg 6 F, r`lftf `l aosak Aost`rok9 nfsfhk `g Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks h` lf soduo`gt` Afg`rf2
Cufghk M`rkh`s vok f B`sòs s` fl`dró sknr`afg`rf, sknr`afg `rf, pkrqu` h`sh` mfcáf aucmk to`apk `stfnf h`s`ksk h` v`rl`, pu`s mfnáf káhk h`cor aucmfs cksfs h` ïl, y `sp`rfnf gua`rksfs pr`dugtfs. Aæs ïl gk r`spkghoó gfhf. A`gkspr`coæghkl`
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
>:
M`rkh`s bugtfa`gt` ckg sus cu`rpks h` dufrhof y mfco`ghk nurlf h` ïl, l` vostoó ckg ug rkpfb` nlfgck, y l` r`aotoó f Zolftk. (Lucfs >32 =-66) (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6 F, p. ?) @g `l oh`frok h` pkpulfr h` gu`strk pfás, cufghk ugf p`rskgf onf h` ug ludfr f ktrk `g træaot`s nurkcrætocks k holod`gcofs `gdkrrksfs, s` utolozfnf `l hocmk fghuv` k fghk h` M`rkh`s f Zolftks, qu` r`e`ráf `l cfgsfgcok y t`hoksk h` or h` ug ludfr f ktrk, `st` hocmk cfso mf h`sfpfr`cohk, p`rk sog huhf prkvo`g` h` lf ogt`rpr`tfcoóg pkpulfr h` lk cfgsfhk qu` h`noó mfn`r `stfhk B`sòs, h` su prkc`sk h` ugf cfsf f ktrf `g fqu`llf proa`rf gkcm` h` Bu`v`s Sfgtk.
Olustrfcoóg = Zogturf qu` r`pr`s`gtf Vuogtf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` Zolftks f lf cfsf h` M`rkh`s. @stf `sc`gf `s h` lfs aæs `xplocotfs, fnkrhfhfs pkr A`rlk .fl r`y s` l` r`pr`s`gtf `g ug trkgk ckg ckrkgf y c`trk, ao`gtrfs qu` s` h`bf clfrf lf oapksocoóg h` rkpfb` cklkr nlfgck f B`sòs, `g sáanklk h` lkcurf, lfs oaæd`g`s r`stfgt`s au`strfg akvoao`gtk, pu`s ckgtogòfg lf afrcmf h` fc`l`rfcoóg h`l prkc`sk pfrf crucoeocfrlk. (Ektkdrfeáf fgógoaf h` krod`g gk `stfnl`cohk pl`gfa`gt`, hoeughohf pkr r`h`s skcofl`s)
S`xtf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` M`rkh`s f lf cfsf h` Zolftks
M`t`, ktrf v`z h`lfgt` h` Zolftks. @st` mkanr` gk mfllf aktovk pfrf ckgh`gfrt`. Vuo`r` sflvfrt` y prkpkg` tu lon`rfh, lf qu` gk `s ckgc`hohf. H`spuïs t` fzktfg cru`la`gt`, t` ckrkgfg h` `spogfs, t` pkg`g pkr c`trk ugf
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
>6
cföf, t` `scup`g, t` fnke`t`fg y `xod`g tu sfgdr` mfstf lf òltoaf dktf. (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6, p, 5 y 4) @l oapr`sk oh`gtoeocfhk ckak olustrfcoóg 6 F, cu`gtf `l aosak Aost`rok9 nfsfhk `g Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks h` lf soduo`gt` Afg`rf2
Zolftk hobk f lks suaks sfc`rhkt`s2 »Vuï mfrï pu`s h` B`sòs, `l r`y h` lks buháks;‑ _ tkhks f ugf vkz r`spkgho`rkg2 r`s pkgho`rkg2 “¡Cr “¡Crucoeácfl`, ucoeácfl`, crucoeácfl`¡‑ cru coeácfl`¡‑ “»Z`rk “» Z`rk quï afl mf m`cmk ïst`; Gogdòg h`lotk cfpotfl mfllk `g ïl‑, pr`dugtó Zolftk. Afs `llks s`duáfg drotfghk ckg aæs eu`rzf “Crucoeácfl`‑. @gtkgc`s Zolftk, vo`ghk qu` gfhf fh`lfgtfnf, sogk qu` aæs no`g s` prkakváf ug flnkrktk, tkafghk fduf s` lfvó lfs afgks `g pr`s`gcof h`l pu`nlk hoco`ghk2 “Ogkc`gt` sky yk h` lf sfgdr` h` `st` bustk, Uksktrks lk v`rïos. “ _ tkhk `l pu`nlk r`spkghoó‑ »S`f su sfgdr` sknr` gksktrks y sknr` gu`strks mobks» @gtkgc`s l`s skltó f Nfrrfnfs…(At. >42>>->5 y Bg. 6?265) (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6 F, p, 6:)
Olustrfcokg`s ? y ? F Pgf pfrt` ogt`r`sfgt` h` lf `xpksocoóg vosufl h` A`rlk skg lfs pogturfs qu` ckrr`spkgh`g f lf S`xtf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` M`rkh`s f lf cfsf h` Zolftks, `xpu`stf `g hks cufhrks auy ogeluohks pkr ^un`gs y lks lonrks ckgt`apkræg`ks h` drfnfhks qu` corculfnfg `g fqu`llf ïpkcf9 `stks tfanoïg skg trftfhks h` afg`rf lot`rfl `g `sculturfs ckak lf h` B`sòs h` lf Ckluagf, qu` s` `gcu`gtrf `g lf odl`sof h` lf A`rc`h `g `l r`tfnlk h` B`sòs Gfzfr`gk `g lf Gu`vf Gu`vf Duft`aflf h` lf Fsugcoóg. Fsugcoóg. (Ektkdrfeáfs www.fh`scf.kr.dt)
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
>>
Olustrfcokg`s ? N y ?C @g lf `sculturf h` B`sòs Ftfhk Ftfhk f lf Ckluagf h` lf odl`sof h` lf A`rc`h h` lf Gu` Gu`vf vf Duft`aflf, h`n` gktfrs` lf aosaf eu`gt` h` trftfao`gtk trftfao`gtk h` lf eodurf muafgf, afg`bfhf pkr A`rl A`rlk, k, `voh`gt` tfanoïg `g `l trftfao`gtk h`l c`ghfl qu` cunr` sus d`gotfl`s, lk qu` gks mfc` ogsostor `g lf eugcoóg hohæctocf h`l frt` r`lodoksk `g `l fgtoduk r`ogk h` Duft`aflf pkr `gcoaf h` lf cr`fcoóg cr`fcoóg frtástocf llonr` onr` h` lks futkr`s, qu` aæs no`g usfrkg lf p`rocof `g `l afg`bk h` lks aft`rofl`s y tïcgocfs ckg aucmf cflohfh, aæs qu` `xpkg`r su ogt`rpr`tfcoóg sunb`tovf h` lks m`cmks r`lftfhks `g Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks. @g `st` s`gtohk, gk s` h`n` pfsfrs` pkr fltk lf p`rocof p`rocof h`l afg`bk h`l r`lftk vosufl, r`flozfhk r`flozfhk pkr A`l Donskg, `g su p`láculf p`láculf Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk. (Ektkdrfeáf E`rgfghk Prqu Prquozò ozò y Eotzd`rflh y Donskg, >::8258)
Olustrfcoóg ? H Ektkdrfeáf h` lf `sc`gf2 Lf ckrkgfcoóg h` `spogfs h` lf p`láculf Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk h` A`l Donskg. @g `llf pkh`aks fpr`cofr ugf ckgsultf h` lfs aosafs aosafs eu`gt`s `scrotfs y frtás frtástocfs tocfs h` A`rlk, gót`s` lfs aorfhfs ll`gfs h` aflhfh h` kbks sfltkg`s h` lks sklhfhks9 lf pksocoóg h` lks cu`rpks qu` h`v`lfg `stf ckogcoh`gcof, lkdrfhf h` afg`rf afdostrfl. (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg, >::8246).
>3
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
Olustrfcoóg 6: Uostf h` lf pogturf h` Xkafs h` A`rlk, `g su r`pr`s`gtfcoóg h` lf S`xtf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` M`rkh`s f lf cfsf h` Zolftks. @g sus oaæd`g`s, r`pr`s`gtf f Zolftk v`stohk, gk ckak sklhfhk rkafgk, sogk ckak r`y kro`gtfl, h`nohk fl usk h` fraoök y turnfgt`, turnfgt`, cufghk `xclfaf lf erfs`2 erfs`2 “@CC@ MKAK –M` fquá `l Mkanr`‑, y pr`s`gtf f B`sòs f lks buháks, fzktfhk y ckrkgfhk h` `spogfs, pfrf lkdrfr lf po`hfh h`l pu`nlk, qu` r`spkgháf2 ¡Crucoeáqu`glk¡ @l fgælosos h` `sks `l`a`gtks ockgkdræeocks ockgkdræeocks y lf ektkdrfeáf skg ug fpkrt` h`l mostkrofhkr Tflt`r @groqu` Dutoïrr`z. Sïptoaf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` Zolftks fl Cflvfrok
Ll`df `l aka`gtk ftrkz h` tu sfcroeocok. Mfc`g qu` Soaóg Corog`k t` fyuh` f ll`vfr lf cruz. Ll`dfs, S`ökr, f lf cuanr` h`l Cflvfrok y fllá t` frrfgcfg nruscfa`gt` tus v`stohurfs. X` cklkcfg `g lf cruz ckg fduhks clfvks trfspfsfg tus po`s y afgks. Fl po` h` `sf cruz ckgt`aplfs f tu hklkrksásoaf Afhr`, y `xporfs poho`ghk f tu `xc`lsk Zfhr` pkr fqu`llks aosaks qu` t` afrtorozfg y ultrfbfg. (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6, p. 5 y 4) @l oapr`sk oh`gtoeocfhk ckak olustrfcoóg 6 F, pr`s`gtf `l aosak Aost`rok9 y s` eughfa`gt` `g Lks Cuftrk Cvfgd`loks h` lf soduo`gt` Afg`rf2 @gtkgc`s lks sklhfhks h`l prkcurfhkr ll`vfrkg ckgsodk f B`sòs fl pr`tkrok y r`ugo`rkg flr`h`hkr h`l ïl f tkhf lf ckrt`. L` h`sguhfrkg y l` `cmfrkg `gcoaf ug afghk h` pòrpurf9 y `gtr`lfzfghk ckg `spogfs ugf ckrkgf y puso`rkg ugf cföf `g su afgk h`r`cmf, y hknlfghk lf rkhollf h`lfgt` h` ïl l` mfcáfg nurlf hoco`ghk, “¡Sflv`, r`y h` lks buháks‑ _ l` hfnfg nke`tfhfs y l` `scupáfg2 y tkaæghkl` lf cföf, l` dklp`fnfg ckg `llf `g lf cfn`zf. Cufghk s` muno`rkg
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
>8
nurlfhk h` ïl, l` quotfrkg `l afgtk, y l` puso`rkg sus rkpfs y l` ll`vfrkg f crucoeocfrl`. (Afrcks >42 >4-36). (Oapr`sk h` olustrfcoóg 6 F F,, p. 66)
Olustrfcoóg 66 @g `st` cufhrk h` drfg ekraftk, A`rlk pogtf h` afg`rf hohæctocf lf Sïptoaf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` Zolftks fl Cflvfrok, `g `llf h`n`aks fhv`rtor `l s`gtohk hohæctock h`l usk h`l cklkr, pfrf oh`gtoeocfr lks p`rskgfb`s progcopfl`s h` lf knrf2 f B`sòs ckg tògocf afrróg9 lf Uord`g Afráf `g su vohf t`rr`gfl, ckg tògocf rksf y afgtk fzul9 Sfg Bufg, ckg tògocf v`rh` y afgtk rkbk9 lf Afdhfl`gf, Afdhfl`gf, ckg afgtk cfeï, gk `s vosonl` su tògo tògocf cf qu` h`n` s`r h` cklkr c`l`st`. @l cufhrk pu`h` s`r fskcofhk tfanoïg fl OU Hklkr h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g Afráf2 “@l `gcu`gtrk h` Afráf ckg B`sòs ruank fl Cflvfrok‑, ckgkcohk tfanoïg ckak “@l Hulc` @gcu`gtrk‑. Ektkdrfeáf h`l frcmovk h`l mostkrofhkr Tflt`r @groqu` Dutoïrr`z.
>0
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
Olustrfcoóg 66 F @g lfs `sc`gfs h` lf p`láculf Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, r`e`rohf `g `st` `stuhok, `s ogt`r`sfgt` ckgtrfstfr lf aosaf eu`gt` ockgklódocf ` ockgkdræeocf qu` s` `xpr`só `g lf ckgstruccoóg h` lfs `sc`gfs, cuyfs ektkdrfeáfs gks h`bfg p`rconor `stks h`tfll`s. (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg, >::82?>)
Olustrfcokg`s 66 N, 66C Lf Crucoeoxoóg, pogturf qu` r`lftf, `g oaæd`g`s, oaæd`g`s, lks t`stoakgoks ker`cohks pkr lks `vfg `vfgd`lostfs2 d`lostfs2 Afrcks, Lucfs y Bufg (Ac. 60, >6-3>9 Lc. >3. >5-839 Bg 6?, 65->8), hkgh` pkh`aks h`hucor lf ogelu`gcof h` lfs pog pogturfs turfs h` `st` aosak t`af h` ^un`gs, fhfptfhfs pfrf `l usk hohæctock lkcfl, qu` pkh`aks h`spr`gh`r h`l usk h` lf tògocf v`rh` y afgtk rkbk h` Sfg Bufg. Ektkdrfeáfs h`l frcmovk h`l mostkrofhkr Tflt`r @groqu` Dutoïrr`z.
Olustrfcoóg 66 H Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk
Oafd`g h` lf aosaf t`aætocf `xpu`stf `g lf p`láculf >::8266:)
h` A`l Donskg. (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg,
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
>5
@l U, UO y UOO Hklkr`s h` lf Uord`g y Lf Dlkroksf ^`surr`ccoóg h`l S`ökr
Lfs knrfs poctórocfs h` A`rlk flt`rgfnfg ckg vfrofs `sculturfs, `g lfs cufl`s, llfaf lf ft`gcoóg ugf auy fgtoduf h` ug B`sòs Crucoeocfhk, qu` fòg s` `gcu`gtrf `g `l ogt`rokr h`l t`aplk, r`flozfhk pkr `l frtostf Z`hrk h` lf ^ksf `g6504 ( Prquozò y Pnock, >:6>2 66?), qu` h`noó s`r utolozfhk `g lfs c`r`akgofs h` Uo`rg`s Sfgtk, cufghk f lfs 6>2:: h`l háf s` tkcfnf ugf cfapfgf y s` hfnfg tkqu`s h` sol`gcok `g lf couhfh, pfrf prkc`h`r f lf ckgt`aplfcoóg h`l U Hklkr h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g2 “Afráf fl po` h` lf Cruz‑9 C ruz‑9 pfrf lu`dk fckapföfrlf `g su Ckapfsovf Skl`hfh, qu` l` prkhucáf lf Au`rt` h` su mobk, Gu`strk S`ökr, (h` lf Xrfgseodurfcoóg, 644=2 6). Afgufl ckpofhk h` ktrk, punlocfhk `g Zu`nlf h` lks Ægd`l`s `g 64>6, (Ludk Klág, >:6>2 3?). @g `l r`cogtk r`lodoksk, tfanoïg mfnáfg ktrks r`tfnlks h`hocfhks fl UO Hklkr h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g2 “Afráf r`con` `l cu`rpk h` Crostk Au`rtk `g sus su s nrfzks‑, ckaòga`gt` llfafhks h` lf Zo`hfh, y fl fltfr afykr h`hocfhk fl UOO Hklkr h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g2 “Afráf `g `l s`pulcrk h` Crostk‑. (Pnock, >:68284)
Olustrfcokg`s 6> y 6> F @l drfnfhk h`l UO Hklkr h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g2 Afráf ^`con` `l cu`rpk h` Crostk. (www.h`vkcokgfrok.cka). (www.h`vkcokgfrok.cka). @l ^`lkb h` lf Zfsoóg. @stf pfr`c` s`r ugf r`lfcoóg dræeocf h`l afgufl rotufl h`l pfhr` Bksï Fgtkgok h` Uollflknks. ^`lkx h` skanrfs, qu` eu` punlocfhk `g pu`nlf `g 64>? (Ludk Klág, >:6>2 3?) Vu` r`tkaf lfs h`vkcokg`s cotfhfs pkr Hævolf Zfhollf h`sh` 644?, fc`rcf h` lfs pr`scropcokg`s h` lks rotufl`s h` Uo`rg`s Sfgtk, qu` s` `xpr`sfg `g lf pogturf ftronuohf f Xkafs h` A`rlk, p`rk pu`h` s`r ug tfgtk aæs fgtoduf, r`stfurfhf pkr A`rlk y pkst`rokra`gt` pkr Afrdfrotf @strfhf `g 6??=. (Ektkdrfeáf frcmovk h` FH@SCF)
>4
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
Olustrfcoóg 6> N ^`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg h`l UO Hklkr h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g pkr A`l Donskg., h`n` gktfrs` `l r`sp`tk pkr lfs knrfs h` frt` krodogfl`s qu` gk eu`rkg flt`rfhfs sunstfgcofla`gt`. (Eotzd`rflh y Donskg, >::82633)
@g `l `gskrtobfhk c`r`akgofl nfrrkck qu` flt`rgfnf pogturfs ckg `sculturfs, `s sogdulfr `l cfsk `g lf `raotf h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf h` Sfgtofdk h` Duft`aflf, hkgh` s` `gckgtrfnfg B`sòs Crucoeocfhk y `l Sfgtk Crostk _fc`gt`, ckak `sculturfs d`a`lfs9 `st` h`tfll` ckak lk pru`nf `l ogv`stodfhkr Afrok Pnock Cflh`róg `g ug u g fgælosos `xpu`stk. (Prquozò, Pnock, >:6>2 6>?, 63:, 636,63>.). @g lf odl`sof, tfanoïg mfnáf ktrk r`tfnlk ckg lf r`pr`s`gtfcoóg h` ug Cflvfrok qu` ogcluáf ug Crostk, ugf Hklkrksf, lfs `sculturfs h` Hoafs y D`stfs, fh`aæs h` lfs h` Sfg Bufg y lf Afdhfl`gf. (Pnock, >:68284) @voh`gcofs qu` mfc`g pft`gt` su usk hohæctock y utolohfh h` cultk `g lf ckga`akrfcoóg h`l Xrohuk Zfscufl, qu` cknrfnf `sp`cofl vod`gcof lf gkcm` h` Bu`v`s Sfgtk S fgtk fl Hkaogdk h` ^`surr`ccoóg, pkrqu` `g lf odl`sof tfanoïg munk ktrk r`tfnlk h`hocfhk fl aost`rok h` lf ^`surr`ccoóg h`l S`ökr. (Pnock, >:68284) @l cultk f lf r`surr`ccoóg h`l S`ökr `s h`scrotk pkr `l crkgostf gkvkmospfgk Fdustág Hævolf Zfhollf, quo`g `scronoó su knrf mfcof 604?, (Hfvolf Zfhollf, 6?002 054,05=) quo`g r`flozf ugf r`lfcoóg ckapl`tf h` lfs afgoe`stfcokg`s r`lodoksfs h`l Xrohuk Zfscufl `g Sfgtk Hkaogdk h` Aïxock, qu` fnfrcfnf `l cultk `g d`g`rfl d`g` rfl h` progcopfl`s odl`sofs h` fqu`llf couhfh, qu` ckak cfpotfl frzknospfl h` Sfgtofdk h` Duft`aflf, s`rváf ckak a`trópklo f `aulfr `g `l cultk qu` h`náf r`flozfrs` `g `l knospfhk h` Duft`aflf h` afg`rf auy soaolfr, yf qu` cuapláfg ug pfp`l h` `gs`öfgzf y r`cfpotulfcoóg h`l @vfgd`lok, yf qu` `xplocfnfg f lks mfnotfgt`s h` lf couhfh y pu`nlks v`cogks `l krod`g h`l aughk y lf skco`hfh. @g `st` ckapl`bk aughk h` oaæd`g`s, tfanoïg h`n`aks tkafr `g cu`gtf qu` mfnáfg faplofcokg`s h` lfs oaæd`g`s, cuyf eu`gt` h` ogsporfcoóg `rf tfanoïg Lf Nonlof, `sp`cofla`gt` Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks, qu` `rfg pfrt` h` lks `l`a`gtks hohæctocks h`l
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
>=
prkdrfaf h` `vfgd`lozfcoóg, qu` gk h`bfnf `spfcoks vfcáks `g lf odl`sof, ckak lks voaks fgt`s h` lf sustrfccoóg h` lfs pogturfs, y qu` ckgvo`g` fmkrf `xfaogfr, pfrf ckapr`gh`r a`bkr `l a`gsfb` h` lfs knrfs h` A`rlk y lf r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg h`l >::> h` A`l Donskg `g su p`láculf h` Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, `stf gk `s aæs qu` lf fctuflozfcoóg h`l aosak ckgkcoao`gtk r`e`rohk `g lf pr`s`gt` `xpksocoóg. Faplofcoóg h` lfs r`e`r`gcofs h` lf Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs `l Bu`v`s Sfgtk pkr Xkafs h` A`rlk y lf r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg h` lfs aosafs pkr Eotzd`rflh, N`h`hoct yA`l Donskg `g `l fök >::> Lf Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs h` Bu`v`s Sfgtk, ckak ckluagf v`rt`nrfl h`l hoscursk, cu`gtf ckg faplofcokg`s h` topk hohæctock, prkpofs pfrf lf `gs`öfgzf h`l @vfgd`lok, h`spr`ghohfs tfanoïg h` Lf Nonlof, Nonlof, `sp`cofla`gt` h` Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks, qu` gks p`raot` `xplocfr `l gkanr` y ktrks cufhrks `xost`gt`s `g `l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, cuyf ktrf pfrt` h` lf s`ro` s` `gcu`gtrfg `g `l aus`k h` frt` cklkgofl h` lf aosaf couhfh. @g lf ckapr`gsoóg h` `stf faplofcoóg, h`n`aks h` tkafr `g cu`gtf lfs r`e`r`gcofs h`spr`ghohfs h`l fgælosos h` lf knrf h` Uáctkr Aodu`l Háfz2 Lfs N`llfs Frt`s `g Duft`aflf, fpkrtfhk pkr `l mostkrofhkr Tflt`r Dutoïrr`z, (Háfz, 6?382 >8> - >88) quo`g h`scron` lf `xost`gcof h` lks cufhrks soduo`gt`s2 Lf prosoóg h` B`sòs y curfcoóg h` Aflck, B`sòs Fgt` Cfoeæs, Lf G`dfcoóg h` Z`hrk, B`sòs Fgt` M`rkh`s, Lf ckrkgfcoóg h` `spogfs, @xcc` Mkak, S`gt`gcof h` au`rt`, cfaogk fl Cflvfrok, Lf Crucoeoxoóg, `l H`sc`ghoao`gtk y ktrks 6> cufhrks. @stf `voh`gcof gks au`v` f p`gsfr `g lf roqu`zf h` lfs pogturfs, qu` fòg puhk mfn`r vostk Uáctkr Aodu`l Háfz k no`g puhk h`hucor h` lf l`cturf h` B`sòs E`rgægh`z, f quo`g `l mostkrofhkr Dutoïrr`z r`ckao`ghf t`g`r `g cu`gtf ckak ugf proa`rf eu`gt` pfrf lf mostkrof h`l frt` duft`aflt`ck fgt`s qu` f Háfz, quo`g mfnráf tkafhk aucmks h` sus hftks h` su knrfs2 Lf S`afgf Cftólocf y Lks X`aplks h` Duft`aflf, `stf
òltoaf `s ugf knrf ogïhotf `scrotf `g
OU Xkaks, s`dòg föfh` `l mostkrofhkr Mfrklhk ^khfs. @l `gt`ghoao`gtk h` `stks `l`a`gtks h` buocok gks `xplocf lf `xost`gcof h` ktrks cufhrks r`lfcokgfhks ckg lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, eu`rf h` lf ckluagf v`rt`nrfl h`hucohf h` Lf Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs `l Bu`v`s Sfgtk, qu`
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
>?
ckgstotuy`g lf nfs` h`l ckgkcoao`gtk ekrafl, fsoaosak, hf ludfr f lfs faplofcokg`s nfsfhfs `g Lks Cuftrk @. @g `st` ckgt`xtk, cfn` pr`dugtfrgks »Cóak s`ráf lf cklkcfcoóg hohæctocf krodogfl h` `stfs knrfs; Zkrqu` `l `spfcok h` lf fctufl `raotf `raotf h`l Cflvfrok `s ug tfgtk p`qu`öf, pfrf `stf vfloksf s`ro`. @stk sog tkafr `g cu`gtf lf `xost`gcof h` lks r`tfnlks r`e`rohks `g hkcua`gtks pkr `l ogv`stodfhkr Afrok Pnock Cflh`róg, h`nohfa`gt` cotfhks `g lf pr`s`gt` `xpksocoóg. Pgf proa`rf faplofcoóg h` lfs `sc`gfs `s @l pr`ghoao`gtk h` B`sòs (Ac. 68, 83-0>9 Lc. >> 2 84-039 Bg. 6=2 >-6>) qu` feoraf2 Fòg `stfnf mfnlfghk cufghk ll`dó Buhfs, ugk h` lks hkc`, y ckg ïl ugf drfg turnf, frafhf h` `spfhfs y dfrrkt`s, `gvofhf pkr lks progcopfl`s h` lks sfc`rhkt`s y lks fgcofgks h`lpu`nlk. @l qu` onf f `gtr`dfrl` l`s hok ugf s`öfl, hoco`ghk, Fqu`l f quo`g yk n`sfr`, `s` `s, pr`gh`hl`. _ fl ogstfgt`, fc`rcæghks` f B`sòs hobk Sflv`, ^fná. _ l` n`só, B`sòs l` hobk. Faodk »F quï vo`g`s; @gtkgc`s s` fh`lfgtfrkg y `cmfrkg lfs afgks sknr` B`sòs fpkh`ræghks` h` ïl. Pgk h` lks qu` `stfnfg ckg B`sòs `xt`ghoó lf afgk y sfcfghk lf `spfhf moroó f ug so`rvk h`l pkgtáeoc` ckgtæghkl` ugf kr`bf. B`sòs `gtkgc`s l` hobk2 “Uu`lv` tu `spfhf f su vfogf pu`s quo`g tkaf lf `spfhf, f `spfhf akroræ. »K cr``s qu` gk pu`hk rkdfr f ao Zfhr`, qu` a` `gvofráf lu`dk hkc` l`dokg`s h` ægd`l`s; »Cóak vfg f cuaplors` lfs `scroturfs h` qu` fsá ckgvo`g` qu` s`f;‑ @gtkgc`s hobk B`sòs f lf turnf2 “»Cóak lfhróg mfnïos sflohk ckg `spfhfs y dfrrkt`s f pr`gh`ra`; Xkhks lks háfs a` s`gtfnf `g `l t`aplk pfrf `gs`öfr, y gk a` pr`ghost`os. Z`rk tkhk `stk suc`hoó pfrf qu` s` cuaplo`s`g lfs @scroturfs h` lks prke`tfs. @gtkgc`s tkhks lks hoscápulks l` fnfghkgfrkg y muy`rkg.
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
3:
Olustrfcoóg 63 @l pr`ghoao`gtk h` B`sò., .@g
`st` cufhrk fl`dórock, `l `b` c`gtrfl h`l aosak `s ugf logt`rgf qu` unocf soanólocfa`gt` `l trougek h` lf luz sknr` lfs sknrfs h` lf au`rt`, lfs cufl`s s` co`rg`g sknr` B`sòs s`duohk h` lf m`rohf qu` s` l` prkpogf f ugk h` lks s`rvohkr`s h`l sfg`hrág, pkr pfrt` h` Sfg Z`hrk, quo`g r`con` lf l`ccoóg2“quo`g f mo`rrk aftf f mo`rrk au`r`‑. Pgf pfrt` `s`gcofl h`l hoscursk `s lf pr`akgocoóg h` B`sòs cufghk r`eo`r` lf trfocoóg h` Z`hrk y l` mfc` sfn`r2 “Fgt`s h` qu` sfldf `l skl, ïl aosak lk `stfræ g`dfghk mfn`rlk ckgkcohk gugcf‑, mfco`ghk `voh`gt` `l s`gtohk afsculogk h`l frr`p`gtoao`gtk y ckm`soóg oh`klódocf ker`cohf pkr `l crostofgosak, `quovfl`gt` fl cftklocosak `g fqu`l aka`gtk. @st` cufhrk `s `quovkcfhfa`gt` llfafhk2 Lf curfcoóg h` Aflck, prkhuctk h` ugf vosoóg vosoóg pfrtoculfr h`l aosak, eu`rf h` su ll`gdufb` `gdufb` fl`dórock qu` ckaproa ckaproa`` lfs `gs`öfgzfs cotfhfs fgt`rokra`gt`, nfsfhfs `g `l t`xtk nánlock oh`gtoeocfhk.
Olustrfcoóg 63 F Lf curfcoóg h` Aflck, `sc`gf `xpu`stf `g lf p`láculf h` A`l Donskg2 Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, ckak pfrt` h` lks m`cmks qu` gfrrf @l pr`ghoao`gtk h` B`sòs, `g ugf s`cu`gcof `sc`gkdræeocf h`l m`cmk qu` hf ludfr f qu`
`quovkcfhfa`gt`, s`f oh`gtoeocfhk `g `l fgælosos h` lf s`cu`gcof h` lfs pogturfs p ogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk, sotufhfs `g lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf.(Eotzd`rflh yDonskg, >::8263)
Pgf s`dughf faplofcoóg `xpu`stf pkr A`rlk lf ckgstotuy` ktrk cufhrk h` drfg ekraftk qu` pr`s`gtf lfs fcusfcokg`s y eflsks t`stoakgoks h` lks t`stodks `g ckgtrf h` B`sòs, `g `l prkc`sk qu` s` `b`cutó `g su ckgtrf. @s auy prknfnl` qu` `stï r`lfcokgfhk ckg lf S`dughf @stfcoóg k lf S`xtf @stfcoóg, cotfhfs `g lf pr`s`gt` `xpksocoóg. Sog `anfrdk, tfapkck pkh`aks
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@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
h`scfrtfr qu` tfanoïg t`gdf r`lfcoóg ckg ktrk afgufl k hkcua`gtfcoóg ckak pu`h`g s`r lks @vfgd`loks Fpócroeks, qu` gk mfg sohk `stuhofhks ckak pfrt` h`l pr`s`gt` fgælosos.
@g `st` ckgt`xtk, gk t`g`aks gogdugf h`scropcoóg r`fl qu` gks hodf cuægtks cufhrks y pkr quï eu`rkg cklkcfhks `g lf odl`sof o dl`sof h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, go tfapkck ug plfgk d`g`rfl h`l prkdrfaf ockgklódock ` ockgkdræeock qu` p`rs`duáfg, tfapkck su r`lfcoóg ckg lks ktrks r`tfnlks `xost`gt`s `g `l r`cogtk r`lodoksk, qu` m`aks trftfhk h` molfr a`hofgt` `l fgælosos h` eu`gt`s `scrotfs y knrfs h` frt`, lfs cufl`s fctòfg f ctòfg ckak pfrt` h` ug rkap` cfn`zfs y ckgekra` s` vfg cklkcfghk lfs po`zfs vf fhquoro`ghk ekraf y s`gtohk. @g `stf hor`ccoóg h` lf ogv`stodfcoóg, su r`ckgstruccoóg co`gtáeocf, sog huhf, prkgtk s`ræ `groqu`cohf ckg gu`vks fpkrt`s y h`scunroao`gtks, qu` ll`dfræg tfrh` f k t`aprfgk. Sog `anfrdk, s` h`n` h`bfr clfrk2 “qu` lk qu` mky ogt`rpr`tfaks `s erutk h`l fgælosos m`cmk ckg eu`gt`s mfstf fmkrf ckgkcohfs y h`n`aks r`ckrhfr qu` `g `l aughk h` lf ogv`stodfcoóg pu`h` s`r qu` aföfgf aosak fpfr`zcf ktrf eu`gt` qu` frrkb` aæs luz k s`f ktrf po`zf eughfa`gtfl h`l t`af qu` fmkrf fnkrhfaks‑.
Olustrfcoóg 68 Zogturf h` Xkafs h` A`rlk qu` gks pr`s`gtf lfs fcusfcokg`s pr`s`gtfhfs pkr lks progcopfl`s sfc`rhkt`s y fgcofgks h`l pu`nlk nfsfhfs `g At, >42 “_ v`gohf lf aföfgf `gtrfrkg `g ckgs`bk tkhks lks prágcop`s h` lks sfc`rhkt`s y fgcofgks h`l pu`nlk ckgtrf B`sòs pfrf `gtr`dfrl` f au`rt`.‑ Fgælosos h`l mostkrofhkr Tflt`r Dutoïrr`z. Lf r`e`r`gcof unocf lf knrf ckak ugf ckgsoh`rfcoóg h`gtrk h`l prkc`sk h` lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk.
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
3>
Lks cufhrks h` A`rlk, su vofb` f lf Gu`vf Duft`aflf h` lf Fsugcoóg, lf p`rvov`gcof h` su a`gsfb` y su cfanok h` `stftus h` frt` r`lodoksk f pftroakgok h`l pfás @g `l fök 6443, h`spuïs h` lf h`struccoóg h` lf couhfh h` Sfgtofdk, eu`rkg trfslfhfhks lks no`g`s h` `stf `raotf y pu`stks `g `l t`aplk h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Gu`vf Duft`aflf h` lf Fsugcoóg, qu` s` eusokgó ckg lf odl`sof h` Gu`strf S`ökrf h` lks ^`a`hoks9 s` sotuó `g ug c`rrk, qu` pkck to`apk, h`spuïs h` lf eughfcoóg h` lf couhfh `l > h` `g`rk h` 6445, `rf `l láaot` sur h` lf cfpotfl. @g lf c`l`nrfcoóg h`l Xrohuk Zfscufl h`l fök 6=60, s` ogfuduró lf cft`hrfl cft`h rfl `g lf gu`vf cfpotfl, ckgstruohf nfbk `l ogelubk g`kclæsock, ckak prkhuctk h`l fvfgc` h` lf Olustrfcoóg Erfgc`sf. @g `l pflfcok frzknospfl ckgtoguk f `stf odl`sof, s` mozk ugf cfpollf llfafhf2 Zrovfhf h`l Frzknospk hkgh` `gckgtrfaks h` gu`vk `l a`gsfb` h` lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk y lf Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs h` Bu`v`s Sfgtk, `g `l ògock r`tfnlk qu` to`g` hocmf cfpollf, `l cufl
`s ogt`r`sfgt`
fgflozfr, pu`stk qu` gks r`v`lf lks aosaks aost`roks h` afg`rf fl`dórocf9 `stks tfanoïg s` pu`h`g lodfr f lks Hklkr`s h` lf Uord`g h`sh` `l U Afráf Sfgtásoaf fl Zo` h` lf Cruz, UO Afráf r`con` `l cu`rpk h` B`sòs au`rtk au `rtk y UOO Afráf `g `l S`pulcrk h` Crostk. Lf ^`surr`ccoóg h`l S`ökr pkh`aks ckapr`gh`rlf `g su pr`s`gcof vovf `g `l Sfdrfrok, pu`s lks cr`y`gt`s ckgsoh`rfg qu` `stæ `xpr`sfhk `g lfs mkstofs ckgsfdrfhfs, f trfvïs h`l prkc`sk h` lf trfgsustfgcofcoóg h` lks `l`a`gtks, `l pfg y `l vogk qu` s` hf `g lf aosf y p`rafg`c` `g `l sfdrfrok ckg qu` cu`gtf hocmk au`nl` h` odl`sof. Pgf v`z ckapr`ghohks `stks `l`a`gtks fgflozfhks fgt`rokra`gt`, pkh`aks prkpkg`r lf l`cturf h` `st` r`tfnlk, tkafghk `g cu`gtf sus `l`a`gtks ockgklódocks `ockgkdræeocks h` lf soduo`gt` afg`rf. Zroa`rf @stfcoóg2 H`l C`gæculk fl Mu`rtk h` h ` D`ts`afgá
@st` aost`rok `s soanklozfhk `g `l sfdrfrok, pr`s`gt` `g lf pfrt` c`gtrfl h`l au`nl`, h`nfbk h` ugf mkrgfcogf ckg ugf `sculturf `g nultk h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g h` Hklkr`s, aosaf fhvkcfcoóg qu` pr`soháf `l Cflvfrok h` h ` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf. Lf pu`rtf h`l sfdrfrok to`g` `l fgfdrfaf h` B`sòs. @g `l lfhk h`r`cmk h`l sfdrfrok, ckgkcohk tïcgocfa`gt` ckak h`l @vfgd`lok, s` r`pr`s`gtf `l Ckrh`rk Zfscufl sknr` ug lonrk ckg So`t` S`llks, qu` hfg
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@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
t`stoakgok h`l cuaploao`gtk h` lfs Sfdrfhfs @scroturfs9 ao`gtrfs qu` `g `l lfhk kpu`stk llfafhk tïcgocfa`gt` h` lf @pástklf, eodurfg hks ckrfzkg`s `gtr`lfzfhks2 ugk ckrkgfhk h` `spogfs y ktrk trfspfsfhk pkr ug puöfl, sáanklk h` B`sòs ckak r`h`gtkr h`l aughk, y lf Uord`g Afráf ckak ckrr`h`gtkrf h` lf muafgohfh, qu` fluh`g fl OU Hklkr h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g2 “B`sòs `gcu`gtrf f su afhr` cfaogk fl Cflvfrok‑, tfanoïg t`af `sp`cofl h` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk,-v`r olustrfcoóg 66- cuyk a`gsfb` `s ckaproaohk h` afg`rf fl`dórocf pkr `l `stolk g`kclæsock. S`dughf @stfcoóg2 H`l Mu`rtk f lf cfsf h` Fgæs
@stæ r`pr`s`gtfhf pkr ugf logt`rgf qu` soanklozf “@l Zr`ghoao`gtk h` Crostk‑, y `g `l l`gdufb` fl`dórock nfrrkck y g`kclæsock r`pr`s`gtf `l trougek h` lf luz sknr` lf kscurohfh h` lf au`rt`, pkr a`hok h`l sueroao`gtk `xpr`sfhk `g su Zfsoóg. @st` sáanklk ogcluy` vfrofs `gs`öfgzfs ckak2 “@l qu` f mo`rrk aftf f mo`rrk au`r`‑, lf po`hfh h` lks `g`aodks ckg lf curfcoóg h`l sorvo`gt` h`l Sfg`hrág llfafhk Aflck, `l frr`p`gtoao`gtk h` Sfg Z`hrk, lfs fgtkrcmfs y lfs `spfhfs qu` s` cklkcfg sknr` lf logt`rgf skg `l`a`gtks hohæctocks qu` r`eu`rzfg `stfs `gs`öfgzfs.. X`rc`rf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` Fgæs f lf h` Cfoeæs
S` r`pr`s`gtó ckg lf `sculturf `g r`lo`vf h` ug dufgt` h` mo`rrk, ckg `l qu` s` l` prkpogó ug dklp` `g `l póaulk h`r`cmk f B`sòs cufghk hobk s`r mobk h` Hoks. Cufrtf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` Cfoeæs f lf cfsf h` Zolftks Vuogtf @stfcoóg H` lf cfsf h` Zolftks f lf cfsf h` M`rkh`s
@stks hks pfsfb`s skg kaotohks h`l hoscursk ockgklódock ` ockgkdræeock. S`xtf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` M`rkh`s f lf cfsf h` Zolftks
@stæ r`pr`s`gtfhf pkr ug mfstf h` sklhfhk rkafgk, ugfs ckrkgfs h` `spogfs qu` r`pr`s`gtfg lf ckrkgfcoóg qu` sueroó B`sòs, yf h`scrotf fgt`rokra`gt`, cufghk tfanoïg l` eu` cklkcfhf ugf cföf pkr ug c`trk9 fanks sáanklks eodurfg fl fl lfhk h`l @vfgd`lok, f lf pfr h` lf mkrgfcogf.
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
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@g `l lfhk oge`rokr h` lf @pástklf, tfanoïg mfy ug r`lo`v` ckg ugf ckluagf y ug colocok, qu` r`pr`s`gtfg lks fzkt`s h` B`sòs, ftfhk f lf ckluagf. Sïptoaf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` Zolftks fl Cflvfrok
@g lf pfrt` oge`rokr h`l lfhk h` lf `pástklf, eodurf ug afgtk y ugks hfhks9 `stks r`lftfg qu` `g `l aka`gtk h` lf crucoeoxoóg lks sklhfhks budfrkg f lf su`rt`, pfrf hosputfrs` quoïg s` qu`hfráf ckg su afgtk9 y `g lf pfrt` sup`rokr eodurf ugf `scfl`rf y ugf ckefogf, sáanklks h` su `gt`rrfao`gtk. @g `l l`gdufb` soanólock h` hocmk r`tfnlk, tfanoïg pkh`aks `gckgtrfr ugf r`lfcoóg h` lks Hklkr`s h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g fskcofhks f lf Zfsoóg , lf Au`rt` y lf ^`surr`ccoóg h` B`sòs, `xpr`sfhks `g lf `sculturf h` lf Uord`g Hklkrksf. Lf s`cu`gcof h` lks Hklkr`s pkh`aks oge`rorlf h` gu`vk `g `l OU Hklkr yf cotfhk fgt`rokra`gt`9 @l U “Afráf fl Zo` h` lf Cruz‑, `g ugf r`lfcoóg h`l fgfdrfaf h` Crostk hkgh` h`stfcf ugf cruz9 UO “Afráf r`con` `l cu`rpk h` B`sòs au`rtk‑,. `g lks r`lo`v`s h` lf `scfl`rf y lf ckefogf r`eo`r` `l UOO Hklkr “Afráf `g `l s`pulcrk h` Crostk‑, s` `gto`gh` qu` `stæ vovk, pr`s`gt` h`nfbk h` lf mkrgfcogf qu` r`sdufrhf lf `sculturf h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g, cklkcfhf sknr` `l sfdrfrok hkgh` p`rafg`c`g lfs sfdrfhfs `sp`co`s yf oh`gtoeocfhfs, r`sdufrhfhfs pkr ugf pu`rtf qu` cu`gtf ckg `l fgfdrfaf h` Crostk. @l fgælosos h` `stks `l`a`gtks h`l a`gcokgfhk r`tfnlk gks p`raot` fpr`cofr qu` `g lf Gu`vf Duft`aflf h` lf Fsugcoóg `vklucokgó `l a`gsfb` ockgklódock ` ockgkdræeock h`l nfrrkck, `xpu`stk `g lks cufhrks h` Xkafs h` A`rlk, `xpr`sfhks h` afg`rf fl`dórocf nfbk `l `stolk g`kclæsock9 qu` utolozfnf lks aosaks frdua`gtks `xtrfáhks h` Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks, p`rk ckaproaohks `g eodurfs fl`dórocfs `xplácotfs, `g hkgh` s` a`zclfg lfs a`hotfcokg`s h` lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk ckg lks Hklkr`s h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g, Uord`g, `g su Ckapfsovf Skl`hfh, qu` s` hf f pfrtor h` lf au`rt` h` B`sòs.
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@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
Olustrfcoóg 60 ^`tfnlk h` lf cfpollf ogt`rokr, sotufhf `g `l Zflfcok Frzknospfl h` lf Gu`vf Duft`aflf h` lf Fsugcoóg, qu` gks au`strf lks cfanoks `g lf `xpksocoóg h` lks aosaks t`afs r`lodoksks h` lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, h`l `stolk nfrrkck utolozfhk pkr Xkafs h` A`rlk fl l`dufb` fl`dórock h`l g`kclæsock lkcfl. (Ektkdrfeáf E`rgfghk Prquozò)
@l fgælosos h`l fgt`rokr r`tfnlk `s ug `b`rcocok qu` gks p`raot` p`r aot` fpr`cofr `l trægsotk h`l prkc`sk h` `vfgd`lozfcoóg, qu` to`g` ckak r`e`r`gt` Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks, lf Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs `l Bu`v`s Sfgtk y Lks Hklkr`s h` lf lf Sfgtásoaf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g, qu` skg r`e`rohks `xplácotfa`gt`
`g lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk y qu` eu`rkg r`tkafhfs nfbk ugf gu`vf hoa`gsoóg fl`dórocf `g lf gu`vf cfpotfl, `g hkgh` lfs knrfs h` A`rlk cka`gzfrkg f tkafrs` a`gks `g cu`gtf `g `l sodlk ]O], h`nohk fl fvfgc` h` ug gu`vk `stolk `g `l frt` cuyks a`gsfb`s `rfg aæs ckaproaohks y lon`rfhks h`l hrfaftosak nfrrkck, `xpr`sfhks `g crostks sfgdrfgt`s ` oaæd`g`s llkrkgfs h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g9 `stfs pfsfrkg f s`r a`gks òtol`s pfrf ugf gu`vf hohæctocf h`l @vfgd`lok. Eu`rkg r`l`vfhfs pkr oaæd`g`s aæs trfgquolfs y s`r`gfs, lonr`s h`l sueroao`gtk, pkrqu` `l fvfgc` h`l cfpotflosak y lf ^`vklucoóg Oghustrofl prkpkgáfg `l dkc` h` lf vohf `g `l a`gkr to`apk pksonl`.
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
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@g `st` ckgt`xtk mostórock frtástock, f progcopoks h`l sodlk pfsfhk, `l proa`r p`rokhostf qu` ogt`gtó krh`gfr sost`aætocfa`gt` lf Mostkrof h`l Frt` `g gu`strk pfás, qu` fpr`coó lf knrf h` A`rlk ckak pfrt` h`l pftroakgok h`l aosak, qu` pkhráf `v`gtufla`gt` r`kro`gtfrs` ckg ktrks eog`s gk r`lodoksks, eu` Uáctkr Aodu`l Háfz `g su lonrk2 Lf ^kaægtocf Couhfh Cklkgofl , qu` `s ugf duáf pfrf ckgkc`r lks akgua`gtks mostórocks h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, Xopkdrfeáf h` Sægcm`z & h` Duos`, Duft`aflf, 6?>4, p. =:, hkgh` hf f ckgkc`r qu` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfrok h` fqu`llf couhfh, ckgtfnf ckg pogturfs r`flozfhfs pkr `l cfpotæg Akgtuefr y Xkafs h` A`rlk. @st` aoak futkr hf f ckgkc`r ktrks fsp`ctks h` lf knrf h` A`rlk `g 6?38, yf cotfhks fgt`rokra`gt` pfrf hfr cu`rpk f ug hoscursk mostkrokdræeock h`stogfhk f sftosefc`r `l h`sfrrkllk h`l turosak. @g `st` krh`gfao`gtk h` oh`fs, h`n`aks r`ckrhfr qu` pfrf fqu`l fök, tfanoïg `xostáf ugf kro`gtfcoóg mfcof `l `gfakrfao`gtk h`l pfsfhk, prkhuctk h` ug rkafgtocosak tfrhák y mfnáf aucmk akvoao`gtk frqu`klódock `g `l pfás, qu` ugohk fl h`sfrrkllk gfturfl h`l turosak y ekrtfl`cohk pkr `l h`sfrrkllk h` ektkoapr`sks `g `gcoclkp`hofs y lonrks, hok ckak r`sultfhk qu` cka`gzfrf f p`rconors` `stfs knrfs ckak pfrt` h` ug pftroakgok qu` s` pkháf `v`gtufla`gt` pkg`r `g vflkr. Lks cufhrks qu` sknr`vovo`rkg `g `l Cflvfrok h` lf Gu`vf Duft`aflf h` lf Fsugcoóg flcfgzfrkg ug gu`vk `stftus h` “knrfs cuanr`s h` lf pogturf mospægocf `g Duft`aflf‑ h`spuïs h`l fök 6?3>, cufghk eu` ogfudurfhk `l gu`vk t`aplk h`l Cflvfrok, lk qu` qu`hfnf h` lf s`ro` h` cufhrks h` A`rlk p`rafg`coó `g `l vo`bk `hoeocok, qu` s` trfgsekraó `g `l Aus`k h` Mostkrof y N`llfs Frt`s, `st` soduoó ug duokg aus`kdræeock qu` lfs r`sp`tfnf ckak pfrt` h`l pftroakgok tfgdonl` h`l pfás. @stf `xmonocoóg `stfnf fckrh` ckg lks plfg`s h` `xpfgsoóg h` lf oghustrof turástocf, ll`vfhf f cfnk pkr `l pr`soh`gt` Bkrd` Pnock, (6?36-6?88) (6?36-6?88 ) `g cuyk dkno`rgk tfanoïg eu` r`gkvfhf lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, ckak pfrt` h` ugf pklátocf `g lf qu` tfanoïg `stfnf oaplocfhf lf `apr`sf Zfg Fa`rocfg Forwfys, `stf tuvk, `g fqu`llks to`apks, ug c`gtrk h` kp`rfcokg`s lkcfl qu` ogckrpkró gu`strk pfás ckak ug h`stogk turástock h` proa`r krh`g aughofl.
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@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
lustrfcoóg 65 @xt`rokr h`l c`rrk ` odl`sof h`l Cflvfrok qu` eu`rkg r`akh`lfhks, pfrf ckgv`rtors` `g lf s`h` h`l Aus`k h` Mostkrof y N`llfs Frt`s, ckak pfrt` h`l prky`ctk h` trfgsekrafcoóg h` lf couhfh, ckg eog`s turástocks. Ektkoapr`sk cuyf prkc`h`gcof gk eu` `sclfr`cohf.
Olustrfcoóg 65 F Uostf ogt`rokr h`l Aus`k h` Mostkrof y N`llfs Frt`s, Frt`s, ogfudurfhk hurfgt` `l p`rokhk h` dkno`rgk h`l d`g d`g`rfl `rfl Bkrd` Pnock (6?36-6?88), hkgh` pkh`aks fpr`cofr `l cfanok h`l usk hohæctock-r`lodoksk h` lks cufhrks h` Xkafs h` A`rlk fl h` pftroakgok culturfl h`l pfás, pu`stk `g vflkr. (Ektkoapr`sk h`l Aus`k h` lf Xopkdrfeáf Gfcokgfl.)
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
3=
@l prkc`sk h` cr`coao`gtk h` lf couhfh `g `l p`rokhk r`vklucokgfrok y `l r`dr`sk h` lks cufhrks h` Xkafs h` A`rlk f lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf @g kctunr` h` 6?88, ll`dó lf r`vklucoóg cfpotflostf f gu`strk pfás9 mozk kgh`fr lf nfgh`rf h` lf co`gcof fl flcfgc` h` lfs afsfs, y ckgtfnf ckg ug fanocoksk prkdrfaf h` cr`coao`gtk h` lf couhfh qu` ogcluáf su faplofcoóg mfcof `l s`ctkr sur, hkgh` s` ckgstruyó pkst`rokra`gt` lf couhfh Kláapocf, `l C`gtrk Cávock y `l C`gtrk Culturfl Aodu`l Ægd`l Fsturofs. Lfs gu`vfs ckgstruccokg`s oaplocfrkg lf h`aklocoóg h`l c`rrk h`l Cflvfrok y lf odl`sof hkgh` eugcokgfnf `l Aus`k h` N`llfs Frt`s, qu` fln`rdfnf lfs knrfs h` Xkafs h` A A`rlk, `rlk, lfs cufl`s qu`hfrkg sog r`sdufrhk, lks trfnfbks h` frrfsfao`gtk frrfsfao`g tk h`l c`rrk s` ogocofrkg `l Lug`s h` Zfscuf h` 6?849 `st` suc`sk gks h`au`strf qu` pfrf fqu`l háf lks cufhrks mfnáfg sohk r`torfhks, ckgtogd`gcof qu` gks `xplocf su r`dr`sk f lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf y hos`aogfcoóg `gtr` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfrok y `l Aus`k h` Frt` Cklkgofl, yf qu` `st` eugcokgf `g `l fgtoduk `hoeocok qu` kcupfrf lf ^`fl y Zkgtoeocof Pgov`rsohfh h` Sfg Cfrlks h` Duft`aflf. @l oapfctk qu` cfusó `l frrfsfao`gtk h`l c`rrk ` odl`sof f lf couhfh `s `xpu`stk ckg co`rtf gkstfldof `g `l Hofrok @l Oapfrcofl, h`l qu` `xtrfboaks fldugks `strftks pfrf h`bfr t`stoakgok qu` quozæ gk eu` lf a`bkr h`cosoóg pfrf `l cr`coao`gtk cotfhogk, h`sh` fqu`l aka`gtk `g qu` lks cufhrks h` Xkafs h` A`rlk hovoháfg h` gu`vk su eugcoóg `g `l frt` gfcokgfl h` fpr`cok ckak pftroakgok lfock, pfrf ckgv`rtors` h` gu`vk `g pfrt` h` ug `spfcok sfdrfhk9 ao`gtrfs qu` ktrf pfrt` `rf hovkrcofhf `g ug fano`gt` aus`kdræeock.
3?
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
Olustrfcokg`s 64 y 64 F Dræeocfs h` lks frtáculks totulfhks “Fhoós fl Cflvfrok‑ y “H`aklocoóg h`l Uo`bk Cflvfrok‑ hkgh` pkh`aks fpr`cofr `l prkc`sk h` h`aklocoóg h` lf odl`sof odl`sof h` `st` gkanr` y h`safgt`lfao`gtk h`l fgtoduk fgtoduk a`rcfhk Sur G ² 6, Fso aosak, `l prkc`sk h` `xplksokg`s ckg hogfaotf pfrf rkap`r `l c`rrk, tfanoïg gkanrfhk h`l Cflvfrok. ( @l @l Oapfrcofl. Fök ]]]U. G ª =54?. Duft`aflf, aoïrckl`s > h` fnrol h` 6?84. p.6. y @l Oapfrcofl. Fök ]]]U. G ª =5=6. Duft`aflf, afrt`s = h` fnrol h` 6?84. p.6.)
Lf s`ro` h` cufhrks h`l Aus`k h` Mostkrof y N`llfs Frt`s, qu` ogcluáf lf s`ro` h` pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk ckak pfrt` h`l pftroakgok poctórock h`l p`rokhk h` `spl`ghkr h` lf culturf mospægocf `g gu`strk a`hok, eu`rkg hos`aogfhks `g `l t`aplk h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf y `l Aus`k h` Frt` Cklkgofl. @g su gu`vk sotok, yf vo`g`g f gu`strf a`akrof h`sh` eogfl`s h` lf hïcfhf h` h ` 6?5: `g vosotfs f lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, ckak pfrt` h`l pprkc`sk rkc`sk `hucftovk h`sh` h` lf `hucfcoóg proafrof, cufghk s` vosotfnfg `stks sotoks, sog gogdugf `xplocfcoóg lódocf qu` lks fskcofrf ckg fldugf eugcoóg skcofl9 r`cu`rhk mfn`rlks vostk ckak pfrt` h` ugf mostkrof rkaægtocf au`rtf y pkck òtol, qu` lks mfcof v`r ckak `xpr`sokg`s h` ug vo`bk pfsfhk dlkroksk h` lf odl`sof, tktfla`gt` pfsfhks h` akhf, sog afykr ogcoh`gcof `g `l frt` gfcokgfl, f p`sfr h` mfn`r `stuhofhk `g ug ckl`dok cftólock. @stf fpr`cofcoóg eu` cfanofhf, ug tfgtk, cufghk cursï lks `stuhoks h` loc`gcofturf `g lf @scu`lf h` Mostkrof h` lf Pgov`rsohfh h` Sfg Cfrlks, `g lf hïcfhf h` 6?=:9 sog `anfrdk, lks ckgkcoao`gtks qu` s` t`gáfg f lf e`cmf h` lks aosaks gks mfcáf sfn`r su vflkr poctórock `xpr`sovk, p`rk gk ugf ckgcft`gfcoóg lódocf, qu` gks `xplocfrf su eugcoóg skcofl `g `l
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
8:
fgtoduk r`ogk h` Duft`aflf, aucmk a`gks su vohf òtol `g `l oh`frok lon`rfl y su r`tkrgk f lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf. @l cfræct`r h` lfs knrfs mozk qu` fldugfs p`rskgfs s` pr`kcupfrfg pkr su r`stfurfcoóg y afgt`goao`gtk, ogocoæghks` fsá su prkc`sk h` r`scft` nfbk `l pftrkcogok h` FH@SCF, `g lks föks 6??=9 s` ogocoó ckg `l cufhrk h` Lf Zo`hfh ckg ckg ug h`s`anklsk h` V3>,:::.::9 `g 6??? Lf Zrosoóg h` B`sòs y lf curfcoóg h` Aflck, ckg ug h`s`anklsk h` V 45,88:.::9 `g >::>, B`sòs fgt` Cfoeæs,
ckg ug h`s`anklsk V 45,88:.:: y `g `l >::4 s` r`stfurfrkg Lf
Elfd`lfcoóg y @l trægsotk h`l S`ökr Sfg S fg Bksï , ckg ug h`s`anklsk h` V 63?,:::.::. Eu` ugf
ckgtronucoóg h`l Fpkrt` pfrf lf H`sc`gtrflozfcoóg Culturfl, FH@SCF. (FH@SCF, Ufroks Ogekra`s) @g ug `seu`rzk pfrf sflvfdufrhfr `stfs pogturfs, ckak pfrt` h`l pftroakgok tfgdonl` ` ogtfgdonl` h` gu`strk pfás, qu` lfa`gtfnl`a`gt`, pfrf fqu`l `gtkgc`s, gk s` ckgkcáf afykr r`lfcoóg mostórocf h` lfs aosafs. @stf r`stfurfcoóg hok ludfr f lf cr`fcoóg h` vfroks hoscursks mostkrokdræeocks, qu` eu`rkg `groqu`cohfs pkst`rokra`gt`, ckg lfs yf cotfhfs fgt`rokra`gt`, pkr `l mostkrofhkr Mfrklhk ^khfs, (^khfs, >:6:) qu` tfanoïg vosonolozfrkg lf s`ro` `g fldugf a`hohf, p`rk gogdugf gog dugf trftó h` `xplocfr su eugcoóg skcofl, h` fcu`rhk f cfhf aka`gtk mostórock `g `l fgtoduk ^`ogk h` Duft`aflf, ckak `l`a`gtk hohæctock h` lf Odl`sof9 su h`scunroao`gtk ckak pftroakgok h`l pfás pkr lks lon`rfl`s, pfrf qu` eu`rfg vflkrfhfs ckgv`go`gt`a`gt`, s` ll`dó ogclusk f su r`stfurfcoóg, sog p`rconor su v`rhfh`rk pfp`l `g lf r`ckgstruccoóg h` ug oh`frok pfrf `l qu` sorvoó lf s`ro` h` cufhrks. @l tfafök h` lfs aosafs y su cfræct`r ògock h` s`r ugf s`ro` lfs mozk ftrfctovfs pfrf s`r sustrfáhfs `l 0 h` e`nr`rk h`l >:68. S` hok lf vkz h` flfraf h`l rknk h` fldk vfloksk, qu` `g r`flohfh gk ckgkc`aks f ekghk, `g a`gsfb`s hoeughohks hoeug hohks pkr tkhks lks a`hoks f gov`l gfcokgfl ` ogt`rgfcokgfl. @l rknk hok lf oapr`soóg h` ug `sp`ctæculk pklátock sogo`strk, qu` pkg` `g `voh`gcof `l pkck ckgkcoao`gtk h`l frt` h`l fgtoduk r`ogk h` Duft`aflf pkr pfrt` h`l @stfhk y lf Odl`sof, fsá ckak lfs `gtohfh`s culturfl`s h`hocfhfs f lf ogv`stodfcoóg, tkhfs lfs knrfs ckgtfnfg ckg ugf h`scropcoóg y ug r`dostrk ,p`rk gogdugf ckg ug `stuhok fprkxoafhk h` su eugcoóg h`gtrk h` lf skco`hfh9 hocmk `poskhok aktovó lf ckapksocoóg h` lf pr`s`gt` `xpksocoóg, qu` `g fldugf a`hohf s`rvoræ h` vkz h` flfraf pfrf hfrgks cu`gtf h` lk pkck
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@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
qu` sfn`aks fc`rcf h`l frt` mospægock h` Duft`aflf. qu`hf lf ogquo`tuh h` s`duor prkeughozfghk `g `stks y ktrks t`afs qu` lf vohf quozæ gk gks flcfgc`, p`rk qu` s`ræg lfs euturfs d`g`rfcokg`s quo`g`s lfs t`raog` h` krh`gfr krh`gf r k lfs r`huzcf fl klvohk, pkr ogfgocoóg h`l ckgkcoao`gtk co`gtáeock h`l frt`.
Olustrfcoóg 6= H`gugcof pònlocf h` lf sustrfccoóg h` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk, `g prkdrfaf horodohk pkr `l p`rokhostf Luos E`lop` Ufl`gzu`lf `g @aoskrfs Pgohfs, vo`rg`s 68 h` e`nr`rk h` >:68. (gktocofs`aoskrfsugohfs.cka) “Mostkrofhkr`s mfnlfg h`l oapfctk h` rknk h` pogturfs h`l Cflvfrok.‑Prquozò y ^khfs ckgv`rsfrkg `g F Zroa`rf Mkrf. Ektk ^klfghk Flvfrfhk.
@l proa`r fgov`rsfrok h`l sfcrol`dok fl t`aplk h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, `xpr`sfhk `g lf sustrfccoóg h` s`os pogturfs, fmkrf oh`gtoeocfhfs, y ug ogt`gtk pkr ll`gfr `l `spfcok eásock y akrfl h`l pu`nlk @g `l proa`r fgov`rsfrok h` lf sustrfccoóg, ug drupk h` frtostfs ckg aucmk `gtusofsak, r`spflhfhks pkr fldugks s`ctkr`s h` lf ckaugohfh fgtodü`öf ogcluy`ghk lf Odl`sof cftólocf h` Sfcft`pïqu`z, mfg fprknfhk lf cklkcfcoóg h` ktrfs oaæd`g`s, qu` s`dòg lks frtostfs ckgstotuy`g ugf r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg h` lfs knrfs sustrfáhfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk, sus pugtks h` vostf pu`h`g s`r ckgsultfhks `g ug ckaugocfhk h` pr`gsf ckg e`cmf `g`rk h` >:60, cuyf ckpof a` eu` `gtr`dfhf pkr `l frtostf Afrok Dfrcáf. Dfrcáf . Hocmk hkcua`gtk cu`gtf ckg ug hoscursk h`l crátock h` frt` Bufg N. Buær`z, quo`g feoraf2 “`l t`af r`lodoksk, `xpr`sfhk pkr `llks ckg s`gtoao`gtks l`dátoaks y ckgcr`tfhk `g knrfs `aktovfa`gt` ckgakv`hkrfs qu`, fh`aæs, skg pkh`rksfs f lf mkrf h` aktovfr fldk aæs qu`
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
8>
r`el`xokg`s `stïtocfs2 fccokg`s ckl`ctovfs kro`gtfhfs f `xpr`sfr lf oghodgfcoóg pkpulfr y `l r`clfak pkr `l ftfqu` f lf oh`gtohfh h`l pftroakgok rknfhk.‑ (Dfrcáf, ckaugocfhk, >:6023) Lf cklkcfcoóg h` hocmfs knrfs s` ll`vó f cfnk `l 0 h` e`nr`rk h` >:60, ckg `l fpkyk h` lf Flofgzf pfrf `l ^`scft` h` lf Culturf ` Oh`gtohfh Fgtodü`öf (F^COF) y lfs futkr futkrohfh`s ohfh`s h` lf Odl`sof cftólocf lkcfl, feoraf `l ckaugocfhk cotfhk fgt`rokra`gt` `g su pædogf >. @g `l fgælosos h` `st` m`cmk, h`n`aks tkafr `g cu`gtf `l `gtusofsak h`l pu`nlk y sus frtostfs, p`rk gk h`bfr h` lfhk qu` su cklkcfcoóg `g ug `spfcok sfcrk cfanof lf eugcoóg skcofl h`l aosak y qu` lfs knrfs eu`rkg ckge`ccokgfhfs sog ug ckgkcoao`gtk pr`vok h` su eugcoóg hohæctocf ogocofl9 su cfanok f pftroakgok aft`rofl h`l frt` `g `l p`rokhk lon`rfl y su r`tkrgk f ug `spfcok sfcrk tfapkck ckgstotuy`g ug ckgkcoao`gtk ekrafl h`l frt` `g d`g`rfl, qu` so eu`rkg tkafhks `g cu`gtf ktrks frtostfs qu` tkcfg `l t`af eughfa`gtfhk `g Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks
ckak Eotzd`rflh, N`h`hoct y A`l Donskg, `stks lks r`lftfg `g cufhrks `g
akvoao`gtk f trfvïs h` lf p`láculf Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, qu` `xpu`stf `g ug ludfr fprkpofhk, ckak pu`h`g s`r lfs sflfs h` cog` k `g cfsfs provfhfs, ` ogclusk `g pfgtfllfs prkvosokgfl`s pu`stfs `g odl`sofs ckg lks aosaks eog`s r`lodoksks k h` frt`, p`raot` r`cup`rfr su eugcoóg r`lodoksf k, `g òltoaf ogstfgcof, ugf ogt`rpr`tfcoóg frtástocf h` lfs knrfs clæsocfs, gk ugf r`cr`fcoóg akh`rgf y ug pugtk h` vostf sunb`tovk h` ug frtostf. @g `st` s`gtohk, tfapkck h`n`aks h`spr`cofr k h`svflkrozfr `l `seu`rzk h` lks frtostfs fgtodü`öks, qu` ckg aucmk `gtusofsak r`flozfrkg sus knrfs y trftfg ckg `llk h` prkt`stfr k h`bfr clfrk su s`gtoao`gtk h` oghodgfcoóg pkr lf pïrhohf suerohf h` lf couhfh, p`rk tfapkck h`n`aks h`bfr h`sfp`rconohk qu` su cklkcfcoóg cklkcf coóg `g ug `spfcok sfdrfhk, qu` eugcokgf nfbk lks pfræa`trks h` ugf pfrt` h` ug pftroakgok aft`rofl h` lf muafgohfh, cfanof `l s`gtohk h`l r`cogtk fl h` ugf dfl`ráf h` frt` akh`rgk, qu` tfanoïg `s pfrt` h`l prkc`sk h` cka`rcoflozfcoóg h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, hkgh` prkloe`rfg `stks r`cogtks h` cka`rcok h`l frt`. @stfs sotufcokg`s skg auy hoeácol`s h` afg`bfr, yf qu` cu`gtfg ckg hostogtfs frostfs, hkgh` tfanoïg felkrf `l s`gtohk s`gtoa`gtfl h` lks frtostfs qu` tfanoïg h`n` s`r r`sp`tfhk ck ckak ak tfl9 pkr `stk `s qu` s` tkaó `g cu`gtf, `g `l pr`s`gt` hoscursk, `l Ckaugocfhk h` Zr`gsf cotfhk, qu` mfc` v`r su pugtk h` vostf r`sp`ctk h` lf cklkcfcoóg h` sus knrfs `g lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfrok
83
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf lk qu` r`huc` `l pr`s`gt` hoscursk f ug pugtk h` vostf `sp`coflozfhk fl r`sp`ctk, qu` tfanoïg tkaf `g cu`gtf lf kpogoóg h` lks frtostfs lkcfl`s ckak eu`gt` h` ckgkcoao`gtk, fsá ckak h` ktrks `sp`coflostfs `g ogv`stodfcoóg frtástocf.
Olustrfcoóg 6? Háptock `g fcrálock qu` r`ogt`rpr`tf lf X`rc`rf @stfcoóg2 H` lf cfsf h` Fgæs f lf h` Cfoeæs pkr Afrok Dfrcáf. Gót`s` lf fus`gcof h`l usk soanólock h`l l`gdufb` cklkr `g lf r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg. (Ektkdrfeáf ckapfrtohf pkr Afrok Dfrcáf)
Olustrfcoóg 6?F Zogturf qu` r`ogt`rpr`tf @l pr`ghoao`gtk h` B`sòs. Knsïrv`s` lf kaosoóg h` lf logt`rgf ckak progcopfl sáanklk ockgklódock ` ockgkdræeock h`l aktovk t`klódock hohæctock h` lf pogturf krodogfl, fsá ckak lf fus`gcof h`l l`gdufb` soanólock h`l cklkr `g lf knrf. Futkr Fler`hk Dfrcáf Dol. (Ektkdrfeáf ckapfrtohf pkr Afrok Dfrcáf).
Olustrfcoóg 6?N Zogturf qu` r`ogt`rpr`tf lf ¸Zroa`rf @stfcoóg2 H`l C`gæculk fl Mu`rtk h` D`ts`afgá. Futkr E`rgfghk Oxcfa`y. Z`rcánfs` lf fus`gcof h`l us uskk soanólock h`l l`gdufb` cklkr `g lf r`o r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg. gt`rpr`tfcoóg.
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
88
Lks cka`gtfroks h` fldugks `xp`rtks `g lf aft`rof, fc`rcf h` lf cklkcfcoóg h` lfs gu`vfs pogturfs qu` r`ogt`rpr`tfg lfs knrfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk @g ao ckghocoóg h` ogv`stodfhkr c`rtoeocfhk ckg `sp`coflozfcoóg `s p`coflozfcoóg `g frt`, ckg `l eog h` faplofr lf vosoóg h`l pr`s`gt` hoscursk, a` fnkquï f vfroks ckl`dfs ogv`stodfhkr`s `sp`coflostfs `g hoe`r`gt`s rfafs h`l frt`, ao`anrks h` lf Ckaosoóg h` Ogv`stodfcoóg h`l Frt`, COFD, h`l Aogost`rok h` Culturf y H`pkrt`s, qu` cu`gtf ckg r`pr`s`gtfgt`s h` lf @scu`lf h` Mostkrof h` lf Pgov`rsohfh h` Sfg Cfrlks h` Duft`aflf y ugov`rsohfh`s provfhfs, y fsá r`ckpolfr hov`rsfs kpogokg`s qu` h`n`ræg s`r faplofhfs pkr `l pònlock `g d`g`rfl qu` l``ræ `l pr`s`gt` `gsfyk. Lfs kpogokg`s eu`rkg v`rtohfs `g lf s`soóg krhogfrof h` `stf ogstotucoóg, `l 3 h` e`nr`rk h` >:609 `g `stf s` feoraf lk soduo`gt`2 Cfrlks ^`g` Dfrcáf @scknfr, fgtrkpólkdk skcofl2 “Xkhf r`lodoóg to`g` to`apks y `spfcoks sfdrfhks. Gk s` pu`h`g hoskcofr ckg lf ogclusoóg h` knrf gu`vf pkrqu` s` ckgvo`rt` `g ugf prkefgfcoóg‑. Bkmfgg A`lcmkr, hkctkr `g Mostkrof h`l Frt`2 “Lfs odl`sofs cklkgofl`s gk eu`rkg `hoeocfhfs pfrf `xpksocokg`s h` frt` akh`rgk‑. @hdfr Nfrollfs, af`strk h` ^`stfurfcoóg Frquot`ctógocf2 “Gk s` pu`h` utolozfr ug pftroakgok `hoeocfhk pfrf r`ogt`rpr`tfcokg`s h`l frt` qu` gk `stïg fckrh`s ckg lf `s`gcof h`l akgua`gtk‑. Mfrklhk ^khfs, hkctkr `g Mostkrof h`l Frt`2 “Lf pogturf h` p`rokhk mospægock fòg gk mf sohk `stuhofhf f ekghk y, pkr lk tfgtk, sus r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg skg soapl`a`gt` ugf eflfcof‑. Ckgclusokg`s
@l `stuhok h` lf pogturf mospægocf `g Duft`aflf, `stæ `g ugf efs` h` oh`gtoeocfcoóg h` lks t`afs9 gk s` mf fnkrhfhk nfbk hostogtks pugtks h` vostf qu` gks p`raotfg ckapr`gh`r lf
80
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
`s`gcof h` sus a`gsfb`s, r`spflhfhks pkr `stuhoks h` lfs h`vkcokg`s qu` r`pr`s`gtfg. @sf sotufcoóg loaotf `l ckgkcoao`gtk h` lfs knrfs h`sh` hostogtfs `sp`coflohfh`s h`l frt`. Lks cufhrks h` Xkafs h` A`rlk, ckg `l t`af h` lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, kn`h`c`g f lf g`c`sohfh h` `gs`öfgzf y r`cfpotulfcoóg h`l llfafhk Xrohuk Zfscufl, qu` ogcluy`g `g su eugcoóg hohæctocf ugf r`lfcoóg ckg lks Hklkr`s h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g, cuyk usk hohæctock flt`rgfnf ckg r`tfnlks ckak a`hoks h` `gs`öfgzf h` lf Odl`sof. @l vflkr h` lks aosaks `stæ hfhk pkr s`r pfrt` h` ugf s`ro` y, f lf v`z, su drfg ekraftk qu` lks mfcof oapr`sokgfgt`s f p`sfr h` gk `stfr pr`s`gtfhks f lf afg`rf h` ug hoscursk ckm`r`gt` soanólock krodogfl. @g `l proa`r fgov`rsfrok h`l m`cmk h` sustrfccoóg h` lks s`os cufhrks, gk s` mfnáf pr`s`gtfhk gogdòg hoscursk mostkrokdræeock qu` lks fgfloc` h`sh` `l pugtk h` vostf h` lf mostkrof skcofl h`l frt`, pfrf ckapr`gh`r su eugcoóg skcofl krodogfl ckak s`ro`, y su r`lfcoóg ckg ktrfs knrfs h` frt`, fsá ckak `l cfanok h` ludfr h` lks aosaks, pfrf qu` h` `sf afg`rf s` `xploqu` clfrfa`gt` su pfsk h`l vflkr h` aft`rofl hohæctock r`lodoksk h`l p`rokhk h` `spl`ghkr h` lf culturf mospægocf, `g `l a`hok f ckgsoh`rfrs` ckak pfrt` eughfa`gtfl h`l pftroakgok aft`rofl, qu` s` l`s hok hurfgt` `l p`rákhk h`l h `l h`sfrrkllk h`l lon`rflosak `g Duft`aflf, 6=466?88. @g su r`tkrgk f lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf, gk s` l`s ckgsoh`ró ckak pfrt` eughfa`gtfl h` ckapl`a`gtk fl pftroakgok aughofl qu` ckgstotuy` hocmf couhfh. Lfs eu`gt`s nánlocfs y `stuhok h` lks drfgh`s frtostfs h` lks sodlks ]UO y ]UOO, qu` sorvo`rkg f Xkafs h` A`rlk pfrf cr`fr lf s`ro` h` cufhrks `xpu`stks `g lf pr`s`gt` `xp `xpksocoóg, ksocoóg, tuvo`rkg qu` fbustfrs` f cægkg`s oapu`stks pkr lks ckgcoloks a`xocfgks lkcfl`s, pfrf v`gc`r lfs nfrr`rfs ohokaætocfs y h` fgflefn`tosak, eu`rkg r`tkafhfs `g ugf r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg h` lfs eu`gt`s proafrofs, qu` gk g`c`sfrofa`gt` puho`rkg `xcluor lf knrf h` A`rlk pkr lks frtostfs Eotzd`rflh, N`h`hoct y A`l Donskg, quo`g`s r`flozfrkg ugf r`ogt`rpr`tfcoóg fckrh` fl sodlk ]]O, `xpr`sfhks `g lf p`láculf Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, `str`gfhf `g `l fök >::8, pfrf s`r pr`s`gtfhf eu`rf h` `spfcoks sfdrfhks k `g `llks, p`rk ckg cfræct`r t`apkrfl, r`sp`tfrkg lfs eu`gt`s krodogfl`s ckg drfg ïxotk `g su `xpksocoóg frtástocf, hkgh` bu`df ug pfp`l eughfa`gtfl lf r`prkhuccoóg a`cægocf h`l frt`, prkpof h` lks cfanoks `g lfs ekrafs h` vohf y krdfgozfcoóg skcofl h`l aughk aft`rofl.
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
85
Lf ogt`rpr`tfcoóg h` lks frtostfs lkcfl`s h` lf knrf h` A`rlk to`g` ug cfræct`r loaotfhk f ugf kns`rvfcoóg eásocf h` lfs `sc`gfs, gk `s ug `stuhok h` su trfsekghk hohæctock, eughfa`gtfhk `g eu`gt`s `scrotfs y h`n` tkafrs` ckak ugf fccoóg `gtusofstf h` prkt`stf, qu` ll`gf ug vfcák `g `l pu`nlk, pu`s `st` gk ckgkc` f cfnflohfh lf eugcoóg skcofl h`l frt` `voh`gt` `g `sf fccoóg. Eu`gt`s Ckgstfhfs Hkcua`gtks Krodogfl`s
FH@SCF Fpkrt` pfrf lf H`sc`gtrflozfcoóg Culturfl.
6??=, 6???, >::>. >::4,
Ogekra`s h` r`stfurfcoóg h` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk. Ogstotucoóg pònlocf >::?. Ogekra`s
h`sc`gtrflozfhf h`l @stfhk, h` lf ^`pònlocf h` Duft`aflf. Ektkoapr`sk h`l Aus`k h` lf Xopkdrfeáf Gfcokgfl, Duft`aflf, 6?38. Dfrcáf, Afrok. @g`rk, >:60. Ckaugocfhk h` Zr`gsf. M`a`rkdrfeáf @l Oapfrcofl
(Lks hftks `xtrfáhks `stæg h`nohfa`gt` oh`gtoeocfhks `g lfs cotfs
ckrr`spkgho`gt`s) Zr`gsf Lonr`
(Lks hftks `xtrfáhks `stæg h`nohfa`gt` oh`gtoeocfhks `g lfs cotfs
ckrr`spkgho`gt`s) Afgufl h` Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs h` Bu`v`s Sfgtk. Sog e`cmf, Xopkdrfeáf h` Sfgcm`z y h` Duos`, Duft`aflf. Afgufl h` Uosotf f lfs So`t` Cfsfs h` Bu`v`s SfgtkSog e`cmf, Sog afrcf Xopkdræeocf, Duft`aflf. ^khfs @strfhf, Mfrklhk (>::>).“Lf S`afgf Sfgtf Duft`aflt`cf qu` s` gks eu`‑. Hofrok Lf Mkrf. Duft`aflf, p. >>, >3 >8.
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
84
Pnock Cflh`róg, Afrok Fler`hk (>:6:). Fc`rcf h` lf e`stovohfh h`l “Goök Z`rhohk‑ `g lf ïpkcf cklkgofl. Lf Mkrf. Duft`aflf. Gkv`gfs
H`vktk h` Afráf Sfgtásoaf h` lks Hklkr`s h`l Afgcm`g6=6?. ^ksfrok h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g Afráf pfrf Ckgt`aplfr C kgt`aplfr su Skl`hfh. Sfcfhk h`l ^`lkx h` Skanrfs, ckapu`stk pkr `l pfhr` Bkfquág Fgtkgok h` Uollflknks h` lf Ckapföáf h` B`sòs. Oapr`sk pkr Odgfcok N`t`tf. Duft`aflf. Vuorks, Bufg 64?:. Gkv`gf h` Gu`strf S`ökrf h` lks Hklkr`s. Oapr`gtf h` lfs N`ghotfs Ægoafs h`l Zurdftkrok. Duft`aflf. Xrfgseodurfcoóg, Erfgcosck h` lf644=. Gkv`gf f Afráf Sfgtásoaf `g lf Ckapfsovf Skl`hfh qu` pfh`coó `g `l Xrohuk h` lf Au`rt` h` su Mobk Hoks, Gu`strk ^`h`gtkr B`sòs. ^`oapr`sf
pkr H. Fgtkgok Cunollfs. Gu`vf Duft`aflf.
Uor d`g Afráf pfrf Ckgt`aplfr Uollflknks, Bkfquág Fgtkgok64=3. ^ksfrok h` lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g su Skl`hfh. Sfcfhk
h`l ^`lkx h` Skanrfs, ckapu`stk pkr Bkfquág Fgtkgok, Uollflknks.
^`oapr`sf pkr H Fgtkgok Sægcm`z Cunollfs, efaolofr h`l Sfgtk Keocok. Zkg`gcofs
Bufg Mfrklhk Fgtkgok ^khfs @strfhf. @l Sfcroeocok `g lf pogturf h` Xkaæs h` A`rlk, ] Ckgdr`sk C`gtrkfa`rocfgk h` Mostkrof. X`ducodflpf, Mkghurfs >:6:. Nonlokdrfeáf
Ælvfr`z Frïvflk, Aodu`l (6?=>). Fldugfs `sculturfs h` lf Uord`g Afráf `g `l frt` duft`aflt`ck. Oapr`sks Oghustrofl`s. Duft`aflf,
Flkgsk h` ^khrádu`z, Bks`eogf (6?=:). @l frt` h` lf plft`ráf `g lf Cfpotfgáf D`g`rfl h` Duft`aflf. Xkak O Dlksfrok.. @hotkrofl Pgov`rsotfrof. Duft`aflf.
Fgfl`s h` lf Skco`hfh h` D`kdrfeáf ` Mostkrof (6?3:). Xkak ]]]O, Duft`aflf.
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
8=
Cfn`l Zïr`z, Odgfcok (6??0). Lks Sáanklks Crostofgks. @hotkrofl Xrollfs. Aïxock. Cmogcmollf Fduolfr, @rg`stk (>::>). Mostkrof h`l Frt` `g Duft`aflf. Frquot`cturf, Zogturf y @sculturf. @hotkrofl Faodks h`l Zfás. Duft`aflf.
Crkos`t, Bufg (6=45). @l Fök Crostofgk. ]UOOO Xkaks. @hotfhk pkr A. ^khrádu`z, `g Afhroh. A fhroh. Cmogcmollf Fduolfr, @rg`stk (>::>). Mostkrof h`l Frt` `g Duft`aflf, Frquot`cturf, Zogturf y @sculturf. @hotkrofl Faodks h`l Zfás Duft`aflf.
Hævolf Zfhollf, Fdustág (6?00). Mostkrof h` lf eughfcoóg y hoscursk h` lf prkvogcof h` Sfgtofdk h` Aïxock pkr lfs vohfs h` sus vfrkg`s ogsodg`s h` lf krh`g h` pr`hocfhkr`s. (604?). ^`prkhuccoóg > t. Oapr`skrf Lotkdræeocf Fzt`cf. S. F. Aïxock, 6?00.
Háfz, Uáctkr Aoqu`l (6?>4). Lf ^kaægtocf Couhfh Cklkgofl. Xopkdrfeáf h` Sægcm`z & h` Duos`, Duft`aflf. [[[[[[ (6?38). Lfs N`llfs Frt`s `g Duft`aflf. Xopkdrfeáf Gfcokgfl, Duft`aflf. Eotzd`rflh, N`h`hoct y A`l Donskg (>::8). Ektkdrfeáf h` lf p`láculf Lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk . Ockg Eola Hostronutokg, PSF. Lfs ektkdrfeáfs h`l oapr`sk oh`gtoeocfhk eu`rkg tkafhfs `g `l rkhfb` h` lf p`láculf pkr I`g Hugcfg y Zmolopp` Fgtkg`llk. Oaæd`g`s h` Krk, Lotkprogt, Duft`aflf. Eughfcoóg D y X. (>::>) . Oaæd`g`s
Druzoggsio, S`d`. (>:6:). Lf Du`rrf h` lfs Oaæd`g`s h` Crostónfl Cklkg f “Nlfh` ^ug`r‑ (68?>->:6?). Ekghk
h` Culturf @ckgóaocf, Aïxock.
Lubæg Auökz, Luos (6?=>). S`afgf Sfgtf Xrfhocokgfl `g Duft`aflf. S`rvopr`gsf C`gtrkfa`rocfgf. Duft`aflf. [[[[[ (>::?). @l frquot`ctk afykr Ho`dk h` Zkrr`s 6544-6486. S`dughf @hocoóg, @hotkrofl Pgov`rsotfrof, Duft`aflf.
8?
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
^knog, Fl`gf Lucof (>::>). Lks Crostks h`l Aïxock Uorr`ogfl2 Sueroao`gtk, h`sguh`z y sfgcoóg h` oaæd`g`s. X`sos h` Af`stráf `g Mostkrof h`l Frt`, Efcultfh h` Eolkskeáf y L`trfs,
Pgov`rsohfh Gfcokgfl Futógkaf h` Aïxock, Aïxock. ^khfs @strfhf, Mfrklhk (6??>). Zogturf y `sculturf mospægocf `g Duft`aflf . @hocokg`s Faïrocf, Duft`aflf. Xkrr`s Ufl`gzu`lf, Frt`aos (>::?). Lks Ckgs`rvfhkr`s Olustrfhks `g lf ^`pònlocf h` Duft`aflf 6=8:-6=4:. C@EKL, PSFC, S`rvopr`gsf, Duft`aflf.
Pnock Cflh`róg, Afrok Fler`hk (>::>). Hftks mostórocks h` lf oafd`g h` Uord`g h` Hklkr`s h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf. Lf Ckpof Eo`l. Duft`aflf.
[[[[[[ Afrok Fler`hk (>::?). Hftks mostórocks h`l S`ökr S`pultfhk h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Gu`vf Duft`aflf. Lf Ckpof Eo`l. Duft`aflf.
[[[[[[ (>:68). Cfpollfs y fltfr`s `g t`aplks h` Sfgtofdk cfpotfl h`l r`ogk h` Duft`aflf. Oapr`sks Lf Ckpof Eo`l, lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf. Prquozò E`rgfghk (>::=). Lfs Gu`vfs ekrafs h` `xpr`soóg y hoeusoóg h`l frt` ``gg `l Sodlk ]] `g lfs prkc`sokg`s h` Zfsoóg `g Duft`aflf .
Efcultfh h` Eolkskeáf y L`trfs, Pgov`rsohfh
Gfcokgfl Futógkaf h` Aïxock. [[[[[ (>::?).“Lf Sfgtásoaf Uord`g Afráf `g `l oh`frok e`a`gogk pkpulfr Duft`aflt`ck‑. Xrfhocokg`s h` Duft`aflf. (46-4>)2 5?-=5. Duft`aflf.
Prquozò, E`rgfghk, Pnock, Afrok Fler`hk (>:6>). Crógocfs y ^`cu`rhks h`l Sfgtk Crostk _fc`gt` h`l Cflvfrok h` lf Gu`vf Duft`aflf h` lf Fsugcoóg. H`ldfhk Oapr`sks, Duft`aflf.
Uflfhïs, Ho`dk (>::3). ^`tórocf Crostofgf.604?. ^`prkhuccoóg. Pgov`rsohfh Gfcokgfl Futógkaf h` Aïxock, Ekghk h` Culturf @ckgóaocf, Aïxock. Ufroks Futkr`s (6?03). Lks Cuftrk @vfgd`loks. ^`oapr`soóg, @hotkrofl Cftólocf, S. F. Afhroh. @l fp`llohk h`l proa`r futkr y ktrks k (Ckap.)
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 E`rgfghk Prquozò.
0:
Bufg Ckrr`f su vohf y su knrf. ^`p`rtkrok Ufrdfs Ludk @losf, Bksï Dufhflup` Uoctkrof.6??8. Bufg Zoctórock, Xkak OU, Zroa`rf Zfrt`. Pgov`rsohfh Gfcokgfl Futógkaf h` Aïxock, Aïxock.
Zunlocfcokg`s @l`ctrógocfs
^`vostf G² 80 Pgov`rsohfh Futógkaf A`trkpklotfgf, Aïxock, v`rsoóg hodotfl. Ludk Klág, llfdfs y lfs tr`s mkrfs Afráf Ckgc`pcoóg. Hks h`vkcokg`s pfrf ugf nu`gf Au`rt`2 lfs cogck llfdfs h` vo`rg`s sfgtk. Aïxock,
>:6>.
eu`gt`smuafgostocfs.fzc.ufa.ax/r`vostfs/80/80[:6.phe
F
Zroa`rf
Mkrf,
@aoskrfs
Pgohfs.
Uo`rg`s
68
h`
e`nr`rk
h`
>:68.
mttp2//gktocofs.`aoskrfsugohfs.cka/gktocofs/proa`rf-mkrf/mostkrofhkr`s-mfnlfg-oapfctkrknk-pogturfs-cflvfrok “Mostkrofhkr`s mfnlfg h`l oapfctk h` rknk h` pogturfs h`l Cflvfrok.‑ Prquozò y ^khfs ckgv`rsfrkg `g F Zroa`rf Mkrf. Ektk ^klfghk Flvfrfhk. Prquozò, E`rgfghk>:6> Ockgkdrfeáf ` ockgklkdáf h` lf Uord`g h` Hklkr`s ckak `voh`gcof pfrf lf `hoeocfcoóg h`l gkanr` y s`gtohk rotufl h` sus odl`sofs h` lf Fgtoduf Duft`aflf. @g ]]U Soapksok h` Ogv`stodfcokg`s Frqu`klódocfs `g Duft`aflf, >:66 (`hotfhk pkr N. Frrkyk, L. Zfoz, y M. A`báf), pp. 58?-553. Aogost`rok h` Culturf y H`pkrt`s, Ogstotutk h` Fgtrkpklkdáf ` Mostkrof y Fskcofcoóg Xoifl, Duft`aflf (v`rsoóg hodotfl). Prquozò E`rgfghk>:68. “Lf Xrfgseodurfcoóg h`l S`ökr `g `l frt` duft`aflt`ck.‑ @stuhoks Hodotfl G² 3 Zædogfs h` Ogt`rg`t
Mostkrof h` Zrky`ctks h` Zr`s`rvfcoóg h`l Zftroakgok Culturfl. Fpkrt` pfrf lf H`sc`gtrflozfcoóg Culturfl, FH@SCF. (mttp2//www.fh`scf.krd.dt/pkrtfl/mostkrof/@b`cutfhk%>:6??=%>:>::?/Zr`s`rvfcokgZftroa kgok.phe, ckgsultfhk `g `l s`dughk s`a`str` h`l >:68.) ^`lkb h` lf Zfsoóg h` Crostk, H`vkcokgfrok Cftólock
06
@stuhoks Hodotfl. Gk. 0. Fnrol, >:60 Fldugfs ckgsoh`rfcokg`s ockgklódocfs ` ockgkdræeocfs ockgkdræeocfs sknr` lfs pogturfs h` Xkafs h` A`rlk h` lf odl`sof h`l Cflvfro Cflvfrok k h` lf Fgto Fgto uf Duft`af Duft`aflf lf
(mttp2//www.h`vkcokgfrok.cka/b`sucrostk/r`lkb[pfsokg.mtal, ckgsultfhk `g `l s`dughk s`a`str` h` >:68) Ogekrafgt`s
Tflt`r Dutoïrr`z. 8: föks h` `hfh, mostkrofhkr, v`cogk h`l r`soh`gcofl Gu`vf Akgs`rrft h` lf Uollf h` Aoxck, H`pfrtfa`gtk h` Duft`aflf.
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