Toma de Decisiones Gerenciales

 

Talh dm Dmn`s`aems Omrmen`hims

TALH DM DMN@^@AEM^ OMZMEN@HIM^ Mi pr`en`phi ajgmt`va dm ihs mlprmshs a dm ih lhyarìh dm miihs ms ohehr  d`emra me mi prmsmetm y h trhvàs dmi t`mlpa; s` ueh nalphøìh ea ms nhphz dm omemrhr suc`n`metm suc`n`metm ut`i`dhd (fhjiheda (fhjiheda me tàrl`eas laemthr`as) laemthr`as) su supmrv`vmen`h supmrv`vmen`h sm vm numst`aehdh. Ihs arohe`zhn`aems qum t`meme jhgas a euias jmemc`n`as ea sae htrhnt`vhs phrh ias `evmrs`ae`sths qum jusnhe rmed`l`metas. Ias hdl`e`strhdarms qum jusnhe ih sht`schnn`þe sht`schnn`þe dm ias `evmrs`ae `evmrs`ae`sths `sths t`meme qum uj`nhr hitmreht`vhs hitmreht`vhs phrh rmtr`ju`rims h mshs pmrsaehs qum fhe dmpas`thda su naec`hezh me miias. Dm hquì v`mem hioa qum ms dm lunfh `lparthen`h dmetra dm nuhiqu`mr arohe`zhn`þe iihlhda DMN@^@AEM^.

Ih nhphn`dhd dm talhr dmn`s`aems ms uea dm ias htr`jutas qum s`mlprm surom sur om nuhed nuheda a ias pracm pracms`a s`aeh ehims ims fhjihe fhjihe dm pmrs pmrsaeh aehs s dm àx àx`ta `ta y hehi` hehi`zh zhe e sus sus nhrhntmrìst`nhs. Ias jumeas talhdarms dm dmn`s`aems ea ehnme hcartuehdas; pmra ihs naed`n`aems ehturhimspmra hyudhe. Ihs`oe`c`nh nhphn`dhd dmn`s`aems sm pumdm mesmøhr y dmshrraiihrsm, msa ea qum dm smhtalhr pas`jim "chjr`nhr jaishs dm smdh nae armghs dm nfhenfa". Ias pranmsas hehiìt`nas phrh d`v`d`r ih rmsaiun`þe dm prajimlhs me ueh smr`m dm phsas fhe s`da ushdas phrh carlhr h omrmetms durhetm vhr`hs dànhdhs.

Dmspuàs dm talhr ihs dmn`s`aems dmn`s`aems dm rut`eh, eas qumdhe ihs dmn`s`a dmn`s`aems ems lès nalpimghs, y nae crmnumen`h lès d`cìn`ims. Msths sumime mx`o`r ueh orhe nhet`dhd dm `ecarl `ec arlhn` hn`þe þe y lunfh lunfh d`snu d`snus`þ s`þe e hetms hetms dm smr smr talhd talhdhs. hs. Ih pr`lm pr`lmrh rh numst numst`þe `þe h d`iun`dhr ms qu`àe sm anuphrè dm ih dmn`s`þe y nþla. ^` ea sm trhth dm ueh dmn`s`þe phrt`nuihrlmetm `lparthetm, pumdm smr dmimohdh. ^` ih dmn`s`þe hcmnth d`rmnthlmetm h ias mlpimhdas pmra ea ms luy s`oe`c`nht`vh phrh ih lhrnfh dm ih arohe`zhn`þe pumdm rmqumr`r phrt`n`phn`þe, y d`snus`þe me orupa. Ihs mimnn`aems jès`nhs sae7 h qu`àe qu `àe `evaiu `evaiunrh nrhrr me mi pranm pranmsa sa dmn`s dmn`sar ar`a; `a; s` arohe arohe`z `zhr hr orupas orupas dm d`snu d`snus`þ s`þe e y d`vuiohn`þe dm ih `ecarlhn`þe; a s` hjardhr ih dmn`s`þe. Mi naetrai dmi t`mlpa thlj`àe ms ue chntar `lparthetm, pmra par ia omemrhi mstas prajimlhs ea dmshphrmnme. Ea ajsthetm, s` sm ias dmsnu`dh durhetm lunfa t`mlpa, t`ml pa, pumdme pumdme dmomem dmomemrhr rhr me nr`s`s. nr`s`s. Ihs dmn`s`a dmn`s`aems ems `lparthe `lparthetms tms qum `lpi`nhe `lpi`nhe s`tuhn`aems nalpimghs sae ihs lès d`cìn`ims y naest`tuyme ueh prumjh dm qum ue pracms`aehi ms rmhilmetm nhphz.

Ih Dmn`s`aems Omrmen`hims nalprmedme ihs dmn`s`aems qum ue mgmnut`va iimvh h nhja me ueh arohe`zhn`þe. Mi heèi`s`s sm nmetrh me ihs emnms`dhdms dm pihe`c`nhn`þe nala dm naetrai phrh ih talh dm dmn`s`aems omrmen`hims y sm dmjm

 

dmsnr`j`r mi lada me qum msths dmn`s`aems mstèe v`enuihdhs nae ihs hnt`v`dhdms dmi pranmsa hdl`e`strht`v hdl`e`strht`va a qum ms ih tmih nal÷e dm ias omrmetms omrmetms mi nuhi sm rmc`mrm rmc`mrm h pihemhr y arohe`zhr ih mstrunturh dm þroheas y nhroas qum nalpaeme ih mlprmsh, d`r`o`r y naetraihr naetraihr sus hnt`v`dhdms hnt`v`dhdms (Rihe`c`nhr, Arohe`zhr, Arohe`zhr, D`r`o`r y Naetraihr) phrh mi iaora dm ias ajgmt`vas, par theta ms dm orhe `lparthen`h mi phpmi dm ias omrmetms me mstm pranmsa. Mi omrmetm dmjm smr ueh pmrsaeh mc`nhz y mc`n`metm; mc`n`metm parqum dmjm smr naes`metm me ih lmd`n`þe dm ias mscumrzas qum sm rmqu`mrme phrh hinhezhr ias ajgmt`vas y mc`nhz parqum dmjm lmd`r ias rmsuithdas hinhezhdas me cuen`þe dm ias ajgmt`vas qum sm fhe prapumsta, prmsupae`meda qum msas ajgmt`vas sm lhet`meme hi`emhdas nae ih v`s`þe qum sm fh dmc`e`da. Me ih talh dm dmn`s`aems omrmen`hims dmjm tmemrsm me numeth mi pranmsa dm talh dm dmn`s`aems yh qum ih nalue`nhn`þe ms mi ciu`da v`thi dm ueh arohe`zhn`þe, ias mrrarms dm nalue`nhn`þe me lès dm ueh arohe`zhn`þe fhe anhs`aehda dhøas luy smvm smvmras ras,, par par theta theta ih nalue nalue`n `nhn` hn`þe þe mcmnt` mcmnt`vh vh ms luy `lpar `lparthe thetm tm phrh phrh ias ias omrme rmetm tms s yh qum miih rmp rmprmsmet meth ih fmjr mjrh nal÷e al÷e phrh ihs ihs cue cuen`a n`aems hdl`e`strht`vhs. hdl`e`str ht`vhs. Ias omrmetms prmphrhe pihems fhjiheda nae atrhs pmrsaehs, phrh menaetrhr ih lmgar lhemrh dm d`str`ju`r ih hutar`dhd y d`str`ju`r ias trhjhgas. Dm `ouhi lhemrh ihs paiìt`nhs lat`vhn`aehims, mi i`dmrhzoa, y ias orupas y mqu`pas sm hnt`vhe hnt` vhe me rhzþe dmi `etmrnhl `etmrnhlj`a j`a rmouihr rmouihr dm `ecarlh `ecarlhn`þe n`þe y ihs nalue`nh nalue`nhn`ae n`aems ms nala nuhiqu`mr hnt`v`dhd `etmimntuhi sm pumdme pmrcmnn`aehr mecrmetheda ias rmtas qum rmprmsmethe, ihs arohe`zhn`aems pumdme smr ue iuohr `dmhi phrh hprmedmr msth imnn`þe.

Ih `dmh trhd`n`aehi dm mvhiuhr mi dmsmlpmøa me tàrl`eas emthlmetm c`ehen`mras dmjm dmsnhrthrsm; ihs eumvhs dmn`s`aems dmjme smr mi rmsuithda dm ue pranmsa qum dmjm naes`dmrhr hdmlès ueh pmrspmnt`vh fhn`h mi cutura, mi metarea, htmed`meda ea sþia ias `etmrmsm `etm rmsms s dm ias dumøas s`ea qum hdmlès naes`dmrhr naes`dmrhr ias `etmrmsm `etmrmsms s prmsmetm prmsmetms s dm ias ni`metms, mi hprmed`zhgm hprmed`zhgm dmetra dm ih arohe`zhn`þe arohe`zhn`þe talheda me numeth mi nhp`thi `etmimntu `etmimntuhi hi y ih mc`n`men`h dm ias pranmsas `etmreas nae ar`methn`þe hi ni`metm (Eartae & Khpihe, 8008). Dmsdm Dm sdm mi pueta pueta dm v`sth v`sth dm ih omst` omst`þe þe mx`stm mx`stme e da das s t`p t`pas as dm dm dmn`s n`s`ae `aems7 ms7 ihs Dmn`s`aems Dmn`s`ae ms dm Rihe`c`nhn`þe Rihe`c`nhn`þe y ihs Dmn`s`aems Dmn`s`aems dm Naetrai dm Omst`þe. Msta sm dmjm h qum ue d`rmntar d`rmntar a mgmnut`v mgmnut`va a dmsmlpmø dmsmlpmøh h lhyar`thr lhyar`thr`hlm `hlmetm etm dmn`s`a dmn`s`aems ems me nuheta nuheta h ih pihe`c pih e`c`nh `nhn`þ n`þe e y ue pana pana lmeas lmeas me mi naetra naetraii dmetr dmetra a dm dmii pr pranm anmsa sa hd hdl`e l`e`st `strht rht`va `va.. Ihs

Dmn`s` Dmn` s`aem aems s dm Naet Naetrai rai dm Omst Omst`þ `þe e  mstè mstèe e me ue puet pueta a `etm `etmrl rlmd md`a `a metr metrm m ihs ihs Dmn`s`aems dm Rihe`c`nhn`þe  y ihs dmi Naetrai dm Apmrhn`aems, yh qum àstm ÷it`la dmjm dm jm hsmo hsmour urhr hr ih mc`n` mc`n`me men`h n`h y mc` mc`nh nhn`h n`h dm ihs ihs thrmh thrmhs s `ed`v` `ed`v`du duhim hims s dm hn hnum umrda rda h ih `lpihethn`þe dm ih mstrhtmo`h. Dmj`da Dmj` da h ih `l `lpa part rthe hen` n`h h dm ih ms mstr trht htmo mo`h `h me mstm mstm eu eumv mva a me meta tare rea a y dm ias ias nalpral`sas mlhehdas dm àsth me tadh ih arohe`zhn`þe, ihs dmn`s`aems dm pihe`c`nhn`þe ms mstè tèe e n` n`rn rnue uesn snr` r`th ths s pr`e pr`en` n`ph phil ilme metm tm me mi pran pranms msa a qu qum m sm dm dmea eal` l`eh eh Rihe`c`nhn`þe

 

Mstrhtào`nh  qum ms ue pranmsa s`stmlèt`na daedm sm dmc`eme ias ajgmt`vas y sm carluihe ihs narrmspaed`metms mstrhtmo`hs phrh iaorhria.

Ih fmrrhl`meth hdl`e`strht`vh h ushrsm me mstm pranmsa dm talh dm dmn`s`aems sm naeanm nala ^NO ^`stmlh dm Naetrai dm Omst`þe qum me naegueta nae ih Rihe`c`nhn`þe Mstrhtào Mstr htào`nh `nh im pmrl`tm pmrl`tm h ias hdl`e`strhd hdl`e`strhdarms arms smr ue hpaya me ih talh dm dmn`s`a dmn`s`aems ems mstrhtào`nhs qum me mstm pueta sm melhrnhe me ih d`rmnn`þe mstrhtào`nh qum ms ue pranmsa v`hj`i` `i`dh dhd d dm ih me da daed edm m ih ihs s dm dmn` n`s` s`ae aems ms qu qum m sm vhe vhe h talh talhrr dm dmjm jme e hsmo hsmour urhr hr v`hj

ar aroh ohe` e`zh zhn` n`þ þe h trhv trhvàs às dm ih narr narrmn mnth th carl carlui uihn hn`þ `þe e dm ih mstr mstrht htmo mo`h `h,, su `lpimlmethn`þe y naetrai y dm `ouhi lhemrh naes`dmrh ias nhlj`as h ih mstrunturh dm ih arohe`zhn`þe, ih hdl`e`strhn`þe dm rmnursas fulheas y ias chntarms prap`as dm ih nuiturh dm ih arohe`zhn`þe .

Fhy lunfh lunfhs s tàne`n tàne`nhs hs c`ehe c`ehen`m n`mrhs rhs ÷t`ims ÷t`ims nala nala hyudh hyudhs s phrh phrh ih talh talh dm dmn`s`aems; par mgmlpia, ciuga dm caedas dmsnaethdas, làtadas dm vhiar hntuhi, heèi he èi`s `s`s `s dmi dmi puet pueta a nrìt nrìt`n `na, a, pmrì pmrìad ada a dm rmnu rmnupm pmrh rhn` n`þe þe,, ih hrqu hrqu`t `tmn mntu turh rh dm ihs ihs tmneaiaoìhs tmneaiao ìhs dm `ecarlhn`þe `ecarlhn`þe ih carlh nala sm arohe`zhe arohe`zhe ias rmnursas rmnursas tmneaiþo`nas, sae dmtmrl`ehetms phrh ih ho`i`dhd nae ih qum ihs mlprmshs pumdme iimvhr h nhja ueh jumeh mstrhtmo`h; mtn. Ihs tàne`nhs dm talh dm dmn`s`aems, nala ias èrjaims dm dmn`s`aems, ihs rm rmdm dms s dm tr trhy hymn mnta tar` r`h h nrìt nrìt`n `nh h y ias ias prao praorh rhlh lhs s dm nalp nalput uthd hdar arh h pumd pumdme me smr  smr  hprap`hdhs. hprap`hd hs. Ih fhj`i`dhd mstè me mimo`r ih tàne`nh dmn`sar`h lès hdmnuhdh phrh ih s`tu s`tuhn hn`þ `þe. e. Msta Msta rmqu rmqu`m `mrm rm ue jume jume naea naean` n`l` l`me meta ta apmr apmrht ht`v `va a dm ihs ihs tàne tàne`n `nhs hs d`spae`jims, qum dmjme smr pumsths hi dìh h lmd`dh qum surome tàne`nhs eumvhs. Ms lès lès `lpart `lparthet hetm m smou`r smou`r ue pranm pranmsa sa iþo`na iþo`na phsa phsa h phsa phsa phrh phrh talhr  talhr  dmn`s`aems, qum trhthr dm hpi`nhr ihs ÷it`lhs tàne`nhs h ueh vhr`mdhd dm prajimlhs. Ias pranmsas dmn`sar`as dmn`sar`as mx`stme fhnm n`metas dm høas; me omemrhi omemrhi,, s`oume ih iìemh dm ih talh dm dmn`s`aems me n`men`h.

Mi pmeshl`meta phrhimia ms ue hspmnta dm ih talh dm dmn`s`aems qum pumdm smr ÷t`i me ih nrmhn`þe dm saiun`aems `eeavhdarhs. Ms ih nhphn`dhd dm pmeshr cumrh dm ias nhehims earlhims a naecarl`sths, y dm i`jrhrsm dm ias prmgu`n`as qum i`l`the ih hnmpthn`þe dm `dmhs eumvhs. Ih lhyarìh dm ias mgmnut`vas dm narparhn`aems sae pmrsaehs `etmi`ometms qum sm fhe carlhda me prmst`o`ashs msnumihs dm emoan`asy fhe mstud`hda ihs tmarìhs mstrhtào`nhs dm Fmery L`etzjmro y L`nfhmi Rartmr. P, s`emlj s`e mljhro hroa, a, lunfa lunfas s nalmt nalmtme me orasmr orasmras as mrrar mrrarms ms mstrht mstrhtào` ào`na nas, s, jhshd jhshdas as me dmn`s`aems qum ea rms`stme mi lmear heèi`s`s rhn`aehi.

Xu`zè, ih mxpi`nhn`þe dm ias mrrarms me qumdm eaLnK`esmy, salas the dmsdm rhn`aehims nala ia supaem ih tmarìh emaniès`nh. Hsì,rhd`nh ue hrtìnuia ueh

 

pmrspm pmrs pmnt nt`v `vh h na naed edun untu tuhi hi,, acrm acrmnm nm ueh ueh smr` smr`m m dm nhus nhushs hs na nalu luem ems s dm mrra mrrarm rms s mstrhtào`nas7 8.  Mxnmsa Mxnmsa dm naec`hez naec`hezh7 h7 saimlas saimlas naec`hr naec`hr mxnms`v mxnms`vhlme hlmetm tm me eumstrh eumstrh nhphn`d nhphn`dhd hd dm rmhi`zhr prmd`nn`aems. P msta mxpi`nh lunfas mrrarms crmnumetms dm pihe`c`nhn`þe mstrhtào`nh. :.  Mi smsoa smsoa h sajrmms sajrmmst`lh t`lhrr ihs pàrd`dhs7 pàrd`dhs7 vhiarhl vhiarhlas as mv`thr mv`thr nhlj`as nhlj`as qum pumdhe pumdhe `lpi`nhr ueh pàrd`dh rmspmnta dm eumstrh s`tuhn`þe `e`n`hi (huequm msta eas fhoh pmrdmr apartue`dhdms dm rmhi`zhr nhlj`as qum, prmv`s`jimlmetm, padrìhe lmgarhr  eumstrh s`tuhn`þe). >.  Mi sìedralm sìedralm dm ias nastas fued`das fued`das77 ms luy crmnumetm crmnumetm qum ias d`rmnt`vas d`rmnt`vas s`ohe `ev`rt`meda me mi emoan`a mspmrheda qum, hio÷e dìh, iimoum h dhr rmsuithdas qum  gust`c`qume  gust`c`qu me ias nastas fued`das (dmi l`sla lada me qum ue guohdar paem lès d`emra phrh rmnupmrhr sus pàrd`dhs). 4.  Mi `est` `est`eta eta dm lhehd lhehdh7 h7 ±qu`à ±qu`àe e qu`mr qu`mrm m smr smr mi fhzlm fhzlmrrm rrmìr ìr dm ih `edus `edustr` tr`h1 h1 ]eh ]eh mxpi`nhn`þe mxpi`nhn `þe trhd`n`aehi dm ihs jurjughs jurjughs c`ehen`mrhs tìp`nhs dm ias eumvas lmrnhdas rmpash me mi `est`eta dm smou`r h ih lhehdh. P, me ÷it`lh `esthen`h, ihs rhìnms dm mstm nalparthl`meta pumdme rhstrmhrsm me ueh tmedmen`h fulheh h jusnhr mi rmnaean`l`meta dmi prþg`la. =.  Chisas naesmesas7 Mi lhrquàs dm Ih Orheom hioueh vmz d`ga7 "Nuheda pmd`las ue naesmga, earlhilmetm msthlas jusnheda ue nþlpi`nm". Msth lèx`lh sumim smr  luy n`mrth me ihs dmn`s`aems dm emoan`as. Me omemrhi, jusnhlas ap`e`aems qum rm rmsp sphi hidm dme e eums eumstr trhs hs nrmm nrmmen en`h `hs s m f`pþ f`pþtm tms` s`s. s. Thlj Thlj`à `àe e tmed tmedml mlas as h hnmp hnmpth thr  r  `elmd`h `elm d`hthlm thlmetm etm nuhiqu` nuhiqu`mr mr mv`dmen` mv`dmen`h h qum rmsphid rmsphidm m eumstrh eumstrh pas`n`þ pas`n`þe e l`metrhs l`metrhs salmtmlas h ue mstr`nta heèi`s`s h ias dhtas qum suo`mrhe ia naetrhr`a.

Ms j`me shj`da qum talhr ueh dmn`s`þe ea ms ehdh cèn`i y qum h ih farh dm fhnmria sm dmjme naes`dmrhr lunfas hspmntas qum pumdme `eciumen`hrih nala mi t`mlpa y eumstrh naedunth, par msa `lparthetm qum ue omrmetm iìdmr pumdh mesmøhr  h su mqu`pa h dmn`d`r y qum mstm hsulh ihs rmspaeshj`i`dhdms dm ias rmsuithdas; ms ueh lhemrh dm ou`hrias phsa h phsa fhn`h ih chnuithd dm dmn`d`r, pums tadas naeanme mi pihe, y shjrèe fhn`h daedm dmjme d`r`o`rsm; yh qum ehdh ms lès dhø`ea y pmshda phrh ueh mlprmsh qum ue pmrsaehi qum mspmrm h su hdl`e`strhdar phrh talhr tal hr ueh ueh dmn`s dmn`s`þe `þe,, qum qum ea hs hsulm ulm ueh ueh rmsp rmspaes aeshj hj`i` `i`dh dhd d y sm lhet lhet`me `mem m me mi naecart dm saparthr me ài mi pmsa dm ias hn`mrtas hn`mrtas y dm ias mrrarms par ue l`mda lhi lhemghda h nalmtmr dmsht`eas. Msta hphrtm dm rmsuithr ueh nhroh pmshdh phrh mi hdl`e`strhdar, thlj`àe ms ue crmea dm nhlj`as `lparthetms, sm pastmrohe hvhenms cuedhlmethims y sajrm tada sm naev`mrtm me ue nìrnuia v`n`asa d`cìn`i dm ralpmr, ms `eniusa ueh mstrhtmo`h mrrþemh phrh fhnmrsm `lprmsn`ed`jim (huequm phrmznh mxtrhøa me pimeh mrh dmi naean`l nae an`l`met `meta, a, h÷e sm prmsmeth prmsmeth mstm mstm lhi omrmen omrmen`hi, `hi, me vhr`hs vhr`hs arohe`z arohe`zhn`a hn`aems) ems),, hdmlès dm heuihr nuhiqu`mr naegueta dm hitmreht`vhs dm hnn`þe a dm saiun`þe, pums ih ÷e`nh nhjmzh pmeshetm ms ih dmi hdl`e`strhdar a omrmetm, su v`s`þe ms ih ÷e`nh qum numeth numeth y sm mi`l`eh mi`l`eh tadh pas`j`i`d pas`j`i`dhd hd dm mer`qu mer`qumnm mnmrih rih nae puetas puetas dm v`sth `etmorhims, sajrm tada s` sm prmtmedm carlhr arohe`zhn`aems dm hita dmsmlpmøa.

 

Fhy qum rmna mnardh rdhr qum ih l`s` l`s`þ þe nala nala d`rm `rmnt`va `va ms dmshrra rraiih iihr  arohe`zhn`aems sustmethjims y msa `lpi`nh qum naet`e÷me mx`tashlmetm `eniusa s` mi omrmetm a hdl`e`strhdar yh ea sm menumetrh prmsmetm.

"Ih lmgar dmn`s`þe qum padmlas talhr ms ih narrmnth, ih smouedh lmgar, ms ih `enarrmnth, y ih pmar dm tadhs ms e`eoueh." Tfmadarm Zaasmvmit nalmethr`as   metrhdh dm C`ehezhs B 0784  0784  : nalmethr`as : nalmethr`as7

H ihs 8: dm hjr`i dm :283, 8?722 ,

]ekeawe ]ekeawe fh  fh d`nfa...

Luy eutr`t`vh ih `ecarlhn`þe, ihs dmn`s`aems omrmen`hims nulpime ue rai luy `lparthetm dmetra dm ihs arohe`zhn`aems.

H ihs 0 dm smpt`mljrm dm :280, 88748 ,

]ekeawe ]ekeawe fh  fh d`nfa...

luy eume hpartm, saia qum lm fuj`mrh outhda rmcmrmen`hr mi hutar dm thi `ecarlhn`ae Ruji`nhr ue nalmethr`a